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Santandreu J, Caballero FF, Gómez-Serranillos MP, González-Burgos E. Risk of dementia among antidepressant elderly users: A population-based cohort analysis in Spain. J Affect Disord 2024; 349:54-61. [PMID: 38195007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The use of antidepressants with anticholinergic effects has been associated with an increased risk of dementia. However, the results published are contradictory. The aim of the study is to compare the risk of developing dementia in elderly who were prescribed tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) versus those who were prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and other antidepressants (OA). A prospective population-based cohort study was performed using the Spanish Database for Pharmacoepidemiological Research in Primary Care (BIFAP) data (from 2005 to 2018). The cohort study included 62,928 patients age ≥ 60 without dementia and with antidepressant long-term monotherapy. Patients were divided into exposure antidepressant groups based on ATC system [TCA, SSRIs users and OAs users]. The risk of dementia was calculated by Cox regression models, providing hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % confidence intervals. The Kaplan-Meier model was used for survival analysis. Chi2 test was used as association test. The results showed SSRI users had higher dementia risk than TCA users (HR = 1.864; 95%CI = 1.624-2.140). Moreover, OA users had also significant risk of dementia (HR = 2.103; 95%CI = 1.818-2.431). Several limitations are the variation of the trend in the prescription of antidepressants, the small number of patients that use some antidepressants, the lack of information related to the dose, or socioeconomic characteristics, the use of antidepressant drugs for other indications, or the therapeutic compliance. Our findings showed that older users of SSRI and OA have more risk of developing dementia than TCA elderly users. However, additional studies would be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Santandreu
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Félix Caballero
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and CIBERESP (CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Pilar Gómez-Serranillos
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena González-Burgos
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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McKenna B, Wold L, Noland MM, Schenck O. Novel hyperpigmentation pathophysiology following a prolonged course of imipramine therapy. J Cutan Pathol 2024; 51:105-107. [PMID: 37818708 DOI: 10.1111/cup.14544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Imipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant typically reserved for patients with treatment-resistant mood disorders. A rare side effect of long-term use of imipramine is a slowly progressive melanin-associated, slate gray-blue hyperpigmentation of the skin in a photo-distributed pattern. We report a case of imipramine-induced hyperpigmentation developing 50 years after initiating imipramine therapy, whose lesions were essentially devoid of melanin on histopathological exam. This differs from all other reported cases of imipramine-induced hyperpigmentation in two notable respects. First, the time between initiating imipramine therapy and the onset of pigmentation changes was nearly 30 years longer than prior case reports. Second, the lack of melanin in our samples suggests a divergence from the hypothesized melanin-imipramine complex mechanism of hyperpigmentation. Instead, we propose a novel pathogenesis of imipramine-induced hyperpigmentation that is unrelated to melanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian McKenna
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Lynne Wold
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Olivia Schenck
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Yang W, Jia YH, Jiang HY, Li AJ. Antidepressant use and the risk of seizure: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2024; 80:175-183. [PMID: 37996536 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-023-03597-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The association between antidepressant use and the risk of seizures remains controversial. Therefore, this meta-analysis examined whether antidepressant use affects the risk of seizures. METHODS To identify relevant observational studies, we conducted systematic searches in PubMed and Embase of studies published through May 2023. Random-effects models were used to estimate overall relative risk. RESULTS Our meta-analysis included eight studies involving 1,709,878 individuals. Our results showed that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) (odds ratio [OR] 1.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.32-1.66; P < 0.001) and selective noradrenalin reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) (OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.24-2.19; P = 0.001), but not tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) (OR 1.27, 95% CI 0.84-1.92; P = 0.249), were associated with an increased risk of seizures. Subgroup analyses revealed an OR of 2.35 (95% CI 1.7, 3.24; P < 0.001) among short-term (< 30 days) antidepressant users. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this meta-analysis support an increased risk of seizures in new-generation antidepressant users, expanding previous knowledge by demonstrating a more pronounced risk in short-term users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Department of Oncology, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yong-Hui Jia
- Pharmacy Department, The 960th Hospital of PLA, Jinan, China
| | - Hai-Yin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ai-Juan Li
- Pharmacy Department, The 960th Hospital of PLA, Jinan, China.
