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Chan KC, Ho HH, Lin MC, Yen CH, Huang CN, Huang HP, Wang CJ. Mulberry water extracts inhibit atherosclerosis through suppression of the integrin-β₃/focal adhesion kinase complex and downregulation of nuclear factor κB signaling in vivo and in vitro. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:9463-9471. [PMID: 25197764 DOI: 10.1021/jf502942r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that mulberry water extracts (MWEs), which contain polyphenolic compounds, have an antiatherosclerotic effect in vivo and in vitro through stimulating apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Histological analysis was performed on atherosclerotic lesions from high-cholesterol diet (HCD)-fed rabbits after treatment with 0.5-1% MWEs for 10 weeks. Immunohistochemistry showed that the expressions of SMA, Ras, and matrix metalloproteinase-2 in the VSMCs were dose-dependently inhibited after MWE treatment. The antimigratory effects of MWEs on A7r5 VSMCs were assessed by western blot analysis of migration-related proteins, visualization of F-actin cytoskeleton, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that MWEs inhibited VSMC migration through reducing interactions of the integrin-β3/focal adhesion kinase complex, alterations of the cytoskeleton, and downregulation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β/nuclear factor κB signaling. Taken together, MWEs inhibited HCD-induced rabbit atherogenesis through blocking VSMC migration via reducing interactions of integrin-β3 and focal adhesion kinase and downregulating migration-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Chuan Chan
- Department of Internal Medicine, ∥Department of Family and Community Medicine, and ⊥Department of Medical Research, Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital , Number 110, Section 1, Jianguo North Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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52
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Weisser SB, Kozicky LK, Brugger HK, Ngoh EN, Cheung B, Jen R, Menzies SC, Samarakoon A, Murray PJ, Lim CJ, Johnson P, Boucher JL, van Rooijen N, Sly LM. Arginase activity in alternatively activated macrophages protects PI3Kp110δ deficient mice from dextran sodium sulfate induced intestinal inflammation. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:3353-67. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shelley B. Weisser
- Division of Gastroenterology; Department of Pediatrics; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Child & Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Lisa K. Kozicky
- Division of Gastroenterology; Department of Pediatrics; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Child & Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Hayley K. Brugger
- Division of Gastroenterology; Department of Pediatrics; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Child & Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Eyler N. Ngoh
- Division of Gastroenterology; Department of Pediatrics; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Child & Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Bonnie Cheung
- Division of Gastroenterology; Department of Pediatrics; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Child & Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Roger Jen
- Division of Gastroenterology; Department of Pediatrics; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Child & Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Susan C. Menzies
- Division of Gastroenterology; Department of Pediatrics; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Child & Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Asanga Samarakoon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Peter J. Murray
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Immunology; St Jude's Children's Research Hospital; Memphis TN USA
| | - C. James Lim
- Child & Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, BMT, Department of Pediatrics; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Pauline Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | | | - Nico van Rooijen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Laura M. Sly
- Division of Gastroenterology; Department of Pediatrics; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Child & Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
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53
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Abstract
Some of the most potent toxins produced by plants and bacteria are members of a large family known as the AB toxins. AB toxins are generally characterized by a heterogenous complex consisting of two protein chains arranged in various monomeric or polymeric configurations. The newest class within this superfamily is the cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt). The Cdt is represented by a subfamily of toxins produced by a group of taxonomically distinct Gram negative bacteria. Members of this subfamily have a related AB-type chain or subunit configuration and properties distinctive to the AB paradigm. In this review, the unique structural and cytotoxic properties of the Cdt subfamily, target cell specificities, intoxication pathway, modes of action, and relationship to the AB toxin superfamily are compared and contrasted.
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54
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Través PG, Pimentel-Santillana M, Rico D, Rodriguez N, Miethke T, Castrillo A, Theodorakis EA, Martín-Sanz P, Palladino MA, Boscá L. Anti-inflammatory actions of acanthoic acid-related diterpenes involve activation of the PI3K p110γ/δ subunits and inhibition of NF-κB. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2014; 21:955-66. [PMID: 25065531 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The effect of acanthoic acid analogs on the response to proinflammatory challenge was investigated. Some pimarane diterpenes are known activators of the LXRαβ nuclear receptors, but we show here that they also exert a rapid, potent, and selective activation of the p110γ and p110δ subunits of PI3K. Combination of these effects results in an important attenuation of the global transcriptional response to LPS in macrophages. PI3K/Akt activation leads to inhibition of the LPS-dependent stimulation of IKK/NF-κB and p38 and ERK MAPKs. Macrophages from LXRαβ-deficient mice exhibited an inhibition of these pathways similar to the corresponding wild-type cells. Silencing or inhibition of p110γ/δ suppressed the effect of these diterpenes (DTPs) on IKK/NF-κB and MAPKs signaling. Taken together, these data show a multitarget anti-inflammatory mechanism by these DTPs including a selective activation of PI3K isoenzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paqui G Través
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM, Unidad Asociada Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Pimentel-Santillana
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM, Unidad Asociada Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Rico
- Structural Biology and BioComputing Programme, National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Rodriguez
- Institut of Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Miethke
- Institut of Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Antonio Castrillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM, Unidad Asociada Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emmanuel A Theodorakis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
| | - Paloma Martín-Sanz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM, Unidad Asociada Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael A Palladino
- Sierra Mesa Technologies, 3357 Fortuna Ranch Road, Encinitas, CA 92024, USA.
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM, Unidad Asociada Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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55
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ZSTK474, a novel PI3K inhibitor, modulates human CD14+ monocyte-derived dendritic cell functions and suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2014; 92:1057-68. [PMID: 24844601 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-014-1158-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
ZSTK474 [2-(2-difluoromethylbenzimidazol-1-yl)-4,6-dimorpholino-1,3,5-triazine] is a novel phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor that exhibits potent antitumor effects. Recent studies have shown that ZSTK474 is also with anti-inflammatory properties in collagen-induced arthritis. However, the effects of ZSTK474 on dendritic cells and inflammatory Th17 cell-mediated autoimmune central nervous system inflammation are not understood. In this study, we demonstrated that ZSTK474 suppressed human CD14(+) monocyte-derived dendritic cell differentiation, maturation, and endocytosis, and further inhibited the stimulatory function of mature dendritic cell on allogeneic T cell proliferation. In addition, ZSTK474 inhibited the expression of dendritic cell-derived Th1 and Th17 cells polarizing cytokines interferon-γ/interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-6/IL-23. Furthermore, our results indicated that the in vivo administration of ZSTK474, which targets the dendritic cell and inflammatory Th1 and Th17 cell, led to a reduction of clinical score, central nervous system inflammation, and demyelination of mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Therefore, ZSTK474 significantly suppressed the human CD14(+) monocyte-derived dendritic cell functions and ameliorated mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. We further found that ZSTK474 inhibited the phosphorylation of PI3K downstream signaling Akt and glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta in the dendritic cell. These data suggested that ZSTK474 exerted potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties via PI3K signaling and may serve as a potential therapeutic drug for multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune inflammatory diseases. Key messages: STK474 inhibits dendritic cell (DC) differentiation and maturation. ZSTK474 inhibits DC-derived Th1 and Th17-polarizing cytokines. ZSTK474 ameliorates EAE and suppresses DCs, Th1, and Th17 cells in EAE. ZSTK474 reduces CNS inflammation and demyelination of EAE mice. ZSTK474 could be a potential therapeutic drug for multiple sclerosis.
