51
|
Prodromal Dementia With Lewy Bodies Manifesting as Sertraline-induced Parkinsonism. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2012; 26:191-3. [DOI: 10.1097/wad.0b013e318231a896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
52
|
Carra MC, Huynh N, Lavigne G. Sleep bruxism: a comprehensive overview for the dental clinician interested in sleep medicine. Dent Clin North Am 2012; 56:387-413. [PMID: 22480810 DOI: 10.1016/j.cden.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Sleep bruxism (SB) is a common sleep-related motor disorder characterized by tooth grinding and clenching. SB diagnosis is made on history of tooth grinding and confirmed by polysomnographic recording of electromyographic (EMG) episodes in the masseter and temporalis muscles. The typical EMG activity pattern in patients with SB is known as rhythmic masticatory muscle activity (RMMA). The authors observed that most RMMA episodes occur in association with sleep arousal and are preceded by physiologic activation of the central nervous and sympathetic cardiac systems. This article provides a comprehensive review of the cause, pathophysiology, assessment, and management of SB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Clotilde Carra
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Univeristé de Montréal, CP 6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Schneider C, Lovett EA. Depression. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-1793-8.00004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
54
|
Abstract
This comprehensive review covers approaches for both the recognition and management of drug-induced movement disorders. Pharmacotherapeutic approaches for treating akathisia, dystonia, Parkinsonism and tardive dyskinesia are explored. The importance of early detection via periodic assessment is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack J. Chen
- Associate Professor, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Abe Y, Suganuma T, Ishii M, Yamamoto G, Gunji T, Clark GT, Tachikawa T, Kiuchi Y, Igarashi Y, Baba K. Association of genetic, psychological and behavioral factors with sleep bruxism in a Japanese population. J Sleep Res 2011; 21:289-96. [PMID: 22545912 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2869.2011.00961.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sleep bruxism is a sleep-related movement disorder that can be responsible for various pains and dysfunctions in the orofacial region. The aim of the current case-control association study was to investigate the association of genetic, psychological and behavioral factors with sleep bruxism in a Japanese population. Non-related participants were recruited and divided into either a sleep bruxism group (n = 66) or control group (n = 48) by clinical diagnoses and 3-night masseter electromyographic recordings by means of a portable miniature device. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Temperament and Character Inventory, NEO-Five Factor Inventory and custom-made questionnaires that asked about familial aggregation, alcohol intake, caffeine intake, cigarette smoking, past stressful life events, daytime tooth-contacting habit, temporomandibular disorder, daily headache, snoring, apnea/hypopnea symptoms, leg-restlessness symptoms and nocturnal-myoclonus symptoms were administered. In addition, 13 polymorphisms in four genes related to serotonergic neurotransmission (SLC6A4, HTR1A, HTR2A and HTR2C) were genotyped. These factors were compared between case (sleep bruxism) and control groups in order to select potential predictors of sleep-bruxism status. The statistical procedure selected five predictors: Epworth Sleepiness Scale, leg-restlessness symptoms, rs6313 genotypes, rs2770304 genotypes and rs4941573 genotypes. A multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis between the selected predictors and sleep-bruxism status was then conducted. This analysis revealed that only the C allele carrier of HTR2A single nucleotide polymorphism rs6313 (102C>T) was associated significantly with an increased risk of sleep bruxism (odds ratio = 4.250, 95% confidence interval: 1.599-11.297, P = 0.004).This finding suggests a possible genetic contribution to the etiology of sleep bruxism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Abe
- Removable Partial Denture Prosthodontics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
Stamelou M, Edwards MJ, Hallett M, Bhatia KP. The non-motor syndrome of primary dystonia: clinical and pathophysiological implications. Brain 2011; 135:1668-81. [PMID: 21933808 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awr224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystonia is typically considered a movement disorder characterized by motor manifestations, primarily involuntary muscle contractions causing twisting movements and abnormal postures. However, growing evidence indicates an important non-motor component to primary dystonia, including abnormalities in sensory and perceptual functions, as well as neuropsychiatric, cognitive and sleep domains. Here, we review this evidence and discuss its clinical and pathophysiological implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stamelou
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Napeñas JJ, Zakrzewska JM. Diagnosis and management of trigeminal neuropathic pains. Pain Manag 2011; 1:353-65. [DOI: 10.2217/pmt.11.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Trigeminal neuropathic pains have presented diagnostic and therapeutic challenges to providers. In addition, knowledge of pathophysiology, current classification systems, taxonomy and phenotyping of these conditions are incomplete. While trigeminal neuralgia is the most identifiable and studied, other conditions are being recognized and require distinct management approaches. Furthermore, other facial pain conditions such as atypical odontalgia and burning mouth syndrome are now considered to have neuropathic elements in their etiology. This article reviews current knowledge on the pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of neuropathic pain conditions involving the trigeminal nerve, to include: trigeminal neuralgia, trigeminal neuropathic pain (with traumatically induced neuralgia and atypical odontalgia) and burning mouth syndrome. Treatment modalities are reviewed based on current and best available evidence. Trigeminal neuralgia is managed with anticonvulsant drugs as the first line, with surgical options providing variable results. Trigeminal neuropathic pain is managed medically based on the guidelines for other neuropathic pain conditions. Burning mouth syndrome is also treated with a number of neuropathic medications, both topical and systemic. In all these conditions, patients need to be thoroughly educated about their condition, involved in its management, and be provided with supportive and adjunctive treatment resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel J Napeñas
- Department of Oral Medicine, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Joanna M Zakrzewska
