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Piltonen TT, Chen JC, Khatun M, Kangasniemi M, Liakka A, Spitzer T, Tran N, Huddleston H, Irwin JC, Giudice LC. Endometrial stromal fibroblasts from women with polycystic ovary syndrome have impaired progesterone-mediated decidualization, aberrant cytokine profiles and promote enhanced immune cell migration in vitro. Hum Reprod 2015; 30:1203-15. [PMID: 25750105 PMCID: PMC4400200 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dev055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Do endometrial stromal fibroblasts (eSF) in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) (eSFpcos) exhibit altered estrogen and/or progesterone (P4) responses, which may explain some of the adverse reproductive outcomes and endometrial pathologies in these women? SUMMARY ANSWER In vitro, eSF from women with PCOS exhibit an aberrant decidualization response and concomitant changes in pro-inflammatory cytokine, chemokine and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) release and immune cell chemoattraction. In vivo these aberrations may result in suboptimal implantation and predisposition to endometrial cancer. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY The endometrium in women with PCOS has several abnormalities including progesterone (P4) resistance at the gene expression level, likely contributing to subfertility, pregnancy complications and increased endometrial cancer risk in PCOS women. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Prospective, university-based, case-control, in vitro study. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Cultures of eSFPCOS (n = 12, Rotterdam and NIH criteria) and eSFControl (Ctrl) (n = 6, regular cycle length, no signs of hyperandrogenism) were treated with vehicle, estradiol (E2, 10 nM) or E2P4 (10 nM/1 μM) for 14 days. Progesterone receptor (PGR) mRNA was assessed with quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and eSF decidualization was confirmed by insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) transcript and protein expression. Fractalkine (CX3CL1), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin (IL) 6, 8 and 11, macrophage chemoattractant protein (MCP) 1 and 3, CCL5 (RANTES) and MMPs (MMP1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 10 and 12) were measured in conditioned media by Luminex multiplex assays, and chemotactic activity of the conditioned media was tested in a migration assay using CD14+ monocyte and CD4+ T-cell migration assay. Effects of IL-6 (0.02, 0.2, 2 or 20 ng/ml) or IL-8 (0.04, 0.4, 4, or 40 ng/ml) or combination (0.2 ng/ml IL-6 and 4.0 ng/ml IL-8) on 14-d decidualization were also tested. ANOVA with pre-planned contrasts was used for statistical analysis. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Hormonal challenge with E2P4 to induce decidualization revealed two distinct subsets of eSFPCOS. Eight eSFPCOS (dPCOS) and all eSFCtrl (dCtrl) cultures showed a normal decidualization response to E2P4 as determined by morphology and IGFBP-1 secretion. However, 4 eSFPCOS cultures showed blunted decidualization (ndPCOS) in morphological assessment and low IGFBP-1 levels even though all three groups exhibited normal estrogen-mediated increase in PGR expression. Interestingly dPCOS had decreased IL-6 and GM-SCF secretion compared with dCtrl, whereas the ndPCOS cultures showed increased IL-6 and 8, MCP1, RANTES and GM-CSF secretion at base-line and/or in response to E2 or E2P4 compared with dCtrl and/or dPCOS. Furthermore, even though PGR expression was similar in all three groups, P4 inhibition of MMP secretion was attenuated in ndPCOS resulting in higher MMP2 and 3 levels. The conditioned media from ndPCOS had increased chemoattractic activity compared with dCtrl and dPCOS media. Exogenously added IL-6 and/or 8 did not inhibit decidualization in eSFCtrl indicating that high levels of these cytokines in ndPCOS samples were not likely a cause for the aberrant decidualization. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION This is an in vitro study with a small sample size, utilizing stromal cell cultures from proliferative and secretory phase endometrium. The effect of PCOS on endometrial epithelium, another major histoarchitectural cell compartment of the endometrium, was not evaluated and should be considered in future studies. Furthermore, results obtained should also be confirmed in a larger data set and with mid/late secretory phase in vivo samples and models. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The alterations seen in ndPCOS may contribute to endometrial dysfunction, subfertility and pregnancy complications in PCOS women. The results emphasize the importance of understanding immune responses related to the implantation process and normal endometrial homeostasis in women with PCOS. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS Sigrid Juselius Foundation, Academy of Finland, Finnish Medical Foundation, Orion-Farmos Research Foundation (to T.T.P.), the NIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) U54HD 055764-07 Specialized Cooperative Centers Program in Reproduction and Infertility Research (to L.C.G.), the NICHD the Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Awards grant 1F32HD074423-03 (to J.C.C.). The authors have no competing interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Piltonen
