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Parikh M, Netticadan T, Pierce GN. Flaxseed: its bioactive components and their cardiovascular benefits. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 314:H146-H159. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00400.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. The inclusion of functional foods and natural health products in the diet are gaining increasing recognition as integral components of lifestyle changes in the fight against cardiovascular disease. Several preclinical and clinical studies have shown the beneficial cardiovascular effects of dietary supplementation with flaxseed. The cardiovascular effects of dietary flaxseed have included an antihypertensive action, antiatherogenic effects, a lowering of cholesterol, an anti-inflammatory action, and an inhibition of arrhythmias. Its enrichment in the ω-3 fatty acid α-linolenic acid and the antioxidant lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside as well as its high fiber content have been implicated primarily in these beneficial cardiovascular actions. Although not as well recognized, flaxseed is also composed of other potential bioactive compounds such as proteins, cyclolinopeptides, and cyanogenic glycosides, which may also produce biological actions. These compounds could also be responsible for the cardiovascular effects of flaxseed. This article will not only summarize the cardiovascular effects of dietary supplementation with flaxseed but also review its bioactive compounds in terms of their properties, biological effects, and proposed mechanisms of action. It will also discuss promising research directions for the future to identify additional health-related benefits of dietary flaxseed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihir Parikh
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital, Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Thomas Netticadan
- Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Grant N. Pierce
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital, Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Senthilvel S, Vasudevan S, Anju PS, Sukumaran A, Sureshbabu J. Assessment of Symptoms and Quality of Life among Postmenopausal Women in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Kochi, South India: A Hospital-based Descriptive Study. J Midlife Health 2018; 9:185-190. [PMID: 30692813 PMCID: PMC6332724 DOI: 10.4103/jmh.jmh_98_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Menopause is a physiological event in the women's life that can strongly affect the quality of life (QOL). More than 80% of women state that physical and physiological symptoms commonly accompany menopause and affect women's health and well-being. Objective The aim of the study was to assess the menopause-related symptoms and their impact on the women's life. Materials and Methods We have done a hospital-based descriptive study at the Outpatient and Inpatient Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Kochi, Kerala, with 150 postmenopausal women. The data were collected using the structured Menopause-specific QOL (MENQOL) questionnaire. The data were collected for 4 weeks from the Outpatient and Inpatient of Department of OBG with inclusion criteria of women who were coming as bystanders' age in between 50 and 65 years. Statistical Analysis Mean, standard deviation, frequency, and proportions were calculated. The association between the MENQOL scores and selected demographic variables was found using one-way ANOVA test. Results Among 150 postmenopausal women, 51 (34%) were in the age group of 55-59 years and more than half of the study population (n = 116, 77.3%) were married. The management of menopausal symptoms was followed by 28 (18.7%) women. The prevalence levels of the classical menopausal symptoms such as hot flushes, night sweats, and vaginal dryness in women aged 50-65 years were 75.3%, 58%, and 30.7%, respectively. The overall MENQOL mean total score was found as 112.47 ± 28.80. The majority of them experienced the mean physical symptom, which was found to be 62.05 ± 17.82. The associations between QOL scores with educational status and socioeconomic status were statistically highly significant with P < 0.01 and with marital status statistically significant with P < 0.05. Conclusion From the present study, we have concluded that the postmenopause-related physical symptoms are frequently reported by the middle age group classifications. The association between QOL scores with educational status, socioeconomic status, and marital status was statistically highly significant. By nursing education, creating appropriate awareness and health education on the management of postmenopausal symptoms to that age group and it could be reducing the burden of the women population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumathi Senthilvel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecological Nursing, Amrita College Nursing, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Senthilvel Vasudevan
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - P S Anju
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecological Nursing, Amrita College Nursing, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Anjana Sukumaran
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecological Nursing, Amrita College Nursing, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Jayanthi Sureshbabu
- Department of Community Medicine, Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalapet, Puducherry, India
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Flaxseed supplementation on glucose control and insulin sensitivity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 25 randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Nutr Rev 2017; 76:125-139. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nux052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Bashar MI, Ahmed K, Uddin MS, Ahmed F, Emran AA, Chakraborty A. Depression and Quality of Life among Postmenopausal Women in Bangladesh: A Cross-sectional Study. J Menopausal Med 2017; 23:172-181. [PMID: 29354617 PMCID: PMC5770527 DOI: 10.6118/jmm.2017.23.3.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of the research are to examine the problems of abnormal menopausal women: the relationship between depression and menopausal-specific quality of life (MENQOL)-symptoms among postmenopausal women; the association of MENQOL-symptoms between pre- and postmenopausal female society in Bangladeshi real community. METHODS This cross sectional study was conducted on 435 women of Tangail, aged (≥ 17) years, using a structured questionnaire where is inaacluded the information of MENQOL and one of the main outcomes "depression" is measured by beck depression inventory. RESULTS Menopausal status and MENQOL symptoms (except pain) are significantly (P < 0.05) associated. By using post-hoc analysis, the proportion of menopausal women, classified as having a depressive mood of early menopause is significantly higher than natural-menopause. Among postmenopausal women, there is a significant correlation between "concentration problem" and "depression". Here mean depression score (29.40 ± 6.42) of menopausal women who have any difficulty in concentrating is higher than mean depression score (20.89 ± 6.64) of menopausal women who have no difficulty in concentrating. Another six factors (osteoporosis, heart-beating, fatigue, pressure, tingling, headaches) of MENQOL-symptoms were significantly correlated with depression and P-values are 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.033, 0.006, and 0.002, respectively. Finally the presence of "difficulty in concentrating" and "fatigue" are strongly associated factors with depression score (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The early postmenopausal women have to face more psychological problems (e.g., depression) compare to others. Among postmenopausal women, there is no significant relation between depression and vasomotor symptom (e.g., hot-flashes) perspective to menopausal female society of Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamun Ibn Bashar
- Department of Statistics, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh
- Group of Bio-photomatiχ, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Kawsar Ahmed
- Group of Bio-photomatiχ, Tangail, Bangladesh
- Department of Information and Communication Technology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Shahin Uddin
- Group of Bio-photomatiχ, Tangail, Bangladesh
- Department of Information and Communication Technology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Farzana Ahmed
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Science, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Abdullah-Al Emran
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh
- Dermatology Research Center, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Aditi Chakraborty
- Department of Statistics, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh
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Alshafei MM, Kassem SS, Ramadan MM, Hanafi EM, Saber MM, Saber LM, Elgendy A. Innovative Food Supplement of Functional Seeds Mixture Improved Bone Mineral Density in Menopausal Egyptian Women. INT J PHARMACOL 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2017.1055.1062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Mohammadi-Sartang M, Mazloom Z, Raeisi-Dehkordi H, Barati-Boldaji R, Bellissimo N, Totosy de Zepetnek JO. The effect of flaxseed supplementation on body weight and body composition: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 45 randomized placebo-controlled trials. Obes Rev 2017. [PMID: 28635182 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Flaxseed consumption may be inversely associated with obesity; however, findings of available randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are conflicting. The present study aimed to systematically review and analyse RCTs assessing the effects of flaxseed consumption on body weight and body composition. PubMed, Medline via Ovid, SCOPUS, EMBASE and ISI Web of Sciences databases were searched up to November 2016. Mean changes in body composition indices including body weight, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference were extracted. Effect sizes were expressed as weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Heterogeneity between studies was assessed with the I2 test. Publication bias and subgroup analyses were also performed. The quality of articles was assessed via the Jadad scale. A total of 45 RCTs were included. Meta-analyses suggested a significant reduction in body weight (WMD: -0.99 kg, 95% CI: -1.67, -0.31, p = 0.004), BMI (WMD: -0.30 kg m-2 , 95% CI: -0.53, -0.08, p = 0.008) and waist circumference (WMD: -0.80 cm, 95% CI: -1.40, -0.20, p = 0.008) following flaxseed supplementation. Subgroup analyses showed that using whole flaxseed in doses ≥30 g d-1 , longer-term interventions (≥12 weeks) and studies including participants with higher BMI (≥ 27 kg m-2 ) had positive effects on body composition. Whole flaxseed is a good choice for weight management particularly for weight reduction in overweight and obese participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mohammadi-Sartang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Meta-Research Innovation Office, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Z Mazloom
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Meta-Research Innovation Office, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - H Raeisi-Dehkordi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Meta-Research Innovation Office, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - R Barati-Boldaji
- Meta-Research Innovation Office, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - N Bellissimo
- School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Aguilar CM, Sant'Ana CT, Costa AGV, Silva PI, Costa NMB. Comparative effects of brown and golden flaxseeds on body composition, inflammation and bone remodelling biomarkers in perimenopausal overweight women. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Lee H, Choue R, Lim H. Effect of soy isoflavones supplement on climacteric symptoms, bone biomarkers, and quality of life in Korean postmenopausal women: a randomized clinical trial. Nutr Res Pract 2017; 11:223-231. [PMID: 28584579 PMCID: PMC5449379 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2017.11.3.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Soy isoflavones are expected to improve menopausal symptoms and osteoporosis in women. However, their efficacy is still inconclusive, and there was limited data for postmenopausal women in South Korea. We examined the effects of soy isoflavones on climacteric symptoms, bone biomarkers, and quality of life in Korean postmenopausal women. SUBJECTS/METHODS A randomized, double-blind study design was used. Eighty-seven participants who had undergone natural menopause were randomly administered either 70 mg/day isoflavones (n = 43) or placebo (n = 41) for 12 weeks. We assessed the Kupperman index for climacteric symptoms and the menopause-specific quality of life (MENQOL) questionnaire for quality of the life. Biomarkers of bone metabolism were also measured in serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP), osteocalcin (OC), N- and C-terminal cross-linking telopeptides of type I collagen (NTx, CTx), and urine-deoxypyridinolin (u-DPD). RESULTS Scores of the Kupperman index were decreased in both the isoflavones group (-7.0 ± 15.8, P = 0.0074) and placebo group (-6.3 ± 14.6, P = 0.0064) during the intervention, but no significant difference was noted between the groups. Regarding the bone formation markers, the level of serum BALP increased by 6.3 ± 4.1% (P = 0.004) and OC increased by 9.3 ± 6.2% (P < 0.001), meanwhile those of the placebo were not changed. For the bone resorption markers, NTx, CTx, and u-DPD were not significantly different in either group. MENQOL was significant decreased in the isoflavone group (-0.6 ± 0.5) and placebo group (-0.6 ± 0.4), with a significant difference between groups (P = 0.0228). CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that 70 mg isoflavones supplement has beneficial effects on bone formation markers; however, it showed no benefit compared to the placebo on climacteric symptoms or quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansongyi Lee