- Division of Diagnostic, Surgical and Medical Sciences, Eastman Dental Hospital, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Martínez-Granados F, Climent-Grana E, Pérez-Martínez E, Ordovás-Baines JP, Selva Otaolaurruchi J, Bernabéu Martínez MA. Assessing a therapeutic exchange protocol for second-generation antidepressants: clinical results. FARMACIA HOSPITALARIA 2011; 35:244-53. [PMID: 21703896 DOI: 10.1016/j.farma.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To design a therapeutic exchange protocol for antidepressants and clinically assess variables, such as: compliance level, frequency of cases with clinically significant increase on the Udvalg-für-Kliniske-Undersogelser (UKU) psychopharmacological scale, adverse effects analysis, overall analysis of UKU rating development and patients' level of acceptance. Secondary objectives were to correlate psychopharmacological treatment aspects with the pharmacological morbidity level, and evaluate the clinical impact of pharmacotherapeutic optimisation measures. METHOD The protocol is designed in accordance with a bibliographical review, which was approved by the Pharmacy and Therapeutics Commission. Sequential study was carried out with a sample of 30 patients. Three measurements were taken (base line, at 48-72 hours and at 1-3 weeks) to calculate the pharmacotherapeutic morbidity with the UKU rating scale and the Global Clinical Impression. Pharmacotherapeutic optimisation measures were used for those patients with high pharmacotherapeutic morbidity levels. RESULTS The compliance level was 73.3%. One patient experienced ≥25% increase on the UKU rating scale and another patient suffered from an adverse effect. The final UKU rating reached statistical significance compared with the measurements taken at 48-72 hours (P=.032) and with the base line measurement (P=.007). Patient acceptance was 90%. The impact of optimisation measurements on the pharmacotherapeutic morbidity level was clinically and statistically significant (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS The proposed protocol has been widely accepted and it is quite certain that it is to be introduced in at a general hospital level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Martínez-Granados
- Servicio de Farmacia, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Macgillivray L, Reynolds K, Sickand M, Rosebush P, Mazurek M. Inhibition of the serotonin transporter induces microglial activation and downregulation of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Synapse 2011; 65:1166-72. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.20954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
60
|
How eating affects mood. Physiol Behav 2011; 103:290-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
61
|
|
62
|
MacGillivray L, Lagrou LM, Reynolds KB, Rosebush PI, Mazurek MF. Role of serotonin transporter inhibition in the regulation of tryptophan hydroxylase in brainstem raphe nuclei: time course and regional specificity. Neuroscience 2010; 171:407-20. [PMID: 20868730 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Drugs that selectively inhibit the serotonin transporter (SERT) are widely prescribed for treatment of depression and a range of anxiety disorders. We studied the time course of changes in tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) in four raphe nuclei after initiation of two different SERT inhibitors, citalopram and fluoxetine. In the first experiment, groups of Sprague-Dawley rats received daily meals of rice pudding either alone (n=9) or mixed with citalopram 5 mg/kg/day (n=27). Rats were sacrificed after 24 h, 7 days or 28 days of treatment. Sections of dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), median raphe nucleus (MRN), raphe magnus nucleus (RMN) and caudal linear nucleus (CLN) were processed for TPH immunohistochemistry. Citalopram induced a significant reduction in DRN TPH-positive cell counts at 24 h (41%), 7 days (38%) and 28 days (52%). Similar reductions in TPH-positive cell counts were also observed at each timepoint in the MRN and in the RMN. In the MRN, citalopram resulted in significant reductions at 24 h (26%), 7 days (16%) and 28 days (23%). In the RMN, citalopram induced significant reductions of TPH-positive cell counts at 24 h (45%), 7 days (34%) and 28 days (43%). By contrast, no significant differences between control and treatment groups were observed in the CLN at any of the time points that we studied. To investigate whether these changes would occur with other SERT inhibitors, we conducted a second experiment, this time with a 28-day course of fluoxetine. As was observed with citalopram, fluoxetine induced significant reductions of TPH cell counts in the DRN (39%), MRN (38%) and RMN (41%), with no significant differences in the CLN. These results indicate that SERT inhibition can alter the regulation of TPH, the rate limiting enzyme for serotonin biosynthesis. This persistent and regionally specific downregulation of serotonin biosynthesis may account for some of the clinical withdrawal symptoms associated with drugs that inhibit SERT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L MacGillivray
- Department of Medicine-Neurology, McMaster University Medical Centre, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
Raskin S, Durst R. Bupropion as the treatment of choice in depression associated with Parkinson's disease and it's various treatments. Med Hypotheses 2010; 75:544-6. [PMID: 20708340 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a chronic progressive degenerative disorder that affects over 6 million people worldwide. It is manifested by motor and psychiatric signs. The latter inflicts up to 88% of PD patients. With the prolongation of life expectancy, it is presumed that the prevalence of PD will further rise, together with comorbid depression. As a result, the need for an adequate therapeutic answer for compounded PD with depression is called for urgently. Several theories try to explain the trigger of depression in PD patients by impaired activity in dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin systems. Various treatment to combat depressive symptoms in PD patients were proposed and are in use, with ambiguous results and disturbing side effects. These anti-depressive modalities include SSRI's, SNRI, TCA, NRI and ECT. Dopamine agonists showed some anti-depressant activity in several studies in depressive PD, but may cause side effects such as dizziness, somnolence, confusion and even hallucinations. The role of dopamine agonists in the treatment of depression is still being explored because of no sufficient number of controlled studies in this area. Our hypothesis is to suggest NDRI - Bupropion - as the first line of treatment in PD patients with depression, in PD induced depression and/or in depression triggered by one of the treatments given for PD. Dual norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibition is associated with unique clinical profile that compounds together anti-depressant efficacy without serotonin associated side effects such as weight gain, sedation, sexual dysfunction. Bupropion, as mainly dopaminergic and noradrenergic anti-depressant can alleviate therapeutically depressive symptoms associated with PD. Clinical controlled studies on Bupropion use in PD depressed patients are required to support this hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Raskin
- The Jerusalem Mental Health Center, Kfar Shaul Hospital, Hebrew University - Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
Abstract