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56
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Shenker BJ, Walker LP, Zekavat A, Dlakić M, Boesze-Battaglia K. Blockade of the PI-3K signalling pathway by the Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans cytolethal distending toxin induces macrophages to synthesize and secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines. Cell Microbiol 2014; 16:1391-404. [PMID: 24697951 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The Aggregatibactor actinomycetemcomitans cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt) induces G2 arrest and apoptosis in lymphocytes; these toxic effects are due to the active subunit, CdtB, which functions as a phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3) phosphatase. We now extend our investigation and demonstrate that Cdt is able to perturb human macrophage function. THP-1- and monocyte-derived macrophages were found not to be susceptible to Cdt-induced apoptosis. Nonetheless, the toxin was capable of binding to macrophages and perturbing PI-3K signalling resulting in decreased PIP3 levels and reduced phosphorylation of Akt and GSK3β; these changes were accompanied by concomitant alterations in kinase activity. Exposure of monocytes and macrophages to Cdt resulted in pro-inflammatory cytokine production including increased expression and release of IL-1β, TNFα and IL-6. Furthermore, treatment of cells with either TLR-2, -3 or -4 agonists in the presence of Cdt resulted in an augmented pro-inflammatory response relative to agonist alone. GSK3β inhibitors blocked the Cdt-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine response suggesting a pivotal role for PI-3K blockade, concomitant decrease in GSK3β phosphorylation and increased kinase activity. Collectively, these studies provide new insight into the virulence potential of Cdt in mediating the pathogenesis of disease caused by Cdt-producing organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce J Shenker
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, 240 South 40th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6030, USA
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57
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Festuccia WT, Pouliot P, Bakan I, Sabatini DM, Laplante M. Myeloid-specific Rictor deletion induces M1 macrophage polarization and potentiates in vivo pro-inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95432. [PMID: 24740015 PMCID: PMC3989321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) axis plays a central role in attenuating inflammation upon macrophage stimulation with toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands. The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) relays signal from PI3K to Akt but its role in modulating inflammation in vivo has never been investigated. To evaluate the role of mTORC2 in the regulation of inflammation in vivo, we have generated a mouse model lacking Rictor, an essential mTORC2 component, in myeloid cells. Primary macrophages isolated from myeloid-specific Rictor null mice exhibited an exaggerated response to TLRs ligands, and expressed high levels of M1 genes and lower levels of M2 markers. To determine whether the loss of Rictor similarly affected inflammation in vivo, mice were either fed a high fat diet, a situation promoting chronic but low-grade inflammation, or were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which mimics an acute, severe septic inflammatory condition. Although high fat feeding contributed to promote obesity, inflammation, macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue and systemic insulin resistance, we did not observe a significant impact of Rictor loss on these parameters. However, mice lacking Rictor exhibited a higher sensitivity to sceptic shock when injected with LPS. Altogether, these results indicate that mTORC2 is a key negative regulator of macrophages TLR signalling and that its role in modulating inflammation is particularly important in the context of severe inflammatory challenges. These observations suggest that approaches aimed at modulating mTORC2 activity may represent a possible therapeutic approach for diseases linked to excessive inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T. Festuccia
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Philippe Pouliot
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Inan Bakan
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - David M. Sabatini
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Koch Center for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mathieu Laplante
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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58
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Protective effects of pretreatment with oleanolic acid in rats in the acute phase of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury: role of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:451826. [PMID: 24829521 PMCID: PMC4009183 DOI: 10.1155/2014/451826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oleanolic acid (OA) has been used to treat liver disorders, but whether it can attenuate hepatic ischemia-reperfusion- (IR-) associated liver dysfunction remains unexplored. In the present study, 160 male Sprague-Dawley rats were equally divided into five groups: group SH received neither hepatic IR nor drugs; group IR received hepatic IR without drugs; group CM and group OA received 0.5% sodium carboxymethylcellulose and 100 mg/kg OA, intragastrically, once a day for seven days before the hepatic IR, respectively; on the basis of treatment in group OA, group OA+wortmannin further received 15 μg/kg of PI3K inhibitor wortmannin, intraperitoneally, 30 min before the hepatic IR. Then each group was equally divided into four subgroups according to four time points (preoperation, 0 h, 3 h, and 6 h after reperfusion). Serum ALT activity, IL-1β concentration, and hepatic phosphorylation of PI3K, Akt, and GSK-3β protein expression were serially studied. We found that OA pretreatment improved histological status and decreased serum ALT and IL-1β levels. It also increased p-PI3K, p-Akt, and p-GSK-3β protein expression at all the four time points. Prophylactic wortmannin partially reversed OA's protective effects. The data indicate that OA pretreatment protects liver from IR injury during the acute phase partially through PI3K/Akt-mediated inactivation of GSK-3β.
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59
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Fichtner-Feigl S, Kesselring R, Martin M, Obermeier F, Ruemmele P, Kitani A, Brunner SM, Haimerl M, Geissler EK, Strober W, Schlitt HJ. IL-13 orchestrates resolution of chronic intestinal inflammation via phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:3969-80. [PMID: 24634488 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous amelioration of inflammation (often accompanied by fibrosis) is a well-known, but poorly understood, outcome of many chronic inflammatory processes. We studied this phenomenon in a chronic trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis model, an experimental colitis in mice that we showed to ultimately undergo spontaneous resolution, despite continued trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid stimulation. Analysis of the mechanism of this resolution revealed that it was critically dependent on IL-13 activation of STAT6, followed by phosphorylation (inactivation) of glycogen synthase kinase-3β, at least in part via STAT6 induction of p38 MAPK. Such glycogen synthase kinase-3β inactivation causes changes in CREB and p65 DNA-binding activity that favors decreased proinflammatory IL-17 production and increased anti-inflammatory IL-10 production. Thus, in this case, IL-13 acts as a molecular switch that leads to resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Fichtner-Feigl
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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60
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Través PG, Pardo V, Pimentel-Santillana M, González-Rodríguez Á, Mojena M, Rico D, Montenegro Y, Calés C, Martín-Sanz P, Valverde AM, Boscá L. Pivotal role of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) in the macrophage response to pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory challenge. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1125. [PMID: 24625984 PMCID: PMC3973223 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) has been suggested as an attractive target to improve insulin sensitivity in different cell types. In the present work, we have investigated the effect of PTP1B deficiency on the response of human and murine macrophages. Using in vitro and in vivo approaches in mice and silencing PTP1B in human macrophages with specific siRNAs, we have demonstrated that PTP1B deficiency increases the effects of pro-inflammatory stimuli in both human and rodent macrophages at the time that decreases the response to alternative stimulation. Moreover, the absence of PTP1B induces a loss of viability in resting macrophages and mainly after activation through the classic pathway. Analysis of early gene expression in macrophages treated with pro-inflammatory stimuli confirmed this exacerbated inflammatory response in PTP1B-deficient macrophages. Microarray analysis in samples from wild-type and PTP1B-deficient macrophages obtained after 24 h of pro-inflammatory stimulation showed an activation of the p53 pathway, including the excision base repair pathway and the insulin signaling pathway in the absence of PTP1B. In animal models of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and D-galactosamine challenge as a way to reveal in vivo inflammatory responses, animals lacking PTP1B exhibited a higher rate of death. Moreover, these animals showed an enhanced response to irradiation, in agreement with the data obtained in the microarray analysis. In summary, these results indicate that, although inhibition of PTP1B has potential benefits for the treatment of diabetes, it accentuates pro-inflammatory responses compromising at least macrophage viability.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Survival
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Galactosamine
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Inflammation/chemically induced
- Inflammation/enzymology
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/pathology
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides
- Macrophage Activation
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/enzymology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, 129 Strain
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1/deficiency
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1/genetics
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- Signal Transduction
- Time Factors
- Transfection
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Través
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - V Pardo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (Ciberdem), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Pimentel-Santillana
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Á González-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (Ciberdem), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Mojena
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - D Rico
- Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Y Montenegro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - C Calés
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - P Martín-Sanz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - A M Valverde
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (Ciberdem), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- IB-Alberto Sols, Arturo Duperier 4, Madrid 28029, Spain. Tel: +34 91585400; Fax: +34 915854401; E-mail: (AMV) or Tel/Fax: +34 914972747; E-mail: (LB)
| | - L Boscá
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- IB-Alberto Sols, Arturo Duperier 4, Madrid 28029, Spain. Tel: +34 91585400; Fax: +34 915854401; E-mail: (AMV) or Tel/Fax: +34 914972747; E-mail: (LB)
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61
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Ligacheva AA, Danilets MG, Trofimova ES, Belsky YP, Belska NV, Zyuz'kov GN, Zhdanov VV, Ivanova AN, Guriev AM, Belousov MV, Yusubov MS, Dygai AM. Signaling events during macrophage activation with Betula pendula roth pectic polysaccharides. Bull Exp Biol Med 2014; 156:465-9. [PMID: 24771428 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-014-2375-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effect of two pectic polysaccharides PS-B1-AG and PS-B2-RG that were contained in total polysaccharides extracted from Betula pendula leaves on NO production by mouse macrophages and the contribution of signaling molecules to macrophage activation by the test substances. Unlike the total sample, pectins produced a NO-stimulating effect on macrophages. The effect of PS-B2-RG (10 μg/ml) did not differ from the effect of LPS, while PS-B1-AG produced this effect only in a concentration of 20 μg/ml, which was probably due to differences in the chemical structure of the test substances. The studied pectin polysaccharides activated transcription factor NF-κB, kinases p38 and PI3, and cAMP as a negative regulator. These results indicate that Betula pendula polysaccharides are promising substances for creation of immunomodulating drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Ligacheva
- Research Institute of Pharmacology, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
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62
