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Park S, Seawright A, Park S, Craig Dutton J, Grinnell F, Han B. Preservation of tissue microstructure and functionality during freezing by modulation of cytoskeletal structure. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2015; 45:32-44. [PMID: 25679482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cryopreservation is one of the key enabling technologies for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, which can provide reliable long-term storage of engineered tissues (ETs) without losing their functionality. However, it is still extremely difficult to design and develop cryopreservation protocols guaranteeing the post-thaw tissue functionality. One of the major challenges in cryopreservation is associated with the difficulty of identifying effective and less toxic cryoprotective agents (CPAs) to guarantee the post-thaw tissue functionality. In this study, thus, a hypothesis was tested that the modulation of the cytoskeletal structure of cells embedded in the extracellular matrix (ECM) can mitigate the freezing-induced changes of the functionality and can reduce the amount of CPA necessary to preserve the functionality of ETs during cryopreservation. In order to test this hypothesis, we prepared dermal equivalents by seeding fibroblasts in type I collagen matrices resulting in three different cytoskeletal structures. These ETs were exposed to various freeze/thaw (F/T) conditions with and without CPAs. The freezing-induced cell-fluid-matrix interactions and subsequent functional properties of the ETs were assessed. The results showed that the cytoskeletal structure and the use of CPA were strongly correlated to the preservation of the post-thaw functional properties. As the cytoskeletal structure became stronger via stress fiber formation, the ET's functionality was preserved better. It also reduced the necessary CPA concentration to preserve the post-thaw functionality. However, if the extent of the freezing-induced cell-fluid-matrix interaction was too excessive, the cytoskeletal structure was completely destroyed and the beneficial effects became minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungman Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Angela Seawright
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Sinwook Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - J Craig Dutton
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Frederick Grinnell
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Bumsoo Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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52
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Guan M, Bogani D, Marschall S, Raspa M, Takeo T, Nakagata N, Taft R, Fray M. Contemporary techniques for freezing mouse spermatozoa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 4:85-104. [PMID: 25723962 DOI: 10.1002/9780470942390.mo140065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Each year, thousands of new mouse models are generated around the world to further biomedical research. Unfortunately, the cost of maintaining mouse colonies makes it uneconomical to keep strains on the shelf that are not part of active research programs. Ideally, these retired strains should be archived. If this is not done and the line is simply killed off, the genetics are lost to future generations of scientists. Traditionally, embryo freezing has been used to cryopreserve mice, but this is expensive, time consuming, requires large numbers of donor females, and usually involves invasive superovulation procedures. Sperm freezing circumvents all of these disadvantages and is rapidly becoming the technique of choice for many repositories. This has been made possible through the use of refined cryoprotective agents and the development of improved in vitro fertilization techniques. This article describes two popular sperm freezing techniques employed by mouse repositories to archive spermatozoa using cryoprotective agents supplemented with either L-glutamine or monothioglycerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Guan
- Mary Lyon Centre, Medical Research Council, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
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Kaneko R, Kakinuma T, Sato S, Jinno-Oue A, Hata H. Littermate influence on infant growth in mice: comparison of SJL/J and ICR as cotransferred carrier embryos. Exp Anim 2014; 63:375-81. [PMID: 25007838 PMCID: PMC4244286 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.63.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In mice, a minimum number of healthy embryos is required to trigger and maintain
pregnancy. Therefore, when recovering mouse embryos from a limited litter, one useful
technique is to transfer carrier ICR embryos along with the embryos of interest, a
technique referred to as cotransfer. In this study, we examined suitable mouse strains for
cotransfer with C57BL/6J (B6) embryos in regards to the maintenance of pregnancy, number
of pups born, intrauterine growth, and postnatal growth. Because the coat color of B6 is
black, we compared two white coat-colored strains, SJL/J and ICR. Cotransfer of SJL/J and
ICR embryos had similar effects on maintenance of pregnancy, number of pups born, and
intrauterine growth. However, the postnatal growth of B6 mouse pups cotransferred and
grown with SJL/J pups was better than for B6 mouse pups cotransferred and grown with ICR
pups, suggesting competition among littermates. These results demonstrate that cotransfer
of SJL/J embryos will be useful not only as carrier embryos with B6-background embryos but