All psychotropic medications have the potential to induce numerous and diverse unwanted ocular effects. Visual adverse effects can be divided into seven major categories: eyelid and keratoconjunctival disorders; uveal tract disorders; accommodation interference; angle-closure glaucoma; cataract/pigmentary deposits in the lens and cornea; retinopathy; and other disorders. The disorders of the eyelid and of the keratoconjunctiva are mainly related to phenothiazines and lithium. Chlorpromazine, at high dosages, can commonly cause abnormal pigmentation of the eyelids, interpalpebral conjunctiva and cornea. It can also cause a more worrisome but rarer visual impairment, namely corneal oedema. Lithium can rarely lead to a bothersome eye irritation by affecting sodium transport. Uveal tract problems are mainly associated with tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), typical antipsychotics, topiramate and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). TCAs, typical antipsychotics and SSRIs can all cause mydriasis that is often transient and with no major consequences, but that can promote closure of angles in susceptible patients. Topiramate has been frequently associated with a number of significant ocular symptoms including acquired myopia and angle-closure glaucoma. Problems with accommodation are related to TCAs and to low-potency antipsychotics. TCAs cause transient blurred vision in up to one-third of patients. Angle-closure glaucoma is a serious condition that has been mainly associated with TCAs, low-potency antipsychotics, topiramate and, to a lesser extent, SSRIs. When patients with narrow angles are given TCAs, they all appear to experience induction of glaucomatous attacks. Antipsychotics and SSRIs may lead to an added risk of developing angle-closure glaucoma, but only in predisposed eyes. Topiramate can lead to an allergic-type reaction whereby structures of the lens and ciliary body are displaced, which results in angle-closure glaucoma. Cataractous changes can result from antipsychotics, mainly from high dosages of chlorpromazine or thioridazine. These two drugs, when used at high dosages and for prolonged periods, frequently cause lenticular opacifications. Retinopathy has been shown to be related to high dosages of typical antipsychotics, mainly chlorpromazine and thioridazine. The frequency of occurrence of retinal effects seems to be proportional to the total amount of drug used over a long period of time. Other visual problems of special concern are the ocular dystonias, other eye movement disorders, and decreased ability to perceive colours and to discriminate contrast. Ocular dystonias can occur with antipsychotics (especially high-potency ones), carbamazepine (especially in polytherapy), topiramate and, rarely, with SSRIs. Disturbance in various eye movements is frequently seen with benzodiazepines, antiepileptic drugs and lithium. Impairment in the perception of colours and the discrimination of contrasts has been shown to occur not uncommonly with carbamazepine and lorazepam. Thus, typical antipsychotics, TCAs, lithium, benzodiazepines, carbamazepine, topiramate and SSRIs appear to produce most of the currently recognized ocular problems. Psychiatrists, ophthalmologists and patients need to be aware of and prepared for any medication-induced adverse effect. Early prevention and intervention can avoid most of the serious and potentially irreversible ocular toxicities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sami Richa
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
Byrd KE, Romito LM, Dzemidzic M, Wong D, Talavage TM. fMRI study of brain activity elicited by oral parafunctional movements. J Oral Rehabil 2010; 36:346-61. [PMID: 19382299 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2842.2009.01947.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Parafunctional masticatory activity, such as the tooth clenching and grinding that is associated with bruxism, is encountered by clinicians in many disciplines, including dentistry, neurology and psychiatry. Despite this, little is known about the neurological basis for these activities. To identify the brain network engaged in such complex oromotor activity, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to elucidate the brain activation patterns of 20 individuals (10 males and 10 females, mean s.d. age of 26.3+/-4.1 years) with (parafunctional, PFx group, 5M/5F) and without (normal functional, NFx group, 5 M/5F) self-reported parafunctional grinding and clenching habits during clenching and grinding tasks. Subject group classification was based on: (i) self-reported history, (ii) clinical examination, (iii) evaluation of dental casts and (iv) positive responses to the temporomandibular disorder (TMD) History Questionnaire [Dworkinand LeResche, Journal of Craniomandibular Disorders, (1992) 6:301]. While subjects performed these oromotor tasks, each wore a custom-designed oral appliance minimizing head motion during imaging. Mean per cent signal changes showed significant between group differences in motor cortical (supplementary motor area, sensorimotor cortex and rolandic operculum) and subcortical (caudate) regions. Supplementary motor area data suggest that motor planning and initiation, particularly during the act of clenching, are less prominent in individuals with oromotor parafunctional behaviours. The overall extent of activated areas was reduced in subjects with self-reported parafunctional masticatory activity compared with the controls. This study's methodology and findings provide an initial step in understanding the neurological basis of parafunctional masticatory activities that are relevant for therapeutic research applications of temporomandibular joint and muscle disorders and associated comorbidities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K E Byrd
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5120, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
66
|
Kuloglu M, Ekinci O, Caykoylu A. Venlafaxine-associated nocturnal bruxism in a depressive patient successfully treated with buspirone. J Psychopharmacol 2010; 24:627-8. [PMID: 19264817 DOI: 10.1177/0269881109102612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Kuloglu
- Department of Psychiatry, Atatürk Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - O. Ekinci
- Department of Psychiatry, Atatürk Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - A. Caykoylu
- Department of Psychiatry, Atatürk Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Bhakta SG, Andrade C. Melatonin treatment of shoulder-and-neck dyskinesia possibly related to fluoxetine treatment. World J Biol Psychiatry 2010; 10:1047-8. [PMID: 19153888 DOI: 10.1080/15622970802650044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
68
|
Controlled clinical, polysomnographic and psychometric studies on differences between sleep bruxers and controls and acute effects of clonazepam as compared with placebo. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2010; 260:163-74. [PMID: 19603241 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-009-0034-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis, pathophysiology, and pharmacotherapy of sleep bruxism (SB) are still not fully understood. We investigated symptomatology, objective and subjective sleep and awakening quality of middle-aged bruxers compared with controls and acute effects of clonazepam 1 mg compared with placebo by polysomnography and psychometry. Twenty-one drug-free bruxers spent 3 nights in the sleep lab, 21 age- and sex-matched controls 2 nights. Clinically, bruxers exhibited deteriorated PSQI, SAS, SDS and IRLSSG measures, polysomnographically impaired sleep maintenance, increased movement time, stage shift index, periodic leg movements (PLM) and arousals and psychometrically deteriorated subjective sleep and awakening quality, evening/morning well-being, drive, mood, drowsiness, attention variability, memory, and fine motor activity. As compared with placebo, clonazepam significantly decreased the SB index in all patients (mean: -42 +/- 15%). Sleep efficiency, maintenance, latency, awakenings and nocturnal wake time, the stage shift index, S1, PLM, the arousal index, subjective sleep and awakening quality, and fine motor activity improved.