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Chiu YH, Tsai JJ, Lin SL, Lin MY. Lactobacillus casei MYL01 modulates the proinflammatory state induced by ethanol in an in vitro model. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:2009-16. [PMID: 24485689 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating studies have suggested that probiotics have beneficial effects on liver injury but the underlying mechanism has remained unclear. Toll-like receptors (TLR) expressed on immune cells and hepatocytes recognize bacterial components that are translocated from the gut into the portal vein. To date, it has been demonstrated that ethanol alone, without microbial components, is able to activate TLR, leading to promotion of proinflammatory cytokine production. Because the enhanced signaling of TLR triggers persistent inflammation, we hypothesized that development of hepatocyte TLR tolerance to repetitive stimulation plays an important role in protecting the liver from hypergeneration of proinflammatory cytokines. In this study, we showed that Lactobacillus casei MYL01 modulated the proinflammatory state induced by ethanol and investigated in detail the mechanism underlying the observation that L. casei MYL01 gave rise to TLR tolerance toward ethanol stimulation. The effects of L. casei MYL01 in the attenuation of ethanol-induced liver damage were due to enhancement of IL-10 production, which limited the proinflammatory process. Furthermore, better defense of hepatocytes against ethanol challenge by treatment of L. casei MYL01 was attributed to previous induction of toll interacting protein (TOLLIP) and suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)1 and SOCS3 expression via activation of TLR1, TLR2, TLR6, and TLR9, an action that cross-regulated ethanol-TLR4-nuclear factor κB signal transduction events. This finding might help establish an in vitro platform for selecting hepatoprotective probiotic strains in terms of ethanol-induced liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Heng Chiu
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jaw-Ji Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Veterans General Hospital International Medical Service Centre, Taichung 40705, Republic of China
| | - Shiao-Lin Lin
- Department of Neurology, Chong Guang Hospital, Miaoli County 35159, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Meei-Yn Lin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Crosstalk Between Insulin and Toll-like Receptor Signaling Pathways in the Central Nervous system. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:797-810. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8631-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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64
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Ando-Suguimoto ES, da Silva MP, Kawamoto D, Chen C, DiRienzo JM, Mayer MPA. The cytolethal distending toxin of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans inhibits macrophage phagocytosis and subverts cytokine production. Cytokine 2014; 66:46-53. [PMID: 24548424 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is an important periodontal pathogen that can participate in periodontitis and other non-oral infections. The cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt) is among the virulence factors produced by this bacterium. The Cdt is also secreted by several mucosa-associated Gram-negative pathogens and may play a role in perpetuating the infection by modulating the immune response. Although the toxin targets a wide range of eukaryotic cell types little is known about its activity on macrophages which play a key part in alerting the rest of the immune system to the presence of pathogens and their virulence factors. In view of this, we tested the hypothesis that the A. actinomycetemcomitans Cdt (AaCdt) disrupts macrophage function by inhibiting phagocytic activity as well as affecting the production of cytokines. Murine macrophages were co-cultured with either wild-type A. actinomycetemcomitans or a Cdt(-) mutant. Viable counts and qPCR showed that phagocytosis of the wild-type strain was significantly reduced relative to that of the Cdt(-) mutant. Addition of recombinant Aa(r)Cdt to co-cultures along with the Cdt(-) mutant diminished the phagocytic activity similar to that observed with the wild type strain. High concentrations of Aa(r)Cdt resulted in decreased phagocytosis of fluorescent bioparticles. Nitric oxide production was modulated by the presence of Cdt and the levels of IL-1β, IL-12 and IL-10 were increased. Production of TNF-α did not differ in the co-culture assays but was increased by the presence of Aa(r)Cdt. These data suggest that the Cdt may modulate macrophage function in A. actinomycetemcomitans infected sites by impairing phagocytosis and modifying the pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory cytokine balance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maike Paulino da Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dione Kawamoto
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Casey Chen
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences and Dental Hygiene, Ostrow School of Dentistry of University of Southern California, USA
| | - Joseph M DiRienzo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Marcia Pinto Alves Mayer
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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65
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Arnold CE, Whyte CS, Gordon P, Barker RN, Rees AJ, Wilson HM. A critical role for suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 in promoting M1 macrophage activation and function in vitro and in vivo. Immunology 2014; 141:96-110. [PMID: 24088176 PMCID: PMC3893853 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages respond to their microenvironment and develop polarized functions critical for orchestrating appropriate inflammatory responses. Classical (M1) activation eliminates pathogens while alternative (M2) activation promotes regulation and repair. M1 macrophage activation is strongly associated with suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 (SOCS3) expression in vitro, but the functional consequences of this are unclear and the role of SOCS3 in M1-macrophage polarization in vivo remains controversial. To address these questions, we defined the characteristics and function of SOCS3-expressing macrophages in vivo and identified potential mechanisms of SOCS3 action. Macrophages infiltrating inflamed glomeruli in a model of acute nephritis show significant up-regulation of SOCS3 that co-localizes with the M1-activation marker, inducible nitric oxide synthase. Numbers of SOCS3(hi) -expressing, but not SOCS1(hi) -expressing, macrophages correlate strongly with the severity of renal injury, supporting their inflammatory role in vivo. Adoptive transfer of SOCS3-short interfering RNA-silenced macrophages into a peritonitis model demonstrated the importance of SOCS3 in driving production of pro-inflammatory IL-6 and nitric oxide, while curtailing expression of anti-inflammatory IL-10 and SOCS1. SOCS3-induced pro-inflammatory effects were due, at least in part, to its role in controlling activation and nuclear accumulation of nuclear factor-κB and activity of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. We show for the first time that SOCS3 also directs the functions of human monocyte-derived macrophages, including efficient M1-induced cytokine production (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-23, IL-12), attenuated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activity and ability of antigen-loaded macrophages to drive T-cell responses. Hence, M1-associated SOCS3 was a positive regulator of pro-inflammatory responses in our rodent models and up-regulated SOCS3 is essential for effective M1-macrophage activation and function in human macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina E Arnold
- Division of Applied Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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66
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Moyes DL, Shen C, Murciano C, Runglall M, Richardson JP, Arno M, Aldecoa-Otalora E, Naglik JR. Protection against epithelial damage during Candida albicans infection is mediated by PI3K/Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin signaling. J Infect Dis 2013; 209:1816-26. [PMID: 24357630 PMCID: PMC4017362 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The ability of epithelial cells (ECs) to discriminate between commensal and pathogenic microbes is essential for healthy living. Key to these interactions are mucosal epithelial responses to pathogen-induced damage. Methods. Using reconstituted oral epithelium, we assessed epithelial gene transcriptional responses to Candida albicans infection by microarray. Signal pathway activation was monitored by Western blotting and transcription factor enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the role of these pathways in C. albicans–induced damage protection was determined using chemical inhibitors. Results. Transcript profiling demonstrated early upregulation of epithelial genes involved in immune responses. Many of these genes constituted components of signaling pathways, but only NF-κB, MAPK, and PI3K/Akt pathways were functionally activated. We demonstrate that PI3K/Akt signaling is independent of NF-κB and MAPK signaling and plays a key role in epithelial immune activation and damage protection via mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation. Conclusions. PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling may play a critical role in protecting epithelial cells from damage during mucosal fungal infections independent of NF-κB or MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Moyes
- Department of Oral Immunology, King's College London Dental Institute
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67
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Nakajima S, Kitamura M. Bidirectional regulation of NF-κB by reactive oxygen species: a role of unfolded protein response. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:162-174. [PMID: 23792277 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is a transcription factor that plays a crucial role in coordinating innate and adaptive immunity, inflammation, and apoptotic cell death. NF-κB is activated by various inflammatory stimuli including peptide factors and infectious microbes. It is also known as a redox-sensitive transcription factor activated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Over the past decades, various investigators focused on the role of ROS in the activation of NF-κB by cytokines and lipopolysaccharides. However, recent studies also suggested that ROS have the potential to repress NF-κB activity. Currently, it is not well addressed how ROS regulate activity of NF-κB in a bidirectional fashion. In this paper, we summarize evidence for positive and negative regulation of NF-κB by ROS, possible redox-sensitive targets for NF-κB signaling, and mechanisms underlying biphasic and bidirectional influences of ROS on NF-κB, especially focusing on a role of ROS-mediated induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Nakajima
- Department of Molecular Signaling, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato 1110, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Masanori Kitamura
- Department of Molecular Signaling, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato 1110, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
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68
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Józefowski S, Biedroń R, Sróttek M, Chadzińska M, Marcinkiewicz J. The class A scavenger receptor SR-A/CD204 and the class B scavenger receptor CD36 regulate immune functions of macrophages differently. Innate Immun 2013; 20:826-47. [PMID: 24257313 DOI: 10.1177/1753425913510960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SR-A/CD204 and CD36 are major receptors responsible for oxidized lipoproteins uptake by macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques. Both receptors also share the role as receptors for different pathogens, but studies on their signaling have been hampered by the lack of selective ligands. We report that, upon specific ligation by Ab, SR-A does not induce cytokine production, but mediates inhibition of LPS-stimulated production of IL-6 and IL-12/23p40, enhancement of IL-10 release, and has no effect on TNF-α and RANTES production in murine macrophages. In contrast, anti-CD36 Ab alone stimulated production of all these cytokines, with IL-10 production being exceptionally high. Effects of anti-CD36 Ab, except of IL-10 production, were mediated by CD14 and TLR2, whereas those of SR-A ligation by heterotrimeric Gi/o proteins and by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases. Surprisingly, we found that LPS uptake by macrophages was mediated in part by CD36 cooperating with CD14, whereas SR-A was not involved in this process. Finely, during in vitro Ag presentation to naïve CD4(+) lymphocytes, pre-incubation of macrophages with anti-CD36 Ab enhanced IFN-γ production in the co-culture, but exerted the opposite effect under conditions enabling IL-10 accumulation. In contrast, anti-SR-A Ab was ineffective alone, but reversed the Th1-polarizing effect of LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szczepan Józefowski
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Rafał Biedroń
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Sróttek
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Janusz Marcinkiewicz
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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69
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Cross talk between the Akt and p38α pathways in macrophages downstream of Toll-like receptor signaling. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:4152-65. [PMID: 23979601 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01691-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The stimulation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on macrophages by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) results in the activation of intracellular signaling pathways that are required for initiating a host immune response. Both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways are activated rapidly in response to TLR activation and are required to coordinate effective host responses to pathogen invasion. In this study, we analyzed the role of the p38-dependent kinases MK2/3 in the activation of Akt and show that lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced phosphorylation of Akt on Thr308 and Ser473 requires p38α and MK2/3. In cells treated with p38 inhibitors or an MK2/3 inhibitor, phosphorylation of Akt on Ser473 and Thr308 is reduced and Akt activity is inhibited. Furthermore, BMDMs deficient in MK2/3 display greatly reduced phosphorylation of Ser473 and Thr308 following TLR stimulation. However, MK2/3 do not directly phosphorylate Akt in macrophages but act upstream of PDK1 and mTORC2 to regulate Akt phosphorylation. Akt is recruited to phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) in the membrane, where it is activated by PDK1 and mTORC2. Analysis of lipid levels in MK2/3-deficient bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) revealed a role for MK2/3 in regulating Akt activity by affecting availability of PIP3 at the membrane. These data describe a novel role for p38α-MK2/3 in regulating TLR-induced Akt activation in macrophages.
