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Gantchev J, Martínez Villarreal A, Xie P, Lefrançois P, Gunn S, Netchiporouk E, Sasseville D, Litvinov IV. The Ectopic Expression of Meiosis Regulatory Genes in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas (CTCL). Front Oncol 2019; 9:429. [PMID: 31214493 PMCID: PMC6554469 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer testis (CT) antigens, under normal circumstances are uniquely expressed in testicular germ cells. Recent research has shown that meiosis-specific CT (meiCT) antigens are ectopically expressed in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) and may contribute to increased genomic instability. The aberrant activation of meiosis genes in a mitotic cell is now recognized as a distinctive process, “meiomitosis.” We have previously demonstrated the ectopic expression of several meiCT antigens in nine patient-derived CTCL cell lines and in expanded peripheral T lymphocytes isolated from Sézary Syndrome patients. In this study we analyzed the transcriptional expression of meiCT genes in Sézary Syndrome patients and healthy controls using publicly-available RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) data. We corroborated our in silico analysis by examining the expression of 5 meiCT proteins in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) lesional samples from CTCL patients. Our results show significant differential gene expression of STAG3, SGO2, SYCP3, and DMC1 in a cohort of Sézary Syndrome patients when compared to healthy controls. Additionally, our study demonstrates a heterogenous expression of meiCT genes involved in initiation (STRA8), sister chromatin cohesion (STAG3, SGO2), homologous chromosome synapsis (SYCP3) and homologous recombination (DMC1) in atypical lymphocytes in FFPE samples. Our results further confirm the ectopic expression of meiCT genes in CTCL which indicates that CTCL malignant cells likely undergo the process of cancer meiomitosis, as opposed to a typical mitotic division. The ectopic expression of meiCT genes together with investigations into the functional mechanisms of cancer meiomitosis will help provide a foundation to develop novel diagnostic tests to distinguish CTCL from benign inflammatory dermatoses and may enable us to develop additional targeted therapies for patients with this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pingxing Xie
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Scott Gunn
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Denis Sasseville
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ivan V Litvinov
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Mohammadzadeh E, Mirzapour T, Nowroozi MR, Nazarian H, Piryaei A, Alipour F, Modarres Mousavi SM, Ghaffari Novin M. Differentiation of spermatogonial stem cells by soft agar three-dimensional culture system. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:1772-1781. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1575230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tooba Mirzapour
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Guilan, Iran
| | | | - Hamid Nazarian
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Piryaei
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Alipour
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Marefat Ghaffari Novin
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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53
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Gholamitabar Tabari M, Jorsaraei SGA, Ghasemzadeh-Hasankolaei M, Ahmadi AA, Ghasemi M. Comparison of Germ Cell Gene Expressions in Spontaneous Monolayer versus Embryoid Body Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells toward Germ Cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FERTILITY & STERILITY 2019; 13:139-147. [PMID: 31037925 PMCID: PMC6500080 DOI: 10.22074/ijfs.2019.5557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Background Genetic and morphologic similarities between mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and primordial
germ cells (PGCs) make it difficult to distinguish differentiation of these two cell types in vitro. Using specific GC
markers expressed in low level or even not expressed in ESCs- can help recognize differentiated cells in vitro. We
attempted to differentiate the mouse ESCs into Gc-like cells spontaneously in monolayer and EB culture method. Materials and Methods In this experimental study, we attempted to differentiate ESCs, Oct4-GFP OG2, into GC-like cells
(GCLCs) spontaneously in two different ways, including: i. Spontaneous differentiation of ESCs in monolayer culture as
(SP) and ii. Spontaneous differentiation of ESCs using embryoid body (EB) culture method as (EB+SP). During culture,
expression level of four GC specific genes (Fkbp6, Mov10l1, Riken and Tex13) and Mvh, Scp3, Stra8, Oct4 were evaluated. Results In both groups, Mov10l1 was down-regulated (P=0.3), while Tex13 and Riken were up-regulated (P=0.3 and
P=0.04, respectively). Fkbp6 and Stra8 were decreased in EB+SP and they were increased in SP group, while no significant
difference was determined between them (P=0.1, P=0.07). Additionally, in SP group, gene expression of Mvh and Scp3
were up-regulated and they had significant differences compared to EB+SP group (P=0.00 and P=0.01, respectively). Oct4
was down-regulated in the both groups. Flow-cytometry analysis showed that mean number of Mvh-positive cells in the
SP group was significantly greater compared to ESCs, EB+SP and EB7 groups (P=0.00, P=0.01, and P=0.3, respectively). Conclusion These findings showed that ESCs were differentiated into GCLCs in both group. But spontaneous dif-
ferentiation of ESCs into GCLCs in SP group (monolayer culture) compared to EB+SP (EB culture methods) has more
ability to express GCs markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Gholamitabar Tabari
- Infertility and Reproductive Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Health Reproductive Research Center, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyed Gholam Ali Jorsaraei
- Infertility and Reproductive Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.Electronic Address:
| | - Mohammad Ghasemzadeh-Hasankolaei
- Infertility and Reproductive Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ali Asghar Ahmadi
- Infertility and Reproductive Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Ghasemi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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54
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Shu Y, Zhang H, Cai Q, Tang D, Wang G, Liu T, Lv B, Wu H. Integrated mRNA and miRNA expression profile analyses reveal the potential roles of sex-biased miRNA-mRNA pairs in gonad tissues of the Chinese concave-eared torrent frog (Odorrana tormota). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2019; 332:69-80. [PMID: 30964604 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Chinese concave-eared torrent frog (Odorrana tormota) is typically sexually dimorphic. Females are significantly less common than males in the wild. Until now, the molecular mechanisms of reproduction and sex differentiation of frogs remain unclear. Here, we integrated mRNA and microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles to reveal the molecular mechanisms of reproduction and sex differentiation in O. tormota. We identified 234 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) and 18,551 differentially expressed transcripts. Of these, 12,053 mRNAs and 64 miRNAs were upregulated in testes, and 6,498 mRNAs and 170 miRNAs were upregulated in ovaries. Integrated analysis of the miRNA and mRNA expression profiles predicted 75,602 potential miRNA-mRNA interaction sites, with 42,065 negative miRNA-mRNA interactions. We found 36 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to reproduction and sex differentiation, of which 15 DEGs formed 92 negative miRNA-mRNA interactions with 34 known DEMs. Thus, miRNAs may play other important roles in O. tormota. Furthermore, Gene Ontology enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses showed reproductive-related processes, such as the gonadotropinreleasing hormone signaling pathway and ovarian steroidogenesis. Based on functional annotation and the literature, the retinoic acid signaling pathway, the SOX9-AMH pathway, and the process of spermatogenesis may be involved in the molecular mechanisms of reproduction and sex differentiation in O. tormota, and may be regulated by miRNAs. The miRNA-mRNA pairs described may provide further understanding of the regulatory mechanisms associated with reproduction and sex differentiation, and the molecular mechanism of reproduction in O. tormota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Shu
- Key Laboratory for the Conservation and Utilization of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, Wuhu, China
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for the Conservation and Utilization of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, Wuhu, China
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Qijia Cai
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Tang
- Key Laboratory for the Conservation and Utilization of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, Wuhu, China
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Conservation and Utilization of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, Wuhu, China
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Key Laboratory for the Conservation and Utilization of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, Wuhu, China
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Bihua Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hailong Wu
- Key Laboratory for the Conservation and Utilization of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, Wuhu, China
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
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55
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Abstract
Germ cells are the stem cells of the species. Thus, it is critical that we have a good understanding of how they are specified, how the somatic cells instruct and support them, how they commit to one or other sex, and how they ultimately develop into functional gametes. Here, we focus on specifics of how sexual fate is determined during fetal life. Because the majority of relevant experimental work has been done using the mouse model, we focus on that species. We review evidence regarding the identity of instructive signals from the somatic cells, and the molecular responses that occur in germ cells in response to those extrinsic signals. In this way we aim to clarify progress to date regarding the mechanisms underlying the mitotic to meiosis switch in germ cells of the fetal ovary, and those involved in adopting and securing male fate in germ cells of the fetal testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassy Spiller
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Josephine Bowles