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Ma T, Qi H, Mao Y, Wang Y, Duan B, Ma K. Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Antidepressants for Patients with Chronic Back Pain: A Network Meta-Analysis. J Clin Pharmacol 2024; 64:205-214. [PMID: 37794650 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.2365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Various antidepressants have introduced in clinical practice for pain management, but it is important to understand how to properly use them. We therefore performed a systematic review and network meta-analysis to compare and rank the efficacy and safety of antidepressants for patients with chronic back pain. We identified eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that investigated the efficacy and safety of antidepressants for chronic back pain from PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov, searching from inception to May 2023. Six categories of antidepressants for the treatment of chronic back pain were included, and the surface under the cumulative ranking probabilities was applied to rank the treatment strategies. Overall, we selected 19 RCTs recruiting 2903 patients for the meta-analysis. Tricyclic antidepressants presented the best relative effects for relief in pain score (surface under the cumulative ranking, 84.4%). The results of pairwise comparison analyses found the use of serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) significantly reduced pain score and low disability score compared with placebo, irrespective of treatment duration. Noradrenaline-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (relative risk [RR], 2.80; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.30-6.03; P = .008) and SNRIs (RR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.07-1.27; P < .001) significantly increased the risk of adverse events. SNRIs were associated with an increased risk of withdrawal due to adverse events (RR, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.64-3.43; P < .001). This study found that antidepressants are more efficacious than placebos for treating chronic back pain, and tricyclic antidepressants are the most likely medications that lead to pain relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ma
- Department of Algology, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Hongyu Qi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Yuanrong Mao
- Department of Algology, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Department of Algology, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Baolin Duan
- Department of Algology, Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Ke Ma
- Department of Algology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Ikeri K, Anderson A, Eyal F, Whitehurst R. Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome Following Prenatal Use of Supplements Containing Tianeptine. Pediatrics 2024; 153:e2023062382. [PMID: 38213293 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2023-062382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Tianeptine is an opioid receptor agonist that is prescribed as an antidepressant in many countries. In the United States, tianeptine is not approved for medical use because of its potential for abuse and addiction. Nonetheless, products containing tianeptine are easily obtainable and are marketed as dietary supplements. There are increasing reports of adverse effects and fatal toxicities resulting from tianeptine use among adolescents and adults. This emerging public health threat could escalate the opioid epidemic and drive increased newborn perinatal exposure. The impact of in utero exposure to tianeptine has not been studied, and to our knowledge, the authors of only 1 report have documented possible neonatal effects. Here, we describe a case of chronic prenatal exposure to tianeptine in the setting of maternal dependence on dietary supplements. This infant developed signs of severe withdrawal shortly after birth that were refractory to treatment with oral phenobarbital but responded to subsequent oral morphine therapy. On further questioning, the mother revealed the use of a tianeptine-containing dietary supplement. We did not perform confirmatory toxicology testing because tianeptine is not assayed by usual urine drug screening tests. For infants with clinical signs of opioid withdrawal without known etiology, we suggest that the maternal interview should inquire about the use of neurotropic over-the-counter drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelechi Ikeri
- Division of Neonatology, University of South Alabama Children's and Women's Hospital, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Alexandria Anderson
- Division of Neonatology, University of South Alabama Children's and Women's Hospital, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Fabien Eyal
- Division of Neonatology, University of South Alabama Children's and Women's Hospital, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Richard Whitehurst
- Division of Neonatology, University of South Alabama Children's and Women's Hospital, Mobile, Alabama
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Ongaro G, Ballou S, Kube T, Haas J, Kaptchuk TJ. Doctors Speak: A Qualitative Study of Physicians' Prescribing of Antidepressants in Functional Bowel Disorders. Cult Med Psychiatry 2023; 47:669-683. [PMID: 35764862 DOI: 10.1007/s11013-022-09795-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are frequently prescribed for chronic functional pain disorders. Although the mechanism of action targets pain perception, treating patients with TCAs for disorders conceptualized as "functional" can promote stigmatization in these patients because it hints at psychological dimensions of the disorder. The goal of this study was to understand how physicians prescribe TCAs in the face of this challenge. We interviewed eleven gastroenterologists in tertiary care clinics specializing in functional gastrointestinal disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome. We found that the physicians interviewed (1) were aware of the stigma attached to taking antidepressants for a medical condition, (2) emphasized biological, as opposed to psychological, mechanisms of action, (3) while focusing on biological mechanisms, they nevertheless prescribed TCAs in a way that is highly attentive to the psychology of expectations, making specific efforts to adjust patients' expectations to be realistic and to reframe information that would be discouraging and (4) asked patients to persist in taking TCAs despite common and, at times, uncomfortable side effects. In this context of shared decision making, physicians described nuanced understanding and behaviours necessary for treating the complexity of functional disorders and emphasized the importance of a strong patient-provider relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Ongaro
- Department of Anthropology, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | - Sarah Ballou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, USA.
