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Ściskalska M, Zalewska M, Grzelak A, Milnerowicz H. The influence of the occupational exposure to heavy metals and tobacco smoke on the selected oxidative stress markers in smelters. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 159:59-68. [PMID: 24789476 PMCID: PMC4051999 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-9984-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to verify if there is any association between exposure to Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, As and the formation of malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), and whether in this process cigarette smoking plays a role. The investigations were performed in the 352 smelters occupationally exposed to heavy metals and 73 persons of control group. Metals concentration was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. MDA and AOPP concentrations were determined by spectrophotometric methods. The concentration of 8-OHdG was determined by ELISA method. It was demonstrated an increased Cu concentration in smoking smelters compared to non-smoking control group. It was noted no differences in Zn and Mg concentrations between the examined groups. Pb concentration was more than sixfold higher in the group of smoking smelters and about fivefold higher in the group of non-smoking smelters compared to the control groups (smokers and non-smokers). It was shown that Cd concentration in the blood was nearly fivefold higher in the smoking control group compared to the non-smoking control group and more than threefold higher in the group of smoking smelters compared to non-smoking. It was shown an increased As concentration (more than fourfold) and decreased Ca concentration in both groups of smelters compared to control groups. In groups of smelters (smokers and non-smokers), twofold higher MDA and AOPP concentrations, and AOPP/albumin index compared to control groups (smokers and non-smokers) were shown. Tobacco smoke is the major source of Cd in the blood of smelters. Occupational exposure causes accumulation of Pb in the blood. Occupational exposure to heavy metals causes raise of MDA concentration and causes greater increase in AOPP concentration than tobacco smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Ściskalska
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marta Zalewska
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Grzelak
- Students Scientific Society at the Department of Biomedical Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Halina Milnerowicz
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
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Vogelgesang A, Scapin C, Barone C, Tam E, Blumental Perry A, Dammann CEL. Cigarette smoke exposure during pregnancy alters fetomaternal cell trafficking leading to retention of microchimeric cells in the maternal lung. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88285. [PMID: 24832066 PMCID: PMC4022454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke exposure causes chronic oxidative lung damage. During pregnancy, fetal microchimeric cells traffic to the mother. Their numbers are increased at the site of acute injury. We hypothesized that milder chronic diffuse smoke injury would attract fetal cells to maternal lungs. We used a green-fluorescent-protein (GFP) mouse model to study the effects of cigarette smoke exposure on fetomaternal cell trafficking. Wild-type female mice were exposed to cigarette smoke for about 4 weeks and bred with homozygote GFP males. Cigarette smoke exposure continued until lungs were harvested and analyzed. Exposure to cigarette smoke led to macrophage accumulation in the maternal lung and significantly lower fetal weights. Cigarette smoke exposure influenced fetomaternal cell trafficking. It was associated with retention of GFP-positive fetal cells in the maternal lung and a significant reduction of fetal cells in maternal livers at gestational day 18, when fetomaternal cell trafficking peaks in the mouse model. Cells quickly clear postpartum, leaving only a few, difficult to detect, persisting microchimeric cells behind. In our study, we confirmed the postpartum clearance of cells in the maternal lungs, with no significant difference in both groups. We conclude that in the mouse model, cigarette smoke exposure during pregnancy leads to a retention of fetal microchimeric cells in the maternal lung, the site of injury. Further studies will be needed to elucidate the effect of cigarette smoke exposure on the phenotypic characteristics and function of these fetal microchimeric cells, and confirm its course in cigarette smoke exposure in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Vogelgesang
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Floating Hospital for Children at Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Cristina Scapin
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Floating Hospital for Children at Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Genetic and Cellular Biology Division, Dibit. San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Caroline Barone
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Floating Hospital for Children at Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elaine Tam
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anna Blumental Perry
- Department of Surgery, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer School of Medicine and Department of Laboratory Oncology Research, Anderson Cancer Institute, Memorial University Medical Center, Savannah, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Christiane E. L. Dammann