also as a model system to examine littermate competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Kaneko
- Bioresource Center, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
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54
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Guan M, Bogani D, Marschall S, Raspa M, Takeo T, Nakagata N, Fray M. In Vitro Fertilization in Mice Using the MBCD-GSH Protocol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 4:67-83. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470942390.mo140059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mo Guan
- Mary Lyon Centre, Medical Research Council, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus; Oxfordshire United Kingdom
| | - Debora Bogani
- Mary Lyon Centre, Medical Research Council, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus; Oxfordshire United Kingdom
| | - Susan Marschall
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH); Neuherberg Germany
| | - Marcello Raspa
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBCN) CNR-Campus International Development (EMMA-INFRAFRONTIER-IMPC), A. Buzzati-Traverso Campus; Rome Italy
| | | | | | - Martin Fray
- Mary Lyon Centre, Medical Research Council, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus; Oxfordshire United Kingdom
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KANEKO R, KAKINUMA T, SATO S, JINNO-OUE A, HATA H. Littermate Influence on Infant Growth in Mice: Comparison of SJL/J and ICR as Cotransferred Carrier Embryos. Exp Anim 2014. [DOI: 10.1538/expanim.14-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke KANEKO
- Bioresource Center, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Toshie KAKINUMA
- Bioresource Center, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Sachiko SATO
- Bioresource Center, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Atsushi JINNO-OUE
- Bioresource Center, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hidekazu HATA
- Bioresource Center, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
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56
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Takeo T, Fukumoto K, Kondo T, Haruguchi Y, Takeshita Y, Nakamuta Y, Tsuchiyama S, Yoshimoto H, Shimizu N, Li MW, Kinchen K, Vallelunga J, Lloyd KCK, Nakagata N. Investigations of motility and fertilization potential in thawed cryopreserved mouse sperm from cold-stored epididymides. Cryobiology 2013; 68:12-7. [PMID: 24201107 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cold transport of epididymides from genetically modified mice is an efficient alternative to the shipment of live animals between research facilities. Mouse sperm from epididymides cold-stored for short periods can maintain viability. We previously reported that cold storage of mouse epididymides in Lifor® perfusion medium prolonged sperm motility and fertilization potential and that the sperm efficiently fertilized oocytes when reduced glutathione was added to the fertilization medium. Cryopreservation usually results in decreased sperm viability; an optimized protocol for cold storage of epididymides plus sperm cryopreservation has yet to be established. Here, we examined the motility and fertilization potential of cryopreserved, thawed (frozen-thawed) sperm from previously cold-stored mouse epididymides. We also examined the protective effect of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) on sperm viability when S1P was added to the preservation medium during cold storage. We assessed viability of frozen-thawed sperm from mouse epididymides that had been cold-transported domestically or internationally and investigated whether embryos fertilized in vitro with these sperm developed normally when implanted in pseudo-pregnant mice. Our results indicate that frozen-thawed sperm from epididymides cold-stored for up to 48 h maintained high fertilization potential. Fertilization potential was reduced after cold storage for 72 h, but not if S1P was included in the cold storage medium. Live pups were born normally to recipients after in vitro fertilization using frozen-thawed sperm from cold-transported epididymides. In summary, we demonstrate an improved protocol for cold-storage of epididymides that can facilitate transport of genetically engineered-mice and preserve sperm viability after cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Takeo
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Fukumoto
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kondo
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Yukie Haruguchi
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Yumi Takeshita
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Yuko Nakamuta
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Shuuji Tsuchiyama
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Yoshimoto
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Norihiko Shimizu
- Animal Laboratory for Medical Research, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Ming-Wen Li
- Mouse Biology Program, University of California, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Kristy Kinchen
- Mouse Biology Program, University of California, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Jadine Vallelunga
- Mouse Biology Program, University of California, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - K C Kent Lloyd
- Mouse Biology Program, University of California, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Naomi Nakagata
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan.