Collapse
|
69
|
Devos D, Defebvre L, Bordet R. Dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic pharmacological hypotheses for gait disorders in Parkinson's disease. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2010; 24:407-21. [PMID: 20163480 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2009.00798.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Gait disorders form one component of the axial disorders observed in Parkinson's disease (PD). Indeed, short steps with a forward-leaning stance are diagnostic criteria for PD in the early stages of the condition. Gait disorders also represent a major source of therapeutic failure in the advanced stages of PD (with the appearance of freezing of gait and falls) because they do not respond optimally to the two hand late-stage therapeutics--levodopa and electrical subthalamic nucleus (STN) stimulation. The late onset of doparesistance in these disorders may be linked to propagation of neurodegeneration to structures directly involved in gait control and to non-dopaminergic neurotransmitter systems. The coeruleus locus (a source of noradrenaline) is rapidly and severely affected, leading to a major motor impact. The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) and lateral pontine tegmentum (rich in acetylcholine) are both involved in gait. Degenerative damage to the serotoninergic raphe nuclei appears to be less severe, although serotonin-dopamine interactions are numerous and complex. Lastly, dopaminergic depletion leads to glutamatergic hyperactivity of the efferent pathways from the the STN to the PPN. However, the relationships between the various parkinsonian symptoms (and particularly gait disorders) and these pharmacological targets have yet to be fully elucidated. The goal of this review is to develop the various pathophysiological hypotheses published to date, in order to underpin and justify ongoing fundamental research and clinical trials in this disease area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Devos
- Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, EA2683, IMPRT, IFR 114, Faculty of Medicine Lille 2, University of Lille Nord de France, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
70
|
|
71
|
Devos D, Bordet R, Defebvre L. [Pharmacological hypotheses and therapeutic strategies for gait disorders in Parkinson's disease]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2009; 166:168-77. [PMID: 19811797 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2009.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 07/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gait disorders form part of the axial symptoms observed in Parkinson's disease (PD) and also represent a major source of therapeutic failure in the later stages of PD, with the appearance of freezing of gait (FOG) and falls. Double-blind clinical trials and, above all, clinical experience have demonstrated that l-DOPA is effective in reducing FOG. Dopaminergic agonists appear to be less effective than l-DOPA and lack formal proof of their efficacy. The enzyme inhibitors provide modest benefits, which need to be confirmed. Hence, these symptoms appear to be partially doparesistant and justify investigation of other major neurotransmission systems. Of the various drugs with partial noradrenergic activity, methylphenidate may improve FOG and attention disorders. Memantine has shown some value in improving motor symptoms and gait in fluctuating parkinsonian patients - possibly by reducing the effect of glutamatergic hyperactivation of the subthalamic nucleus on the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN). The PPN's dense cholinergic innervation also suggests that cholinesterase inhibitors may be of use, although any benefits must be set against a potential aggravation of rest tremor. The many interactions between the serotoninergic and dopaminergic systems require the implementation of clinical studies on the complex motor impact of serotoninergic treatments, which may aggravate the parkinsonian syndrome while improving gait (as is the case with paroxetine and ritanserin). This review seeks to develop the various pathophysiological hypotheses prompted by the results of fundamental studies and pilot clinical trials, with a view to justifying the implementation of confirmatory, double-blind, placebo-controlled therapeutic trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Devos
- Service de neurologie et pathologie du mouvement, clinique neurologique, hôpital Roger-Salengro, EA2683, IMPRT, IFR 114, faculté de médecine Lille-2, CHU de Lille, 59037 Lille cedex, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Chemali Z, Chahine LM, Fricchione G. The use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in elderly patients. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2009; 17:242-53. [PMID: 19637073 DOI: 10.1080/10673220903129798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Depression is common among the elderly, and several factors need to be taken into account in selecting the appropriate antidepressant in this age group. Various physiologic changes occur in individuals as they age, potentially leading to changes in the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of drugs in elderly individuals. The efficacy of various medications, their side-effect profiles, and the potential for drug-drug interactions may differ in older patients compared to younger ones. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which are seen as being among the first-line agents for treatment of depression in elderly patients, have been shown to be effective but carry with them side effects and drug-drug interactions that warrant special attention when these medications are prescribed to older individuals. This review focuses on the pharmacology of SSRIs in elderly patients and on practical issues related to using these medications.