- Program in Placebo Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
| | - Tobias Kube
- Program in Placebo Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Pain and Psychotherapy Research Lab, University of Koblenz-Landau, Mainz, Germany
| | - Julia Haas
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, USA
- Program in Placebo Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Ted J Kaptchuk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, USA
- Program in Placebo Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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La Sala MS, Reinfeld S, Constantino E. Treatment of Long-COVID Neuropsychiatric Sequelae Using Tricyclic Antidepressants: A Case Series. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2023; 43:458-460. [PMID: 37683237 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000001725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S La Sala
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY
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Na I, Seo J, Park E, Lee J. Risk of Falls Associated with Long-Acting Benzodiazepines or Tricyclic Antidepressants Use in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Nationwide Population-Based Case–Crossover Study. IJERPH 2022; 19:ijerph19148564. [PMID: 35886415 PMCID: PMC9319084 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Falls are common in older adults and increase in recent years. This study aimed to examine the risk of falls associated with long-acting benzodiazepines (BZDs) or tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) use in community-dwelling older adults. Methods: A nationwide population-based case–crossover design was used. We screened information on 6,370,275 fall or fall fracture cases among community-dwelling elderly patients from the database of the national health insurance data warehouse in South Korea. We extracted the data of elderly patients who visited the hospital for a fall and were diagnosed with the first fall or fall fracture after prescription of long-acting BZDs (n = 1805) or TCAs (n = 554). The study used conditional logistic regression analysis to analyze the associations and stratified analysis by gender and age group to control for their confounding effects. Results: Risk of falls or fall fractures increased by more than two times after taking long-acting BZDs (odds ratio [OR] = 2.16; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.85–2.52) or TCAs (OR = 2.13; 95% CI = 1.62–2.83). The longer the prescription period of both, the higher the risk of falls or fall fractures was (≥49 days for long-acting BZDs vs. ≥ 56 days for TCAs). Conclusions: Long-acting BZDs or TCAs should be avoided or prescribed for a shorter duration based on these adverse effects. Health care providers should focus on fall prevention practices in older adults who take such drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inyoung Na
- Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (I.N.); (J.S.); (E.P.)
| | - Junyoung Seo
- Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (I.N.); (J.S.); (E.P.)
| | - Eunjin Park
- Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (I.N.); (J.S.); (E.P.)