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Ryowon Choue
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin 17104, Korea.,Research Institute of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Hyunjung Lim
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin 17104, Korea.,Research Institute of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
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Management of hot flashes in women with breast cancer receiving ovarian function suppression. Cancer Treat Rev 2017; 52:82-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractPlasma apoB is a more accurate marker of the risk of CVD and type 2 diabetes (T2D) than LDL-cholesterol; however, nutritional reviews targeting apoB are scarce. Here we reviewed eighty-seven nutritional studies and present conclusions in order of strength of evidence. Plasma apoB was reduced in all studies that induced weight loss of 6–12 % using hypoenergetic diets (seven studies; 5440–7110 kJ/d; 1300–1700 kcal/d; 34–50 % carbohydrates; 27–39 % fat; 18–24 % protein). When macronutrients were compared in isoenergetic diets (eleven studies including eight randomised controlled trials (RCT); n 1189), the diets that reduced plasma apoB were composed of 26–51 % carbohydrates, 26–46 % fat, 11–32 % protein, 10–27 % MUFA, 5–14 % PUFA and 7–13 % SFA. Replacement of carbohydrate by MUFA, not SFA, decreased plasma apoB. Moreover, dietary enriching with n-3 fatty acids (FA) (from fish: 1·1–1·7 g/d or supplementation: 3·2–3·4 g/d EPA/DHA or 4 g/d EPA), psyllium (about 8–20 g/d), phytosterols (about 2–4 g/d) or nuts (30–75 g/d) also decreased plasma apoB, mostly in hyperlipidaemic subjects. While high intake of trans-FA (4·3–9·1 %) increased plasma apoB, it is unlikely that these amounts represent usual consumption. Inconsistent data existed on the effect of soya proteins (25–30 g/d), while the positive association of alcohol consumption with low plasma apoB was reported in cross-sectional studies only. Five isoenergetic studies using Mediterranean diets (including two RCT; 823 subjects) reported a decrease of plasma apoB, while weaker evidence existed for Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), vegetarian, Nordic and Palaeolithic diets. We recommend using a Mediterranean dietary pattern, which also encompasses the dietary components reported to reduce plasma apoB, to target hyperapoB and reduce the risks of CVD and T2D.
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Austria JA, Aliani M, Malcolmson LJ, Dibrov E, Blackwood DP, Maddaford TG, Guzman R, Pierce GN. Daily choices of functional foods supplemented with milled flaxseed by a patient population over one year. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Longo AB, Ward WE. Providing Flaxseed Oil but Not Menhaden Oil Protects against OVX Induced Bone Loss in the Mandible of Sprague-Dawley Rats. Nutrients 2016; 8:E597. [PMID: 27669296 PMCID: PMC5083985 DOI: 10.3390/nu8100597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Higher intakes of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are associated with benefits at several skeletal sites in postmenopausal women and in rodent models, but the effect of PUFA-containing oils on tooth-supporting alveolar bone of the mandible has not been studied. Moreover, direct comparison of the effect of flaxseed oil (a source of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)) and menhaden oil (a source of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) is unknown. One-month old female Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 48) were randomized to and fed a diet containing flaxseed oil or menhaden oil from one to six months of age. At three months of age, rats were randomized to receive SHAM or ovariectomy (OVX) surgery (n = 12/diet). The inter-radicular septum below the first molar of the mandible was imaged at 6 months of age (study endpoint) using micro-computed tomography (μCT) at a resolution of 9 μm. As expected, OVX significantly reduced percent bone volume (BV/TV), connectivity density (Conn. D.), trabecular number (Tb. N.), and increased trabecular separation (Tb. Sp.) compared to SHAM rats (p < 0.001). However, post hoc analysis revealed these differences were present in rats fed menhaden oil but not those fed flaxseed oil. These results suggest that providing flaxseed oil, possibly through its high ALA content, provides protection against the OVX-induced alveolar bone loss in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B Longo
- Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Wendy E Ward
- Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.
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Ursoniu S, Sahebkar A, Andrica F, Serban C, Banach M. Effects of flaxseed supplements on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trial. Clin Nutr 2016; 35:615-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Ahmed K, Jahan P, Nadia I, Ahmed F, Abdullah-Al-Emran. Assessment of Menopausal Symptoms among Early and Late Menopausal Midlife Bangladeshi Women and Their Impact on the Quality of Life. J Menopausal Med 2016; 22:39-46. [PMID: 27152312 PMCID: PMC4854658 DOI: 10.6118/jmm.2016.22.1.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Every physical abnormal criterion has an impact on the health. Late menopause causes different physiological problems which alike early menopause. The research interest is associated with both early and late menopausal women of Bangladesh as only few menopausal studies available in South East Asia especially in Bangladesh. The aims of this study are not only to assess the symptoms of menopausal abnormality but also to determine the impact of these symptoms on the quality of life (QOL) of the female society in Bangladesh. METHODS Data mining techniques are used to rank the 22 factors (conducted with questionnaire) commonly associated with menopause. Among the participants menstruation that stops before 45 years was considered as early menopausal status and after 50 years as late menopausal. The mean of age and mean length of time in years, since menopause for all participants were 61.55±10.7 and 14.13±11.17, respectively. Recorded data indicated 67% were early menopausal women and 33% were late menopausal women. RESULTS Results indicated that feeling tired or lacking in energy and dizziness (83%) and depression (82%) have worst impact on QOL among all factors, respectively. The next prevalent symptoms included hot flashes (64%), osteoporosis (72%), sweating at night (63%), concentration problem (75%), irritability (63%), feeling tense (77%), headache (66%). However, less frequent factors included breathing problems (33%), loss of feeling (31%), coherent heart disease (13%) and type2 diabetics (9%). CONCLUSION Our study indicates that early menopausal women are facing more physiological problems than the late menopausal women on their QOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawsar Ahmed
- Department of Information and Communication Technology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Papia Jahan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Israt Nadia
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Farzana Ahmed
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Science, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah-Al-Emran
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh
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Abstract
Osteoporosis is a global health problem that leads to an increased incidence of fragility fracture. Recent dietary patterns of Western populations include higher than recommended intakes of n-6 (ω-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) relative to n-3 (ω-3) PUFAs that may result in a chronic state of sterile whole body inflammation. Findings from human bone cell culture experiments have revealed both benefits and detriments to bone-related outcomes depending on the quantity and source of PUFAs. Findings from observational and randomized controlled trials suggest that higher fatty fish intake is strongly linked with reduced risk of fragility fracture. Moreover, human studies largely support a greater intake of total PUFAs, total n-6 (ω-6) fatty acid, and total n-3 (ω-3) fatty acid for higher bone mineral density and reduced risk of fragility fracture. Less consistent evidence has been observed when investigating the role of long chain n-3 (ω-3) PUFAs or the ratio of n-6 (ω-6) PUFAs to n-3 (ω-3) PUFAs. Aspects to consider when interpreting the current literature involve participant characteristics, study duration, diet assessment tools, and the primary outcome measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B Longo
- Center for Bone and Muscle Health, and Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada
| | - Wendy E Ward
- Center for Bone and Muscle Health, and Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada
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Xiao HH, Gao QG, Ho MX, Zhang Y, Wong KC, Dai Y, Yao XS, Wong MS. An 8-O-4' norlignan exerts oestrogen-like actions in osteoblastic cells via rapid nongenomic ER signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 170:39-49. [PMID: 25978953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Sambucus williamsii Hance (SWH), which belongs to the Caprifoliaceae family distributed in various regions of China, Korea and Japan, has been used as a folk medicine for treatment of bone and joint diseases in China for thousands of years. In previous studies, SWH was shown to possess anti-osteoporosis, healing fracture, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. Our previous studies showed that SWH extract effectively suppressed ovariectomy-induced increase in bone turnover and improved bone mineral density and bone biomechanical strength in rats as well as in mice. An 8-O-4' norlignan, (7R,8S)-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-[4-(3-hydroxypropyl)-2-methoxyphenoxy]-1,3-propanediol (PPD) was previously isolated and identified as the bioactive ingredient in SWH. The present study aimed to characterize the bone protective effects as well as its mechanism of actions in osteoblasts. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bone protective actions of PPD on different cells were determined by proliferation assay, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay, calcium deposition as well as real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition, estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist ICI182,780 and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor U0126 blocking assays, competitive ER radioligand binding assay, ERE-dependent luciferase reporter assay and immunoblotting were used to determine if PPD activated ER and if the effects of PPD on osteoblastic functions were ER dependent. RESULTS PPD exerted anabolic effects in osteoblasts and its effects were abolished by co-incubation with ICI182,780 or U0126. PPD induced mRNA expressions of Runx2, ALP, osteocalcin, and increased the ratio of osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (OPG/RANKL). PPD failed to bind to either ERα or ERβ and did not activate ERE-luciferase activity via ER. PPD induced the phosphorylation of extracellular regulated kinases (ERK) and its effect was completely abolished by U0126. It also induced the phosphorylation of ERα at serine 118. CONCLUSION These data show that PPD is a bioactive compound in SWH that exerts oestrogen-like actions in osteoblast-like cells via ligand-independent, estrogen response element (ERE)-independent and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) Kinase-mediated rapid nongenomic ER signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hui Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation), Shenzhen Research Institute of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518057, PR China; Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Quan-Gui Gao
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Ming-Xian Ho
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China; Center for Systems Biomedical Sciences, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, PR China
| | - Ka-Chun Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Yi Dai
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Xin-Sheng Yao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
| | - Man-Sau Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation), Shenzhen Research Institute of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518057, PR China; Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China.