Collapse
|
73
|
Koliscak LP, Makela EH. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-induced akathisia. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2009; 49:e28-36; quiz e37-8. [PMID: 19289334 DOI: 10.1331/japha.2009.08083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review available information in the literature about akathisia (inner restlessness) caused by the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). DATA SOURCES Databases searched included Medline, PsychInfo, the International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, and Google Scholar. Search terms included drug-induced akathisia, psychomotor agitation, drug-induced side effect, movement disorders, and extrapyramidal symptoms. These search terms were cross-referenced with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and each of the currently marketed SSRIs: fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, sertraline, paroxetine, citalopram, and escitalopram. STUDY SELECTION Relevant articles were chosen if they specifically mentioned the word akathisia. Case reports were chosen based on a clear view that an SSRI was a contributing or causative agent of akathisia. DATA SYNTHESIS Recognizing akathisia is important because it can be very bothersome and may cause suicidal ideations. Akathisia can be recognized by examining symptoms, looking at predisposing factors, and using the Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS). Predisposing factors include use of multiple akathisia-inducing drugs, recent increases in SSRI dose, previous development of akathisia, baseline psychiatric disorders, and brain trauma. Treatment options include the addition of a centrally acting beta-blocker, a benzodiazepine, or an anticholinergic agent. CONCLUSION Pharmacists can play an active role in recognizing akathisia by being aware of its characteristics, conducting a thorough medication history to identify causative agents, and using BARS to evaluate patients. These efforts may preclude unnecessary discomfort for the patient and reduce the potential for nonadherence induced by akathisia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey P Koliscak
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-9520, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
74
|
|
75
|
Blomeley CP, Bracci E. Serotonin excites fast-spiking interneurons in the striatum. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 29:1604-14. [PMID: 19419423 PMCID: PMC2695856 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06725.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Revised: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs) control the output of the striatum by mediating feed-forward GABAergic inhibition of projection neurons. Their neuromodulation can therefore critically affect the operation of the basal ganglia. We studied the effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin), a neurotransmitter released in the striatum by fibres originating in the raphe nuclei, on FSIs recorded with whole-cell techniques in rat brain slices. Bath application of serotonin (30 microm) elicited slow, reversible depolarizations (9 +/- 3 mV) in 37/46 FSIs. Similar effects were observed using conventional whole-cell and gramicidin perforated-patch techniques. The serotonin effects persisted in the presence of tetrodotoxin and were mediated by 5-HT(2C) receptors, as they were reversed by the 5-HT(2) receptor antagonist ketanserin and by the selective 5-HT(2C) receptor antagonist RS 102221. Serotonin-induced depolarizations were not accompanied by a significant change in FSI input resistance. Serotonin caused the appearance of spontaneous firing in a minority (5/35) of responsive FSIs, whereas it strongly increased FSI excitability in each of the remaining responsive FSIs, significantly decreasing the latency of the first spike evoked by a current step and increasing spike frequency. Voltage-clamp experiments revealed that serotonin suppressed a current that reversed around -100 mV and displayed a marked inward rectification, a finding that explains the lack of effects of serotonin on input resistance. Consistently, the effects of serotonin were completely occluded by low concentrations of extracellular barium, which selectively blocks Kir2 channels. We concluded that the excitatory effects of serotonin on FSIs were mediated by 5-HT(2C) receptors and involved suppression of an inwardly rectifying K(+) current.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig P Blomeley
- University of Manchester, Faculty of Life Sciences, AV Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
76
|
Reinblatt SP, dosReis S, Walkup JT, Riddle MA. Activation adverse events induced by the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluvoxamine in children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2009; 19:119-26. [PMID: 19364290 PMCID: PMC2856972 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2008.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of activation cluster adverse events (AC-AEs) in youths treated with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluvoxamine for anxiety and the relationship of AC-AEs to SSRI blood levels. METHODS Data from the Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology (RUPP) Anxiety Study were examined for 45 youths (22 active fluvoxamine, 23 placebo) treated for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, 4(th) edition (DSM-IV) anxiety disorders at the Johns Hopkins University site with an 8-week forced-flexible titration schedule. As part of the double-blind placebo-controlled trial, AC-AEs were recorded by clinicians at weekly patient visits. AC-AEs were defined as hyperactivity, activation, and disinhibition. Demographic characteristics, daily doses, and week-8 blood levels were examined in relation to the presence of AC-AEs. The prevalence of AC-AE and time to first event were established for those who experienced this side effect. RESULTS AC-AEs were found in 10 of 22 participants (45%) receiving fluvoxamine and only 1 of 23 in the placebo group (4%). The onset of AC-AEs occurred from week 1 to week 8, with the majority occurring at or before week 4. The mean fluvoxamine blood level at week 8 in subjects with AC-AEs was higher than in subjects without AC-AEs (n = 16, t = -2.61, p = 0.04). Neither the age of the participants nor family history of bipolar or anxiety disorder differed between those who did and did not develop an AC-AE. CONCLUSIONS AC-AEs were common side effects of fluvoxamine, often appeared during the first 8 weeks of treatment, and were associated with higher fluvoxamine blood levels. Close monitoring for AC-AEs, not only when initiating SSRI treatment but also throughout dose titration, is recommended for early identification of activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shauna P. Reinblatt
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Susan dosReis
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John T. Walkup
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark A. Riddle
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
|
78
|
Han YS, Lee CS. Antidepressants reveal differential effect against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium toxicity in differentiated PC12 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 604:36-44. [PMID: 19135049 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2008] [Revised: 11/30/2008] [Accepted: 12/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of depression may ameliorate the cognitive disability and motor slowness in Parkinson's disease. It has been shown that antidepressants, including fluoxetine, may attenuate or exacerbate neuronal cell death. The present study assessed the effect of antidepressants (amitriptyline, tranylcypromine and fluoxetine) against the toxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)) in relation to the mitochondria-mediated cell death process in differentiated PC12 cells. Amitriptyline and tranylcypromine attenuated the MPP(+)-induced cell death that may be associated with mitochondrial membrane permeability change and oxidative stress. Both compounds prevented the loss of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, over-expression of Bax, reduction in Bcl-2 level, cytochrome c release, caspase-3 activation, formation of reactive oxygen species and depletion of GSH. The inhibitory effect of tranylcypromine was greater than that of amitriptyline on the basis of concentration. In contrast, fluoxetine revealed a toxic effect and exhibited an additive effect against the toxicity of MPP(+). Results show that amitriptyline and tranylcypromine may attenuate the MPP(+) toxicity by suppressing the mitochondrial membrane permeability change that leads to cytochrome c release and subsequent caspase-3 activation. The effects seem to be associated with the inhibitory action on the formation of reactive oxygen species and the depletion of GSH. In contrast, fluoxetine seems to exert an additive toxic effect against neuronal cell damage by increasing mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young Su Han