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70
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Broekman DC, Guðmundsson GH, Maier VH. Differential regulation of cathelicidin in salmon and cod. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:532-538. [PMID: 23727282 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are an important component of innate immunity in vertebrates. The cathelicidin family of AMPs is well characterized in mammals and has also been reported in several fish species. In this study we investigated the regulation of cathelicidin expression in a gadoid and a salmonid cell-line in order to dissect the signalling pathways involved. For this, fish cells were treated with microbial lysates, purified microbial components and commercial signalling inhibitors and expression of cathelicidin was assessed with quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). We found that cathelicidin expression was induced in both cell lines in response to microbial stimuli, but the response patterns differed in these evolutionary distant fish species. Our data suggest that in salmonids, pattern recognition receptors such as TLR5 may be involved in the stimulation of cathelicidin expression and that the signalling cascade can include PI3-kinase and cellular trafficking compartments. A detailed knowledge of the regulating factors involved in AMP-related defence responses, including cathelicidin, could help in developing strategies to enhance the immune defence of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela C Broekman
- Institute of Biology, University of Iceland, Sturlagata 7, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
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71
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Pan X, Whitten DA, Wu M, Chan C, Wilkerson CG, Pestka JJ. Early phosphoproteomic changes in the mouse spleen during deoxynivalenol-induced ribotoxic stress. Toxicol Sci 2013; 135:129-43. [PMID: 23811945 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) targets the innate immune system and is of public health significance because of its frequent presence in human and animal food. DON-induced proinflammatory gene expression and apoptosis in the lymphoid tissue have been associated with a ribotoxic stress response (RSR) that involves rapid phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). To better understand the relationship between protein phosphorylation and DON's immunotoxic effects, stable isotope dimethyl labeling-based proteomics in conjunction with titanium dioxide chromatography was employed to quantitatively profile the immediate (≤ 30min) phosphoproteome changes in the spleens of mice orally exposed to 5mg/kg body weight DON. A total of 90 phosphoproteins indicative of novel phosphorylation events were significantly modulated by DON. In addition to critical branches and scaffolds of MAPK signaling being affected, DON exposure also altered phosphorylation of proteins that mediate phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT pathways. Gene ontology analysis revealed that DON exposure affected biological processes such as cytoskeleton organization, regulation of apoptosis, and lymphocyte activation and development, which likely contribute to immune dysregulation associated with DON-induced RSR. Consistent with these findings, DON impacted phosphorylation of proteins within diverse immune cell populations, including monocytes, macrophages, T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, and mast cells. Fuzzy c-means clustering analysis further indicated that DON evoked several distinctive temporal profiles of regulated phosphopeptides. Overall, the findings from this investigation can serve as a template for future focused exploration and modeling of cellular responses associated with the immunotoxicity evoked by DON and other ribotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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72
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Guenzl PM, Raim R, Kral J, Brunner J, Sahin E, Schabbauer G. Insulin hypersensitivity induced by hepatic PTEN gene ablation protects from murine endotoxemia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67013. [PMID: 23825606 PMCID: PMC3692528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis still remains a major cause for morbidity and mortality in patients. The molecular mechanisms underlying the disease are still enigmatic. A great number of therapeutic approaches have failed and treatment strategies are limited to date. Among those few admitted for clinical intervention, intensive insulin treatment has proven to be effective in the reduction of disease related complications in critically ill patients. Insulin effectively reduces glucose levels and thereby contributes to protection. On the other hand insulin is a potent signaling pathway activator. One of those is the PI3K signaling axis. Activation of PI3K is known to limit pro-inflammatory gene expression. Here we can show that in a mouse model of insulin hypersensitivity induced by the deletion of the PI3K antagonist PTEN, specifically in hepatic tissue, significant protection is conferred in murine models of lethal endotoxemia and sepsis. Acute inflammatory responses are diminished, glucose metabolism normalized and vascular activation is reduced. Furthermore we investigated the hepatic gene expression profile of relevant anti-inflammatory genes in PTEN deficient mice and found marked upregulation of PPARγ and HO-1. We conclude from our data that insulin hypersensitivity via sustained activation of the PI3K signaling pathway exerts protective effects in acute inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp M. Guenzl
- Institute for Physiology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roman Raim
- Institute for Physiology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Kral
- Institute for Physiology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Brunner
- Institute for Physiology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Emine Sahin
- Institute for Physiology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gernot Schabbauer
- Institute for Physiology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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73
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Reciprocal effects of Guizhi decoction to the Guizhi decoction syndrome by toll-like receptor mRNA expression and cytokines secretion. Chin J Integr Med 2013; 19:826-35. [PMID: 23754163 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-013-1325-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the pathological mechanisms of Guizhi Decoction () syndrome and the therapeutic molecular mechanisms of the Guizhi Decoction, Mahuang Decoction (), Sangju Decoction ( ) and Yinqiao Powder (), as well as the potentially biological basis that Guizhi Decoction is most effective only for the patients with Guizhi Decoction syndrome in clinical practice. METHODS We first got serum samples from the patients suffering from both upper respiratory tract infection and Guizhi Decoction syndrome identified by the doctors of Chinese medicine (CM) in the clinic. Four formulas with therapeutic actions of pungent warmth or pungent coolness for superficial syndromes were chosen and four kinds of rat serum samples each containing one of the above-mentioned herbal formulas were collected, then the effects of Guizhi Decoction syndromes' patient serum as well as the effects of sera containing the formulas after being stimulated by the patient serum samples on both the mRNA expression of certain toll-like receptor (TLR) subtypes and the release of some inflammatory cytokines in RAW264.7 cells were tested and analyzed in vitro. RESULTS The expression of TLR-3, TLR-4 and TLR-9 mRNA among the 9 tested TLR subforms were up-regulated in the macrophages stimulated by the sera from untreated upper respiratory infection patients with the Guizhi Decoction syndrome (symptomcomplex). The products such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-β from stimulated macrophages through TLR signaling pathways were also increased correspondingly. Interestingly, the changes induced by the Guizhi Decoction syndrome patients' sera were masked significantly after the macrophages were incubated with the sera from donors treated with Guizhi Decoction. Similarly, the three other exterior-releasing formulas were all effective in reversing the up-regulated changes of certain TLR subforms to different degrees, but both the number of targeted TLRs and efficacy of them seemed to be inferior to that of Guizhi Decoction. CONCLUSION Evidence from these experiments might contribute to the scientific explanation of both the pharmacological mechanisms of Guizhi Decoction and also the CM theory that Guizhi Decoction is specifically prescribed for the treatment of Guizhi Decoction syndrome (The gearing formula to the symptom-complex).