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Leslie MA, Cohen DJA, Liddle DM, Robinson LE, Ma DWL. A review of the effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on blood triacylglycerol levels in normolipidemic and borderline hyperlipidemic individuals. Lipids Health Dis 2015; 14:53. [PMID: 26048287 PMCID: PMC4488064 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-015-0049-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating levels of triacylglycerol (TG) is a recognized risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease, a leading cause of death worldwide. The Institute of Medicine and the American Heart Association both recommend the consumption of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), specifically eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), to reduce serum TG in hyperlipidemic individuals. Additionally, a number of systematic reviews have shown that individuals with any degree of dyslipidemia, elevated serum TG and/or cholesterol, may benefit from a 20-30 % reduction in serum TG after consuming n-3 PUFA derived from marine sources. Given that individuals with serum lipid levels ranging from healthy to borderline dyslipidemic constitute a large portion of the population, the focus of this review was to assess the potential for n-3 PUFA consumption to reduce serum TG in such individuals. A total of 1341 studies were retrieved and 38 clinical intervention studies, assessing 2270 individuals, were identified for inclusion in the current review. In summary, a 9-26 % reduction in circulating TG was demonstrated in studies where ≥ 4 g/day of n-3 PUFA were consumed from either marine or EPA/DHA-enriched food sources, while a 4-51 % reduction was found in studies where 1–5 g/day of EPA and/or DHA was consumed through supplements. Overall, this review summarizes the current evidence with regards to the beneficial effect of n-3 PUFA on circulating TG levels in normolipidemic to borderline hyperlipidemic, otherwise healthy, individuals. Thus demonstrating that n-3 PUFA may play an important role in the maintenance of cardiovascular health and disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Leslie
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Animal Science/Nutrition Building, Room 342, 491 Gordon Street, Guelph, ON, N1G 2 W1, Canada.
| | - Daniel J A Cohen
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Animal Science/Nutrition Building, Room 342, 491 Gordon Street, Guelph, ON, N1G 2 W1, Canada.
| | - Danyelle M Liddle
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Animal Science/Nutrition Building, Room 342, 491 Gordon Street, Guelph, ON, N1G 2 W1, Canada.
| | - Lindsay E Robinson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Animal Science/Nutrition Building, Room 342, 491 Gordon Street, Guelph, ON, N1G 2 W1, Canada.
| | - David W L Ma
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Animal Science/Nutrition Building, Room 342, 491 Gordon Street, Guelph, ON, N1G 2 W1, Canada.
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Kim MY, Choi SD, Ryu A. Is complementary and alternative therapy effective for women in the climacteric period? J Menopausal Med 2015; 21:28-35. [PMID: 26046035 PMCID: PMC4452811 DOI: 10.6118/jmm.2015.21.1.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasomotor symptoms start about 2 years prior to menopause in women who are approaching menopause, and early menopause symptoms appear including emotional disturbance and anxiety, followed by physical changes such as vaginal dryness, urinary incontinence and skin wrinkles. As time progresses, osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases, and dementia occur consecutively. Hormone therapy is primarily considered for the relief of menopause symptoms in postmenopausal women. However, as hormone replacement has emerged as a therapy that increases the potential risk of thrombosis, cerebral infarction and breast cancer, complementary and alternative medicine has drawn much attention. This study aimed to examine the types and effects of evidence-based complementary and alternative therapies that are currently used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Young Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Seung Do Choi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Aeli Ryu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
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Edel AL, Rodriguez-Leyva D, Maddaford TG, Caligiuri SP, Austria JA, Weighell W, Guzman R, Aliani M, Pierce GN. Dietary flaxseed independently lowers circulating cholesterol and lowers it beyond the effects of cholesterol-lowering medications alone in patients with peripheral artery disease. J Nutr 2015; 145:749-57. [PMID: 25694068 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.204594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary flaxseed lowers cholesterol in healthy subjects with mild biomarkers of cardiovascular disease (CVD). OBJECTIVE The aim was to investigate the effects of dietary flaxseed on plasma cholesterol in a patient population with clinically significant CVD and in those administered cholesterol-lowering medications (CLMs), primarily statins. METHODS This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial examined the effects of a diet supplemented for 12 mo with foods that contained either 30 g of milled flaxseed [milled flaxseed treatment (FX) group; n = 58] or 30 g of whole wheat [placebo (PL) group; n = 52] in a patient population with peripheral artery disease (PAD). Plasma lipids were measured at 0, 1, 6, and 12 mo. RESULTS Dietary flaxseed in PAD patients resulted in a 15% reduction in circulating LDL cholesterol as early as 1 mo into the trial (P = 0.05). The concentration in the FX group (2.1 ± 0.10 mmol/L) tended to be less than in the PL group (2.5 ± 0.2 mmol/L) at 6 mo (P = 0.12), but not at 12 mo (P = 0.33). Total cholesterol also tended to be lower in the FX group than in the PL group at 1 mo (11%, P = 0.05) and 6 mo (11%, P = 0.07), but not at 12 mo (P = 0.24). In a subgroup of patients taking flaxseed and CLM (n = 36), LDL-cholesterol concentrations were lowered by 8.5% ± 3.0% compared with baseline after 12 mo. This differed from the PL + CLM subgroup (n = 26), which increased by 3.0% ± 4.4% (P = 0.030) to a final concentration of 2.2 ± 0.1 mmol/L. CONCLUSIONS Milled flaxseed lowers total and LDL cholesterol in patients with PAD and has additional LDL-cholesterol-lowering capabilities when used in conjunction with CLMs. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00781950.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Edel
- Canadian Center for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, and the Asper Clinical Research Institute, St. Boniface Hospital, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences
| | | | - Thane G Maddaford
- Canadian Center for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, and the Asper Clinical Research Institute, St. Boniface Hospital, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences
| | - Stephanie Pb Caligiuri
- Canadian Center for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, and the Asper Clinical Research Institute, St. Boniface Hospital, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences
| | - J Alejandro Austria
- Canadian Center for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, and the Asper Clinical Research Institute, St. Boniface Hospital, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences
| | - Wendy Weighell
- the Asper Clinical Research Institute, St. Boniface Hospital, Department of Surgery, and
| | - Randolph Guzman
- the Asper Clinical Research Institute, St. Boniface Hospital, Department of Surgery, and
| | - Michel Aliani
- Canadian Center for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, and Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; and
| | - Grant N Pierce
- Canadian Center for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, and the Asper Clinical Research Institute, St. Boniface Hospital, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences,
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Khalesi S, Irwin C, Schubert M. Flaxseed consumption may reduce blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. J Nutr 2015; 145:758-65. [PMID: 25740909 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.205302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High blood pressure is a major health burden positively associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases. Flaxseed is a rich dietary source of α-linolenic acid, lignans, and fiber, with a number of positive health benefits on blood pressure. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of flaxseed consumption on blood pressure. Further, the influence of baseline blood pressure, type of flaxseed supplementation, and duration of flaxseed supplementation on blood pressure was explored. METHOD PubMed (MEDLINE), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Cochrane Library (Central) were searched through July 2014 for studies in which humans supplemented their habitual diet with flaxseed or its extracts (i.e., oil, lignans, fiber) for ≥2 wk. RESULTS A total of 11 studies (14 trials) were included in the analysis. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted for the mean difference in blood pressure. Results indicated that flaxseed supplementation reduced systolic blood pressure (-1.77 mm Hg; 95% CI: -3.45, -0.09 mm Hg; P = 0.04) and diastolic blood pressure (-1.58 mm Hg; 95% CI: -2.64, -0.52 mm Hg; P = 0.003). These results were not influenced by categorization of participants into higher baseline blood pressure (≥130 mm Hg). An improvement in diastolic blood pressure was observed in subgroup analysis for consuming whole flaxseed (-1.93 mm Hg; 95% CI: -3.65, -0.21 mm Hg; P < 0.05) and duration of consumption ≥12 wk (-2.17 mm Hg; 95% CI: -3.44, -0.89 mm Hg; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The present meta-analysis suggests that consumption of flaxseed may lower blood pressure slightly. The beneficial potential of flaxseed to reduce blood pressure (especially diastolic blood pressure) may be greater when it is consumed as a whole seed and for a duration of >12 wk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher Irwin
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Matt Schubert
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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Wauquier F, Léotoing L, Philippe C, Spilmont M, Coxam V, Wittrant Y. Pros and cons of fatty acids in bone biology. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 58:121-45. [PMID: 25835096 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite the growing interest in deciphering the causes and consequences of obesity-related disorders, the mechanisms linking fat intake to bone behaviour remain unclear. Since bone fractures are widely associated with increased morbidity and mortality, most notably in elderly and obese people, bone health has become a major social and economic issue. Consistently, public health system guidelines have encouraged low-fat diets in order to reduce associated complications. However, from a bone point of view, mechanisms linking fat intake to bone alteration remain quite controversial. Thus, after more than a decade of dedicated studies, this timely review offers a comprehensive overview of the relationships between bone and fatty acids. Using clinical evidences as a starting-point to more complex molecular elucidation, this work highlights the complexity of the system and reveals that bone alteration that cannot be solved simply by taking ω-3 pills. Fatty acid effects on bone metabolism can be both direct and indirect and require integrated investigations. Furthermore, even at the level of a single cell, one fatty acid is able to trigger several different independent pathways (receptors, metabolites…) which may all have a say in the final cellular metabolic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Wauquier
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Equipe Alimentation, Squelette et Métabolismes, France
| | - Laurent Léotoing
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Equipe Alimentation, Squelette et Métabolismes, France
| | - Claire Philippe
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Equipe Alimentation, Squelette et Métabolismes, France
| | - Mélanie Spilmont
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Equipe Alimentation, Squelette et Métabolismes, France
| | - Véronique Coxam
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Equipe Alimentation, Squelette et Métabolismes, France
| | - Yohann Wittrant
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Equipe Alimentation, Squelette et Métabolismes, France.