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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56
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Medina P, Gómez A, Zanuy S, Blázquez M. Involvement of the retinoic acid signaling pathway in sex differentiation and pubertal development in the European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01201. [PMID: 30839897 PMCID: PMC6365411 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic Acid (RA) is a vitamin A derivative present in many biological processes including embryogenesis, organ development and cell differentiation. The RA signaling pathway is essential for the onset of meiosis in tetrapods, although its role in fish reproduction needs further evidence. This study reports the expression profiles of several genes involved in this pathway during sex differentiation and the first reproductive season in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) gonads. The assessed genes are representative of several steps of the pathway including retinol transport, RA synthesis, nuclear receptors, RA transport and degradation. The study includes a synteny analysis of stra8, a tetrapod meiosis gatekeeper, in several taxa. The results show that, these genes were overexpressed during early gonad development and their expression decreased during meiosis progression in males and during vitellogenesis in females. Specifically, a decrease of cyp26a1, involved in RA degradation, together with an increase of aldh1a2 and aldh1a3, in charge of RA-synthesis, might ensure the availability of high RA levels at the time of meiosis in males and females. Moreover, the absence of stra8 in the European sea bass genome, as well as the conserved genomic neighbourhood found in other taxa, suggest a stra8 independent signaling for RA during meiosis. Taken together, our results might help to better understand the role of RA signaling in teleost gonad development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Medina
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Gómez
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Torre la Sal, Castellón, Spain
| | - Silvia Zanuy
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Torre la Sal, Castellón, Spain
| | - Mercedes Blázquez
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
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57
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Rao J, Chen J, Bi M, Zhang Y, Chen S, Zhao Y, Wang F, Qiu T, Chen L, Li C, Zhou X. Interaction between the expression of retinol binding protein 4 and gonadotropin receptors in follicular granulosa cells of pigs. Livest Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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58
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Teletin M, Vernet N, Yu J, Klopfenstein M, Jones JW, Féret B, Kane MA, Ghyselinck NB, Mark M. Two functionally redundant sources of retinoic acid secure spermatogonia differentiation in the seminiferous epithelium. Development 2019; 146:dev.170225. [PMID: 30487180 PMCID: PMC6340151 DOI: 10.1242/dev.170225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is instrumental to spermatogenesis. It is synthesized by two retinaldehyde dehydrogenases (RALDH) present in both Sertoli cells (SCs) and germ cells (GCs). In order to determine the relative contributions of each source of ATRA, we have generated mice lacking all RALDH activities in the seminiferous epithelium (SE). We show that both the SC- and GC-derived sources of ATRA cooperate to initiate and propagate spermatogenetic waves at puberty. In adults, they exert redundant functions and, against all expectations, the GC-derived source does not perform any specific roles despite contributing to two-thirds of the total amount of ATRA present in the testis. The production from SCs is sufficient to maintain the periodic expression of genes in SCs, as well and the cycle and wave of the SE, which account for the steady production of spermatozoa. The production from SCs is also specifically required for spermiation. Importantly, our study shows that spermatogonia differentiation depends upon the ATRA synthesized by RALDH inside the SE, whereas initiation of meiosis and expression of STRA8 by spermatocytes can occur without ATRA. Summary: All-trans retinoic acid made by Sertoli cells is instrumental to spermatogenesis and is specifically required for spermatid release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Teletin
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Département de Génétique Fonctionnelle et Cancer, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS UMR7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM U1258), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), 1 rue Laurent Fries, F-67404 Illkirch Cedex, France.,Service de Biologie de la Reproduction, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), France
| | - Nadège Vernet
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Département de Génétique Fonctionnelle et Cancer, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS UMR7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM U1258), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), 1 rue Laurent Fries, F-67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Jianshi Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Muriel Klopfenstein
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Département de Génétique Fonctionnelle et Cancer, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS UMR7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM U1258), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), 1 rue Laurent Fries, F-67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Jace W Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Betty Féret
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Département de Génétique Fonctionnelle et Cancer, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS UMR7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM U1258), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), 1 rue Laurent Fries, F-67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Maureen A Kane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Norbert B Ghyselinck
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Département de Génétique Fonctionnelle et Cancer, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS UMR7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM U1258), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), 1 rue Laurent Fries, F-67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Manuel Mark
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Département de Génétique Fonctionnelle et Cancer, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS UMR7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM U1258), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), 1 rue Laurent Fries, F-67404 Illkirch Cedex, France .,Service de Biologie de la Reproduction, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), France
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59
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Novel components of germline sex determination acting downstream of foxl3 in medaka. Dev Biol 2019; 445:80-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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60
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Hu Q, Meng Y, Wang D, Tian H, Xiao H. Characterization and function of the T-box 1 gene in Chinese giant salamander Andrias davidianus. Genomics 2018; 111:1351-1359. [PMID: 30244141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We characterized the Andrias davidianus T-box 1 (Tbx1) gene. Tbx1 expression was high in testis and low in other examined tissues. Immunohistochemistry detected tbx1 expression in somatic and germ cells 62 days post-hatching (dph), prior to gonad differentiation. At 210 dph, after gonad differentiation, tbx1 was expressed in spermatogonia and testis somatic cells and in granulosa cells in ovary. Tbx1 expression was up-regulated in ovary after high temperature treatment. In the neomale, tbx1 expression showed a similar profile to normal males, and vice-versa for genetic male. Over-expression of tbx1 in females after injection of TBX1 protein down-regulated the female-biased genes cyp19a and foxl2 and up-regulated the male-biased amh gene. When tbx1 was knocked down by tbx1/siRNA, cyp19a and foxl2 expression was up-regulated, and expression of amh, cyp26a, dmrt1, and wt1 was down-regulated. Results suggest that tbx1 influenced sex-related gene expression and participates in regulation of A. davidianus testis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaomu Hu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430223, China.
| | - Yan Meng
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430223, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430223, China
| | - Haifeng Tian
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430223, China
| | - Hanbing Xiao
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430223, China.
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61
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Fujihara M, Yamamizu K, Comizzoli P, Wildt DE, Songsasen N. Retinoic acid promotes in vitro follicle activation in the cat ovary by regulating expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202759. [PMID: 30142172 PMCID: PMC6108478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) facilitates tissue morphogenesis by regulating matrix matalloproteinase (MMPs) expression. Our objective was to examine the influence of RA on in vitro development of follicles enclosed within domestic cat ovarian tissues. Ovarian cortices from 9 prepubertal and 13 adult cats were incubated for 7 d in medium containing 0 (control), 1 or 5 μM RA and then analyzed for viability. Cortices from additional three animals of each age group were cultured in the same condition and follicle morphology, stage and size were histologically evaluated. In a separate study, cortices from 14 donors (7 prepubertal; 7 adult cats) were incubated in 0 or 5 μM RA for 7 d and assessed for (1) MMP1, 2, 3, 7, 9 and TIMP1 expression by qPCR and (2) protein expression of MMP9 by immunohistochemistry. Donor age did not influence follicle response to RA. Collective data from both age groups revealed that percentages of primordial follicles in 5 μM RA treatment were lower (P < 0.05; 40.5 ± 4.5%) than in fresh cortices (66.7 ± 5.3%) or controls (60.1 ± 4.0%) with 1 μM-RA treatment producing intermediate (56.3 ± 4.0%) results. Proportion of primary follicles in 5 μM RA (21.7 ± 3.3%) was higher than in fresh cortices (4.9 ± 2.9%) and controls (9.0 ± 2.8%) with 1 μM-RA treatment producing an intermediate value (13.8 ± 2.0%). Furthermore, proportion of secondary follicles increased after 7 d in the presence of 5 μM RA (9.5 ± 2.7%) compared to other groups (fresh, 1.9 ± 0.8%; control, 2.6 ± 1.1%; 1 μM RA, 2.5 ± 0.2%). MMP9 transcript and protein were upregulated, whereas MMP7 mRNA was suppressed by 5 μM-RA treatment compared to fresh counterparts. RA did not impact MMP1, 2, 3, 13 or TIMP1 expression. In summary, RA activated cat primordial follicle growth likely via a mechanism related to upregulation of MMP9 and down-regulation of MMP7 transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayako Fujihara