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Floating Hospital for Children at Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Riso P, Del Bo' C, Vendrame S, Brusamolino A, Martini D, Bonacina G, Porrini M. Modulation of plasma antioxidant levels, glutathione S-transferase activity and DNA damage in smokers following a single portion of broccoli: a pilot study. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:522-528. [PMID: 23872866 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Broccoli is a rich source of bioactive compounds (i.e. glucosinolates, carotenoids, vitamin C and folate) that may exert an antioxidant effect and reduce oxidative damage. The objective of this pilot study was to investigate the effect of broccoli consumption on carotenoids, vitamin C and folate absorption, glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity, and oxidatively induced DNA damage in male smokers. METHODS Ten healthy subjects consumed a single portion of steamed broccoli (250 g) with cooked pasta. Blood was drawn at baseline and at 3, 6 and 24 h from consumption. RESULTS Broccoli significantly (P ≤ 0.01) increased plasma level of vitamin C and folate (+35% and 70%, respectively) at 3 h, and β-carotene (+8%) at 6 h. A modulation of GST activity occurred in plasma 6 h after broccoli consumption. A significant (P ≤ 0.01) reduction of the levels of H₂O₂-induced DNA damage (-18%) was observed in blood mononuclear cells 24 h after broccoli intake in GSTM1 positive, but not in GSTM1 null subjects. CONCLUSION One portion of broccoli increased plasma antioxidant levels, modulated plasma GST activity and improved cell resistance against H₂O₂-induced DNA damage in healthy smokers. These results support the importance of consuming fruit and vegetable regularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Riso
- Università degli Studi di Milano, DeFENS-Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
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Gupta S, Fedor J, Biedenharn K, Agarwal A. Lifestyle factors and oxidative stress in female infertility: is there an evidence base to support the linkage? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/17474108.2013.849418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Polettini J, Silva MG, Kacerovsky M, Syed TA, Saade G, Menon R. Expression profiles of fetal membrane nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases (NOX) 2 and 3 differentiates spontaneous preterm birth and pPROM pathophysiologies. Placenta 2014; 35:188-94. [PMID: 24439294 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases (NOX 1-5) are enzymes that generate cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) besides mitochondria and might be important ROS sources associated with pregnancy complications, particularly preterm premature rupture of membranes (pPROM), that has been related to ROS. OBJECTIVE To characterize NOX enzymes expression in human fetal membranes. METHODS Differential expression and localization of NOX isoforms in human fetal membranes collected from women with uncomplicated pregnancies at term, preterm birth (PTB) or pPROM and in vitro in normal term membranes maintained in an organ explant system stimulated with water-soluble cigarette smoke extract (wsCSE) were documented by real time PCR and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Fetal membranes from term deliveries, PTB and pPROM expressed NOX 2, 3 and 4 mRNAs whereas NOX 1 and 5 were not detected. NOX 2 expression was 2.3-fold higher in PTB than pPROM (p = 0.005) whereas NOX 3 was 2.2-fold higher in pPROM compared to PTB (p = 0.04). NOX 2 and 3 expressions at term mimicked pPROM and PTB, respectively. No difference in NOX 4 expression was observed among the studied groups. NOX 2, 3 and 4 were localized to both amniotic and chorionic cells. Expression of NOX 2, 3 and 4 were not significant in wsCSE-stimulated membranes compared to untreated controls. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS NOX enzymes are present in the fetal membranes and are differentially expressed in PTB and pPROM. Absence of any changes in NOXs expression after wsCSE stimulation suggests ROS generation in the membranes does not always correlate with NOX expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Polettini
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - M G Silva
- Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Kacerovsky
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - T A Syed
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - G Saade
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - R Menon
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA.
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Tinti F, Soory M. Oxidative actions of hydrogen peroxide in human gingival and oral periosteal fibroblasts: responses to glutathione and nicotine, relevant to healing in a redox environment. Redox Biol 2013; 2:36-43. [PMID: 24371803 PMCID: PMC3871294 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aims to validate pro-oxidant actions of nicotine (N), using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the antioxidant glutathione (G) in an in vitro model of human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) and human oral periosteal fibroblasts (HPF); radiolabelled androgens are used as biomarkers of redox status. Oxidative stress is an important mediator of inflammatory repair. The androgen metabolite 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is an effective biomarker of oxidative stress and healing. Methods 6 Cell-lines of HGF and HPF established in confluent monolayer culture were incubated in Eagle's MEM using 14C-testosterone and 14C-4-androstendione as substrate; in conjunction with effective concentrations of N, G and H2O2 established at N250, G3 μg/ml and 3%H2O2 w/w, 0.5 μl/ml. Combinations