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Kan-o K, Matsumoto K, Asai-Tajiri Y, Fukuyama S, Hamano S, Seki N, Nakanishi Y, Inoue H. PI3K-delta mediates double-stranded RNA-induced upregulation of B7-H1 in BEAS-2B airway epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 435:195-201. [PMID: 23660190 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.04.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Airway viral infection disturbs the health-related quality of life. B7-H1 (also known as PD-L1) is a coinhibitory molecule associated with the escape of viruses from the mucosal immunity, leading to persistent infection. Most respiratory viruses generate double-stranded (ds) RNA during replication. The stimulation of cultured airway epithelial cells with an analog of viral dsRNA, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly IC) upregulates the expression of B7-H1 via activation of the nuclear factor κB(NF-κB). The mechanism of upregulation was investigated in association with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks). Poly IC-induced upregulation of B7-H1 was profoundly suppressed by a pan-PI3K inhibitor and partially by an inhibitor or a small interfering (si)RNA for PI3Kδ in BEAS-2B cells. Similar results were observed in the respiratory syncytial virus-infected cells. The expression of p110δ was detected by Western blot and suppressed by pretreatment with PI3Kδ siRNA. The activation of PI3Kδ is typically induced by oxidative stress. The generation of reactive oxygen species was increased by poly IC. Poly IC-induced upregulation of B7-H1 was attenuated by N-acetyl-L-cysteine, an antioxidant, or by oxypurinol, an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. Poly IC-induced activation of NF-κB was suppressed by a pan-PI3K inhibitor but not by a PI3Kδ inhibitor. These results suggest that PI3Kδ mediates dsRNA-induced upregulation of B7-H1 without affecting the activation of NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Kan-o
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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75
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Vandevenne M, Campisi V, Freichels A, Gillard C, Gaspard G, Frère JM, Galleni M, Filée P. Comparative functional analysis of the human macrophage chitotriosidase. Protein Sci 2013; 20:1451-63. [PMID: 21674664 DOI: 10.1002/pro.676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This work analyses the chitin-binding and catalytic domains of the human macrophage chitotriosidase and investigates the physiological role of this glycoside hydrolase in a complex mechanism such as the innate immune system, especially its antifungal activity. Accordingly, we first analyzed the ability of its chitin-binding domain to interact with chitin embedded in fungal cell walls using the β-lactamase activity reporter system described in our previous work. The data showed that the chitin-binding activity was related to the cell wall composition of the fungi strains and that their peptide-N-glycosidase/zymolyase treatments increased binding to fungal by increasing protein permeability. We also investigated the antifungal activity of the enzyme against Candida albicans. The antifungal properties of the complete chitotriosidase were analyzed and compared with those of the isolated chitin-binding and catalytic domains. The isolated catalytic domain but not the chitin-binding domain was sufficient to provide antifungal activity. Furthermore, to explain the lack of obvious pathologic phenotypes in humans homozygous for a widespread mutation that renders chitotriosidase inactive, we postulated that the absence of an active chitotriosidase might be compensated by the expression of another human hydrolytic enzyme such as lysozyme. The comparison of the antifungal properties of chitotriosidase and lysozyme indicated that surprisingly, both enzymes have similar in vitro antifungal properties. Furthermore, despite its more efficient hydrolytic activity on chitin, the observed antifungal activity of chitotriosidase was lower than that of lysozyme. Finally, this antifungal duality between chitotriosidase and lysozyme is discussed in the context of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marylène Vandevenne
- Macromolécules Biologiques, Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines, Institut de Chimie B6a, Université de Liège, Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium.
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Huang JB, Ding Y, Huang DS, Zeng WK, Guan ZP, Zhang ML. RNA Interference Targeting p110β Reduces Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Production in Cellular Response to Wear Particles In vitro and Osteolysis In vivo. Inflammation 2013; 36:1041-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-013-9636-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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77
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Wei ZF, Jiao XL, Wang T, Lu Q, Xia YF, Wang ZT, Guo QL, Chou GX, Dai Y. Norisoboldine alleviates joint destruction in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis by reducing RANKL, IL-6, PGE(2), and MMP-13 expression. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; 34:403-13. [PMID: 23396374 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2012.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore the effects of norisoboldine (NOR), a major isoquinoline alkaloid in Radix Linderae, on joint destruction in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) and its underlying mechanisms. METHODS AIA was induced in adult male SD rats by intradermal injection of Mycobacterium butyricum in Freund's complete adjuvant at the base of the right hind paw and tail. From d 14 after immunization, the rats were orally given NOR (7.5, 15, or 30 mg/kg) or dexamethasone (0.5 mg/kg) daily for 10 consecutive days. Joint destruction was evaluated with radiological scanning and H&E staining. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) were prepared from fresh synovial tissues in the AIA rats. The expression of related proteins and mRNAs were detected by ELISA, Western blotting and RT-PCR. RESULTS In AIA rats, NOR (15 and 30 mg/kg) significantly decreased the swelling of paws and arthritis index scores, and elevated the mean body weight. NOR (30 mg/kg) prevented both the infiltration of inflammatory cells and destruction of bone and cartilage in joints. However, NOR (15 mg/kg) only suppressed the destruction of bone and cartilage, but did not obviously ameliorate synovial inflammation. NOR (15 and 30 mg/kg) significantly decreased the serum levels of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL), IL-6, PGE2, and MMP-13, but not the osteoprotegerin and MMP-1 levels. The mRNA levels of RANKL, IL-6, COX-2, and MMP-13 in synovium were also suppressed. Dexamethasone produced similar effects in AIA rats as NOR did, but without elevating the mean body weight. In the cultured FLS, treatment with NOR (10 and 30 mmol/L) significantly decreased the secretion of RANKL, IL-6, PGE2, and MMP-13 proteins. Furthermore, the treatment selectively prevented the activation of MAPKs, AKT and transcription factor AP-1 component c-Jun, but not the recruitment of TRAF6 or the activation of JAK2/STAT3. Treatment of the cultured FLS with the specific inhibitors of p38, ERK, AKT, and AP-1 significantly decreased the secretion of RANKL, IL-6, PGE2, and MMP-13 proteins. CONCLUSION NOR can alleviate joint destruction in AIA rats by reducing RANKL, IL-6, PGE2, and MMP-13 expression via the p38/ERK/AKT/AP-1 pathway.
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A critical role for MAPK signalling pathways in the transcriptional regulation of toll like receptors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e51243. [PMID: 23405061 PMCID: PMC3566169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like Receptors (TLR) are phylogenetically conserved transmembrane proteins responsible for detection of pathogens and activation of immune responses in diverse animal species. The stimulation of TLR by pathogen-derived molecules leads to the production of pro-inflammatory mediators including cytokines and nitric oxide. Although TLR-induced events are critical for immune induction, uncontrolled inflammation can be life threatening and regulation is a critical feature of TLR biology. We used an avian macrophage cell line (HD11) to determine the relationship between TLR agonist-induced activation of inflammatory responses and the transcriptional regulation of TLR. Exposure of macrophages to specific TLR agonists induced upregulation of cytokine and nitric oxide pathways that were inhibited by blocking various components of the TLR signalling pathways. TLR activation also led to changes in the levels of mRNA encoding the TLR responsible for recognising the inducing agonist (cognate regulation) and cross-regulation of other TLR (non-cognate regulation). Interestingly, in most cases, regulation of TLR mRNA was independent of NFκB activity but dependent on one or more of the MAPK pathway components. Moreover, the relative importance of ERK, JNK and p38 was dependent upon both the stimulating agonist and the target TLR. These results provide a framework for understanding the complex pathways involved in transcriptional regulation of TLR, immune induction and inflammation. Manipulation of these pathways during vaccination or management of acute inflammatory disease may lead to improved clinical outcome or enhanced vaccine efficacy.