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - J C Chen
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - M Khatun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - M Kangasniemi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - A Liakka
- Department of Pathology, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - T Spitzer
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - N Tran
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - H Huddleston
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J C Irwin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - L C Giudice
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Dunn L, Prior T, Greer R, Kumar S. Gender specific intrapartum and neonatal outcomes for term babies. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2015; 185:19-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2014.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Gaskins AJ, Rich-Edwards JW, Colaci DS, Afeiche MC, Toth TL, Gillman MW, Missmer SA, Chavarro JE. Prepregnancy and early adulthood body mass index and adult weight change in relation to fetal loss. Obstet Gynecol 2014; 124:662-669. [PMID: 25198273 PMCID: PMC4172495 DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000000478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine prospectively the relationships of prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), BMI at age 18 years, and weight change since age 18 years with risk of fetal loss. METHODS Our prospective cohort study included 25,719 pregnancies reported by 17,027 women in the Nurses' Health Study II between 1990 and 2009. In 1989, height, current weight, and weight at age 18 years were self-reported. Current weight was updated every 2 years thereafter. Pregnancies were self-reported, with case pregnancies lost spontaneously and comparison pregnancies ending in ectopic pregnancy, induced abortion, or live birth. RESULTS Incident fetal loss was reported in 4,494 (17.5%) pregnancies. Compared with those of normal BMI, the multivariate relative risks of fetal loss were 1.07 (95% CI [confidence interval] 1.00-1.15) for overweight women, 1.10 (95% CI 0.98-1.23) for class I obese women, and 1.27 (95% CI 1.11-1.45) for class II and class III obese women (P trend ≤ .001). Body mass index at age 18 years was not associated with fetal loss (P trend=.59). Compared with women who maintained a stable weight (± 4 kg) between age 18 years and before pregnancy, women who lost weight had a 20% (95% CI 9-29%) lower risk of fetal loss. This association was stronger among women who were overweight at age 18 years. CONCLUSION Being overweight or obese before pregnancy was associated with higher risk of fetal loss. In women overweight or obese at age 18 years, losing 4 kg or more was associated with a lower risk of fetal loss. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE : II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey J. Gaskins
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Janet W. Rich-Edwards
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Connors Center for Women’s Health and Gender Biology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniela S. Colaci
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Myriam C. Afeiche
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas L. Toth
- Vincent Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew W. Gillman
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School/Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stacey A. Missmer
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jorge E. Chavarro
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Palomba S, Falbo A, Chiossi G, Muscogiuri G, Fornaciari E, Orio F, Tolino A, Colao A, La Sala GB, Zullo F. Lipid profile in nonobese pregnant women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a prospective controlled clinical study. Steroids 2014; 88:36-43. [PMID: 24945113 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in lipid pattern and increased risk for obstetric/neonatal complications have been observed in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Pregnancy leads to physiologic changes in lipoprotein metabolism, and alterations in lipid profile have been related with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Based on these considerations, the aim of the present prospective controlled clinical study was to test the hypothesis that the changes in the lipid profile in patients with PCOS during pregnancy are characteristic and potentially related to the increased risk of obstetric/neonatal complications. One hundred and fifty nonobese PCOS women and 150 age- and body mass index (BMI)-matched healthy controls were enrolled. Serum lipids, glucose, insulin, and androgens levels were serially assayed in all subjects before and throughout pregnancy. Serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglyceride (TG) concentrations were significantly (P<0.05) higher in PCOS group than in healthy controls at each assessment. Throughout pregnancy, serum LDL and TG levels increased significantly (P<0.05) in both groups, although the change from pre-pregnancy values was significantly (P<0.05) greater in PCOS patients than in healthy controls. A significant (P<0.05) relationship was observed between serum LDL and TG changes and changes in both insulin sensitivity indexes and androgen levels in PCOS patients alone. After adjusting for maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI and lipid levels, body weight gain, and insulin-resistance markers, serum TG concentrations during pregnancy were directly and independently associated with obstetric complications in both groups, whereas serum LDL levels only in PCOS patients. We can conclude that nonobese PCOS patients had specific changes in lipid profile during pregnancy, and that the lipid pattern typical of PCOS may account for the more frequent adverse pregnancy outcomes. PCOS-related hormonal and metabolic features, such as insulin resistance and high androgen levels, may mediate this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Palomba
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, IRCCS - ASMN, Viale Risorgimento 80, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Angela Falbo
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, IRCCS - ASMN, Viale Risorgimento 80, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Chiossi
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, IRCCS - ASMN, Viale Risorgimento 80, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Department of Endocrinology, University "Federico II" of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Eleonora Fornaciari
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, IRCCS - ASMN, Viale Risorgimento 80, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Francesco Orio
- Endocrinology, University "Parthenope" of Naples, Via Partenope, 80100 Naples, Italy
| | - Achille Tolino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University "Federico II" of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Department of Endocrinology, University "Federico II" of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Battista La Sala
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, IRCCS - ASMN, Viale Risorgimento 80, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Università 4, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Fulvio Zullo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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Christiansen SC, Vanky E, Klungland H, Stafne SN, Mørkved S, Salvesen KÅ, Sæther M, Carlsen SM. The effect of exercise and metformin treatment on circulating free DNA in pregnancy. Placenta 2014; 35:989-93. [PMID: 25282112 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Some pregnancy complications are characterized by increased levels of cell-free fetal (cffDNA) and maternal DNA (cfmDNA), the latter may also be elevated during physical strain. This study aims at assessing the impact of exercise and metformin intervention in pregnancy, and to compare the levels of cell free DNA in pregnant women with or without PCOS diagnosis. METHODS Consecutive women from two previous randomized controlled trials in pregnancy were included. Women came from a trial with organized exercise vs. standard antenatal care in pregnancy and a trial of metformin vs. placebo in PCOS women. Levels of cffDNA, cfmDNA and cell-free total DNA (cftDNA) were measured by qPCR. RESULTS Training in pregnancy did not affect the levels of cffDNA, cfmDNA or cftDNA. PCOS-women treated with metformin had lower levels of cfmDNA and cftDNA at week 32 (mean ± SD: 301 ± 162 versus 570 ± 337, p = 0.012, 345 ± 173 versus 635 ± 370, p = 0.019); otherwise the levels were comparable to PCOS-controls. Metformin-treated PCOS-women had higher cffDNA at inclusion, in the 1st trimester; later on in pregnancy the levels in the metformin and placebo groups were equal. A comparison of pregnant women in the exercise study (TRIP) to placebo-treated pregnant PCOS-women, showed the levels of cffDNA, cfmDNA or cftDNA during mid-pregnancy (weeks 18-36) to be equal. DISCUSSION Training during pregnancy was not associated with altered levels of cffDNA cfmDNA or cftDNA, but metformin treatment may reduce cfmDNA and cftDNA in pregnant PCOS women.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Christiansen
- Department of Endocrinology, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Unit for Applied Clinical Research, Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - E Vanky
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - H Klungland
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - S N Stafne
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Clinical Services, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - S Mørkved
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Clinical Services, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - K Å Salvesen
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - M Sæther
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - S M Carlsen