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, Virginia, United States of America
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kohei Yamamizu
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Pierre Comizzoli
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, Virginia, United States of America
| | - David E. Wildt
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Nucharin Songsasen
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, Virginia, United States of America
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62
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Dissanayake D, Patel H, Wijesinghe PS. Differentiation of human male germ cells from Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Clin Exp Reprod Med 2018; 45:75-81. [PMID: 29984207 PMCID: PMC6030615 DOI: 10.5653/cerm.2018.45.2.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Recapitulation of the spermatogenesis process in vitro is a tool for studying the biology of germ cells, and may lead to promising therapeutic strategies in the future. In this study, we attempted to transdifferentiate Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) into male germ cells using all-trans retinoic acid and Sertoli cell-conditioned medium. Methods Human WJ-MSCs were propagated by the explant culture method, and cells at the second passage were induced with differentiation medium containing all-trans retinoic acid for 2 weeks. Putative germ cells were cultured with Sertoli cell-conditioned medium at 36℃ for 3 more weeks. Results The gene expression profile was consistent with the stage-specific development of germ cells. The expression of Oct4 and Plzf (early germ cell markers) was diminished, while Stra8 (a premeiotic marker), Scp3 (a meiotic marker), and Acr and Prm1 (postmeiotic markers) were upregulated during the induction period. In morphological studies, approximately 5% of the cells were secondary spermatocytes that had completed two stages of acrosome formation (the Golgi phase and the cap phase). A few spermatid-like cells that had undergone the initial stage of tail formation were also noted. Conclusion Human WJ-MSCs can be transdifferentiated into more advanced stages of germ cells by a simple two-step induction protocol using retinoic acid and Sertoli cell-conditioned medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmab Dissanayake
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka
| | - H Patel
- StemCure Pvt. Ltd., Ahmedabad, India
| | - P S Wijesinghe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka
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63
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Ruivo R, Capitão A, Castro LFC, Santos MM. The cycling gonad: retinoic-acid synthesis and degradation patterns during adult zebrafish Danio rerio oogenesis. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2018; 92:1051-1064. [PMID: 29465800 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The expression pattern of genes coding for enzymes of the retinoic acid (RA) synthetic and degradation pathways was characterized in adult female zebrafish Danio rerio. Females were conditioned until maturation and post-spawn expression dynamics were determined. A striking upregulation of cyp26b1, but not cyp26a1, was observed following egg deposition, decreasing to initial levels during recovery. A similar, yet lower, fluctuation was observed for aldh1a2 and rdh10a, the enzymes participating in the two-step RA biosynthesis cascade. The present work highlights the dynamics of the adult D. rerio oogenesis and uncovers novel, yet elusive, metabolic contributors. Possible compartmentalized roles for the different gene paralogue isoforms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ruivo
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, U. Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenue General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - A Capitão
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, U. Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenue General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- FCUP - Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, U. Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 1021/1055, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - L F C Castro
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, U. Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenue General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- FCUP - Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, U. Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 1021/1055, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - M M Santos
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, U. Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenue General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- FCUP - Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, U. Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 1021/1055, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
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64
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Liu H, Chen M, Liu L, Ren S, Cheng P, Zhang H. Induction of Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Germ Lineage Using Retinoic Acid. Cell Reprogram 2018; 20:127-134. [PMID: 29620445 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2017.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been widely used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine due to their multilineage differentiation potentials. Recent studies show that germ-like cells can also be derived from stem cells, such as human umbilical cord MSCs and human bone marrow MSCs in vitro. However, whether human adipose-derived MSCs (hAD-MSCs) can be induced into germ-like cells has never been reported. In this study, we isolated hAD-MSCs and confirmed that their characteristics were in accordance with that of MSCs established before. Germ cell lineage differentiation was performed by 10 μM retinoic acid (RA) treatment for 21 days. RA induction led to slender spindles and tadpole-like changes of cell morphology, and the expression of germ cell-specific markers (Oct4, Piwil2, Itgb1, SSEA-1, and Stra8) presented significant upregulation in the RA treatment group according to the polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence results. We first demonstrated that hAD-MSCs can differentiate into germ-like cells in vitro, which will provide theoretical and experimental basis for the clinical application of hAD-MSCs in the treatment for infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihui Liu
- 1 Department of Graduate School, Jining Medical University , Jining, China
| | - Mingtai Chen
- 2 Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University , Jining, China
| | - Lulu Liu
- 2 Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University , Jining, China
| | - Saisai Ren
- 3 Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University , Jining, China
| | - Panpan Cheng
- 3 Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University , Jining, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- 2 Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University , Jining, China .,3 Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University , Jining, China
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65
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Dawson EP, Lanza DG, Webster NJ, Benton SM, Suetake I, Heaney JD. Delayed male germ cell sex-specification permits transition into embryonal carcinoma cells with features of primed pluripotency. Development 2018; 145:dev156612. [PMID: 29545285 PMCID: PMC6514421 DOI: 10.1242/dev.156612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Testicular teratomas result from anomalies in embryonic germ cell development. In 129 inbred mice, teratoma initiation coincides with germ cell sex-specific differentiation and the mitotic-meiotic switch: XX and XY germ cells repress pluripotency, XX germ cells initiate meiosis, and XY germ cells activate male-specific differentiation and mitotic arrest. Here, we report that expression of Nanos2, a gene that is crucial to male sex specification, is delayed in teratoma-susceptible germ cells. Decreased expression of Nanos2 was found to be due, in part, to the Nanos2 allele present in 129 mice. In teratoma-susceptible germ cells, diminished expression of genes downstream of Nanos2 disrupted processes that were crucial to male germ cell differentiation. Deficiency for Nanos2 increased teratoma incidence in 129 mice and induced developmental abnormalities associated with tumor initiation in teratoma-resistant germ cells. Finally, in the absence of commitment to the male germ cell fate, we discovered that a subpopulation of teratoma-susceptible germ cells transition into embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells with primed pluripotent features. We conclude that delayed male germ cell sex-specification facilitates the transformation of germ cells with naïve pluripotent features into primed pluripotent EC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily P Dawson
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Denise G Lanza
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nicholas J Webster
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Susan M Benton
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Isao Suetake
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jason D Heaney
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center For Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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66
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Global Hypertranscription in the Mouse Embryonic Germline. Cell Rep 2018; 19:1987-1996. [PMID: 28591571 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are vital for inheritance and evolution. Their transcriptional program has been extensively studied and is assumed to be well known. We report here a remarkable global upregulation of the transcriptome of mouse PGCs compared to somatic cells. Using cell-number-normalized genome-wide analyses, we uncover significant transcriptional amplification in PGCs, including mRNAs, rRNA, and transposable elements. Hypertranscription preserves tissue-specific gene expression patterns, correlates with cell size, and can still be detected in E15.5 male germ cells when proliferation has ceased. PGC hypertranscription occurs at the level of nascent transcription, is accompanied by increased translation rates, and is driven by Myc factors n-Myc and l-Myc (but not c-Myc) and by P-TEFb. This study provides a paradigm for transcriptional analyses during development and reveals a major global hyperactivity of the germline transcriptome.