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Yu H, Valerio M, Bielawski J. Fenretinide inhibited de novo ceramide synthesis and proinflammatory cytokines induced by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:189-201. [PMID: 23139430 PMCID: PMC3520524 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m031427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ceramides play an essential role in modulating immune signaling pathways and proinflammatory cytokine production in response to infectious pathogens, stress stimuli, or chemotherapeutic drugs. In this study, we demonstrated that Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, the pathogen for aggressive periodontitis, induced de novo synthesis of ceramide in Raw 264.7 cells. In addition, we identified that fenretinide, a synthetic retinoid, suppressed the de novo synthesis of ceramide induced by A. actinomycetemcomitans. Moreover, fenretinide attenuated interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression induced by A. actinomycetemcomitans. Fenretinide also decreased IL-1β, IL-6, and prostaglandin E2 proinflammatory cytokine levels in Raw 264.7 cells induced by A. actinomycetemcomitans. However, fenretinide had no significant effects on tumor necrosis factor alpha mRNA or protein levels. Furthermore, we showed that fenretinide inhibited the janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt, protein kinase C, and nuclear factor-kappaB signaling pathways, whereas fenretinide up-regulated the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways after bacterial stimulation. This study emphasizes the de novo ceramide synthesis pathway in response to bacterial stimulation and demonstrates the anti-inflammatory role of fenretinide in the bacteria-induced immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yu
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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80
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Won K, Kim SM, Lee SA, Rhim BY, Eo SK, Kim K. Multiple Signaling Molecules are Involved in Expression of CCL2 and IL-1β in Response to FSL-1, a Toll-Like Receptor 6 Agonist, in Macrophages. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 16:447-53. [PMID: 23271927 PMCID: PMC3526750 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2012.16.6.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
TLR6 forms a heterodimer with TLR2 and TLR4. While proinflammatory roles of TLR2 and TLR4 are well documented, the role of TLR6 in inflammation is poorly understood. In order to understand mechanisms of action of TLR6 in inflammatory responses, we investigated the effects of FSL-1, the TLR6 ligand, on expression of chemokine CCL2 and cytokine IL-1β and determined cellular factors involved in FSL-1-mediated expression of CCL2 and IL-1β in mononuclear cells. Exposure of human monocytic leukemia THP-1 cells to FSL-1 resulted not only in enhanced secretion of CCL2 and IL-1β, but also profound induction of their gene transcripts. Expression of CCL2 was abrogated by treatment with OxPAPC, a TLR-2/4 inhibitor, while treatment with OxPAPC resulted in partially inhibited expression of IL-1β. Treatment with FSL-1 resulted in enhanced phosphorylation of Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinases and activation of protein kinase C. Treatment with pharmacological inhibitors, including SB202190, SP6001250, U0126, Akt inhibitor IV, LY294002, GF109203X, and RO318220 resulted in significantly attenuated FSL-1-mediated upregulation of CCL2 and IL-1β. Our results indicate that activation of TLR6 will trigger inflammatory responses by upregulating expression of CCL2 and IL-1β via TLR-2/4, protein kinase C, PI3K-Akt, and mitogen-activated protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keunsoo Won
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Korea. ; Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-704, Korea
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81
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Rose AM, Bell LCK. Epistasis and immunity: the role of genetic interactions in autoimmune diseases. Immunology 2012; 137:131-8. [PMID: 22804709 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2012.03623.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune disorders are a complex and varied group of diseases that are caused by breakdown of self-tolerance. The aetiology of autoimmunity is multi-factorial, with both environmental triggers and genetically determined risk factors. In recent years, it has been increasingly recognized that genetic risk factors do not act in isolation, but rather the combination of individual additive effects, gene-gene interactions and gene-environment interactions determine overall risk of autoimmunity. The importance of gene-gene interactions, or epistasis, has been recently brought into focus, with research demonstrating that many autoimmune diseases, including rheumatic arthritis, autoimmune glomerulonephritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis, are influenced by epistatic interactions. This review sets out to examine the basic mechanisms of epistasis, how epistasis influences the immune system and the role of epistasis in two major autoimmune conditions, systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Rose
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.
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82
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Miyazawa K. A negative regulator or just an unconcerned passerby: phosphoinositide 3-kinase signalling in IL-12 production. J Biochem 2012; 152:497-9. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvs122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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83
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Troutman TD, Bazan JF, Pasare C. Toll-like receptors, signaling adapters and regulation of the pro-inflammatory response by PI3K. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:3559-67. [PMID: 22895011 PMCID: PMC3478307 DOI: 10.4161/cc.21572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
TLRs are a family of pattern recognition receptors that recognize conserved molecular structures/products from a wide variety of microbes. Following recognition of ligands, TLRs recruit signaling adapters to initiate a pro-inflammatory signaling cascade culminating in the activation of several transcription factor families. Additionally, TLR signals lead to activation of PI3K, affecting many aspects of the cellular response, including cell survival, proliferation and regulation of the pro-inflammatory response. The recent discovery of BCAP as a TLR signaling adaptor, crucial for linking TLRs to PI3K activation, allows new questions of the importance of PI3K activation downstream of TLRs. Here, we summarize the current understanding of signaling pathways activated by TLRs and provide our perspective on TLR mediated activation of PI3K and its impact on regulating cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ty Dale Troutman
- Department of Immunology; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA
| | | | - Chandrashekhar Pasare
- Department of Immunology; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA
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Kenzel S, Mergen M, von Süßkind-Schwendi J, Wennekamp J, Deshmukh SD, Haeffner M, Triantafyllopoulou A, Fuchs S, Farmand S, Santos-Sierra S, Seufert J, van den Berg TK, Kuijpers TW, Henneke P. Insulin modulates the inflammatory granulocyte response to streptococci via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:4582-91. [PMID: 23018458 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Group B streptococci (GBS; Streptococcus agalactiae) are a major cause of invasive infections in newborn infants and in patients with type 2 diabetes. Both patient groups exhibit peripheral insulin resistance and alterations in polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PML) function. In this investigation, we studied the PML response repertoire to GBS with a focus on TLR signaling and the modulation of this response by insulin in mice and humans. We found that GBS-induced, MyD88-dependent chemokine formation of PML was specifically downmodulated by insulin via insulin receptor-mediated induction of PI3K. PI3K inhibited transcription of chemokine genes on the level of NF-κB activation and binding. Insulin specifically modulated the chemokine response of PML to whole bacteria, but affected neither activation by purified TLR agonists nor antimicrobial properties, such as migration, phagocytosis, bacterial killing, and formation of reactive oxygen species. The targeted modulation of bacteria-induced chemokine formation by insulin via PI3K may form a basis for the development of novel targets of adjunctive sepsis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybille Kenzel
- Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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85
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Lin YC, Kuo HC, Wang JS, Lin WW. Regulation of inflammatory response by 3-methyladenine involves the coordinative actions on Akt and glycogen synthase kinase 3β rather than autophagy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:4154-64. [PMID: 22972931 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
3-Methyladenine (3-MA) is one of the most commonly used inhibitors in autophagy research today. However, rather than inhibiting class III PI3K that is involved in autophagy suppression, 3-MA might also interfere with class I PI3K and consequently augment autophagy flux. In this study, we aim to get a thorough understanding on the action mechanisms of 3-MA in TLR4-mediated inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 macrophages and, moreover, to decipher the action of 3-MA in modulation of autophagy. We found that 3-MA could enhance LPS-induced NF-κB activation and production of TNF-α, inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2, IL-1β, and IL-12. In contrast, 3-MA suppressed LPS-induced IFN-β production and STAT signaling. Studies revealed that 3-MA can, through inhibition of Akt as a result of class I PI3K interference, positively regulate p38, JNK, and p65, but negatively regulate TANK-binding kinase 1 and IFN regulatory factor 3 mediated by TLR4. As glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) is an important Akt substrate, we further explored its involvement in the actions of 3-MA. 3-MA was found to enhance LPS-induced NF-κB activation, iNOS, and pro-IL-1β expression, and these actions were reversed by either GSK3β inhibitors or small interfering GSK3β. Lastly, we demonstrated that 3-MA acts as an autophagy inducer in RAW264.7 macrophages, but the stimulating effects on NF-κB activation and iNOS and cyclooxygenase-2 expression were not affected in LPS-stimulated macrophages with small interfering autophagy protein-5 treatment. These results not only shed new light on the action mechanisms of 3-MA to differentially regulate inflammatory outcomes derived from TLR4-mediated MyD88 and Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adapter inducing IFN-β pathways, but also highlight the necessity to check autophagy status upon taking 3-MA as a general autophagy inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chieh Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
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86
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Orita T, Kimura K, Nishida T, Sonoda KH. Cytokine and chemokine secretion induced by poly(I:C) through NF-κB and phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling pathways in human corneal fibroblasts. Curr Eye Res 2012; 38:53-9. [PMID: 22954322 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2012.721044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE/AIM Viral infection of the cornea can result in inflammation and scarring and eventually lead to blindness. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)], an analog of viral double-stranded RNA, induces the secretion of cytokines and chemokines from cultured corneal fibroblasts. We have now investigated the role of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathways in poly(I:C)-induced cytokine and chemokine secretion from corneal fibroblasts. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human corneal fibroblasts were cultured with poly(I:C) in the absence or presence of IKK-2 inhibitor or LY294002, which are inhibitors of NF-κB and PI3K signaling, respectively. The release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6 and the chemokines IL-8, IP-10, and RANTES from the cells was measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Poly(I:C) induced the secretion of IL-6, IL-8, IP-10, and RANTES from corneal fibroblasts. Whereas the poly(I:C)-induced secretion of IL-6, IP-10, and RANTES was inhibited by both IKK-2 inhibitor and LY294002, that of IL-8 was blocked only by IKK-2 inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS The poly(I:C)-induced secretion of IL-6, IP-10, and RANTES from human corneal fibroblasts is mediated by both NF-κB and PI3K signaling pathways, whereas that of IL-8 is mediated by the NF-κB pathway. These signaling pathways thus likely contribute to local inflammation in the corneal stroma induced by viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Orita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube City, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
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87
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Myeloid cell-specific expression of Ship1 regulates IL-12 production and immunity to helminth infection. Mucosal Immunol 2012; 5:535-43. [PMID: 22535180 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Helminth infection leads to the local proliferation and accumulation of macrophages in tissues. However, the function of macrophages during helminth infection remains unclear. SH2-containing inositol 5'-phosphatase 1 (Ship1, Inpp5d) is a lipid phosphatase that has been shown to play a critical role in macrophage function. Here, we identify a critical role for Ship1 in the negative regulation of interleukin (IL)-12/23p40 production by macrophages during infection with the intestinal helminth parasite Trichuris muris. Mice with myeloid cell-specific deletion of Ship1 (Ship1(ΔLysM) mice) develop a non-protective T-helper type 1 cell response and fail to expel parasites. Ship1-deficient macrophages produce heightened levels of IL-12/23p40 in vitro and in vivo and antibody blockade of IL-12/23p40 renders Ship1(ΔLysM) mice resistant to Trichuris infection. Our results identify a critical role for the negative regulation of IL-12/23p40 production by macrophages in the development of a protective T(H)2 cell response.