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The effect of flaxseed dose on circulating concentrations of alpha-linolenic acid and secoisolariciresinol diglucoside derived enterolignans in young, healthy adults. Eur J Nutr 2015; 55:651-663. [PMID: 25808116 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-0885-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The primary endpoint was to determine the plasma concentration of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), and its metabolites, following milled flaxseed consumption at four doses. Secondary outcomes focused on plasma enterolignan concentrations and the effects on tolerability, platelet aggregation, plasma lipids and urinary thromboxane levels. METHODS Healthy, younger adults (n = 34; 18-49 years old) were randomized into four groups consuming one muffin daily for 30 days fortified with 10, 20, 30 or 40 g of milled flaxseed. Blood and urine were collected at baseline and 4 weeks. RESULTS Plasma ALA concentrations increased with all flaxseed doses (P < 0.01), except the 20 g/day dose (P = 0.10), yet there was no significant dose-dependent response (P = 0.81). Only with the 30 g/day diet were n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (P = 0.007), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (P = 0.047) increased from baseline values. Docosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were not detected at any dose. Plasma total enterolignan concentrations significantly increased over time in all treatment groups, yet despite a dose-dependent tendency, no between-group differences were detected (P = 0.22). Flaxseed was well tolerated, even at the highest dose, as there were no reported adverse events, changes in cholesterol, platelet aggregation or urinary 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2. CONCLUSIONS In healthy, younger adults, 10 g/day of milled flaxseed consumption is sufficient to significantly increase circulating ALA and total enterolignan concentrations; however, 30 g/day is required to convert ALA to EPA. Although all doses were well tolerated, 40 g/day is too low to attenuate cholesterol in this population.
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Machado AM, de Paula H, Cardoso LD, Costa NM. Effects of brown and golden flaxseed on the lipid profile, glycemia, inflammatory biomarkers, blood pressure and body composition in overweight adolescents. Nutrition 2015; 31:90-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Managing Menopause Chapter 9 Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM). JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY CANADA 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1701-2163(15)30465-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Goyal A, Sharma V, Upadhyay N, Gill S, Sihag M. Flax and flaxseed oil: an ancient medicine & modern functional food. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2014; 51:1633-53. [PMID: 25190822 PMCID: PMC4152533 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-013-1247-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Flaxseed is emerging as an important functional food ingredient because of its rich contents of α-linolenic acid (ALA, omega-3 fatty acid), lignans, and fiber. Flaxseed oil, fibers and flax lignans have potential health benefits such as in reduction of cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, diabetes, cancer, arthritis, osteoporosis, autoimmune and neurological disorders. Flax protein helps in the prevention and treatment of heart disease and in supporting the immune system. As a functional food ingredient, flax or flaxseed oil has been incorporated into baked foods, juices, milk and dairy products, muffins, dry pasta products, macaroni and meat products. The present review focuses on the evidences of the potential health benefits of flaxseed through human and animals' recent studies and commercial use in various food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Goyal
- />Dairy Chemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana India 132001
| | - Vivek Sharma
- />Dairy Chemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana India 132001
| | - Neelam Upadhyay
- />Dairy Chemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana India 132001
| | - Sandeep Gill
- />BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus Shameerpet Mandal Rangareddy District, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh India 500078
| | - Manvesh Sihag
- />Dairy Chemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana India 132001
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Caligiuri SPB, Penner B, Pierce GN. The HYPERFlax trial for determining the anti-HYPERtensive effects of dietary flaxseed in newly diagnosed stage 1 hypertensive patients: study protocol for a randomized, double-blinded, controlled clinical trial. Trials 2014; 15:232. [PMID: 24938224 PMCID: PMC4073186 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In 2013 the World Health Organization deemed hypertension as a global crisis as it is the leading risk factor attributed to global mortality. Therefore, there is a great need for effective alternative treatment strategies to combat a condition that affects 40% of adults worldwide. Recently, the FlaxPAD Trial observed a significant reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure in hypertensive patients with peripheral arterial disease that consumed 30 g of milled flaxseed per day for one year. However, these patients were already on anti-hypertensive medication. Therefore, there is a need to assess if dietary flaxseed can effectively reduce blood pressure in the absence of peripheral arterial disease and anti-hypertensive medication in newly diagnosed hypertensive patients. Methods/Design The HYPERFlax Trial is a parallel, superiority, phase II/III, randomized, double-blinded, controlled clinical trial. St. Boniface Hospital and the Health Sciences Centre of Winnipeg, Canada, will recruit 100 participants newly diagnosed with stage 1 hypertension who have yet to be administered anti-hypertensive medication. Participants will be randomly allocated with a 1:1 ratio into a flaxseed or control group and provided food products to consume daily for six months. At baseline, two, four, and six months, participant assessments will include the primary outcome measure, averaged automated blood pressure, and secondary measures: 24-hour food recall, international physical activity questionnaire, anthropometrics, and blood and urine sampling for biochemical analysis. Plasma will be assessed for lipids, metabolomics profiling, and molecules that regulate vascular tone. Urine will be collected for metabolomics profiling. With an estimated dropout rate of 20%, the trial will have a power of 0.80 to detect differences between groups and across time, out of an effect size of 0.7 (SD) at an α level of 0.05. Discussion This trial will determine if dietary flaxseed is efficacious over six months as an anti-hypertensive therapy in subjects newly diagnosed with hypertension. If flaxseed can effectively reduce blood pressure as a monotherapy, then flaxseed will provide individuals on a global basis with a cost-effective food-based strategy to control hypertension. Trial registration NCT01952340, Registered 24 September 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Grant N Pierce
- Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine (CCARM), St, Boniface Hospital Research Centre, 351 Taché Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of soy isoflavone supplementation on quality of life in postmenopausal women. METHODS A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled 24-month trial was conducted to assess the effect of 80 or 120 mg of daily aglycone hypocotyl soy isoflavone supplementation on quality of life in 403 postmenopausal women using a validated Menopause-Specific Quality of Life questionnaire. RESULTS Menopause-Specific Quality of Life domain scores at 1 year and 2 years were similar to baseline. There were no differences in domain scores among treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS Soy isoflavone supplementation offers no benefit to quality of life in postmenopausal women.