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, South Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
Dutra LA, Pedroso JL, Felix EPV, Barsottini OGP. Venlafaxine induced-myoclonus in a patient with mixed dementia. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2008; 66:894-5. [DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2008000600025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
|
80
|
|
81
|
Devos D, Dujardin K, Poirot I, Moreau C, Cottencin O, Thomas P, Destée A, Bordet R, Defebvre L. Comparison of desipramine and citalopram treatments for depression in Parkinson's disease: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Mov Disord 2008; 23:850-7. [PMID: 18311826 DOI: 10.1002/mds.21966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is one of the most common psychiatric disturbances in Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent reviews have highlighted the lack of controlled trials and the ensuing difficulty in formulating recommendations for antidepressant use in PD. We sought to establish whether antidepressants provide real benefits and whether tricyclic and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants differ in their short-term efficacy, because the time to onset of therapeutic benefit remains an important criterion in depression. The short-term efficacy (after 14 and 30 days) of two antidepressants (desipramine, a predominantly noradrenergic reuptake inhibitor tricyclic and citalopram, a SSRI) was assessed in a double-blind, randomized, placebo- controlled study of 48 nondemented PD patients suffering from major depression. After 14 days, desipramine prompted an improvement in the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score, compared with citalopram and placebo. Both antidepressants produced significant improvements in the MADRS score after 30 days. Mild adverse events were twice as frequent in the desipramine group as in the other groups. A predominantly noradrenergic tricyclic antidepressant induced a more intense short-term effect on parkinsonian depression than did an SSRI. However, desipramine's lower tolerability may outweigh its slight short-term clinical advantage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Devos
- Department of Neurology, IFR114, Institute of Predictive Medicine and Therapeutic Research, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
82
|
Abstract
Dystonia is a syndrome of involuntary, repetitive (or sustained) muscle contractions of opposing muscles, which may result in torsions and abnormal postures. Tardive dystonia is a form of the disorder that starts after longer term use of dopamine antagonists. It occurs in approximately 3% of patients receiving ongoing antipsychotic treatment and is often difficult to reverse. Dystonia can also be induced by compounds other than antipsychotics, such as antidepressants, levodopa, carbamazepine, dextroamphetamine, and diphenylhydantoin. In these cases, it is transient, generally disappearing after the dose is reduced or the causative drug is stopped. Dystonia induced by injury can also be transient. We report a case of transient oromandibular dystonia following a dental filling in a woman receiving quetiapine, a second-generation antipsychotic. The timing, localization, and transience of the dystonia suggested that the dental procedure may have played a triggering role. The dystonia symptoms responded within 8 weeks to benztropine and a dose reduction of quetiapine, and they did not return when benztropine was discontinued. This case benefited from prompt attention and has led to practical recommendations for psychiatric clinicians.
Collapse
|
83
|
Abstract
This article reviews three poorly recognized yet relatively common presentations of hyperactive orofacial movement disorders: oromandibular dystonia, orofacial dyskinesia, and drug-induced extrapyramidal syndrome reactions. Orofacial movement disorders are often misdiagnosed as temporomandibular disorders, hence understanding these conditions is pertinent for the practitioner treating orofacial pain. Aspects of epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis are discussed along with treatment considerations for these orofacial movement disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Balasubramaniam
- Department of Oral Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, 240 South 40th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
84
|
|
85
|
Milton JC, Abdulla A. Prolonged oro-facial dystonia in a 58 year old female following therapy with bupropion and St John's Wort. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2007; 64:717-8. [PMID: 17578477 PMCID: PMC2203260 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2007.02962.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
86
|
Brahm NC, McElwain DL, Brown RC. Potential aripiprazole-mediated extrapyramidal symptoms in an adult with developmental disabilities. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2007; 64:827-9. [PMID: 17420198 DOI: 10.2146/ajhp060209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A case of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) following administration of aripiprazole to a man with developmental disabilities who had never received antipsychotic medications and had no history of movement disorders is presented. SUMMARY The patient was a 40-year-old male with developmental disabilities. He was nonverbal, profoundly mentally retarded, and diagnosed with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and orthopedic problems. He developed episodic movements possibly consistent with EPS secondary to aripiprazole usage. The patient was antipsychotic naive before initiation of aripiprazole 5 mg daily. Concurrent medications at the time of EPS onset included oxazepam, baclofen, and citalopram. Baclofen and oxazepam were prescribed secondary to right-sided hemiparesis contractures. Aripiprazole, 5 mg daily, was initiated in November 2004 as an augmentation strategy for the diagnosis of OCD. Facial, tongue, and arm movements were first reported approximately five weeks after the initiation of aripiprazole. Initial symptoms resolved after approximately 24 hours. The dosage was increased to 10 mg daily two weeks later. Dystonic episodes continued on an intermittent basis, and the patient presented with lower-lip thrusting and upper-limb athetosis. These movements interfered with the patient's eating, chewing, and holding of utensils. Several of the standard treatment strategies for EPS were used. Initially, diphenhydramine hydrochloride 25 mg was administered orally every six hours. The patient's movements resolved following diphenhydramine administration. Aripiprazole was subsequently discontinued secondary to its lack of efficacy for OCD and the development of a movement disorder. CONCLUSION A patient with developmental disabilities who had no history of movement disorders developed EPS following initiation of aripiprazole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy C Brahm
- Department of Pharmacy: Clinical and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma (UO), Tulsa 74135-2512, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
87
|