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67
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Fernández-Pérez D, Brieño-Enríquez MA, Isoler-Alcaraz J, Larriba E, Del Mazo J. MicroRNA dynamics at the onset of primordial germ and somatic cell sex differentiation during mouse embryonic gonad development. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 24:287-303. [PMID: 29187591 PMCID: PMC5824349 DOI: 10.1261/rna.062869.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, commitment and specification of germ cell lines involves complex programs that include sex differentiation, control of proliferation, and meiotic initiation. Regulation of these processes is genetically controlled by fine-tuned mechanisms of gene regulation in which microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved. We have characterized, by small-RNA-seq and bioinformatics analyses, the miRNA expression patterns of male and female mouse primordial germ cells (PGCs) and gonadal somatic cells at embryonic stages E11.5, E12.5, and E13.5. Differential expression analyses revealed differences in the regulation of key miRNA clusters such as miR-199-214, miR-182-183-96, and miR-34c-5p, whose targets have defined roles during gonadal sexual determination in both germ and somatic cells. Extensive analyses of miRNA sequences revealed an increase in noncanonical isoforms on PGCs at E12.5 and dramatic changes of 3' isomiR expression and 3' nontemplate nucleotide additions in female PGCs at E13.5. Additionally, RT-qPCR analyses of genes encoding proteins involved in miRNA biogenesis and 3' nucleotide addition uncovered sexually and developmentally specific expression, characterized by the decay of Drosha, Dgcr8, and Xpo5 expression along gonadal development. These results demonstrate that miRNAs, their isomiRs, and miRNA machinery are differentially regulated and participate actively in gonadal sexual differentiation in both PGCs and gonadal somatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fernández-Pérez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Miguel A Brieño-Enríquez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Javier Isoler-Alcaraz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Eduardo Larriba
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Jesús Del Mazo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid 28040, Spain
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68
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Frydman N, Poulain M, Arkoun B, Duquenne C, Tourpin S, Messiaen S, Habert R, Rouiller-Fabre V, Benachi A, Livera G. Human foetal ovary shares meiotic preventing factors with the developing testis. Hum Reprod 2018; 32:631-642. [PMID: 28073973 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dew343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION How can pre-meiotic germ cells persist in the human foetal ovary? SUMMARY ANSWER Numerous oogonia escaping meiotic entry were retrieved throughout human ovarian development simultaneously with the expression of signalling pathways preventing meiosis, typically described in the rodent embryonic testis. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY The transition from mitosis to meiosis is a key event in female germ cells that remains poorly documented in research on the human ovary. Previous reports described a strikingly asynchronous differentiation in the human female germ line during development, with the persistence of oogonia among oocytes and follicles during the second and third trimesters. The possible mechanisms allowing some cells to escape meiosis remain elusive. STUDY DESIGN SIZE, DURATION In order to document the extent of this phenomenon, we detailed the expression profile of germ cell differentiation markers using 73 ovaries ranging from 6.4 to 35 weeks post-fertilization. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS SETTING, METHODS Pre-meiotic markers were detected by immunohistochemistry or qRT-PCR. The expression of the main meiosis-preventing factors identified in mice was analysed, and their functionality assessed using organ cultures. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Oogonia stained for AP2γ could be traced from the first trimester until the end of the third trimester. Female germ cell differentiation is organized both in time and space in a centripetal manner in the foetal human ovary. Unexpectedly, some features usually ascribed to rodent pre-spermatogonia could be observed in human foetal ovaries, such as NANOS2 expression and quiescence in some germ cells. The two main somatic signals known to inhibit meiosis in the mouse embryonic testis, CYP26B1 and FGF9, were detected in the human ovary and act simultaneously to repress STRA8 and meiosis in human foetal female germ cells. LARGE SCALE DATA N/A. LIMITATIONS REASON FOR CAUTION Our conclusions relied partly on in vitro experiments. Germ cells were not systematically identified with immunostaining and some may have thus escaped analysis. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS We found evidence that a robust repression of meiotic entry is taking place in the human foetal ovary, possibly explaining the exceptional long-lasting presence of pre-meiotic germ cells until late gestational age. This result calls for a redefinition of the markers known as classical male markers, which may in fact characterize mammalian developing gonads irrespectively of their sex. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This research was supported by the Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7 and Université Paris-Sud, CEA, INSERM, and Agence de la Biomédecine. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Frydman
- Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Unit of Genetic Stability, Stem Cells and Radiation, UMR 967, INSERM, CEA/DSV/iRCM/SCSR, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay aux Roses F-92265, France.,AP-HP, Reproductive Biology Unit, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Clamart F-92140, France
| | - Marine Poulain
- Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Unit of Genetic Stability, Stem Cells and Radiation, UMR 967, INSERM, CEA/DSV/iRCM/SCSR, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay aux RosesF-92265, France
| | - Brahim Arkoun
- Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Unit of Genetic Stability, Stem Cells and Radiation, UMR 967, INSERM, CEA/DSV/iRCM/SCSR, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay aux RosesF-92265, France
| | - Clotilde Duquenne
- Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Unit of Genetic Stability, Stem Cells and Radiation, UMR 967, INSERM, CEA/DSV/iRCM/SCSR, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay aux RosesF-92265, France
| | - Sophie Tourpin
- Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Unit of Genetic Stability, Stem Cells and Radiation, UMR 967, INSERM, CEA/DSV/iRCM/SCSR, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay aux RosesF-92265, France
| | - Sébastien Messiaen
- Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Unit of Genetic Stability, Stem Cells and Radiation, UMR 967, INSERM, CEA/DSV/iRCM/SCSR, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay aux RosesF-92265, France
| | - René Habert
- Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Unit of Genetic Stability, Stem Cells and Radiation, UMR 967, INSERM, CEA/DSV/iRCM/SCSR, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay aux RosesF-92265, France
| | - Virginie Rouiller-Fabre
- Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Unit of Genetic Stability, Stem Cells and Radiation, UMR 967, INSERM, CEA/DSV/iRCM/SCSR, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay aux RosesF-92265, France
| | - Alexandra Benachi
- AP-HP, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, ClamartF-92140, France
| | - Gabriel Livera
- Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Unit of Genetic Stability, Stem Cells and Radiation, UMR 967, INSERM, CEA/DSV/iRCM/SCSR, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay aux RosesF-92265, France
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69
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Stukenborg JB, Jahnukainen K, Hutka M, Mitchell RT. Cancer treatment in childhood and testicular function: the importance of the somatic environment. Endocr Connect 2018; 7:R69-R87. [PMID: 29351905 PMCID: PMC5817964 DOI: 10.1530/ec-17-0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Testicular function and future fertility may be affected by cancer treatment during childhood. Whilst survival of the germ (stem) cells is critical for ensuring the potential for fertility in these patients, the somatic cell populations also play a crucial role in providing a suitable environment to support germ cell maintenance and subsequent development. Regulation of the spermatogonial germ-stem cell niche involves many signalling pathways with hormonal influence from the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis. In this review, we describe the somatic cell populations that comprise the testicular germ-stem cell niche in humans and how they may be affected by cancer treatment during childhood. We also discuss the experimental models that may be utilized to manipulate the somatic environment and report the results of studies that investigate the potential role of somatic cells in the protection of the germ cells in the testis from cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Bernd Stukenborg
- NORDFERTIL Research Lab StockholmPediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kirsi Jahnukainen
- NORDFERTIL Research Lab StockholmPediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Haematology-Oncology and Stem Cell TransplantationChildren's Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marsida Hutka
- MRC Centre for Reproductive HealthThe Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rod T Mitchell
- MRC Centre for Reproductive HealthThe Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Edinburgh Royal Hospital for Sick ChildrenEdinburgh, UK
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70
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Amini Mahabadi J, Sabzalipoor H, Kehtari M, Enderami SE, Soleimani M, Nikzad H. Derivation of male germ cells from induced pluripotent stem cells by inducers: A review. Cytotherapy 2018; 20:279-290. [PMID: 29397308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) refer to stem cells that are artificially produced using a new technology known as cellular reprogramming, which can use gene transduction in somatic cells. There are numerous potential applications for iPSCs in the field of stem cell biology becauase they are able to give rise to several different cell features of lineages such as three-germ layers. Primordial germ cells, generated via in vitro differentiation of iPSCs, have been demonstrated to produce functional gametes. Therefore, in this review we discussed past and recent advances in the in vitro differentiation of germ cells using pluripotent stem cells with an emphasis on iPSCs. Although this domain of research is still in its infancy, exploring development mechanisms of germ cells is promising, especially in humans, to promote future reproductive and developmental engineering technologies. While few studies have evaluated the ability and efficiency of iPSCs to differentiate toward male germ cells in vitro by different inducers, the given effect was investigated in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Amini Mahabadi
- Gametogenesis Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hamed Sabzalipoor
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mousa Kehtari
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Ehsan Enderami
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Hematology Department, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Nikzad
- Gametogenesis Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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71
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Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) senses nutrients and growth factors to coordinate cell growth, metabolism and autophagy. Extensive research has mapped the signaling pathways regulated by mTOR that are involved in human diseases, such as cancer, and in diabetes and ageing. Recently, however, new studies have demonstrated important roles for mTOR in promoting the differentiation of adult stem cells, driving the growth and proliferation of stem and progenitor cells, and dictating the differentiation program of multipotent stem cell populations. Here, we review these advances, providing an overview of mTOR signaling and its role in murine and human stem and progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delong Meng
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Anderson R Frank
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jenna L Jewell
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA .,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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72