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57
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Gray JE, Starmer J, Lin VS, Dickinson BC, Magnuson T. Mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide and defective cholesterol efflux prevent in vitro fertilization by cryopreserved inbred mouse sperm. Biol Reprod 2013; 89:17. [PMID: 23740947 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.109157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the cryopreservation of mouse sperm have resulted in dramatically improved in vitro fertilization (IVF) rates, but the biological mechanisms underlying the techniques remain unclear. Two different classes of compounds have been widely utilized to improve the IVF rates of cryopreserved mouse sperm: antioxidants and cyclodextrins. To determine how cryopreservation reduces mouse sperm IVF and how antioxidants and cyclodextrins mitigate this effect, we examined sperm function and oxidative damage after cryopreservation, with and without treatments, in mouse strains important for biomedical research. Our investigation revealed mouse strain-specific effects on IVF by modulation of oxidative stress and cholesterol efflux of cryopreserved sperm. Antioxidants improved IVF rates of C57Bl6/J cryopreserved mouse sperm by reducing hydrogen peroxide produced by sperm mitochondria and ameliorating peroxidative damage to the sperm acrosome. Enhancing cholesterol efflux with cyclodextrin restored capacitation-dependent sperm function and IVF after cryopreservation of C57Bl/6J, C57Bl/6N, and 129X1 mouse sperm. Our results highlight two accessible pathways for continued development of IVF techniques for mouse sperm and provide novel endpoints prognostic of IVF success. These insights may improve sperm cryopreservation methods of other mouse strains and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey E Gray
- Department of Genetics, the Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, and the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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58
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Nakagata N, Takeo T, Fukumoto K, Kondo T, Haruguchi Y, Takeshita Y, Nakamuta Y, Matsunaga H, Tsuchiyama S, Ishizuka Y, Araki K. Applications of cryopreserved unfertilized mouse oocytes for in vitro fertilization. Cryobiology 2013; 67:188-92. [PMID: 23846105 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Since the first successful reports into oocyte freezing, many papers concerning the cryopreservation of mouse oocytes have been published. However, a simple and practical cryopreservation method for unfertilized C57BL/6 mouse oocytes, and an IVF system using these cryopreserved oocytes have yet to be established, in spite of the fact that C57BL/6 is the prevalent inbred strain and is used for large-scale knockout programs. In this study, unfertilized C57BL/6 mouse oocytes were cryopreserved via a simple vitrification method. After warming, IVF was performed using cryopreserved unfertilized oocytes and fresh sperm, cryopreserved unfertilized oocytes and cold-stored sperm, cryopreserved unfertilized oocytes and frozen sperm (C57BL/6 strain sperm), and cryopreserved unfertilized oocytes and frozen sperm derived from GEM strains (C57BL/6 background GEM strains). Nearly all of the cryopreserved oocytes were recovered, of which over 90% were morphologically normal. Those oocytes were then used for in vitro fertilization, resulting in 72-97% of oocytes developing into 2-cell embryos. A portion of the 2-cell embryos were transferred to recipients, resulting in live young being produced from 32-49% of the embryos. In summary, we established the simple and practical method of mouse oocyte vitrification with high survivability and developmental ability and the IVF using the vitrified-warmed oocytes with fresh, cold-stored or cryopreserved sperm with high fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Nakagata
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan.
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59
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Lord T, Nixon B, Jones KT, Aitken RJ. Melatonin prevents postovulatory oocyte aging in the mouse and extends the window for optimal fertilization in vitro. Biol Reprod 2013; 88:67. [PMID: 23365415 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.112.106450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The quality of metaphase II oocytes deteriorates rapidly following ovulation as the result of an aging process associated with impaired fertilizing potential, disrupted developmental competence, and increased likelihood of embryonic resorption. Because oxidative stress accelerates the onset of apoptosis in oocytes and influences their capacity for fertilization, this study aimed to characterize the significance of such stress in the postovulatory aging of mouse oocytes in vitro. We investigated the ability of the potent antioxidant melatonin to arrest the aging process when used to supplement oocyte culture medium. This study demonstrated that oxidative stress may occur in oocytes after as little as 8 h in culture and coincides with the appearance of early apoptotic markers such as phosphatidylserine externalization, followed 16 h later by caspase activation (P < 0.05) and morphological evidence of oocyte senescence. Importantly, supplementation of oocyte culture medium with 1 mM melatonin was able to significantly relieve the time-dependent appearance of oxidative stress in oocytes (P < 0.05) and, as a result, significantly delay the onset of apoptosis (P < 0.05). Furthermore, melatonin supplementation extended the optimal window for fertilization of oocytes aged for 8 and 16 h in vitro (P < 0.05) and significantly improved the quality of the resulting embryos (P < 0.01). We conclude that melatonin may be a useful tool in a clinical setting to prevent the time-dependent deterioration of oocyte quality following prolonged culture in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Lord