Kuznetsov Y, Khiat A, Blanchet PJ, Boulanger Y. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of dyskinesia patients. Mov Disord 2007; 22:957-62. [PMID: 17377925 DOI: 10.1002/mds.21459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral dyskinesias may occur spontaneously or be induced by medications such as antipsychotics and antidepressants. In this study, single voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to compare metabolite levels in the striatum for (1) 12 patients with drug-induced tardive dyskinesia (TD), (2) 12 patients with spontaneous oral dyskinesia (SOD), (3) 8 antidepressant-treated patients without TD, and (4) 8 control subjects. Statistically significant reductions in the choline/creatine (Cho/Cr) ratio were measured for the drug-treated patients with TD (-13%, P = 0.020) and SOD patients (-12%, P = 0.034) relative to control subjects. In comparison with antidepressant-treated patients without TD, drug-treated patients with TD showed a non statistically significant reduction in Cho/Cr (-11%, P = 0.079). All other metabolite ratios (N-acetylaspartate (NAA)/Cr, myo-inositol (mI)/Cr, glutamine + glutamate (Glx)/Cr, macromolecule + lipid (MM+Lip)/Cr, NAA/Cho) were unaffected by either type of dyskinesia. The observed Cho/Cr reduction in dyskinesia patients suggests decreased membrane phosphatidylcholine turnover, which provides free choline as precursor of molecules responsible for cellular signal transduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yevgeniy Kuznetsov
- Département de Radiologie, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
88
|
|
89
|
Arbouw MEL, Movig KLL, Neef C, Guchelaar HJ, Egberts TCG. Influence of initial use of serotonergic antidepressants on antiparkinsonian drug use in levodopa-using patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2007; 63:181-7. [PMID: 17200834 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-006-0233-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2006] [Accepted: 10/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether there is an association between initial use of serotonergic antidepressants and changes in antiparkinsonian drug treatment. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was performed with the PHARMO record linkage system. All patients from 1994 until 2004 of 40 years or older who were first time users of an antidepressant and who had used a levodopa-containing drug at least 180 days before initiation of the antidepressant were included. The maximum follow-up time was 180 days. The first change in antiparkinsonian drug treatment, defined as an increase in the daily dosage of any antiparkinsonian drug, the start of a new antiparkinsonian drug or a change in the dosage form during the follow-up period, was taken as an endpoint. Antidepressants were classified in two ways: according to their class [selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) or other antidepressants] or by the extent of their inhibition of serotonin reuptake (high, intermediate or low). RESULTS A total of 221 patients was included in our study. The adjusted hazard ratio for a change in antiparkinsonian drug treatment was 0.7 (95% CI 0.3-1.5) comparing SSRI with TCA users, and it was 0.9 (95% CI 0.4-2.1) comparing users of other antidepressants with TCA users. The adjusted hazard ratio for a change in antiparkinsonian drug treatment was 0.6 (95% CI 0.3-1.4) comparing users of antidepressants with high versus low extent of inhibition of serotonin reuptake, and it was 0.7 (95% CI 0.3-1.4) comparing users of antidepressants with intermediate versus low extent of inhibition of serotonin reuptake. CONCLUSION Based on these observations, we found no evidence to be more cautious using SSRIs or serotonergic antidepressants compared to other antidepressants in patients with Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maurits E L Arbouw
- Faculty of Science, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacotherapy, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
90
|
Clark GT, Ram S. Four oral motor disorders: bruxism, dystonia, dyskinesia and drug-induced dystonic extrapyramidal reactions. Dent Clin North Am 2007; 51:225-43, viii-ix. [PMID: 17185068 DOI: 10.1016/j.cden.2006.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews four of the involuntary hyperkinetic motor disorders that affect the orofacial region: bruxism, orofacial dystonia, oromandibular dyskinesia, and medication-induced extrapyramidal syndrome-dystonic reactions. It discusses and contrasts the clinical features and management strategies for spontaneous, primary, and drug-induced motor disorders in the orofacial region. The article provides a list of medications that have been reported to cause drug-related extrapyramidal motor activity, and discusses briefly the genetic and traumatic events that are associated with spontaneous dystonia. Finally, it presents an approach for management of the orofacial motor disorders. The contraindications, side effects, and usual approach for medications and injections are covered. An overview of the indications, contraindications, and complications of using botulinum toxin as a therapeutic modality is discussed briefly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glenn T Clark
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Orofacial Pain and Oral Medicine Center, University of Southern California School of Dentistry, 925 West 34th Street, Room B-14, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
Schneider C, Lovett E. Depression. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-2954-0.50013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
92
|
Dean CE, Kuskowski MA, Caligiuri MP. Predictors of neuroleptic-induced dyskinesia and parkinsonism: the influence of measurement methods and definitions. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2006; 26:560-5. [PMID: 17110811 DOI: 10.1097/01.jcp.0000245559.14284.e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The accurate and objective measurement of abnormal, involuntary movements remains highly desirable, whether the movements are secondary to pharmacotherapy or an expression of the primary illness. In a previous study, we found that the prevalence of tardive dyskinesia in a sample of 100 subjects ranged from 28% when using the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) or the Dyskinesia Identification Scale, Condensed User Version (DISCUS) to 62% using an instrumental measurement (IM) of peripheral dyskinesia. The goal of this study was to examine the relationship between various risk factors for tardive dyskinesia as predictor variables, and the AIMS, DISCUS, and IMs of dyskinesia, tremor, and velocity of motor movement as dependent variables. The sample consisted of 100, mostly patients with schizophrenia. Poor performance on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and increasing age were the most consistent predictors of dyskinetic and parkinsonian movements. Various predictors were associated with specific abnormal movements. Head injury was related to slower speed of motor movements and the total DISCUS score. A history of smoking was associated with less IM dyskinesia. For those with coexisting parkinsonism and dyskinesia, significant associations were found with head injury, diabetes mellitus, and an AIMS score of 2 or greater in 2 body areas. Various classes of psychotropic agents seemed to have little influence on the MMSE or the development of dyskinesia and parkinsonism. Increasing age and a lower score on the MMSE seem to be particularly helpful in gauging the risk for parkinsonian and dyskinetic movements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Dean
- Psychiatric Movement Disorders Clinic, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, MN 55417, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
McKeown RE, Cuffe SP, Schulz RM. US suicide rates by age group, 1970-2002: an examination of recent trends. Am J Public Health 2006; 96:1744-51. [PMID: 17008567 PMCID: PMC1586156 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2005.066951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2005] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
US suicide rates have declined in recent years, reversing earlier trends. We examined suicide rates among 4 age groups from 1970 to 2002 and the factors that may have contributed to the decline. We paid particular attention to newer anti-depressants because of recent concerns and controversy about a possible association with suicidal behaviors. These trends warrant more extensive analysis of suicide rates among specific subgroups, including consideration of additional variables that may influence rates differentially. The relative contributions of depression diagnosis and treatment, postsuicide attempt care, and other contextual factors (e.g., overall economic conditions) also deserve attention. If the decline is associated with contextual factors, clarifying these associations will better inform public policy decisions and contribute to more effective interventions for preventing suicide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert E McKeown