- Department of Endocrinology, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Unit for Applied Clinical Research, Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Altmäe S. New insights into the complex disease of PCOS: findings from early trophoblast invasion and placentation. Reprod Biomed Online 2014; 29:271-2. [PMID: 25189520 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Palomba S, Falbo A, Chiossi G, Tolino A, Tucci L, La Sala GB, Zullo F. Early trophoblast invasion and placentation in women with different PCOS phenotypes. Reprod Biomed Online 2014; 29:370-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Palomba S, Falbo A, Chiossi G, Orio F, Tolino A, Colao A, La Sala GB, Zullo F. Low-grade chronic inflammation in pregnant women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a prospective controlled clinical study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:2942-51. [PMID: 24873996 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-1214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and pregnancy are conditions characterized by an increased low-grade chronic inflammation state. A higher incidence of pregnancy complications has been detected in pregnant PCOS women. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to test the hypothesis that the low-grade chronic inflammation state typical of PCOS patients persists during gestation and is exacerbated by pregnancy and contributes to the increased risk of obstetric/neonatal complications. DESIGN This was a prospective controlled clinical study. SETTING The study was conducted at the Academic Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the "Pugliese-Ciaccio" Hospital of Catanzaro (Catanzaro, Italy). PATIENTS One hundred fifty pregnant PCOS women and 150 age- and body mass index-matched healthy pregnant controls participated in the study. INTERVENTIONS INTERVENTIONS included serial clinical, biochemical, and ultrasonographic assessments before and throughout pregnancy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Serum levels of white blood cell count (WBC), C-reactive protein (CRP), and ferritin were measured. RESULTS Pregnant women with PCOS had higher WBC, CRP, and ferritin levels at study entry and at all gestational ages than controls. Changes in serum WBC and ferritin levels were significantly higher in PCOS than in controls starting from the 12th week of gestation whereas those in CRP from the 20th week of gestation. By multivariable Cox proportional hazard analysis, in the PCOS group, a significant association with the risk of adverse obstetric/neonatal outcomes was found for WBC [hazard ratio (HR) 1.52, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.31-1.64; P = .010], CRP (HR 1.19, 95% CI 1.06-1.34; P = .019), and ferritin levels (HR 1.12, 95% CI 1.03-1.26; P = .011). CONCLUSIONS In PCOS patients, the low-grade chronic inflammation persists during gestation and is exacerbated by pregnancy, and it is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Palomba
- Units of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.P., A.F., G.C., G.B.L.S.) IRCCS-Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; Department of Endocrinology (F.O.), University "Parthenope" of Naples, 80100 Naples, Italy; Department of Endocrinology (F.O.), University "Ruggi d'Aragona," 84131 Salerne, Italy; Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.T.) and Endocrinology (A.C.), University "Federico II" of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (G.B.L.S.), 41100 Modena, Italy; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (F.Z.), University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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Palomba S, Falbo A, Valli B, Morini D, Villani MT, Nicoli A, La Sala GB. Physical activity before IVF and ICSI cycles in infertile obese women: an observational cohort study. Reprod Biomed Online 2014; 29:72-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Chinnathambi V, More AS, Hankins GD, Yallampalli C, Sathishkumar K. Gestational exposure to elevated testosterone levels induces hypertension via heightened vascular angiotensin II type 1 receptor signaling in rats. Biol Reprod 2014; 91:6. [PMID: 24855104 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.118968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-eclampsia is a life-threatening pregnancy disorder whose pathogenesis remains unclear. Plasma testosterone levels are elevated in pregnant women with pre-eclampsia and polycystic ovary syndrome, who often develop gestational hypertension. We tested the hypothesis that increased gestational testosterone levels induce hypertension via heightened angiotensin II signaling. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with vehicle or testosterone propionate from Gestational Day 15 to 19 to induce a 2-fold increase in plasma testosterone levels, similar to levels observed in clinical conditions like pre-eclampsia. A subset of rats in these two groups was given losartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist by gavage during the course of testosterone exposure. Blood pressure levels were assessed through a carotid arterial catheter and endothelium-independent vascular reactivity through wire myography. Angiotensin II levels in plasma and angiotensin II type 1 receptor expression in mesenteric arteries were also examined. Blood pressure levels were significantly higher on Gestational Day 20 in testosterone-treated dams than in controls. Treatment with losartan during the course of testosterone exposure significantly attenuated testosterone-induced hypertension. Plasma angiotensin II levels were not significantly different between control and testosterone-treated rats; however, elevated testosterone levels significantly increased angiotensin II type 1 receptor protein levels in the mesenteric arteries. In testosterone-treated rats, mesenteric artery contractile responses to angiotensin II were significantly greater, whereas contractile responses to K(+) depolarization and phenylephrine were unaffected. The results demonstrate that elevated testosterone during gestation induces hypertension in pregnant rats via heightened angiotensin II type 1 receptor-mediated signaling, providing a molecular mechanism linking elevated maternal testosterone levels with gestational hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayakumar Chinnathambi