| | - Jia Lee
- College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Correspondence:
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Yohannes AM, Jin JW, Kunik ME. Benefit-Risk Assessment of Psychotropic Drugs in Older Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Drugs Aging 2022; 39:323-332. [PMID: 35437683 DOI: 10.1007/s40266-022-00935-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Depression, anxiety, and other mental health disorders, including bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, occur commonly in older adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and they are often inadequately treated. We review the available evidence for benefits and risks of pharmacologic treatments (e.g. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [SSRIs], serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors [SNRIs], tricyclic antidepressants [TCAs], antipsychotic drugs, and benzodiazepines) for common mental illnesses in older persons with COPD. Evidence to use both SSRIs/SNRIs and TCAs from randomized controlled trials is uncertain for treating major depression in patients with COPD. However, population-based findings indicate that they are widely used, and this valuable intervention (preferably SSRIs/SNRIs) should not be denied for selected patients after evaluating potential risks and benefits, especially patients presenting with major depression and suicidal ideation, when a collaborative-care approach is being used. Although there is some evidence for the short-term use of benzodiazepines for treating insomnia, breathlessness, and anxiety in patients with COPD, their long-term use should be closely monitored or avoided to reduce the increased rate of major adverse events. Currently, there are only limited data on the use of antipsychotic drugs for managing schizophrenia or bipolar disorder in older patients with COPD. Hence, clinicians should use extra caution when prescribing antipsychotic agents and be vigilant for symptoms of acute respiratory failure and other adverse effects. Psychotropic medications are clearly beneficial for younger, healthy persons with depression and anxiety; however, the risk-benefit calculation is not so clear for treating psychological problems, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder in older adults with COPD, given older-adult sensitivity to medications and the mixed findings of relatively few controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abebaw Mengistu Yohannes
- Department of Physical Therapy, Azusa Pacific University, 701 East Foothill Boulevard, Azusa, CA, 91702, USA.
| | - Jeff W Jin
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mark E Kunik
- HSR&D Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness, and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- South Central Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Ballou S, Iturrino J, Rangan V, Cheng V, Kelley JM, Lembo A, Kaptchuk TJ, Nee J. Improving Medication Tolerance: A Pilot Study in Disorders of Gut-brain Interaction Treated With Tricyclic Antidepressants. J Clin Gastroenterol 2022; 56:452-456. [PMID: 34091518 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000001575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are commonly used to treat disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI). However, these medications are often associated with side effects that lead to early treatment discontinuation. Research in other chronic medical conditions suggests that many TCA side effects may be caused by nocebo (negative placebo) effects. The current study tests a brief, verbal intervention aimed at improving tolerance of TCAs in DGBI by providing education about nocebo effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS This pilot randomized controlled trial was performed in a tertiary care gastroenterology clinic. Participants with DGBI were randomized "standard information," describing the benefits and risks of TCAs, or "augmented information," which included an additional <30-second education about nocebo effects. Two weeks after their visit, participants were emailed a survey evaluating the number and bothersomeness of side effects, adequate relief, global improvement, and treatment satisfaction. RESULTS Thirty-one patients were randomized and 22 responded to the survey. The average age was 40% and 59% were women. Although not statistically significant, the augmented group attributed nominally fewer symptoms to TCAs than the standard group, with a medium effect size (1.5 vs. 4.2, effect size d=0.56, P=0.212) and reported being significantly less bothered by those symptoms (13.4 vs. 38.1, P=0.037). A nominally larger percentage of the augmented group reported adequate relief of symptoms after 2 weeks of treatment compared with the standard group (55% vs. 27%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS This pilot study demonstrates that a brief (≈30 s) clinical intervention addressing nocebo effects may improve tolerance of TCAs. These findings provide support for future, fully powered studies to evaluate the impact of framing on clinical outcomes, especially in chronic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ballou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
- Program in Placebo Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School
| | - Johanna Iturrino
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
| | - Vikram Rangan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
| | - Vivian Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
| | - John M Kelley
- Program in Placebo Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School
- Psychology Department, Endicott College, Beverly, MA
| | - Anthony Lembo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
- Program in Placebo Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School
| | - Ted J Kaptchuk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
- Program in Placebo Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Judy Nee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