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia 29208, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
94
|
Copelan RI, Messer MA, Ashley DJ. Adolescent violence screening in the ED. Am J Emerg Med 2006; 24:582-94. [PMID: 16938598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2006.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2006] [Revised: 03/01/2006] [Accepted: 04/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Youth violence is widely recognized as a major public health problem. Adolescent suicidality (ideation, behavior, or both) is disturbingly common in the United States, and homicide remains one of the leading causes of death for young people aged 10 to 24 years. Assessing youth suicidality and homicidality in the emergency department (ED) is a complex and challenging task. Evidence about the value of available ED risk assessments is not encouraging. Attempts to develop models that predict violence have in part been unsuccessful from the fact that ideation is common and the value of depression is hard to determine. The current study presents an empirically based assessment (adolescent and child urgent threat evaluation) and algorithm (violence ideation and suicidality treatment algorithm) evaluating the impact of ideation and nonideation states on attempt among clinical samples, such as serotonin reuptake inhibitor akathisia and acute adjustment disorders. The authors suggest important time-related factors and easy-to-administer procedures when assessing near-future youth violence. A validated suicide-homicide final common pathway model is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Russell I Copelan
- Department of Neurosciences, Memorial Hospital, Colorado Springs, CO 80909, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
95
|
Gameiro GH, da Silva Andrade A, Nouer DF, Ferraz de Arruda Veiga MC. How may stressful experiences contribute to the development of temporomandibular disorders? Clin Oral Investig 2006; 10:261-8. [PMID: 16924558 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-006-0064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) comprise the most common cause of chronic facial pain conditions, and they are often associated with somatic and psychological complaints including fatigue, sleep disturbances, anxiety, and depression. For many health professionals, the subjectivity of pain experience is frequently neglected even when the clinic does not find any plausible biologic explanation for the pain. This strictly biomedical vision of pain cannot be justified scientifically. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate, by original articles from the literature and recent studies conducted in our own laboratory, the biological processes by which psychological stress can be translated into the sensation of pain and contribute to the development of TMD. The role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the serotoninergic and opioid systems in the pathogenesis of facial pain is exposed, including possible future therapeutic approaches. It is hoped that knowledge from apparently disparate fields of dentistry, integrated into a multidisciplinary clinical approach to TMD, will improve diagnosis and treatment for this condition through a clinical practice supported by scientific knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Hauber Gameiro
- Department of Orthodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas-Unicamp, Av. Limeira 901 C.P. 52, CEP 13414-900, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
96
|
Basu R, Brar JS. Dose-dependent rapid-onset akathisia with aripiprazole in patients with schizoaffective disorder. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2006; 2:241-3. [PMID: 19412470 PMCID: PMC2671776 DOI: 10.2147/nedt.2006.2.2.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of cases are reported in which patients on aripiprazole have developed akathisia, although the literature states that the rate is negligible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ranita Basu
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
97
|
Abstract
Depression is one of the most common nonmotor features observed in Parkinson's disease (PD), affecting approximately 40% of patients. Depression in Parkinson's disease (dPD) significantly affects quality of life of both patients and their families and has been shown to be more predictive of distress than motor disability. Depression frequently goes unrecognized in this population, however, in part because the diagnosis is often complicated by the overlap of psychiatric and PD symptoms. The etiology of dPD is unclear; dopaminergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic systems may be implicated. Options for managing dPD include antidepressant medication; cognitive-behavioral therapy; behavioral lifestyle interventions such as exercise; and, in refractory cases, noninvasive brain stimulation (electroconvulsive therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation). Randomized controlled trials are needed to evaluate the efficacy of interventional approaches for dPD; several trials are currently underway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Menza
- Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, D207A, 671 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
98
|
Da Silva K, Mandel L. Bilateral temporalis muscle hypertrophy: a case report. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 102:e1-3. [PMID: 16831662 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2006.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2005] [Revised: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Although masseteric hypertrophy is common and can be accompanied by temporalis hypertrophy, temporalis hypertrophy by itself is an exceptional finding. A patient, a chronic bruxer who was receiving psychiatric care and psychotherapeutic medications, complained of moderate discomfort and swelling in both temporal areas. It is believed that the patient's long-term stress-related sleeping problem was causing her bruxism. Of great interest was the fact that chronic bruxing had resulted in the rare occurrence of temporalis muscle hypertrophy without a coexisting masseteric hypertrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keith Da Silva
- School of Dental and Oral Surgery, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
Leentjens AFG, Scholtissen B, Vreeling FW, Verhey FRJ. The serotonergic hypothesis for depression in Parkinson's disease: an experimental approach. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31:1009-15. [PMID: 16205779 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The serotonergic hypothesis for depression in Parkinson's disease (PD) states that the reduced cerebral serotonergic activity that occurs in PD constitutes a biological risk factor for depression. The aim of our study was to assess the serotonergic hypothesis of depression in PD patients using an experimental approach. In a double-blind, randomized order, placebo-controlled crossover design, the response on the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire to acute tryptophan depletion (ATD) was studied in 15 PD nondepressed patients and 15 control subjects, without a prior personal or family history of depression. PD patients had lower (worse) baseline scores on the sadness, fatigue and vigor subscales of the POMS, in both ATD and the placebo condition, but not on the tension and anger subscales. There was however neither a significance between group effect, nor significance within-group effect due to ATD. We could find no evidence of a specific serotonergic vulnerability of PD patients for depression. Therefore, our results do not support the serotonergic hypothesis for depression in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albert F G Leentjens
- Department of Psychiatry, Maastricht University Hospital, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
100
|
Arzur J, De la Gastine B, Bessodes A, Coquerel A. Syndrome parkinsonien médicamenteux : à propos d'un cas chez une patiente de 77 ans. Rev Med Interne 2006; 27:422-4. [PMID: 16360242 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2005.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2005] [Revised: 05/23/2005] [Accepted: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|