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88
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Wallet MA, Reist CM, Williams JC, Appelberg S, Guiulfo GL, Gardner B, Sleasman JW, Goodenow MM. The HIV-1 protease inhibitor nelfinavir activates PP2 and inhibits MAPK signaling in macrophages: a pathway to reduce inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 92:795-805. [PMID: 22786868 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0911447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 PI NFV has off-target effects upon host enzymes, including inhibition of the 20S proteasome, resulting in activation of PP1. HIV-1-associated monocyte/macrophage activation, in part a result of systemically elevated levels of microbial products including LPS, is associated with risk of mortality, independent of viremia or CD4 T cell loss. This study tested the hypothesis that activation of protein phosphatases by NFV would reduce activation of monocytes/macrophages through dephosphorylation of signal transduction proteins. NFV uniquely blocked LPS-induced production by human monocyte-derived macrophages of the inflammatory cytokines TNF and IL-6, as well as sCD14. Although NFV failed to modulate NF-κB, NFV treatment reduced phosphorylation of AKT and MAPKs. Inhibition of PP2 with okadaic acid blocked the anti-inflammatory effect of NFV, whereas the PP1 inhibitor calyculin A failed to counter the anti-inflammatory effects of NFV. For in vivo studies, plasma sCD14 and LPS were monitored in a cohort of 31 pediatric HIV-1 patients for over 2 years of therapy. Therapy, including NFV, reduced sCD14 levels significantly compared with IDV or RTV, independent of ΔLPS levels, VL, CD4 T cell frequency, or age. The hypothesis was supported as NFV induced activation of PP2 in macrophages, resulting in disruption of inflammatory cell signaling pathways. In vivo evidence supports that NFV may offer beneficial effects independent of antiviral activity by reducing severity of chronic innate immune activation in HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Wallet
- University of Florida, Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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89
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Tjäderhane L, Haapasalo M. The dentin-pulp border: a dynamic interface between hard and soft tissues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-1546.2012.00266.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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90
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Sandig H, Bulfone-Paus S. TLR signaling in mast cells: common and unique features. Front Immunol 2012; 3:185. [PMID: 22783258 PMCID: PMC3389341 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the well known role of mast cells in immunity to multi-cellular parasites and in the pathogenesis of allergy and asthma, the importance of mast cells in the immune defense against bacteria and viruses is increasingly being recognized. Their location in the skin, gut, and airways puts mast cells in an ideal location to encounter and respond to pathogens, and in order to perform this function, these cells express a variety of pattern recognition receptors, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Mast cells respond to TLR ligands by secreting cytokines, chemokines, and lipid mediators, and some studies have found that TLR ligands can also cause degranulation, although this finding is contentious. In addition, stimulation via TLR ligands can synergize with signaling via the FcεRI, potentially enhancing the response of the cells to antigen in vivo. A great deal is now known about TLR signaling pathways. Some features of these pathways are cell type-specific, however, and work is under way to fully elucidate the TLR signaling cascades in the mast cell. Already, some interesting differences have been identified. This review aims to address what is known about the responses of mast cells to TLR ligands and the signaling pathways involved. Given the location of mast cells at sites exposed to the environment, the response of these cells to TLR ligands must be carefully regulated. The known mechanisms behind this regulation are also reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary Sandig
- Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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91
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Innate immune response of human plasmacytoid dendritic cells to poxvirus infection is subverted by vaccinia E3 via its Z-DNA/RNA binding domain. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36823. [PMID: 22606294 PMCID: PMC3351467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) play important roles in antiviral innate immunity by producing type I interferon (IFN). In this study, we assess the immune responses of primary human pDCs to two poxviruses, vaccinia and myxoma virus. Vaccinia, an orthopoxvirus, was used for immunization against smallpox, a contagious human disease with high mortality. Myxoma virus, a Leporipoxvirus, causes lethal disease in rabbits, but is non-pathogenic in humans. We report that myxoma virus infection of human pDCs induces IFN-α and TNF production, whereas vaccinia infection does not. Co-infection of pDCs with myxoma virus plus vaccinia blocks myxoma induction effects. We find that heat-inactivated vaccinia (Heat-VAC; by incubating the virus at 55°C for 1 h) gains the ability to induce IFN-α and TNF in primary human pDCs. Induction of IFN-α in pDCs by myxoma virus or Heat-VAC is blocked by chloroquine, which inhibits endosomal acidification required for TLR7/9 signaling, and by inhibitors of cellular kinases PI3K and Akt. Using purified pDCs from genetic knockout mice, we demonstrate that Heat-VAC-induced type I IFN production in pDCs requires the endosomal RNA sensor TLR7 and its adaptor MyD88, transcription factor IRF7 and the type I IFN feedback loop mediated by IFNAR1. These results indicate that (i) vaccinia virus, but not myxoma virus, expresses inhibitor(s) of the poxvirus sensing pathway(s) in pDCs; and (ii) Heat-VAC infection fails to produce inhibitor(s) but rather produces novel activator(s), likely viral RNA transcripts that are sensed by the TLR7/MyD88 pathway. Using vaccinia gene deletion mutants, we show that the Z-DNA/RNA binding domain at the N-terminus of the vaccinia immunomodulatory E3 protein is an antagonist of the innate immune response of human pDCs to poxvirus infection and TLR agonists. The myxoma virus ortholog of vaccinia E3 (M029) lacks the N-terminal Z-DNA/RNA binding domain, which might contribute to the immunostimulating properties of myxoma virus.
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Phenotypic effects of repeated psychosocial stress during adolescence in mice mutant for the schizophrenia risk gene neuregulin-1: a putative model of gene × environment interaction. Brain Behav Immun 2012; 26:660-71. [PMID: 22426432 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a paucity of animal models by which the contributions of environmental and genetic factors to the pathobiology of psychosis can be investigated. This study examined the individual and combined effects of chronic social stress during adolescence and deletion of the schizophrenia risk gene neuregulin-1 (NRG1) on adult mouse phenotype. Mice were exposed to repeated social defeat stress during adolescence and assessed for exploratory behaviour, working memory, sucrose preference, social behaviour and prepulse inhibition in adulthood. Thereafter, in vitro cytokine responses to mitogen stimulation and corticosterone inhibition were assayed in spleen cells, with measurement of cytokine and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA in frontal cortex, hippocampus and striatum. NRG1 mutants exhibited hyperactivity, decreased anxiety, impaired sensorimotor gating and reduced preference for social novelty. The effects of stress on exploratory/anxiety-related parameters, spatial working memory, sucrose preference and basal cytokine levels were modified by NRG1 deletion. Stress also exerted varied effect on spleen cytokine response to concanavalin A and brain cytokine and BDNF mRNA expression in NRG1 mutants. The experience of psychosocial stress during adolescence may trigger further pathobiological features that contribute to the development of schizophrenia, particularly in those with underlying NRG1 gene abnormalities. This model elaborates the importance of gene × environment interactions in the etiology of schizophrenia.