of H2O2G and H2O2GN were used in order to compare the oxidative effects of N/H2O2 and their responses to glutathione. At 24 h, the medium was solvent extracted, evaporated to dryness and subjected to TLC in a benzene/acetone solvent system 4:1 v/v for the separation of metabolites. The separated metabolites were quantified using a radioisotope scanner. Results The mean trends of 6 cell-lines for both substrates and each cell type demonstrated that the yield of the main metabolite DHT was significantly reduced by N and H2O2 alone (2-fold, n=6; p<0.01). The inhibition caused by H2O2 was overcome by the antioxidant glutathione in the combination H2O2G, to values similar to those of controls (n=6; p<0.01). It is relevant that when N was added to this neutralized combination, the decrease in yields of DHT triggered by N were comparable to those induced by H2O2; and retaining the positive effect of G. Conclusion Oxidative stress mediated by H2O2 was overcome by glutathione and recurred when nicotine was added, suggestive of a pro- oxidant role for nicotine. Androgen biomarkers are a sensitive index of oxidative stress which affects wound healing. DHT is an effective redox marker in HGF and oral periosteal fibroblasts in vitro. Both nicotine and H2O2 reduced yields of DHT, indicative of induced oxidative stress. Nicotine has oxidative effects that are comparable to those of H2O2 mediated by AR. Effects of nicotine and H2O2 were reduced by glutathione in HGF and HPF cultures. Redox status is relevant to androgen receptor-mediated inflammatory wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Tinti
- King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's Dental Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Mena Soory
- King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's Dental Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Adornetto A, Pagliara V, Renzo GD, Arcone R. Polychlorinated biphenyls impair dibutyryl cAMP-induced astrocytic differentiation in rat C6 glial cell line. FEBS Open Bio 2013; 3:459-66. [PMID: 24251112 PMCID: PMC3829991 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system, alteration of glial cell differentiation can affect brain functions. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent environmental chemical contaminants that exert neurotoxic effects in glial and neuronal cells. We examined the effects of a commercial mixture of PCBs, Aroclor1254 (A1254) on astrocytic differentiation of glial cells, using the rat C6 cell line as in vitro model. The exposure for 24 h to sub-toxic concentrations of A1254 (3 or 9 μM) impaired dibutyryl cAMP-induced astrocytic differentiation as showed by the decrease of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) protein levels and inhibition in change of cell morphology toward an astrocytic phenotype. The A1254 inhibition was restored by the addition of a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, bisindolylmaleimide (bis), therefore indicating that PCBs disturbed the cAMP-induced astrocytic differentiation of C6 cells via the PKC pathway. The phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is essential for cAMP-induced transcription of GFAP promoter in C6 cells. Our results indicated that the exposure to A1254 (3 or 9 μM) for 24 h suppressed cAMP-induced STAT3 phosphorylation. Moreover, A1254 reduced cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of STAT3 requires inhibition of PKC activity. Together, our results suggest that PCBs induce perturbation in cAMP/PKA and PKC signaling pathway during astrocytic differentiation of glial cells.
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Key Words
- A1254, Aroclor 1254
- Aroclor1254
- Astrocytic differentiation
- C6 glial cell line
- CNS, central nervous system
- CRE, cAMP responsive element
- CREB, cAMP-response element binding protein
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- DMEM, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein
- Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)
- MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide
- NMDA, N-methyl-d-aspartate
- PCBs, polychlorinated biphenyls
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PKC, protein kinase C
- Protein kinase C (PKC)
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)
- TRE, CRE transcriptional response element
- bis, 2-[1-(3-dimethylamino-propyl)indol-3-yl]-3-(indol-3-yl) maleimide
- dbcAMP, N6,2′-O-dibutyryl cAMP
- nNOS, neuronal nitric oxide
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Affiliation(s)
- Annagrazia Adornetto
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza (CS) 87036, Italy
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Downs CA, Kreiner LH, Trac DQ, Helms MN. Acute effects of cigarette smoke extract on alveolar epithelial sodium channel activity and lung fluid clearance. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013; 49:251-9. [PMID: 23526224 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0234oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke contains high levels of reactive species. Moreover, cigarette smoke can induce cellular production of oxidants. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-derived oxidants on epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) activity in alveolar type 1 (T1) and type 2 (T2) cells and to measure corresponding rates of fluid clearance in mice receiving a tracheal instillation of CSE. Single-channel patch clamp analysis of T1 and T2 cells demonstrate that CSE exposure increases ENaC activity (NPo), measured as the product of the number of channels (N) and a channels open probability (Po), from 0.17 ± 0.07 to 0.34 ± 0.10 (n = 9; P = 0.04) in T1 cells. In T2 cells, CSE increased NPo from 0.08 ± 0.03 to 0.35 ± 0.10 (n = 9; P = 0.02). In both cell types, addition of tetramethylpiperidine and glutathione attenuated CSE-induced increases in ENaC NPo. Biotinylation and cycloheximide chase assays indicate that CSE-derived ROS increases channel activity, in part, by maintaining cell surface expression of the α-ENaC subunit. In vivo studies show that tracheal instillation of CSE promoted alveolar fluid clearance after 105 minutes compared with vehicle control (n = 10/group; P < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Downs