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Thériault S, Forest JC, Massé J, Giguère Y. Validation of early risk-prediction models for gestational diabetes based on clinical characteristics. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2014; 103:419-25. [PMID: 24447804 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Gestational diabetes (GDM) is generally diagnosed late in pregnancy, precluding early preventive interventions. This study aims to validate, in a large Caucasian population of pregnant women, models based on clinical characteristics proposed in the literature to identify, early in pregnancy, those at high risk of developing GDM in order to facilitate follow up and prevention. METHODS This is a cohort study including 7929 pregnant women recruited prospectively at their first prenatal visit. Clinical information was obtained by a self-administered questionnaire and extraction of data from the medical records. The performance of four proposed clinical risk-prediction models was evaluated for identifying women who developed GDM and those who required insulin therapy. RESULTS The four models yielded areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) between 0.668 and 0.756 for the identification of women who developed GDM, a performance similar to those obtained in the original studies. The best performing model, based on ethnicity, body-mass index, family history of diabetes and past history of GDM, resulted in sensitivity, specificity and AUC of 73% (66-79), 81% (80-82) and 0.824 (0.793-0.855), respectively, for the identification of GDM cases requiring insulin therapy. CONCLUSIONS External validation of four risk-prediction models based exclusively on clinical characteristics yielded a performance similar to those observed in the original studies. In our cohort, the strategy seems particularly promising for the early prediction of GDM requiring insulin therapy. Addition of recently proposed biochemical markers to such models has the potential to reach a performance justifying clinical utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Thériault
- CHU de Québec Research Center, 10 rue de l'Espinay, Quebec City, QC, Canada G1L 3L5, and Département de biologie moléculaire, biochimie médicale et pathologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, 1050 avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Jean-Claude Forest
- CHU de Québec Research Center, 10 rue de l'Espinay, Quebec City, QC, Canada G1L 3L5, and Département de biologie moléculaire, biochimie médicale et pathologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, 1050 avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Jacques Massé
- CHU de Québec Research Center, 10 rue de l'Espinay, Quebec City, QC, Canada G1L 3L5, and Département de biologie moléculaire, biochimie médicale et pathologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, 1050 avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Yves Giguère
- CHU de Québec Research Center, 10 rue de l'Espinay, Quebec City, QC, Canada G1L 3L5, and Département de biologie moléculaire, biochimie médicale et pathologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, 1050 avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC, Canada G1V 0A6.
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Ristic-Medic D, Perunicic-Pekovic G, Rasic-Milutinovic Z, Takic M, Popovic T, Arsic A, Glibetic M. Effects of dietary milled seed mixture on fatty acid status and inflammatory markers in patients on hemodialysis. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:563576. [PMID: 24578648 PMCID: PMC3919090 DOI: 10.1155/2014/563576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant seeds have gained interest for their health benefits due to their fatty acid content. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary consumption of milled sesame/pumpkin/flax seed mixture on glycemic control, serum lipids, phospholipid fatty acid status, and inflammatory factors in patients on hemodialysis. METHODS Thirty patients with well nutrition status (18 male, 12 female) were enrolled in the study. Participants consumed 30 g of milled sesame/pumpkin/flax (6 g/6 g/18 g, resp.) seeds mixture added to their habitual diet. RESULTS Total n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and levels of linoleic, dihomo-gamma-linolenic (DGLA), arachidonic, alpha-linolenic (ALA), eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acid were increased after 12 weeks of supplementation. A significant decrease of the serum triglyceride level (P < 0.001), glucose, insulin, calculated IR HOMA (P < 0.05), and inflammatory markers (TNF-alpha, IL-6, and hs-CRP, P < 0.001) was observed after seed mixture treatment. The serum levels of CRP and TNF-alpha negative correlate with ALA, DHA, and DGLA. CONCLUSION Results of this study indicated that dietary milled sesame/pumpkin/flax seed mixture added to a habitual diet lowered triglyceride and CRP, TNF-alpha, IL-6 levels, affect glycemic control and improved fatty acid profile and pruritus symptoms in hemodialysis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijela Ristic-Medic
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 102, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Perunicic-Pekovic
- Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Clinical Hospital Zemun, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zorica Rasic-Milutinovic
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Clinical Hospital Zemun, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Takic
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 102, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara Popovic
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 102, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Arsic
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 102, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Glibetic
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 102, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Sacco SM, Chen J, Ganss B, Thompson LU, Ward WE. Flaxseed enhances the beneficial effect of low-dose estrogen therapy at reducing bone turnover and preserving bone microarchitecture in ovariectomized rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 39:801-10. [PMID: 24844286 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Our previous research showed greatest protection to vertebral bone mineral density and strength in ovariectomized (OVX) rats when lignan- and α-linolenic acid-rich flaxseed (FS) is combined with low-dose estrogen therapy (LD) compared with either treatment alone. This study determined the effects of combined FS+LD on serum and tissue markers of bone turnover and microarchitecture to explain our previous findings. Three-month-old OVX rats were randomized to negative control (NEG), FS, LD or FS+LD for 2 or 12 weeks, meaningful time points for determining effects on markers of bone metabolism and bone structure, respectively. Ground FS was added to the AIN-93M diet (100 g/kg diet) and LD (0.42 μg 17β-estradiol/(kg body weight·day)) was delivered by subcutaneous implant. Sham rats were included as positive control. Bone formation (e.g., osteocalcin), bone resorption (e.g., tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-5β (TRAP-5β)), as well as osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor κ-B ligand (RANKL) were analyzed from the 2-week study by commercial assays (serum) and (or) histology (vertebra). Vertebral bone microarchitecture was measured from the 12-week study using microcomputed tomography. In serum, FS+LD and LD induced lower TRAP-5β and osteocalcin, and higher OPG and OPG/RANKL ratio versus NEG and FS (p < 0.05). In vertebrae, FS+LD induced higher OPG and lower osteocalcin versus NEG (p < 0.01) and did not differ from LD and FS. FS+LD improved bone microarchitecture versus NEG, FS, and LD (p < 0.05). In conclusion, FS+LD protects bone tissue because of a reduction in bone turnover. However, elucidating the distinctive action of FS+LD on bone turnover compared with LD requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Sacco
- a Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
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83
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Bedell S, Nachtigall M, Naftolin F. The pros and cons of plant estrogens for menopause. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 139:225-36. [PMID: 23270754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Concerns pertaining to the risk of estrogen exposure through HT have prompted an increase in the use of natural alternatives. Phytoestrogens may provide postmenopausal women with a practical alternative and many women have already begun to utilize phytoestrogen supplements. However, research regarding the efficacy of phytoestrogens as a hormone therapy alternative has been previously pessimistic or questionable at best. This review scrutinizes the most current research regarding the efficacy of three types of phytoestrogens, isoflavones, lignans and coumestans, and their specific effect on the reduction of climacteric symptoms, specifically vasomotor symptoms, vaginal atrophy, insomnia and osteoporosis. A discussion of the research pertaining to the relative safety of each phytoestrogen in terms of breast and endometrial health is also included. Overall, current research demonstrates that phytoestrogens are effective in reducing the intensity of hot flushes, and some phytoestrogen combinations result in a decreased frequency. Certain phytoestrogens have also been shown to decrease vaginal atrophy, improve sleep and cognition, and positively affect bone health. Even though initial research was generally unconvincing, the more recent evidence reviewed here is rather positive. In terms of safety and reports of adverse reactions, trials have not shown an increase in breast cancer risk or increase in endometrial hyperplasia following phytoestrogen use, but trials explicitly designed to find neoplasia have not been reported. Moreover, unlike hormone therapy, lignans may not increase clotting risk in postmenopausal women, thus supplements may serve as a treatment option for patients who have contraindications to hormone therapy. Phytoestrogens may provide a safe and partially effective alternative to HT. However, because research regarding phytoestrogens is relatively new, pharmaco-vigilence is still required, as these products are not yet FDA-approved. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Phytoestrogens'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bedell
- Interdisciplinary Program in Menopausal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University School of Medicine, New York 10016, United States
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84