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Shen C, Li M, Zhang P, Guo Y, Zhang H, Zheng B, Teng H, Zhou T, Guo X, Huo R. A Comparative Proteome Profile of Female Mouse Gonads Suggests a Tight Link between the Electron Transport Chain and Meiosis Initiation. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:31-42. [PMID: 29158290 PMCID: PMC5750849 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m117.066993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Generation of haploid gametes by meiosis is a unique property of germ cells and is critical for sexual reproduction. Leaving mitosis and entering meiosis is a key step in germ cell development. Several inducers or intrinsic genes are known to be important for meiotic initiation, but the regulation of meiotic initiation, especially at the protein level, is still not well understood. We constructed a comparative proteome profile of female mouse fetal gonads at specific time points (11.5, 12.5, and 13.5 days post coitum), spanning a critical window for initiation of meiosis in female germ cells. We identified 3666 proteins, of which 473 were differentially expressed. Further bioinformatics analysis showed that these differentially expressed proteins were enriched in the mitochondria, especially in the electron transport chain and, notably, 9 proteins in electron transport chain Complex I were differentially expressed. We disrupted the mitochondrial electron transport chain function by adding the complex I inhibitor, rotenone to 11.5 days post coitum female gonads cultured in vitro. This treatment resulted in a decreased proportion of meiotic germ cells, as assessed by staining for histone γH2AX. Rotenone treatment also caused decreased ATP levels, increased reactive oxygen species levels and failure of the germ cells to undergo premeiotic DNA replication. These effects were partially rescued by adding Coenzyme Q10. Taken together, our results suggested that a functional electron transport chain is important for meiosis initiation. Our characterization of the quantitative proteome of female gonads provides an inventory of proteins, useful for understanding the mechanisms of meiosis initiation and female fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Shen
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, P.R. China
- §Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou 215002, P.R. China
| | - Mingrui Li
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, P.R. China
| | - Pan Zhang
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, P.R. China
| | - Yueshuai Guo
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, P.R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, P.R. China
| | - Bo Zheng
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, P.R. China
- §Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou 215002, P.R. China
| | - Hui Teng
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhou
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, P.R. China
| | - Xuejiang Guo
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, P.R. China;
| | - Ran Huo
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, P.R. China;
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73
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Ueda J, Harada A, Urahama T, Machida S, Maehara K, Hada M, Makino Y, Nogami J, Horikoshi N, Osakabe A, Taguchi H, Tanaka H, Tachiwana H, Yao T, Yamada M, Iwamoto T, Isotani A, Ikawa M, Tachibana T, Okada Y, Kimura H, Ohkawa Y, Kurumizaka H, Yamagata K. Testis-Specific Histone Variant H3t Gene Is Essential for Entry into Spermatogenesis. Cell Rep 2017; 18:593-600. [PMID: 28099840 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular differentiation is associated with dynamic chromatin remodeling in establishing a cell-type-specific epigenomic landscape. Here, we find that mouse testis-specific and replication-dependent histone H3 variant H3t is essential for very early stages of spermatogenesis. H3t gene deficiency leads to azoospermia because of the loss of haploid germ cells. When differentiating spermatogonia emerge in normal spermatogenesis, H3t appears and replaces the canonical H3 proteins. Structural and biochemical analyses reveal that H3t-containing nucleosomes are more flexible than the canonical nucleosomes. Thus, by incorporating H3t into the genome during spermatogonial differentiation, male germ cells are able to enter meiosis and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ueda
- Center for Education in Laboratory Animal Research, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan; Center for Genetic Analysis of Biological Responses, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Akihito Harada
- Division of Transcriptomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takashi Urahama
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science & Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Shinichi Machida
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science & Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Kazumitsu Maehara
- Division of Transcriptomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masashi Hada
- Laboratory of Pathology and Development, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Makino
- Laboratory of Pathology and Development, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Jumpei Nogami
- Division of Transcriptomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Naoki Horikoshi
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science & Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Akihisa Osakabe
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science & Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Taguchi
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science & Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanaka
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science & Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tachiwana
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science & Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Tatsuma Yao
- Research and Development Center, Fuso Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., Osaka 536-8523, Japan; Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Kinokawa, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Minami Yamada
- Center for Education in Laboratory Animal Research, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Iwamoto
- Center for Education in Laboratory Animal Research, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Ayako Isotani
- Center for Genetic Analysis of Biological Responses, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- Center for Genetic Analysis of Biological Responses, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Taro Tachibana
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Yuki Okada
- Laboratory of Pathology and Development, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ohkawa
- Division of Transcriptomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kurumizaka
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science & Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamagata
- Center for Genetic Analysis of Biological Responses, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan; Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Kinokawa, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan.
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74
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Nettersheim D, Jostes S, Schneider S, Schorle H. Elucidating human male germ cell development by studying germ cell cancer. Reproduction 2017; 152:R101-13. [PMID: 27512122 DOI: 10.1530/rep-16-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human germ cell development is regulated in a spatio-temporal manner by complex regulatory networks. Here, we summarize results obtained in germ cell tumors and respective cell lines and try to pinpoint similarities to normal germ cell development. This comparison allows speculating about the critical and error-prone mechanisms, which when disturbed, lead to the development of germ cell tumors. Short after specification, primordial germ cells express markers of pluripotency, which, in humans, persists up to the stage of fetal/infantile spermatogonia. Aside from the rare spermatocytic tumors, virtually all seminomas and embryonal carcinomas express markers of pluripotency and show signs of pluripotency or totipotency. Therefore, it appears that proper handling of the pluripotency program appears to be the most critical step in germ cell development in terms of tumor biology. Furthermore, data from mice reveal that germline cells display an epigenetic signature, which is highly similar to pluripotent cells. This signature (poised histone code, DNA hypomethylation) is required for the rapid induction of toti- and pluripotency upon fertilization. We propose that adult spermatogonial cells, when exposed to endocrine disruptors or epigenetic active substances, are prone to reinitiate the pluripotency program, giving rise to a germ cell tumor. The fact that pluripotent cells can be derived from adult murine and human testicular cells further corroborates this idea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nettersheim
- Department of Developmental PathologyInstitute of Pathology, University of Bonn Medical School, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sina Jostes
- Department of Developmental PathologyInstitute of Pathology, University of Bonn Medical School, Bonn, Germany
| | - Simon Schneider
- Department of Developmental PathologyInstitute of Pathology, University of Bonn Medical School, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hubert Schorle
- Department of Developmental PathologyInstitute of Pathology, University of Bonn Medical School, Bonn, Germany
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75
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Nakagawa T, Zhang T, Kushi R, Nakano S, Endo T, Nakagawa M, Yanagihara N, Zarkower D, Nakayama K. Regulation of mitosis-meiosis transition by the ubiquitin ligase β-TrCP in male germ cells. Development 2017; 144:4137-4147. [PMID: 28982686 DOI: 10.1242/dev.158485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The mitosis-meiosis transition is essential for spermatogenesis. Specific and timely downregulation of the transcription factor DMRT1, and consequent induction of Stra8 expression, is required for this process in mammals, but the molecular mechanism has remained unclear. Here, we show that β-TrCP, the substrate recognition component of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, targets DMRT1 for degradation and thereby controls the mitosis-meiosis transition in mouse male germ cells. Conditional inactivation of β-TrCP2 in male germ cells of β-TrCP1 knockout mice resulted in sterility due to a lack of mature sperm. The β-TrCP-deficient male germ cells did not enter meiosis, but instead underwent apoptosis. The induction of Stra8 expression was also attenuated in association with the accumulation of DMRT1 at the Stra8 promoter in β-TrCP-deficient testes. DMRT1 contains a consensus β-TrCP degron sequence that was found to bind β-TrCP. Overexpression of β-TrCP induced the ubiquitylation and degradation of DMRT1. Heterozygous deletion of Dmrt1 in β-TrCP-deficient spermatogonia increased meiotic cells with a concomitant reduction of apoptosis. Collectively, our data indicate that β-TrCP regulates the transition from mitosis to meiosis in male germ cells by targeting DMRT1 for degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Nakagawa
- Division of Cell Proliferation, ART, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Teng Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, and Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ryo Kushi
- Division of Cell Proliferation, ART, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Seiji Nakano
- Division of Cell Proliferation, ART, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takahiro Endo
- Division of Cell Proliferation, ART, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Makiko Nakagawa
- Division of Cell Proliferation, ART, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Noriko Yanagihara
- Division of Cell Proliferation, ART, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - David Zarkower
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, and Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Keiko Nakayama
- Division of Cell Proliferation, ART, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
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76
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Cheng PL, Wu HR, Li CY, Chen CF, Cheng HC. Characterization of the testicular regeneration potential in premature cockerels. J Reprod Dev 2017; 63:563-570. [PMID: 28890522 PMCID: PMC5735267 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2017-090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that grafted neonatal chicken testicular tissue can develop and produce functional sperm; however, it was unclear whether regenerative processes or proportional growth caused the re-appearance of
spermatogenic tissue. We dissociated testicular tissues, performed subcutaneous auto-transplantation of the re-aggregated cells to castrated cockerels, and monitored the post-surgery development of these transplanted aggregates.