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Biology, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
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60
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Biopsy of embryos produced by in vitro fertilization affects development in C57BL/6 mouse strain. Theriogenology 2012; 79:234-41. [PMID: 23174776 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis is considered highly successful with respect to its accuracy in detecting genetic anomalies, although the effects of embryo biopsy on embryonic and fetal growth and development are less known, particularly in conjunction with IVF. Here, we compared biopsied (B) and nonbiopsied (NB) mouse embryos for developmental competence. Embryos C57BL/6 (B6) and B6D2F2 (F2) generated by IVF were subjected to single blastomere biopsy at the four-cell stage, and were either cultured for 120 h and subjected to differential inner cell mass (ICM) and trophoblast staining, or were transferred into the uterine tubes of surrogate mothers after 72 h of culture, to examine their pre- and postimplantation development, respectively. NB embryos from the same IVF cohorts served as controls. Embryo biopsy negatively affected preimplantation development to blastocyst in C57BL/6 (69% vs. 79%; P < 0.01), but not in B6D2F1 mice (89% vs. 91%; P = not significant [NS]). Although B6 embryos had lower total cell number than F2 (B6: 47 and 61 vs. F2: 53 and 70; B and NB, respectively; P < 0.05) there were no differences between B and NB blastocysts in percentage of ICM (B6: 19.8 vs. 19.8; F2: 20.9 vs. 20.4; P = NS) and ICM:trophoblast ratio (B6: 4.7 vs. 4.7; F2: 4.4 vs. 4.7) in both mouse strains. Postimplantation development to live fetuses of B embryos as compared with NB counterparts was impaired in C57BL/6 (6% vs. 18%; P < 0.001) but not in B6D2F1 mice (26% vs. 35%; P = NS). We concluded that blastomere biopsy impaired embryonic and fetal development in mice known to be sensitive to in vitro culture and manipulations. Such mice are models for infertile couples with poor quality gametes seeking assisted reproduction technologies.
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Overview of new developments in and the future of cryopreservation in the laboratory mouse. Mamm Genome 2012; 23:572-9. [PMID: 22936001 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-012-9423-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The large-scale mutagenesis programmes underway around the world are generating thousands of novel GA mouse strains that need to be securely archived. In parallel with advances in mutagenesis, the procedures used to cryopreserve mouse stocks are being continually refined in order to keep pace with demand. Moreover, the construction of extensive research infrastructures for systematic phenotyping is fuelling demand for these novel strains of mice and new approaches to the distribution of frozen and unfrozen embryos and gametes are being developed in order to reduce the dependency on the transportation of live mice. This article highlights some contemporary techniques used to archive, rederive, and transport mouse strains around the world.
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Ramírez-Solis R, Ryder E, Houghton R, White JK, Bottomley J. Large-scale mouse knockouts and phenotypes. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2012; 4:547-63. [PMID: 22899600 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Standardized phenotypic analysis of mutant forms of every gene in the mouse genome will provide fundamental insights into mammalian gene function and advance human and animal health. The availability of the human and mouse genome sequences, the development of embryonic stem cell mutagenesis technology, the standardization of phenotypic analysis pipelines, and the paradigm-shifting industrialization of these processes have made this a realistic and achievable goal. The size of this enterprise will require global coordination to ensure economies of scale in both the generation and primary phenotypic analysis of the mutant strains, and to minimize unnecessary duplication of effort. To provide more depth to the functional annotation of the genome, effective mechanisms will also need to be developed to disseminate the information and resources produced to the wider community. Better models of disease, potential new drug targets with novel mechanisms of action, and completely unsuspected genotype-phenotype relationships covering broad aspects of biology will become apparent. To reach these goals, solutions to challenges in mouse production and distribution, as well as development of novel, ever more powerful phenotypic analysis modalities will be necessary. It is a challenging and exciting time to work in mouse genetics.
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63
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Takeo T, Nakagata N. Reduced Glutathione Enhances Fertility of Frozen/Thawed C57BL/6 Mouse Sperm after Exposure to Methyl-Beta-Cyclodextrin1. Biol Reprod 2011; 85:1066-72. [PMID: 21778138 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.111.092536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Toru Takeo
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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64
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BATH ML. Optimized Cryopreservation of Mouse Sperm Based on Fertilization Rate. J Reprod Dev 2011; 57:92-8. [DOI: 10.1262/jrd.10-039n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mary L. BATH
- Division of Molecular Genetics of Cancer, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research
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