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Lethaby A, Marjoribanks J, Kronenberg F, Roberts H, Eden J, Brown J. Phytoestrogens for menopausal vasomotor symptoms. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 2013:CD001395. [PMID: 24323914 PMCID: PMC10247921 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd001395.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vasomotor symptoms, such as hot flushes and night sweats, are very common during the menopausal transition. Hormone therapy has traditionally been used as a highly effective treatment, but concerns about increased risk of some chronic diseases have markedly increased the interest of women in alternative treatments. Some of the most popular of these treatments are foods or supplements enriched with phytoestrogens-plant-derived chemicals that have estrogenic action. OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy, safety and acceptability of food products, extracts and dietary supplements containing high levels of phytoestrogens when compared with no treatment, placebo or hormone therapy for the amelioration of vasomotor menopausal symptoms (such as hot flushes and night sweats) in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. SEARCH METHODS Searches targeted the following electronic databases: the Cochrane Menstrual Disorders and Subfertility Group Specialised Register of randomised trials (29 July 2013), the Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 29 July 2013), MEDLINE (inception to 29 July 2013), EMBASE (inception to 29 July 2013), AMED (1985 to 29 July 2013), PsycINFO (inception to 29 July 2013) and CINAHL (inception to 29 July 2013). Attempts were made to access grey literature by sending letters to pharmaceutical companies and performing searches of ongoing trial registers. Reference lists of included trials were also searched. SELECTION CRITERIA Studies were included if they were randomised, included perimenopausal or postmenopausal participants with vasomotor symptoms (hot flushes or night sweats), lasted at least 12 weeks and provided interventions such as foods or supplements with high levels of phytoestrogens (not combined with other herbal treatments). Trials that included women who had breast cancer or a history of breast cancer were excluded. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Selection of trials, extraction of data and assessment of quality were undertaken by at least two review authors. Most trials were too dissimilar for their results to be combined in a meta-analysis, so these findings are provided in narrative 'Summary of results' tables. Studies were grouped into broad categories: dietary soy, soy extracts, red clover extracts, genistein extracts and other types of phytoestrogens. Five trials used Promensil, a red clover extract; results of these trials were combined in a meta-analysis, and summary effect measures were calculated. MAIN RESULTS A total of 43 randomised controlled trials (4,364 participants) were included in this review. Very few trials provided data suitable for inclusion in a meta-analysis. Among the five trials that yielded data assessing the daily frequency of hot flushes suitable for pooling, no significant difference overall was noted in the incidence of hot flushes between participants taking Promensil (a red clover extract) and those given placebo (mean difference (MD) -0.93, 95% confidence interval (CI) -1.95 to 0.10, I(2) = 31%). No evidence indicated a difference in percentage reduction in hot flushes in two trials between Promensil and placebo (MD 20.15, 95% CI -12.08 to 52.38, I(2) = 82%). Four trials that were not combined in meta-analyses suggested that extracts with high (> 30 mg/d) levels of genistein consistently reduced the frequency of hot flushes. Individual results from the remaining trials were compared in broad subgroups such as dietary soy, soy extracts and other types of phytoestrogens that could not be combined. Some of these trials found that phytoestrogen treatments alleviated the frequency and severity of hot flushes and night sweats when compared with placebo, but many trials were small and were determined to be at high risk of bias. A strong placebo effect was noted in most trials, with a reduction in frequency ranging from 1% to 59% with placebo. No indication suggested that discrepant results were due to the amount of isoflavone in the active treatment arm, the severity of vasomotor symptoms or trial quality factors. Also, no evidence indicated that these treatments caused oestrogenic stimulation of the endometrium or the vagina or other adverse effects when used for up to two years. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS No conclusive evidence shows that phytoestrogen supplements effectively reduce the frequency or severity of hot flushes and night sweats in perimenopausal or postmenopausal women, although benefits derived from concentrates of genistein should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Lethaby
- University of AucklandDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyPrivate Bag 92019AucklandNew Zealand1142
| | - Jane Marjoribanks
- University of AucklandDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyPrivate Bag 92019AucklandNew Zealand1142
| | - Fredi Kronenberg
- College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University in the City of New YorkDepartment of Rehabilitation MedicineBOX 75630 W 168TH STNew YorkUSANY 10027‐6902
| | - Helen Roberts
- University of AucklandDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyPrivate Bag 92019AucklandNew Zealand1142
| | - John Eden
- Royal Hospital for WomenSydney Menopause Centre & Natural Therapies UnitLocked Bag 2000RandwickNSWAustralia2031
| | - Julie Brown
- University of AucklandThe Liggins Institute and Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyFMHSAucklandNew Zealand
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Rodriguez-Leyva D, Weighell W, Edel AL, LaVallee R, Dibrov E, Pinneker R, Maddaford TG, Ramjiawan B, Aliani M, Guzman R, Pierce GN. Potent Antihypertensive Action of Dietary Flaxseed in Hypertensive Patients. Hypertension 2013; 62:1081-9. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.02094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Flaxseed contains ω-3 fatty acids, lignans, and fiber that together may provide benefits to patients with cardiovascular disease. Animal work identified that patients with peripheral artery disease may particularly benefit from dietary supplementation with flaxseed. Hypertension is commonly associated with peripheral artery disease. The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of daily ingestion of flaxseed on systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in peripheral artery disease patients. In this prospective, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized trial, patients (110 in total) ingested a variety of foods that contained 30 g of milled flaxseed or placebo each day over 6 months. Plasma levels of the ω-3 fatty acid α-linolenic acid and enterolignans increased 2- to 50-fold in the flaxseed-fed group but did not increase significantly in the placebo group. Patient body weights were not significantly different between the 2 groups at any time. SBP was ≈10 mm Hg lower, and DBP was ≈7 mm Hg lower in the flaxseed group compared with placebo after 6 months. Patients who entered the trial with a SBP ≥140 mm Hg at baseline obtained a significant reduction of 15 mm Hg in SBP and 7 mm Hg in DBP from flaxseed ingestion. The antihypertensive effect was achieved selectively in hypertensive patients. Circulating α-linolenic acid levels correlated with SBP and DBP, and lignan levels correlated with changes in DBP. In summary, flaxseed induced one of the most potent antihypertensive effects achieved by a dietary intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delfin Rodriguez-Leyva
- From the Cardiovascular Research Division, V.I. Lenin Universitary Hospital, Holguin, Cuba (D.R.-L.); and Department of Surgery, St Boniface Hospital and the Asper Clinical Research Institute (W.W., R.G.), Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Department of Physiology, Faculties of Medicine and Pharmacy (A.L.E., R.L., E.D., R.P., T.G.M., B.R., G.N.P.), and Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology (M.A.),
| | - Wendy Weighell
- From the Cardiovascular Research Division, V.I. Lenin Universitary Hospital, Holguin, Cuba (D.R.-L.); and Department of Surgery, St Boniface Hospital and the Asper Clinical Research Institute (W.W., R.G.), Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Department of Physiology, Faculties of Medicine and Pharmacy (A.L.E., R.L., E.D., R.P., T.G.M., B.R., G.N.P.), and Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology (M.A.),
| | - Andrea L. Edel
- From the Cardiovascular Research Division, V.I. Lenin Universitary Hospital, Holguin, Cuba (D.R.-L.); and Department of Surgery, St Boniface Hospital and the Asper Clinical Research Institute (W.W., R.G.), Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Department of Physiology, Faculties of Medicine and Pharmacy (A.L.E., R.L., E.D., R.P., T.G.M., B.R., G.N.P.), and Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology (M.A.),
| | - Renee LaVallee
- From the Cardiovascular Research Division, V.I. Lenin Universitary Hospital, Holguin, Cuba (D.R.-L.); and Department of Surgery, St Boniface Hospital and the Asper Clinical Research Institute (W.W., R.G.), Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Department of Physiology, Faculties of Medicine and Pharmacy (A.L.E., R.L., E.D., R.P., T.G.M., B.R., G.N.P.), and Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology (M.A.),
| | - Elena Dibrov
- From the Cardiovascular Research Division, V.I. Lenin Universitary Hospital, Holguin, Cuba (D.R.-L.); and Department of Surgery, St Boniface Hospital and the Asper Clinical Research Institute (W.W., R.G.), Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Department of Physiology, Faculties of Medicine and Pharmacy (A.L.E., R.L., E.D., R.P., T.G.M., B.R., G.N.P.), and Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology (M.A.),
| | - Reinhold Pinneker
- From the Cardiovascular Research Division, V.I. Lenin Universitary Hospital, Holguin, Cuba (D.R.-L.); and Department of Surgery, St Boniface Hospital and the Asper Clinical Research Institute (W.W., R.G.), Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Department of Physiology, Faculties of Medicine and Pharmacy (A.L.E., R.L., E.D., R.P., T.G.M., B.R., G.N.P.), and Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology (M.A.),
| | - Thane G. Maddaford
- From the Cardiovascular Research Division, V.I. Lenin Universitary Hospital, Holguin, Cuba (D.R.-L.); and Department of Surgery, St Boniface Hospital and the Asper Clinical Research Institute (W.W., R.G.), Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Department of Physiology, Faculties of Medicine and Pharmacy (A.L.E., R.L., E.D., R.P., T.G.M., B.R., G.N.P.), and Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology (M.A.),
| | - Bram Ramjiawan
- From the Cardiovascular Research Division, V.I. Lenin Universitary Hospital, Holguin, Cuba (D.R.-L.); and Department of Surgery, St Boniface Hospital and the Asper Clinical Research Institute (W.W., R.G.), Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Department of Physiology, Faculties of Medicine and Pharmacy (A.L.E., R.L., E.D., R.P., T.G.M., B.R., G.N.P.), and Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology (M.A.),
| | - Michel Aliani
- From the Cardiovascular Research Division, V.I. Lenin Universitary Hospital, Holguin, Cuba (D.R.-L.); and Department of Surgery, St Boniface Hospital and the Asper Clinical Research Institute (W.W., R.G.), Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Department of Physiology, Faculties of Medicine and Pharmacy (A.L.E., R.L., E.D., R.P., T.G.M., B.R., G.N.P.), and Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology (M.A.),
| | - Randolph Guzman