We found that these transplanted cell aggregates experienced compensatory growth in the form of a 300-fold increase in size, rather than the 30-fold increase observed in normal testis development. Further, these dissociated
testicular cell aggregates restored seminiferous tubule structure and were able to produce testosterone and motile sperm. Therefore, we concluded that the dissociated testicular cells from 11-week-old cockerels retained a strong
regenerative potential, as they exhibited compensatory growth, restored destroyed structure, and sustained spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Liang Cheng
- Center for integrative Evolutionary Galliform Genomics Research (iEGG Center), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan.,Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ru Wu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan.,Present: Taiwan International Patent & Law Office, Taipei City 104, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yan Li
- Center for integrative Evolutionary Galliform Genomics Research (iEGG Center), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan.,Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Feng Chen
- Center for integrative Evolutionary Galliform Genomics Research (iEGG Center), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan.,Department of Animal Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Chen Cheng
- Center for integrative Evolutionary Galliform Genomics Research (iEGG Center), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan.,Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
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77
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Rodriguez JD, Myrick DA, Falciatori I, Christopher MA, Lee TW, Hannon GJ, Katz DJ. A Model for Epigenetic Inhibition via Transvection in the Mouse. Genetics 2017; 207:129-138. [PMID: 28696215 PMCID: PMC5586367 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.201913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Transvection is broadly defined as the ability of one locus to affect its homologous locus in trans Although it was first discovered in the 1950s, there are only two known cases in mammals. Here, we report another instance of mammalian transvection induced by the Cre/LoxP system, which is widely used for conditional gene targeting in the mouse. We attempted to use the germline-expressed Vasa-Cre transgene to engineer a mouse mutation, but observe a dramatic reduction of LoxP recombination in mice that inherit an already deleted LoxP allele in trans A similar phenomenon has previously been observed with another Cre that is expressed during meiosis: Sycp-1-Cre This second example of LoxP inhibition in trans reinforces the conclusion that certain meiotically expressed Cre alleles can initiate transvection in mammals. However, unlike the previous example, we find that the inhibition of LoxP recombination is not due to DNA methylation. In addition, we demonstrate that LoxP inhibition is easily alleviated by adding an extra generation to our crossing scheme. This finding confirms that the LoxP sites are inhibited via an epigenetic mechanism, and provides a method for the use of other Cre transgenes associated with a similar LoxP inhibition event. Furthermore, the abrogation of LoxP inhibition by the simple addition of an extra generation in our crosses establishes a unique mouse system for future studies to uncover the mechanism of transvection in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan D Rodriguez
- Cell Biology Department, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Dexter A Myrick
- Cell Biology Department, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Ilaria Falciatori
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | | | - Teresa W Lee
- Cell Biology Department, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Gregory J Hannon
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - David J Katz
- Cell Biology Department, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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78
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Abstract
Sexual reproduction crucially depends on the production of sperm in males and oocytes in females. Both types of gamete arise from the same precursor, the germ cells. We review the events that characterize the development of germ cells during fetal life as they commit to, and prepare for, oogenesis or spermatogenesis. In females, fetal germ cells enter meiosis, whereas in males they delay meiosis and instead lose pluripotency, activate an irreversible program of prospermatogonial differentiation, and temporarily cease dividing. Both pathways involve sex-specific molecular signals from the somatic cells of the developing gonads and a suite of intrinsic receptors, signal transducers, transcription factors, RNA stability factors, and epigenetic modulators that act in complex, interconnected positive and negative regulatory networks. Understanding these networks is important in the contexts of the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of infertility and gonadal cancers, and in efforts to augment human and animal fertility using stem cell approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassy Spiller
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Peter Koopman
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Josephine Bowles
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
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79
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Genetic studies in mice directly link oocytes produced during adulthood to ovarian function and natural fertility. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10011. [PMID: 28855574 PMCID: PMC5577229 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10033-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple labs have reported that mammalian ovaries contain oogonial stem cells (OSCs), which can differentiate into oocytes that fertilize to produce offspring. However, the physiological relevance of these observations to adult ovarian function is unknown. Here we performed targeted and reversible ablation of premeiotic germ cells undergoing differentiation into oocytes in transgenic mice expressing the suicide gene, herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSVtk), driven by the promoter of stimulated by retinoic acid gene 8 (Stra8), a germ cell-specific gene activated during meiotic commitment. Over a 21-day ablation phase induced by the HSVtk pro-drug, ganciclovir (GCV), oocyte numbers declined due to a disruption of new oocyte input. However, germ cell differentiation resumed after ceasing the ablation protocol, enabling complete regeneration of the oocyte pool. We next employed inducible lineage tracing to fate map, through Cre recombinase-mediated fluorescent reporter gene activation only in Stra8-expressing cells, newly-formed oocytes. Induction of the system during adulthood yielded a mosaic pool of unmarked (pre-existing) and marked (newly-formed) oocytes. Marked oocytes matured and fertilized to produce offspring, which grew normally to adulthood and transmitted the reporter to second-generation offspring. These findings establish that oocytes generated during adulthood contribute directly to ovarian function and natural fertility in mammals.
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80
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Abstract
Recently, the existence of a mechanism for neo-oogenesis in the ovaries of adult mammals has generated much controversy within reproductive biology. This mechanism, which proposes that the ovary has cells capable of renewing the follicular reserve, has been described for various species of mammals. The first evidence was found in prosimians and humans. However, these findings were not considered relevant because the predominant dogma for reproductive biology at the time was that of Zuckerman. This dogma states that female mammals are born with finite numbers of oocytes that decline throughout postnatal life. Currently, the concept of neo-oogenesis has gained momentum due to the discovery of cells with mitotic activity in adult ovaries of various mammalian species (mice, humans, rhesus monkeys, domestic animals such as pigs, and wild animals such as bats). Despite these reports, the concept of neo-oogenesis has not been widely accepted by the scientific community, generating much criticism and speculation about its accuracy because it has been impossible to reproduce some evidence. This controversy has led to the creation of two positions: one in favour of neo-oogenesis and the other against it. Various animal models have been used in support of both camps, including both classic laboratory animals and domestic and wild animals. The aim of this review is to critically present the current literature on the subject and to evaluate the arguments pro and contra neo-oogenesis in mammals.
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81
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JAK-STAT signaling regulation of chicken embryonic stem cell differentiation into male germ cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2017; 53:728-743. [PMID: 28597334 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-017-0167-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling is crucial in chicken germ stem cell differentiation, but its role in the regulation of germ cell differentiation is unknown. To address this, cucurbitacin I or interleukin 6 was used to inhibit or activate JAK-STAT signaling during embryonic stem cells (ESCs) differentiation. The expression of downstream JAK-STAT signaling molecules was assessed by Western blotting and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). PAS, and immunohistochemical staining of frozen sections was used to determine the appearance of primordial germ cells (PGCs) and, later, spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) during gonadal development. Inhibition of the JAK-STAT signaling resulted in decreased expression of JAK2 and STAT3 as well as of PGCs markers; moreover, the proportion of CVH and C-KIT positive cells as well as the yield of PGCs were remarkably decreased, and the gonad was smaller than that of control samples. Conversely, activation of JAK-STAT resulted in increased expression of JAK2 and STAT3 as well as that of PGC marker CVH. In addition, the proportion of CVH and C-KIT-positive cells as well as the PGC yield was increased, and the gonad was significantly larger than that from control samples. Collectively, our results suggested that JAK-STAT effectively promoted the formation of PGCs in the genital ridge during early embryogenesis in vivo and played a positive role in the regulation of ESC to SSC differentiation in vitro, with JAK2 and STAT3 functioning as pivotal factors for intracellular signal transduction.
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82
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Blázquez M, Medina P, Crespo B, Gómez A, Zanuy S. Identification of conserved genes triggering puberty in European sea bass males (Dicentrarchus labrax) by microarray expression profiling. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:441. [PMID: 28583077 PMCID: PMC5460432 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3823-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spermatogenesis is a complex process characterized by the activation and/or repression of a number of genes in a spatio-temporal manner. Pubertal development in males starts with the onset of the first spermatogenesis and implies the division of primary spermatogonia and their subsequent entry into meiosis. This study is aimed at the characterization of genes involved in the onset of puberty in European sea bass, and constitutes the first transcriptomic approach focused on meiosis in this species. RESULTS European sea bass testes collected at the onset of puberty (first successful reproduction) were grouped in stage I (resting stage), and stage II (proliferative stage). Transition from stage I to stage II was marked by an increase of 11ketotestosterone (11KT), the main fish androgen, whereas the transcriptomic study resulted in 315 genes differentially expressed between the two stages. The onset of puberty induced 1) an up-regulation of genes involved in cell proliferation, cell cycle and meiosis progression, 2) changes in genes related with reproduction and growth, and 3) a down-regulation of genes included in the retinoic acid (RA) signalling pathway. The analysis of GO-terms and biological pathways showed that cell cycle, cell division, cellular metabolic processes, and reproduction were affected, consistent with the early events that occur during the onset of puberty. Furthermore, changes in the expression of three RA nuclear receptors point at the importance of the RA-signalling pathway during this period, in agreement with its role in meiosis. CONCLUSION The results contribute to boost our knowledge of the early molecular and endocrine events that trigger pubertal development and the onset of spermatogenesis in fish. These include an increase in 11KT plasma levels and changes in the expression of several genes involved in cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, meiosis or RA-signalling pathway. Moreover, the results can be applied to study meiosis in this economically important fish species for Mediterranean countries, and may help to develop tools for its sustainable aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Blázquez
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, 12595, Castellón, Spain. .,Instituto de Ciencias del Mar, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Maritim 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Paula Medina
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, 12595, Castellón, Spain.,Instituto de Ciencias del Mar, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Maritim 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.,Present address: Universidad de Antofagasta, Avda Angamos 601, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Berta Crespo
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, 12595, Castellón, Spain.,Present address: UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Ana Gómez
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, 12595, Castellón, Spain
| | - Silvia Zanuy
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, 12595, Castellón, Spain.