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Amar S More
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Gary D Hankins
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Chandra Yallampalli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Kunju Sathishkumar
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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Chinnathambi V, Blesson CS, Vincent KL, Saade GR, Hankins GD, Yallampalli C, Sathishkumar K. Elevated testosterone levels during rat pregnancy cause hypersensitivity to angiotensin II and attenuation of endothelium-dependent vasodilation in uterine arteries. Hypertension 2014; 64:405-14. [PMID: 24842922 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.03283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Elevated testosterone levels increase maternal blood pressure and decrease uterine blood flow in pregnancy, resulting in abnormal perinatal outcomes. We tested whether elevated testosterone alters uterine artery adaptations during pregnancy, and whether these alterations depend on endothelium-derived factors such as nitric oxide, endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor, and prostacyclin, or endothelium-independent mechanisms such as angiotensin II (Ang-II). Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with vehicle (n=20) or testosterone propionate (0.5 mg/kg per day from gestation day 15 to 19; n=20). Plasma testosterone levels increased 2-fold in testosterone-injected rats compared with controls. Elevated testosterone significantly decreased placental and pup weights compared with controls. In endothelium-intact uterine arteries, contractile responses to thromboxane, phenylephrine, and Ang-II were greater in testosterone-treated rats compared with controls. In endothelium-denuded arteries, contractile responses to Ang-II (pD2=9.1±0.04 versus 8.7±0.04 in controls; P<0.05), but not thromboxane and phenylephrine, were greater in testosterone-treated rats. Ang-II type 1b receptor expression was increased, whereas Ang-II type 2 receptor was decreased in testosterone-exposed arteries. In endothelium-denuded arteries, relaxations to sodium nitroprusside were unaffected. Endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine was significantly lower in arteries from testosterone-treated dams (Emax=51.80±6.9% versus 91.98±1.4% in controls; P<0.05). The assessment of endothelial factors showed that nitric oxide-, endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor-, and prostacyclin-mediated relaxations were blunted in testosterone-treated dams. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase, small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel-3, and prostacyclin receptor expressions were significantly decreased in arteries from testosterone-treated dams. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, Ankrd37, and Egln were significantly increased in testosterone-exposed placentas. These results suggest that elevated maternal testosterone impairs uterine vascular function, which may lead to an increased vascular resistance and a decrease in uterine blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayakumar Chinnathambi
- From the Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (V.C., K.L.V., G.R.S., G.D.H., K.S.); and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (C.S.B., C.Y.)
| | - Chellakkan S Blesson
- From the Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (V.C., K.L.V., G.R.S., G.D.H., K.S.); and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (C.S.B., C.Y.)
| | - Kathleen L Vincent
- From the Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (V.C., K.L.V., G.R.S., G.D.H., K.S.); and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (C.S.B., C.Y.)
| | - George R Saade
- From the Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (V.C., K.L.V., G.R.S., G.D.H., K.S.); and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (C.S.B., C.Y.)
| | - Gary D Hankins
- From the Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (V.C., K.L.V., G.R.S., G.D.H., K.S.); and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (C.S.B., C.Y.)
| | - Chandra Yallampalli
- From the Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (V.C., K.L.V., G.R.S., G.D.H., K.S.); and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (C.S.B., C.Y.)
| | - Kunju Sathishkumar
- From the Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (V.C., K.L.V., G.R.S., G.D.H., K.S.); and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (C.S.B., C.Y.).