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Noya Y, Seki KI, Asano H, Mai Y, Horinouchi T, Higashi T, Terada K, Hatate C, Hoshi A, Nepal P, Horiguchi M, Kuge Y, Miwa S. Identification of stable cytotoxic factors in the gas phase extract of cigarette smoke and pharmacological characterization of their cytotoxicity. Toxicology 2013; 314:1-10. [PMID: 23981515 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Smoking is a major risk factor for atherosclerotic vascular diseases, but the mechanism for its genesis is unknown. We have recently shown that the gas phase of cigarette smoke (nicotine- and tar-free cigarette smoke extract; CSE) likely to reach the systemic circulation contains stable substances which cause cytotoxicity like plasma membrane damage and cell death in cultured cells, and also that the plasma membrane damage is caused through sequential activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and NADPH oxidase (NOX) and the resulting generation of reactive oxygen species (PKC/NOX-dependent mechanism), whereas cell death is caused through PKC/NOX-dependent and -independent mechanisms. To identify these stable substances, the CSE was prepared by passing the main-stream smoke of 10 cigarettes through a Cambridge glass fiber filter, trapping of the smoke in a vessel cooled at -80°C, and subsequent dissolution in 10ml of water. The CSE was fractionated into nine fractions using reversed-phase HPLC, and each fraction was screened for cytotoxicity in cultured cells, using propidium iodide uptake assay for cell membrane damage and MTS [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium] reduction assay for cell viability. The cytotoxicity was positive in two of the nine fractions (Fr2 and Fr5). After extraction of the active fractions into dichloromethane, GC/MS analysis identified 2-cyclopenten-1-one (CPO) in Fr5 but none in Fr2. After derivatization of the active fractions with O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl) hydroxylamine hydrochloride, GC/MS analysis identified acrolein, acetone and propionaldehyde in Fr2, and methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) in Fr5. After 4-h incubation, authentic acrolein and MVK induced concentration-dependent cytotoxicity with EC50 values of 75.9±8.2 and 47.0±8.0μM (mean±SEM; n=3), respectively, whereas acetone, propionaldehyde and CPO were without effect. However, after 24-h incubation, CPO induced concentration-dependent cytotoxicity with an EC50 value of 264.0±16.9μM (n=3). The concentrations of acrolein, MVK and CPO in the CSE were 3368±334, 2429±123 and 392.9±31.8μM (n=4), respectively, which were higher than the cytotoxic concentrations. The cytotoxicity of acrolein and MVK consisted of plasma membrane damage and decreased cell viability: the plasma membrane damage was totally prevented by treatment with an inhibitor of PKC or NOX, whereas the decreased cell viability was only partially prevented by these inhibitors. The cytotoxicity of CPO consisted only of decreased cell viability, which was totally resistant to these inhibitors. These results show that acrolein and MVK are responsible for the acute cytotoxicity of the CSE through PKC/NOX-dependent and -independent mechanisms, whereas CPO is responsible for the delayed cytotoxicity of the CSE through a PKC/NOX-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Noya
- Central Institute of Isotope Science, Hokkaido University, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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Starke RM, Chalouhi N, Ali MS, Jabbour PM, Tjoumakaris SI, Gonzalez LF, Rosenwasser RH, Koch WJ, Dumont AS. The role of oxidative stress in cerebral aneurysm formation and rupture. Curr Neurovasc Res 2013; 10:247-55. [PMID: 23713738 PMCID: PMC3845363 DOI: 10.2174/15672026113109990003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is known to contribute to the progression of cerebrovascular disease. Additionally, oxidative stress may be increased by, but also augment inflammation, a key contributor to cerebral aneurysm development and rupture. Oxidative stress can induce important processes leading to cerebral aneurysm formation including direct endothelial injury as well as smooth muscle cell phenotypic switching to an inflammatory phenotype and ultimately apoptosis. Oxidative stress leads to recruitment and invasion of inflammatory cells through upregulation of chemotactic cytokines and adhesion molecules. Matrix metalloproteinases can be activated by free radicals leading to vessel wall remodeling and breakdown. Free radicals mediate lipid peroxidation leading to atherosclerosis and contribute to hemodynamic stress and hypertensive pathology, all integral elements of cerebral aneurysm development. Preliminary studies suggest that therapies targeted at oxidative stress may provide a future beneficial treatment for cerebral aneurysms, but further studies are indicated to define the role of free radicals in cerebral aneurysm formation and rupture. The goal of this review is to assess the role of oxidative stress in cerebral aneurysm pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Starke