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83
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Potential role of retinoids in ovarian physiology and pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Chim Acta 2017; 469:87-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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84
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Liu H, Li J, Yu L. Effects of acitretin on semen quality and reproductive hormone levels in patients with psoriasis vulgaris. DERMATOL SIN 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dsi.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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85
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Fattahi A, Latifi Z, Ghasemnejad T, Nejabati HR, Nouri M. Insights into in vitro spermatogenesis in mammals: Past, present, future. Mol Reprod Dev 2017; 84:560-575. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Fattahi
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Zeinab Latifi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Tohid Ghasemnejad
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Nejabati
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
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86
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Myrick DA, Christopher MA, Scott AM, Simon AK, Donlin-Asp PG, Kelly WG, Katz DJ. KDM1A/LSD1 regulates the differentiation and maintenance of spermatogonia in mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177473. [PMID: 28498828 PMCID: PMC5428937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The proper regulation of spermatogenesis is crucial to ensure the continued production of sperm and fertility. Here, we investigated the function of the H3K4me2 demethylase KDM1A/LSD1 during spermatogenesis in developing and adult mice. Conditional deletion of Kdm1a in the testis just prior to birth leads to fewer spermatogonia and germ cell loss before 3 weeks of age. These results demonstrate that KDM1A is required for spermatogonial differentiation, as well as germ cell survival, in the developing testis. In addition, inducible deletion of Kdm1a in the adult testis results in the abnormal accumulation of meiotic spermatocytes, as well as apoptosis and progressive germ cell loss. These results demonstrate that KDM1A is also required during adult spermatogenesis. Furthermore, without KDM1A, the stem cell factor OCT4 is ectopically maintained in differentiating germ cells. This requirement for KDM1A is similar to what has been observed in other stem cell populations, suggesting a common function. Taken together, we propose that KDM1A is a key regulator of spermatogenesis and germ cell maintenance in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexter A. Myrick
- Cell Biology Department, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Science, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Christopher
- Cell Biology Department, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Science, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Alyssa M. Scott
- Cell Biology Department, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Science, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ashley K. Simon
- Cell Biology Department, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Paul G. Donlin-Asp
- Cell Biology Department, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Science, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - William G. Kelly
- Biology Department, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David J. Katz
- Cell Biology Department, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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87
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Garg N, Sinclair DA. Oogonial stem cells as a model to study age-associated infertility in women. Reprod Fertil Dev 2017; 27:969-74. [PMID: 25897831 DOI: 10.1071/rd14461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fertility is the first biological process to break down during aging, thereby making it a useful tool to understand fundamental processes of aging. Reproductive aging in females is associated with a loss of ovarian function characterised by a reduction in the number and quality of oocytes. The central dogma, namely that females are born with a fixed pool of oocytes that progressively decline with increasing maternal age, has been challenged by evidence supporting postnatal oogenesis in mammals. Reports demonstrating formation of new oocytes from newly discovered germline stem cells, referred to as oogonial stem cells (OSCs), has opened new avenues for treatment of female infertility. In this review we discuss why the OSCs possibly lose their regenerative potential over time, and focus specifically on the aging process in germline stem cells as a possible mechanism for understanding female age-related infertility and how we can slow or delay ovarian aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Garg
- Glenn Laboratories for the Biological Mechanisms of Aging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David A Sinclair
- Glenn Laboratories for the Biological Mechanisms of Aging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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88
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Leopardo NP, Vitullo AD. Early embryonic development and spatiotemporal localization of mammalian primordial germ cell-associated proteins in the basal rodent Lagostomus maximus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:594. [PMID: 28377629 PMCID: PMC5429608 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00723-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene network controlling primordial germ cell (PGC) specification in eutherian mammals has been exhaustively investigated in mice. The egg-cylinder morphology of the mouse embryo is the key event enabling inductive signals from the extra-embryonic ectoderm (ExE) to specify epiblast cells as PGCs early on. We investigated the embryonic development and the spatiotemporal localization of PGC-associated proteins in the basal Hystricognathi rodent Lagostomus maximus. L. maximus develops through a flat-disc epiblast far apart from the ExE. In the primitive streak stage, OCT4-positive cells are detected in the posterior pole of the embryo disc in the mesoderm of the proximal epiblast. In the neural plate stage, a reduced 8 to 12 OCT4-positive cell population transiently expresses FRAGILIS, STELLA and SOX17 in the posterior streak. Soon after translocation to the hindgut, pluripotent OCT4 cells start expressing VASA, and then, STELLA and FRAGILIS are turned on during migration toward the genital ridge. L. maximus shows a spatiotemporal pattern of PGC-associated markers divergent from the early PGC restriction model seen in mice. This pattern conforms to alternative models that are based on a pluripotent population in the embryonic axis, where PGCs are specified later during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia P Leopardo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas y Biotecnológicas, Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y Diagnóstico -CEBBAD-, Universidad Maimónides, Hidalgo 775, C1405BCK, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alfredo D Vitullo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas y Biotecnológicas, Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y Diagnóstico -CEBBAD-, Universidad Maimónides, Hidalgo 775, C1405BCK, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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89
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Kumar DL, DeFalco T. Of Mice and Men: In Vivo and In Vitro Studies of Primordial Germ Cell Specification. Semin Reprod Med 2017; 35:139-146. [PMID: 28278531 DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1599085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Specification of mouse primordial germ cells (PGCs), the precursors of sperm and eggs, involves three major molecular events: repression of the somatic program, reacquisition of pluripotency, and reprogramming to a unique epigenetic ground state. Gene knockout studies in mouse models, along with global transcriptome analyses, have revealed the key signaling pathways and transcription factors essential for PGC specification. Knowledge obtained from these studies has been utilized extensively to develop robust in vitro PGC induction models not only in mice but also in humans. These models have, in turn, formed the basis for a detailed understanding of the signaling pathways and epigenetic dynamics during in vivo PGC specification and development. Recapitulation of human PGC specification in culture is of tremendous significance for understanding the mechanisms of human germ cell development in normal and disease states and has implications for addressing germ-cell-based causes of infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Lava Kumar
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Tony DeFalco
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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90
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Suzuki A, Hirasaki M, Okuda A. Does MAX open up a new avenue for meiotic research? Dev Growth Differ 2017; 59:61-69. [PMID: 28220481 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Meiosis is a central event of sexual reproduction. Like somatic cells, germ cells conduct mitosis to increase their cell number, but unlike somatic cells, germ cells switch their cell division mode from mitosis to meiosis at a certain point in gametogenesis. However, the molecular basis of this switch remains elusive. In this review article, we give an overview of the onset of mammalian meiosis, including our recent finding that MYC Associated Factor X (MAX) prevents ectopic and precocious meiosis in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and germ cells, respectively. We present a hypothetical model of a MAX-centered molecular network that regulates meiotic entry in mammals and propose that inducible Max knockout ESCs provide an excellent platform for exploring the molecular mechanisms of meiosis initiation, while excluding other aspects of gametogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumu Suzuki
- Division of Developmental Biology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 1397-1 Yamane, Hidaka, Saitama, 350-1241, Japan
| | - Masataka Hirasaki
- Division of Developmental Biology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 1397-1 Yamane, Hidaka, Saitama, 350-1241, Japan
| | - Akihiko Okuda
- Division of Developmental Biology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 1397-1 Yamane, Hidaka, Saitama, 350-1241, Japan
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91
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Teletin M, Vernet N, Ghyselinck NB, Mark M. Roles of Retinoic Acid in Germ Cell Differentiation. Curr Top Dev Biol 2017; 125:191-225. [PMID: 28527572 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The modalities of gametogenesis differ markedly between sexes. Female are born with a definitive reserve of oocytes whose size is crucial to ensure fertility. Male fertility, in contrast, relies on a tightly regulated balance between germ cell self-renewal and differentiation, which operates throughout life, according to recurring spatial and temporal patterns. Genetic and pharmacological studies conducted in the mouse and discussed in this review have revealed that all-trans retinoic acid and its nuclear receptors are major players of gametogenesis and are instrumental to fertility in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Teletin
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France; Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Strasbourg, France; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Nadège Vernet
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France; Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Strasbourg, France
| | - Norbert B Ghyselinck
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France; Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Strasbourg, France
| | - Manuel Mark
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France; Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Strasbourg, France; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), Strasbourg, France.