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Huang Q, Zhang M, Zhong M, Yu Y, Liang W, Hang L, Gao Y, Huang L, Wang Z. Advanced glycation end products as an upstream molecule triggers ROS-induced sFlt-1 production in extravillous trophoblasts: A novel bridge between oxidative stress and preeclampsia. Placenta 2013; 34:1177-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Huang QT, Wang SS, Zhang M, Huang LP, Tian JW, Yu YH, Wang ZJ, Zhong M. Advanced oxidation protein products enhances soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 expression in trophoblasts: a possible link between oxidative stress and preeclampsia. Placenta 2013; 34:949-52. [PMID: 23899470 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2013.06.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs) is prevalent in obesity, advanced maternal age, diabetes mellitus, and polycystic ovary syndrome. Alterations in the regulation and signaling of angiogenic pathways have been recognized as a link between these conditions and pre-eclampsia. To investigate the possible impact of AOPPs on soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt-1) expression in trophoblasts. A trophoblast cell line (HRT-8/SVneo) was treated with various concentrations of AOPPs. The mRNA expression of sFlt-1, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and placental growth factor (PlGF) in trophoblasts were measured with the use of real-time polymerase chain reaction; and the secretion of sFlt-1, VEGF, and PlGF protein from trophoblasts were detected with the use of ELISA. Exposure of HRT-8/SVneo cells to AOPPs induced overexpression of sFlt-1 at mRNA and protein levels in a dose dependent manner. These effects could be inhibited by apocynin, an inhibitors of NADPH oxidase. Our data identified AOPPs as a class of important mediator in the regulation and signaling of angiogenic pathways of trophoblasts. Accumulation of AOPPs might contributes to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia by promoting sFlt-1 production in trophoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q T Huang
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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64
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Chang EM, Han JE, Seok HH, Lee DR, Yoon TK, Lee WS. Insulin resistance does not affect early embryo development but lowers implantation rate in in vitro maturation-in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer cycle. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2013; 79:93-9. [PMID: 23176069 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although extensive evidence indicates the hyperinsulinemia directly contributes to reproductive dysfunction in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), influence of insulin resistance (IR) on assisted reproductive technology outcomes is poorly understood. In this study we aimed to evaluate the effects of IR on in vitro maturation-in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVM-IVF-ET) in patients with PCOS. DESIGN Prospective observational study. PATIENTS Women with PCOS (n = 115) commencing IVM. MEASURMENTS IR (n = 51) and non-IR (n = 64) women with PCOS ready to commence an IVM cycle were recruited. IR was diagnosed using the glucose tolerance test (GTT) and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index. Patients with an abnormal GTT and/or HOMA index >2·4 were considered IR. Patients underwent 115 cycles of unstimulated hCG-primed IVM. RESULTS Maturation, fertilization, cleavage rates, the number of good-quality embryo, and blastocyst formation rates were not significantly different between groups. However, implantation (11·6% vs 28·7%, P = 0·001, respectively), clinical pregnancy (23·5% vs 53·1%, P = 0·002, respectively), and ongoing pregnancy rates (21·6% vs 46·9%. P = 0·006, respectively) were significantly decreased in the IR group. The negative effect of IR on pregnancy outcomes remained after controlling for age, body mass index (BMI) and lipid profiles (OR 4·928, 95% CI 1·735-13·991, P = 0·003). CONCLUSIONS Pregnancy rate after IVM is impaired in IR patients with PCOS. Oocyte development and embryo quality are not affected, suggesting that the effects of hyperinsulinemia on endometrial function and implantation process underlie the decreased pregnancy rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun M Chang
- CHA Gangnam Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHA University, Seoul, 135-081, Republic of Korea
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65
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Palomba S, Russo T, Falbo A, Di Cello A, Tolino A, Tucci L, La Sala GB, Zullo F. Macroscopic and microscopic findings of the placenta in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 2013; 28:2838-47. [PMID: 23756703 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/det250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Do patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have macroscopic and/or microscopic placental alterations? SUMMARY ANSWER The placental structure in patients with PCOS, even in those with uncomplicated pregnancy, is altered. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY The spectrum of pregnancy complications seems to have a common denominator: a defective trophoblast invasion and placentation. In women with PCOS, alterations in endovascular trophoblast invasion related to insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism have been observed. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION For this prospective case-control study, 30 pregnant patients with PCOS (cases) and 60 healthy pregnant women without PCOS features (controls) were enrolled and studied until delivery. Clinical, biochemical, ultrasonographic and obstetric data were recorded. The baseline clinical and biochemical data for screening for PCOS and for inclusion/exclusion were obtained before the seventh week of gestation. At delivery, placentas were collected and detailed macroscopic and microscopic analyses were performed. PARTICIPANTS, SETTING, METHODS Cases and controls were matched for age and BMI (all <30 kg/m(2)). The matching procedure was one-to-two. Only subjects with spontaneous conception and uncomplicated pregnancies were included in the final analysis. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Placental weight (P = 0.04), thickness (P = 0.02), density (P = 0.02) and volume (P = 0.01) were significantly inferior in women with, compared with those without PCOS. The placentas from patients with PCOS more frequently had an irregular shape (P = 0.03) and a higher cord coiling index (P = 0.02). Differences between cases and controls also concerned the extent of villous (P = 0.04) and intervillous (P = 0.01) spaces, the extent of fibrosis (P = 0.03), endovascular trophoblast (depth, extension and morphometry) (P < 0.05) and mitotic activity (P = 0.01). The percentage of patients with lesions [22/30 (73.3%) versus 25/60 (41.7%), respectively; P = 0.01] and the mean number of placental lesions (3.5 ± 2.1 versus 1.4 ± 1.1, respectively; P = 0.02) were higher in the PCOS than the control group. The odds ratio for placental alterations, adjusted for weight gain, was 2.8 (95% confidence interval 1.3-9.9). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The main limitation of the study was the selection of a specific PCOS sample, which is probably not representative of the PCOS phenotype as a whole. In fact, we excluded patients with PCOS who were obese and who achieved a pregnancy following the use of ovulation inductors or assisted reproduction techniques. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The present study is the first to demonstrate that the morphology and microscopic structure of placenta in patients with PCOS with an uncomplicated pregnancy are altered. Further studies are needed to assess a correlation of these changes with the increased risk of obstetric complications observed in some pregnancies of women with PCOS. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) The authors declare no conflict of interest and no financial support for the research. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Palomba
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda ASMN, IRCCS, Viale Risorgimento 80, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
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66
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Wang ET, Cirillo PM, Kao CN, Cohn BA, Cedars MI. Birth weight and childhood growth in daughters of women with irregular menstrual cycles. Gynecol Endocrinol 2013; 29:615-8. [PMID: 23656394 PMCID: PMC4346350 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2013.788638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Menstrual irregularity has been associated with insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus and markers of metabolic dysfunction. This study aimed to determine whether irregular menstrual cycles (MCs) in reproductive-age women are associated with the weight of their daughters at birth and growth up to age five. We studied 4863 pregnant women with menstrual history data in a prospective cohort, recruited from the Kaiser Health Plan (1959-1966). Serial measures of their daughters' weight and height were abstracted from medical records. We used analysis of covariance, stratified by maternal body mass index, to explore the association between maternal MC and infant birth weight (BW). We included 4774 daughters in a repeated measures analysis to compare the effect of maternal MC on childhood weight through age five. Daughters of non-obese women with irregular MC had a statistically significant lower BW compared to daughters of women with regular MC; this difference was notably amplified among obese women. The daughters' weights were not statistically different when growth was assessed from birth to five years. We conclude that daughters of obese women with irregular MC, in particular, had significantly lower BW compared to daughters of women with regular MC, which did not persist over five years of follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica T Wang
- Cedars Sinai Medical Center, 8635 W, 3rd Street 160W, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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Glueck CJ, Goldenberg N, Pranikoff J, Khan Z, Padda J, Wang P. Effects of metformin-diet intervention before and throughout pregnancy on obstetric and neonatal outcomes in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Curr Med Res Opin 2013. [PMID: 23205605 DOI: 10.1185/03007995.2012.755121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prospectively assess whether metformin/diet pre-conception and throughout pregnancy would safely reduce first trimester miscarriage and improve pregnancy outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In 76 PCOS women, first pregnancy miscarriage and live birth were compared before and on metformin/diet, started 6.8 months (median) before conception, continued throughout pregnancy. On metformin 2-2.55 g/day, low glycemic index diet, first pregnancy outcomes in PCOS were compared with 156 community obstetric practice women (controls). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Live births, miscarriage, birth <37 weeks gestation, gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, fetal macrosomia. RESULTS In 76 PCOS women before metformin-diet, there were 36 miscarriages (47%) and 40 live births vs. 14 (18%) miscarriages and 62 live births on metformin-diet 6.8 months before conception and throughout pregnancy, p = 0.0004, OR 3.99, 95% CI 1.91-8.31. On metformin-diet, PCOS women did not differ (p > 0.08) from controls for birth <37 weeks gestation, gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, or fetal macrosomia. CONCLUSIONS Metformin-diet before and during pregnancy in PCOS reduces miscarriage and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Study limitation: individual benefits of the diet alone and diet plus metformin could not be assessed separately. Randomized, controlled clinical trials now need to be done with a larger number of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Glueck
- Cholesterol Center, Jewish Hospital of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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