- From the Cardiovascular Research Division, V.I. Lenin Universitary Hospital, Holguin, Cuba (D.R.-L.); and Department of Surgery, St Boniface Hospital and the Asper Clinical Research Institute (W.W., R.G.), Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Department of Physiology, Faculties of Medicine and Pharmacy (A.L.E., R.L., E.D., R.P., T.G.M., B.R., G.N.P.), and Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology (M.A.),
| | - Grant N. Pierce
- From the Cardiovascular Research Division, V.I. Lenin Universitary Hospital, Holguin, Cuba (D.R.-L.); and Department of Surgery, St Boniface Hospital and the Asper Clinical Research Institute (W.W., R.G.), Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Department of Physiology, Faculties of Medicine and Pharmacy (A.L.E., R.L., E.D., R.P., T.G.M., B.R., G.N.P.), and Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology (M.A.),
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Hussain S, Anjum F, Alamri M, Mohamed A, Nadeem M. Functional flaxseed in baking. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2013. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2012.0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Hussain
- College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - F.M. Anjum
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, P.O. Box 38040, 38000 Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - M.S. Alamri
- College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - A.A. Mohamed
- College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - M. Nadeem
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, P.O. Box 38040, 38000 Faisalabad, Pakistan
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87
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Controlled flax interventions for the improvement of menopausal symptoms and postmenopausal bone health. Menopause 2013; 20:1207-15. [DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e3182896ae5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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88
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Thakur G, Mitra A, Pal K, Rousseau D. Effect of flaxseed gum on reduction of blood glucose and cholesterol in type 2 diabetic patients. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2013; 60 Suppl 6:126-36. [PMID: 19548163 DOI: 10.1080/09637480903022735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The effects of ingestion of flaxseed gum on blood glucose and cholesterol, particularly low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, in type 2 diabetes were evaluated. Flaxseed gum was incorporated in wheat flour chapattis. Sixty patients of type 2 diabetes were fed a daily diet for 3 months, along with six wheat flour chapattis containing flaxseed gum (5 g), as per the recommendations of the American Diabetic Association. The control group (60 individuals) consumed an identical diet but the chapattis were without gum. The blood biochemistry profiles monitored before starting the study and at monthly intervals showed fasting blood sugar in the experimental group decreased from 154 ± 8 mg/dl to 136 ± 7 mg/dl (P=0.03) while the total cholesterol reduced from 182 ± 11 mg/dl to 163 ± 9 mg/dl (P=0.03). Results showed a decrease in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol from 110 ± 8 mg/dl to 92 ± 9 mg/dl (P=0.02). The study demonstrated the efficacy of flax gum in the blood biochemistry profiles of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutam Thakur
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
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89
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Nawata K, Yamauchi M, Takaoka S, Yamaguchi T, Sugimoto T. Association of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake with bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Calcif Tissue Int 2013; 93:147-54. [PMID: 23708886 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-013-9743-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 fatty acids) have been shown to have a beneficial effect on bone in animal studies, although little is known about their role in bone metabolism in humans. We investigated the association between bone mineral density (BMD) and daily n-3 fatty acid intake. This cross-sectional, community-based, epidemiologic study was conducted among 205 healthy postmenopausal women (mean age 63.5 years, range 46-79). We examined BMD, serum N-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (PINP), urinary type-I collagen cross-linked-N-telopeptide (uNTX), total cholesterol, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Nutrient intake was calculated using a food-frequency questionnaire. BMD was measured at the lumbar spine and femoral neck by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Simple regression analysis showed that intake of neither n-3 fatty acid nor n-6 fatty acid was associated with age or lipid metabolism indices. However, simple regression analysis showed that n-3 fatty acid intake was positively associated with both lumbar spine BMD and femoral neck BMD. n-6 fatty acid intake was positively associated with femoral neck BMD but not lumbar spine BMD. Multiple regression analysis showed that n-3 fatty acid intake was positively associated with lumbar spine BMD after adjustment for age, BMI, duration of menopausal state, grip strength, PINP, uNTX, and intakes of calcium, vitamin D, vitamin K, and n-6 fatty acid. In conclusion, n-3 fatty acid intake was positively associated with lumbar spine BMD independent of bone resorption and serum levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoko Nawata
- Internal Medicine 1, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan
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Bloedon LT, Balikai S, Chittams J, Cunnane SC, Berlin JA, Rader DJ, Szapary PO. Flaxseed and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Results from a Double Blind, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial. J Am Coll Nutr 2013; 27:65-74. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2008.10719676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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91
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Garneau V, Rudkowska I, Paradis AM, Godin G, Julien P, Pérusse L, Vohl MC. Association between plasma omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013; 38:243-8. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2012-0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids (FA), namely eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have been linked to reduced cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. The objective of this study was to examine the relation between n-3 FA in plasma phospholipid (PL) levels and CVD risk factors. n-3 FA levels in plasma PL were determined using gas chromatography in 100 obese (body mass index (BMI), ≥30 kg·m−2) and 100 nonobese selected individuals from the Quebec City metropolitan area. The CVD risk factors analysed were BMI, blood pressure, plasma lipids levels, and fasting plasma glucose. Significantly higher levels of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) were observed in obese subjects, whereas significantly higher levels of DHA were observed in nonobese subjects. For CVD risk factors, ALA levels were positively correlated with plasma triglyceride concentrations and negatively associated with diastolic blood pressure. None of the CVD risk factors studied was linked to EPA levels. In addition, DPA was negatively related to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and positively correlated with the total cholesterol/HDL-C ratio. DHA levels were negatively correlated with BMI, waist circumference, and plasma triglyceride levels, whereas a positive association was observed with HDL-C levels. Total n-3 FA percentages were negatively correlated with BMI. In conclusion, higher DHA percentages in plasma PL are associated with a more favourable CVD risk profile, whereas higher DPA percentages in plasma PL are associated with a more deteriorated CVD risk profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Garneau
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Laval University, Québec, QC G1K 7P4, Canada; Genomics and Endocrinology, Laval University Medical Center, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Laval University, 2440, boul. Hochelaga, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Iwona Rudkowska
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Laval University, Québec, QC G1K 7P4, Canada; Genomics and Endocrinology, Laval University Medical Center, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Laval University, 2440, boul. Hochelaga, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Ann-Marie Paradis
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Laval University, Québec, QC G1K 7P4, Canada; Genomics and Endocrinology, Laval University Medical Center, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Laval University, 2440, boul. Hochelaga, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Gaston Godin
- Faculty of Nursing, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre Julien
- Genomics and Endocrinology, Laval University Medical Center, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Louis Pérusse
- Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Québec, Québec, Canada; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Vohl
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Laval University, Québec, QC G1K 7P4, Canada; Genomics and Endocrinology, Laval University Medical Center, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Laval University, 2440, boul. Hochelaga, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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92
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Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a 16-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-design multicenter study in Korea. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:1367-72. [PMID: 23333088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have anti-inflammatory effects and may be useful for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA).We examined the efficacy of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation on RA on top of standard anti-inflammatory treatment. Patients with RA were randomized into two groups in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-design multicenter study. One hundred nine patients received five capsules of either n-3 PUFA (2.090 g of EPA and 1.165 g of DHA) or high-oleic-acid sunflower oil for 16 weeks. Eighty-one patients completed the study, and no adverse effects were reported. Dietary intake did not change significantly during the study. There were significant increases in n-3 PUFA and EPA levels in erythrocytes in the n-3 PUFA group versus the placebo group, but decreases in n-6 PUFA, 18:2n6, 20:4n6 and 18:1n9 levels in the n-3 PUFA group versus the placebo group. N-3 PUFA supplementation had no significant effects on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) requirements, clinical symptoms of RA or the concentration of cytokines, eicosanoids and bone turnover markers. However, n-3 PUFA supplementation significantly decreased NSAID requirements and leukotriene B4 levels in patients who weighed more than 55 kg. Our results suggest that n-3 PUFA supplementation has no significant effect on RA but may decrease the requirement for NSAIDs in Korean patients with RA who weigh more than 55 kg.