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92
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Localization in Oogenesis of Maternal Regulators of Embryonic Development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 953:173-207. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-46095-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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93
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Abstract
Meiosis, the mechanism of creating haploid gametes, is a complex cellular process observed across sexually reproducing organisms. Fundamental to meiosis is the process of homologous recombination, whereby DNA double-strand breaks are introduced into the genome and are subsequently repaired to generate either noncrossovers or crossovers. Although homologous recombination is essential for chromosome pairing during prophase I, the resulting crossovers are critical for maintaining homolog interactions and enabling accurate segregation at the first meiotic division. Thus, the placement, timing, and frequency of crossover formation must be exquisitely controlled. In this review, we discuss the proteins involved in crossover formation, the process of their formation and designation, and the rules governing crossovers, all within the context of the important landmarks of prophase I. We draw together crossover designation data across organisms, analyze their evolutionary divergence, and propose a universal model for crossover regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Gray
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Reproductive Genomics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; ,
| | - Paula E Cohen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Reproductive Genomics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; ,
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94
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Yazdekhasti H, Rajabi Z, Parvari S, Abbasi M. Used protocols for isolation and propagation of ovarian stem cells, different cells with different traits. J Ovarian Res 2016; 9:68. [PMID: 27765047 PMCID: PMC5072317 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-016-0274-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Although existence of ovarian stem cells (OSCs) in mammalian postnatal ovary is still under controversy, however, it has been almost accepted that OSCs are contributing actively to folliculogenesis and neo-oogenesis. Recently, various methods with different efficacies have been employed for OSCs isolation from ovarian tissue, which these methods could be chosen depends on aim of isolation and accessible equipments and materials in lab. Although isolated OSCs from different methods have various traits and characterizations, which might become from their different nature and origin, however these stem cells are promising source for woman infertility treatment or source of energy for women with a history of repeat IVF failure in near future. This review has brought together and summarized currently used protocols for isolation and propagation of OSCs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Yazdekhasti
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Rajabi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soraya Parvari
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mehdi Abbasi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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95
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BMP4 Cooperates with Retinoic Acid to Induce the Expression of Differentiation Markers in Cultured Mouse Spermatogonia. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:9536192. [PMID: 27795714 PMCID: PMC5067322 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9536192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Spermatogenesis is sustained by the proliferation and differentiation of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). However, the molecules controlling these processes remain largely unknown. Here, we developed a simplified high concentration serum-containing system for the culture of mouse SSCs. Analysis of SSCs markers and transplantation results revealed that the cultured spermatogonia retained stem cell characteristics after long-term in vitro propagation. Using this culture system, the expression and function of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) were explored. Immunostaining showed that BMP4 was predominantly expressed in germ cells and that its level increased as spermatogenesis progresses. BMP4 receptors BMPR1A and BMPRII were present in spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and round spermatids. Moreover, despite the mRNAs of these two genes being present in mouse Sertoli cells, only BMPRII was detected by using Western blotting assays. While exogenous BMP4 by itself did not induce the expression of Stra8 and c-Kit, two marker genes of differentiating spermatogonia, a significant cooperative effect of BMP4 and retinoic acid (RA) was observed. Moreover, pretreatment of cultured spermatogonia with the BMP4 antagonist Noggin could inhibit RA-induced expression of these two marker genes. In conclusion, BMP4 may exert autocrine effects and act cooperatively with RA to induce the differentiation of spermatogonia in vivo.
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96
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Adolfi MC, Herpin A, Regensburger M, Sacquegno J, Waxman JS, Schartl M. Retinoic acid and meiosis induction in adult versus embryonic gonads of medaka. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34281. [PMID: 27677591 PMCID: PMC5039705 DOI: 10.1038/srep34281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, one of the first recognizable sex differences in embryos is the onset of meiosis, known to be regulated by retinoic acid (RA) in mammals. We investigated in medaka a possible meiotic function of RA during the embryonic sex determination (SD) period and in mature gonads. We found RA mediated transcriptional activation in germ cells of both sexes much earlier than the SD stage, however, no such activity during the critical stages of SD. In adults, expression of the RA metabolizing enzymes indicates sexually dimorphic RA levels. In testis, RA acts directly in Sertoli, Leydig and pre-meiotic germ cells. In ovaries, RA transcriptional activity is highest in meiotic oocytes. Our results show that RA plays an important role in meiosis induction and gametogenesis in adult medaka but contrary to common expectations, not for initiating the first meiosis in female germ cells at the SD stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus C Adolfi
- University of Wuerzburg, Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, Am Hubland, D-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Amaury Herpin
- University of Wuerzburg, Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, Am Hubland, D-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany.,INRA, UR1037, Fish Physiology and Genomics, Rennes F-35000, France
| | - Martina Regensburger
- University of Wuerzburg, Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, Am Hubland, D-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Jacopo Sacquegno
- University of Wuerzburg, Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, Am Hubland, D-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Joshua S Waxman
- The Heart Institute, Molecular Cardiovascular Biology and Developmental Biology Divisions, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Manfred Schartl
- University of Wuerzburg, Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, Am Hubland, D-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Clinic Würzburg, Josef Schneider Straße 6, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany and Texas Institute for Advanced Study and Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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97
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Cooke PS, Nanjappa MK. Another piece of the meiosis puzzle. Asian J Androl 2016; 19:3-4. [PMID: 27633909 PMCID: PMC5227669 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.189210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Cooke
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Manjunatha K Nanjappa
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
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98
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Matsubara K. Mouse Mesonephros in Fetus Period is Necessary for Differentiation of Primordial Germ Cells in Ectopic Kidney Capsule. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.3923/jms.2016.49.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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99
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Afsartala Z, Rezvanfar MA, Hodjat M, Tanha S, Assadollahi V, Bijangi K, Abdollahi M, Ghasemzadeh-Hasankolaei M. Amniotic membrane mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate into germ cells in vitro. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2016; 52:1060-1071. [PMID: 27503516 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-016-0073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This is the first report on differentiation of mouse amniotic membrane mesenchymal stem cells (AM-MSCs) into male germ cells (GCs). AM-MSCs have the multipotent differentiation capacity and can be differentiated into various cell types. In the present study, AM-MSCs were induced for differentiation into GCs. AM-MSCs were isolated from mouse embryonic membrane by enzymatic digestion. AM-MSCs were characterized with osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation test and flow cytometric analysis of some CD-markers. AM-MSCs were induced to differentiate into GCs using a creative two-step method. Passage-3 AM-MSCs were firstly treated with 25 ng/ml bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) for 5 d and in continuing with 1 μM retinoic acid (RA) for 12 d (total treatment time was 17 d). At the end of the treatment period, real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR was performed to evaluate the expression of GC-specific markers-Itgb1, Dazl, Stra8, Piwil2, Mvh, Oct4, and c-Kit- in the cells. Moreover, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining were performed to evaluate the expression of Mvh and Dazl at protein level. Real-time RT-PCR showed that most of the tested markers were upregulated in the treated AM-MSCs. Furthermore, flow cytometric and immunofluorescence analyses both revealed that a considerable part of the treated cells expressed GC-specific markers. The percentage of positive cells for Mvh and Dazl was about 23 and 46%, respectively. Our results indicated that a number of AM-MSCs successfully differentiated into the GCs. Finally, it seems that AM-MSCs would be a potential source of adult pluripotent stem cells for in vitro generation of GCs and cell-based therapies for treatment of infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Afsartala
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Rezvanfar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Hodjat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Tanha
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahideh Assadollahi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ghasemzadeh-Hasankolaei
- Infertility and Reproductive Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 47318-38711, Amirkola, Babol, Iran.
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100
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Shah SM, Saini N, Singh MK, Manik R, Singla SK, Palta P, Chauhan MS. Testicular cell–conditioned medium supports embryonic stem cell differentiation toward germ lineage and to spermatocyte- and oocyte-like cells. Theriogenology 2016; 86:715-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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