- Joseph and Marie Field Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Neurovascular & Endovascular Surgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Nohra Chalouhi
- Joseph and Marie Field Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Neurovascular & Endovascular Surgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Muhammad S. Ali
- Joseph and Marie Field Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Neurovascular & Endovascular Surgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Pascal M. Jabbour
- Joseph and Marie Field Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Neurovascular & Endovascular Surgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stavropoula I. Tjoumakaris
- Joseph and Marie Field Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Neurovascular & Endovascular Surgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - L. Fernando Gonzalez
- Joseph and Marie Field Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Neurovascular & Endovascular Surgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert H. Rosenwasser
- Joseph and Marie Field Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Neurovascular & Endovascular Surgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Walter J. Koch
- Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA
| | - Aaron S. Dumont
- Joseph and Marie Field Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Neurovascular & Endovascular Surgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Khoi PN, Park JS, Kim JH, Xia Y, Kim NH, Kim KK, Jung YD. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate blocks nicotine-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression and invasiveness via suppression of NF-κB and AP-1 in endothelial cells. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:868-76. [PMID: 23835612 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke, specifically the nicotine contained within, has been shown to correlate closely with cell invasion and strategies to downregulate their expression may ultimately be of clinical utility. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is critically involved in the cell invasion and metastasis processes. Since nicotine plays a crucial role in the regulation of MMP-9 expression, the investigation of plant-derived compounds capable of modulating nicotine-induced signaling is an issue of concern. In this study, the effects of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major green tea catechin, on nicotine-induced cell invasion and MMP-9 activity in ECV304 human endothelial cells were examined. EGCG treatment was found to reduce the MMP-9 expression and transcriptional activity in a dose-dependent manner. EGCG inhibited nicotine-activated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are known as important signaling molecules to activate MMP-9. To further study the mechanisms for the EGCG-mediated regulation of MMP-9, the transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1 activities were examined. EGCG suppressed the nicotine-induced NF-κB and AP-1 activation. Studies with expression vectors encoding mutated NF-κB signaling molecules and AP-1 decoy confirmed that NF-κB and AP-1 were essential for the nicotine-stimulated MMP-9 expression. EGCG also abrogated the nicotine-induced activation of AP-1 subunits c-fos and c-jun. The above studies demonstrate that EGCG may exert at least part of its anti-invasive effect in ECV304 human endothelial cells by controlling MMP-9 expression through the suppression of ROS, NF-κB and AP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham Ngoc Khoi
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-190, Republic of Korea
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Matthews JB, Chen FM, Milward MR, Ling MR, Chapple ILC. Neutrophil superoxide production in the presence of cigarette smoke extract, nicotine and cotinine. J Clin Periodontol 2012; 39:626-34. [PMID: 22607095 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2012.01894.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM To determine the effect of cigarette smoke extract, nicotine and cotinine on lucigenin-detectable neutrophil superoxide production. MATERIALS & METHODS Neutrophils from periodontally healthy individuals were treated with aqueous smoke extract, nicotine and cotinine, prior to stimulation or at the same time as stimulation with Fusobacterium nucleatum, IgG-opsonized Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli Lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Superoxide generation was determined by lucigenin chemiluminescence. RESULTS Smoke extract induced superoxide release from neutrophils (p <0.0001) in a dose-dependent manner. By contrast, superoxide generation by neutrophils in response to pathologically relevant stimuli was inhibited by pre-treatment with smoke extract (p <0.01). This inhibition did not require the continued presence of the extract. A similar reduction in stimulated superoxide production by smoke extract was detected when neutrophils were simultaneously exposed to the extract and stimuli. Nicotine and cotinine (0-10 μg/ml) had no effect on superoxide release from unstimulated or stimulated neutrophils. CONCLUSIONS Stable water-soluble components of cigarette smoke directly induce superoxide generation by otherwise unstimulated neutrophils, but reduce superoxide responses of cells to pathologically relevant stimuli. These data suggest potential neutrophil-mediated mechanisms by which smoking may initiate and maintain oxidative stress at periodontally healthy sites and participate in disease progression, by reducing innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Matthews
- Periodontal Research Group and MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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