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93
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G K P, Arounassalame B. The quality of life during and after menopause among rural women. J Clin Diagn Res 2013; 7:135-9. [PMID: 23450244 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2012/4910.2688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The overall health and well-being of middle-aged women has become a major public health concern around the world. More than 80% of the women experience physical or psychological symptoms in the years when they approach menopause, with various distresses and disturbances in their lives, leading to a decrease in the quality of life. The aim of our study was to assess the quality of life and the impact of hormonal changes in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women and to correlate the prevalence of the symptoms with their duration since menopause. MATERIAL AND METHODS A cross- sectional study was done at Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital, Puducherry, from January 2012 to April 2012. Five hundred women who were in the age group of 40-65 years, who came from rural areas to our hospital, were included in the study. The women who were receiving hormonal treatment and those who refused to participate in the study were excluded. The data such as the socio-demographic information and the menstruation status, which were based on the reported length of time since the last menstrual period and the experience of the symptoms, as were tested in the Menopause Specific Quality of Life (MENQOL) questionnaire, were collected from each patient. The women who were included in the study were divided into three groups as the menopause transition, early postmenopausal and the late postmenopausal groups. All the data which were gathered were analyzed by using SAS 9.2. The Chi square test and the relative risk and the confidence interval calculations were applied to compare the frequencies of the symptoms among the women with different menopausal statuses. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS Mean menopausal age in the study group was 45 years. The most common symptom within study subjects were low back ache (79%) and muscle-joint pain (77.2%). The least frequent symptoms were increase in facial hair (15%) and feeling of dryness during intimacy (10.8%). Scores of vasomotor domain were significantly more in menopause transition group. Scores of physical domain were significantly more in late postmenopausal group. CONCLUSION The menopause related symptoms had a negative effect on the quality of life of the perimenopausal and the postmenopausal women. Such regional studies can help in creating awareness and in educating women on the early identification of the common menopausal symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poomalar G K
- Assistant Professor, Department of obstetrics and gynaecology, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College Hospital , Puducherry, India
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94
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Nounou HA, Deif MM, Shalaby MA. Effect of flaxseed supplementation and exercise training on lipid profile, oxidative stress and inflammation in rats with myocardial ischemia. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:129. [PMID: 23036047 PMCID: PMC3508923 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Flaxseed has recently gained attention in the area of cardiovascular disease primarily because of its rich contents of α-linolenic acid (ALA), lignans, and fiber. Although the benefits of exercise on any single risk factor are unquestionable, the effect of exercise on overall cardiovascular risk, when combined with other lifestyle modifications such as proper nutrition, can be dramatic. This study was carried out to evaluate the protective role of flaxseed and exercise on cardiac markers, lipids profile and inflammatory markers in isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial ischemia in rats. Methods The research was conducted on 40 male albino rats, divided into 4 groups (n=10): group I served as control, group II has acute myocardial ischemia induced by isoproterenol, groups III and IV have acute myocardial ischemia induced by isoproterenol pretreated with flaxseed supplementation orally for 6 weeks, additionally group IV practiced muscular exercise through swimming. Results Alterations of lipid profile, cardiac and inflammatory markers (Il-1β, PTX 3 and TNF- α) were observed in myocardial ischemia group. Flaxseed supplementation combined with exercise training showed significant increase of HDL and PON 1, on the other hand cardiac troponin, Il- 1β and TNF- α levels significantly decreased as compared to myocardial ischemic group. Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis of cTnI, PTX 3, Il-1β and TNF- α revealed a satisfactory level of sensitivity and specificity. Conclusion Regular exercise enhances the improvement in plasma lipoprotein levels and cardiovascular protection that results from flaxseed supplementation by mitigating the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. Elevation of HDL, the antioxidant PON 1 and the cardioprotective marker PTX 3 emphasizes the protective effects of flaxseed and muscular exercise mutually against the harmful effects of acute myocardial ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howaida A Nounou
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
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95
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Khalatbari Soltani S, Jamaluddin R, Tabibi H, Mohd Yusof BN, Atabak S, Loh S, Rahmani L. Effects of flaxseed consumption on systemic inflammation and serum lipid profile in hemodialysis patients with lipid abnormalities. Hemodial Int 2012; 17:275-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1542-4758.2012.00754.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saman Khalatbari Soltani
- Department of Nutrition and DieteticsFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversiti Putra Malaysia Selangor Malaysia
| | - Rosita Jamaluddin
- Department of Nutrition and DieteticsFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversiti Putra Malaysia Selangor Malaysia
| | - Hadi Tabibi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition & DieteticsFaculty of Nutrition and Food TechnologyNational Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Barakatun Nisak Mohd Yusof
- Department of Nutrition and DieteticsFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversiti Putra Malaysia Selangor Malaysia
| | - Shahnaz Atabak
- Department of NephrologyShahid Modares Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Su‐Peng Loh
- Department of Nutrition and DieteticsFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversiti Putra Malaysia Selangor Malaysia
| | - Leila Rahmani
- Peritoneal Dialysis WardShahid Modares Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Islamic Republic of Iran
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96
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Colli MC, Bracht A, Soares AA, de Oliveira AL, Bôer CG, de Souza CGM, Peralta RM. Evaluation of the Efficacy of Flaxseed Meal and Flaxseed Extract in Reducing Menopausal Symptoms. J Med Food 2012; 15:840-5. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2011.0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adelar Bracht
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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97
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Pomegranate seed oil in women with menopausal symptoms: a prospective randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded trial. Menopause 2012; 19:426-32. [PMID: 22240636 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e3182345b2f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the potential effects of pomegranate seed oil (PGS) on menopausal symptoms. METHODS The prospective randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded trial was completed by 81 postmenopausal women, who received two daily doses of either 30 mg PGS containing 127 μg of steroidal phytoestrogens per dose or a placebo for 12 weeks. The participants reported their number of hot flashes and completed the Menopause Rating Scale II at baseline and at weeks 4, 8, 12, and 24. At baseline and after 12 weeks, hormonal status was determined. RESULTS After 12 weeks of treatment, PGS reduced the number of hot flashes per day by 4.3 (38.7%), whereas placebo reduced it by 2.5 (25.6%). Both groups were significant compared with baseline, but the treated group was not significant compared with the placebo group (P = 0.17). After 24 weeks, the treated group showed a mean of 7.1 (interquartile range, 4.0) hot flashes per day compared with the placebo group with a mean of 8.8 (interquartile range, 5.0; P = 0.02). Although the overall sum score of the Menopause Rating Scale II parameters at week 12 decreased in the treated group from 16.0 to 9.0 at week 12 and in the placebo group from 18.0 to 14.5 (P = 0.08), the sum score of the vegetative somatic symptoms subgroup decreased strongly versus placebo (P < 0.03), attributable mainly to an improvement in sleeping disorders. PGS did not affect the hormone status, and no adverse effects were reported. CONCLUSIONS In postmenopausal women, PGS does not significantly reduce hot flashes within a 12-week observation period, but further studies are needed to investigate the long-term effect.
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98
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Orchard TS, Pan X, Cheek F, Ing SW, Jackson RD. A systematic review of omega-3 fatty acids and osteoporosis. Br J Nutr 2012; 107 Suppl 2:S253-60. [PMID: 22591899 PMCID: PMC3899785 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512001638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Some epidemiological evidence suggests that diets high in omega 3 fatty acids (n-3 FAs) may be beneficial for skeletal health. The aim of this systematic review was to determine if randomized controlled trials (RCTs) support a positive effect of n-3 FAs on osteoporosis. A systematic search was performed in PubMed and EMBASE databases. We included RCTs with skeletal outcomes conducted in adults or children (> = 1 year old) using n-3 FA fortified foods, diets or supplements alone or in combination with other vitamins/minerals, versus placebo. Primary outcomes were incident fracture at any site and bone mineral density (BMD) in g/cm2. Secondary outcomes included bone formation or resorption markers and bone turnover regulators. A total of 10 RCTs met inclusion criteria. Effect sizes with 95 % confidence intervals were estimated to compare studies across various treatments and outcome measures. No pooled analysis was completed due to heterogeneity of studies and small sample sizes. No RCTs included fracture as an outcome. Four studies reported significant favorable effects of n-3 FA on BMD or bone turnover markers. Of these, three delivered n-3 FA in combination with high calcium foods or supplements. Five studies reported no differences in outcomes between n-3 FA intervention and control groups; one study included insufficient data for effect size estimation. Strong conclusions regarding n-3 FAs and bone disease are limited due to the small number and modest sample sizes of RCTs, however, it appears that any potential benefit of n-3 FA on skeletal health may be enhanced by concurrent administration of calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonya S. Orchard
- The Ohio State University, College of Education and Human Ecology, Department of Human Nutrition, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Xueliang Pan
- The Ohio State University, Center for Biostatistics, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Fern Cheek
- The Ohio State University, Prior Health Sciences Library and Center for Knowledge Management, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Steven W. Ing
- The Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rebecca D. Jackson
- The Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Columbus, OH, USA
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A phase III, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of flaxseed for the treatment of hot flashes: North Central Cancer Treatment Group N08C7. Menopause 2012; 19:48-53. [PMID: 21900849 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e318223b021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Preliminary data suggest that flaxseed, a rich source of dietary lignans, may be a potentially effective treatment of hot flashes. A phase III, randomized, placebo, controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of flaxseed in reducing hot flashes. METHODS Postmenopausal women with or without breast cancer were randomly assigned to a flaxseed bar (providing 410 mg of lignans) for 6 weeks versus a placebo bar. Participants completed daily, prospective, hot flash diaries during the baseline week, and then ate one study bar per day for 6 weeks while recording their daily hot flashes. The intraparticipant difference in hot flash activity between baseline and the last treatment week was the primary endpoint. Adverse effects were evaluated through a self-report and the Common Terminology Criteria assessment. RESULTS A total of 188 women were enrolled in this trial. The mean hot flash score was reduced 4.9 in the flaxseed group and 3.5 in the placebo group (P = 0.29). In both groups, slightly more than a third of the women received a 50% reduction in their hot flash score. Only one adverse effect was significantly different between groups, grade 1 pruritus, which was more common in the placebo group (8% vs 1%). Both groups reported abdominal distension, flatulence, diarrhea, and nausea. Adherence and ability to detect treatment assignment did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS The results of this trial do not support the use of 410 mg of lignans for the reduction of hot flashes. The bars were fairly well tolerated, with both groups reporting gastrointestinal effects, probably due to the fiber content.
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Cosendey Menegati G, Cohen L, Carvalho de Mattos FC, de Miranda MP, Lopes Rosado E. Can Flaxseed Help Satisfy Appetite in Women Subjected to Bariatric Surgery? REVISTA ESPAÑOLA DE NUTRICIÓN HUMANA Y DIETÉTICA 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2173-1292(12)70073-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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