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93
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Abstract
It is noteworthy that bacterial or viral infections, and the resulting chronic inflammation, have been shown to predispose individuals to certain types of cancer. Remarkably, these microbes upregulated some transcription factors involved in the regulation of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition, referred herein as EMT. EMT is a cellular process that consists in the conversion of epithelial cell phenotype to a mesenchymal phenotype. Under physiological conditions EMT is clearly important for embryogenesis, organ development, wound repair and tissue remodeling. However, EMT may also be activated under pathologic conditions, more particularly in carcinogenesis and metastatic progression. In this review, we make a parallel between microbes- and growth factors- induced transcription factors. A unifying EMT model then emerges that may help in understanding the development of microbial pathogenesis and in defining new potential future therapeutic strategy in treating diseases linked to infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hofman
- Institution for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN); Nice, France,University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis; Nice, France,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice; Hôpital Pasteur; Laboratoire de Pathologie Clinique et Expérimentale; Nice, France
| | - Valérie Vouret-Craviari
- Institution for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN); Nice, France,University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis; Nice, France,Correspondence to: Valérie Vouret-Craviari,
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94
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Krebs DL, Chehal MK, Sio A, Huntington ND, Da ML, Ziltener P, Inglese M, Kountouri N, Priatel JJ, Jones J, Tarlinton DM, Anderson GP, Hibbs ML, Harder KW. Lyn-Dependent Signaling Regulates the Innate Immune Response by Controlling Dendritic Cell Activation of NK Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:5094-105. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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95
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Hou SZ, Li Y, Zhu XL, Wang ZY, Wang X, Xu Y. Ameliorative effects of Diammonium Glycyrrhizinate on inflammation in focal cerebral ischemic-reperfusion injury. Brain Res 2012; 1447:20-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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96
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Ruschmann J, Antignano F, Lam V, Snyder K, Kim C, Essak M, Zhang A, Lin AHA, Mali RS, Kapur R, Krystal G. The role of SHIP in the development and activation of mouse mucosal and connective tissue mast cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:3839-50. [PMID: 22430739 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Although SHIP is a well-established suppressor of IgE plus Ag-induced degranulation and cytokine production in bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs), little is known about its role in connective tissue (CTMCs) or mucosal (MMCs) mast cells. In this study, we compared SHIP's role in the development as well as the IgE plus Ag and TLR-induced activation of CTMCs, MMCs, and BMMCs and found that SHIP delays the maturation of all three mast cell subsets and, surprisingly, that it is a positive regulator of IgE-induced BMMC survival. We also found that SHIP represses IgE plus Ag-induced degranulation of all three mast cell subsets and that TLR agonists do not trigger their degranulation, whether SHIP is present or not, nor do they enhance IgE plus Ag-induced degranulation. In terms of cytokine production, we found that in MMCs and BMMCs, which are poor producers of TLR-induced cytokines, SHIP is a potent negative regulator of IgE plus Ag-induced IL-6 and TNF-α production. Surprisingly, however, in splenic or peritoneal derived CTMCs, which are poor producers of IgE plus Ag-induced cytokines, SHIP is a potent positive regulator of TLR-induced cytokine production. Lastly, cell signaling and cytokine production studies with and without LY294002, wortmannin, and PI3Kα inhibitor-2, as well as with PI3K p85α(-/-) BMMCs and CTMCs, are consistent with SHIP positively regulating TLR-induced cytokine production via an adaptor-mediated pathway while negatively regulating IgE plus Ag-induced cytokine production by repressing the PI3K pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Ruschmann
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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97
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Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) control cell growth, proliferation, cell survival, metabolic activity, vesicular trafficking, degranulation, and migration. Through these processes, PI3Ks modulate vital physiology. When over-activated in disease, PI3K promotes tumor growth, angiogenesis, metastasis or excessive immune cell activation in inflammation, allergy and autoimmunity. This chapter will introduce molecular activation and signaling of PI3Ks, and connections to target of rapamycin (TOR) and PI3K-related protein kinases (PIKKs). The focus will be on class I PI3Ks, and extend into current developments to exploit mechanistic knowledge for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Wymann
- Institute Biochemistry & Genetics, Department Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058, Basel, Switzerland,
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98
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Role for B-cell adapter for PI3K (BCAP) as a signaling adapter linking Toll-like receptors (TLRs) to serine/threonine kinases PI3K/Akt. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 109:273-8. [PMID: 22187460 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1118579109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll like receptors (TLRs) use Toll-IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adapters, such as myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) and TIR domain-containing adapter inducing IFN-β (TRIF), to induce activation of transcription factors, including NF-κB, MAP kinases, and IFN regulatory factors. TLR signaling also leads to activation of PI3K, but the molecular mechanism is not understood. Here we have discovered a unique role for B-cell adapter for PI3K (BCAP) in the TLR-signaling pathway. We find that BCAP has a functional N-terminal TIR homology domain and links TLR signaling to activation of PI3K. In addition, BCAP negatively regulates proinflammatory cytokine secretion upon TLR stimulation. In vivo, the absence of BCAP leads to exaggerated recruitment of inflammatory myeloid cells following infections and enhanced susceptibility to dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Our results demonstrate that BCAP is a unique TIR domain-containing TLR signaling adapter crucial for linking TLRs to PI3K activation and regulating the inflammatory response.
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99
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Marshall NA, Galvin KC, Corcoran AMB, Boon L, Higgs R, Mills KHG. Immunotherapy with PI3K inhibitor and Toll-like receptor agonist induces IFN-γ+IL-17+ polyfunctional T cells that mediate rejection of murine tumors. Cancer Res 2011; 72:581-91. [PMID: 22158905 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The immunosuppressive microenvironment in tumors hampers the induction of antitumor immunity by vaccines or immunotherapies. Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands have the potential to treat tumors, but they can exert a mixture of positive and negative effects on inflammation in the tumor microenvironment. In this study, we show that specific small molecule inhibitors of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) relieve immunosuppression to heighten the proinflammatory effects of TLR ligands that support antitumor immunity. Multiple strategies to inhibit PI3K in dendritic cells (DC) each led to suppression of interleukin (IL)-10 and TGF-β but did affect IL-12 or IL-1β induction by the TLR5 ligand flagellin. In three different mouse models of cancer, combining flagellin with a class I PI3K inhibitor, either with or without a DC vaccine, delayed tumor growth and increased survival, with some animals exhibiting complete rejection and resistance to secondary challenge. Tumor growth suppression was associated with increased accumulation of polyfunctional T cells that secreted multiple effector cytokines, including IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL-2. Therapeutic protection was abolished in mice deficient in IL-17 or deprived of IFN-γ. Together, our results indicate that PI3K inhibition heighten the antitumor properties of TLR ligands, eliciting tumor regression directly but also indirectly by relieving suppressive signals that restrict potent antitumor T-cell responses. These findings suggest important uses for PI3K inhibitors in heightening responses to cancer immunotherapy and immunochemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Marshall
- Immune Regulation Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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100
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Jendrysik MA, Vasilevsky S, Yi L, Wood A, Zhu N, Zhao Y, Koontz SM, Jackson SH. NADPH oxidase-2 derived ROS dictates murine DC cytokine-mediated cell fate decisions during CD4 T helper-cell commitment. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28198. [PMID: 22145029 PMCID: PMC3228756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidase-2 (Nox2)/gp91phox and p47phox deficient mice are prone to hyper-inflammatory responses suggesting a paradoxical role for Nox2-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) as anti-inflammatory mediators. The molecular basis for this mode of control remains unclear. Here we demonstrate that IFNγ/LPS matured p47phox−/−-ROS deficient mouse dendritic cells (DC) secrete more IL-12p70 than similarly treated wild type DC, and in an in vitro co-culture model IFNγ/LPS matured p47phox−/− DC bias more ovalbumin-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes toward a Th1 phenotype than wild type (WT) DC through a ROS-dependent mechanism linking IL-12p70 expression to regulation of p38-MAPK activation. The Nox2-dependent ROS production in DC negatively regulates proinflammatory IL-12 expression in DC by constraining p38-MAPK activity. Increasing endogenous H2O2 attenuates p38-MAPK activity in IFNγ/LPS stimulated WT and p47phox−/− DC, which suggests that endogenous Nox 2-derived ROS functions as a secondary messenger in the activated p38-MAPK signaling pathway during IL-12 expression. These findings indicate that ROS, generated endogenously by innate and adaptive immune cells, can function as important secondary messengers that can regulate cytokine production and immune cell cross-talk to control during the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan A. Jendrysik
- Molecular Defenses Section, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sam Vasilevsky
- Monocyte Trafficking Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Liang Yi
- Monocyte Trafficking Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Adam Wood
- Monocyte Trafficking Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nannan Zhu
- Monocyte Trafficking Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yongge Zhao
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sherry M. Koontz
- Monocyte Trafficking Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sharon H. Jackson
- Monocyte Trafficking Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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