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Gandhi P, Saxena A, Pai K, Ahmed J, Ongole R. Oral Manifestations of Psychotropic Drugs on the Oral Cavity: Observational Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2022; 23:443-446. [PMID: 35945839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study aims to detect the prevalence of oral manifestations in patients with psychiatric disorders on psychotropic medications. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 46 patients above the age of 18 years who have been diagnosed with psychiatric illness and under psychotropic medications were included in this study. Thorough case history and oral findings were recorded. Patients with already existing systemic illness and other oral manifestations were excluded from this study. RESULTS Out of 46 patients, 34 patients presented with oral manifestations such as xerostomia, sialorrhea, geographic tongue, candidiasis, and burning mouth syndrome, secondary to the use of psychotropic medications. The oral manifestations were significantly higher in the patients under antipsychotics (80.0%), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (66.7%), antiepileptics (55.6%), antidepressants (44.4%), benzodiazepine (44.4%), and tricyclic antidepressants (13.7%). CONCLUSION The commonly used psychotropic medications to treat patients with psychiatric illnesses such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, tricyclic antidepressants, antidepressants, and benzodiazepines exhibited several oral manifestations. However, long-term use of these medications seems to cause oral changes. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Awareness among psychiatrists about oral changes associated with the use of psychotropic medication will assist them to make necessary modifications in the prescriptions. Dental practitioners will be able to recognize these changes early in the course of the condition and provide appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Gandhi
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Anupriya Saxena
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Keshava Pai
- Department of Psychiatry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Junaid Ahmed
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ravikiran Ongole
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India, Phone: +91 94484303887, e-mail:
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Ushkalova EA, Zyryanov SK, Butranova OI. [The use of antidepressants for the treatment of chronic pain: a focus on elderly patients.]. Adv Gerontol 2022; 35:569-580. [PMID: 36401867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A possible tool to improve the efficacy and safety of managing elderly and senile patients with chronic pain may be the use of adjuvant analgesics, in particular, antidepressants. Available clinical data indicate the possibility of using antidepressants as an alternative to opioid analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The review includes the analysis of the comparative characteristics and peculiarities of prescribing tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors as painkillers in elderly patients. Recommendations are given on the use of various representatives of the antidepressant group in elderly patients with various types of pain, aimed at minimizing possible adverse drug reactions and improving the quality of life of this category of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Ushkalova
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, 6 Miklukho-Maclaya str., Moscow 117198, Russian Federation
| | - S K Zyryanov
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, 6 Miklukho-Maclaya str., Moscow 117198, Russian Federation
- City Clinical Hospital № 24, 10 Piststovaya str., Moscow 127015, Russian Federation, e-mail:
| | - O I Butranova
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, 6 Miklukho-Maclaya str., Moscow 117198, Russian Federation
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Kazemi A, Shulman K, Russo M. Amitriptyline-Induced Multifocal Oral Mucosal Dyspigmentation-Bridging Pharmacopsychodermatology in Skin of Color. J Drugs Dermatol 2021; 20:340-342. [PMID: 33683086 DOI: 10.36849/jdd.5604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Prasitlumkum N, Cheungpasitporn W, Tokavanich N, Ding KR, Kewcharoen J, Thongprayoon C, Kaewput W, Bathini T, Vallabhajosyula S, Chokesuwattanaskul R. Antidepressants and Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death: A Network Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Med Sci (Basel) 2021; 9:medsci9020026. [PMID: 33922524 PMCID: PMC8167667 DOI: 10.3390/medsci9020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Antidepressants are one of the most prescribed medications, particularly for patients with mental disorders. Nevertheless, there are still limited data regarding the risk of ventricular arrhythmia (VA) and sudden cardiac death (SCD) associated with these medications. Thus, we performed systemic review and meta-analysis to characterize the risks of VA and SCD among patients who used common antidepressants. Methods: A literature search for studies that reported risk of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in antidepressant use from MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Database from inception through September 2020. A random-effects model network meta-analysis model was used to analyze the relation between antidepressants and VA/SCD. Surface Under Cumulative Ranking Curve (SUCRA) was used to rank the treatment for each outcome. Results: The mean study sample size was 355,158 subjects. Tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) patients were the least likely to develop ventricular arrhythmia events/sudden cardiac deaths at OR 0.24, 0.028–1.2, OR 0.32 (95% CI 0.038–1.6) for serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI), and OR 0.36 (95% CI 0.043, 1.8) for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), respectively. According to SUCRA analysis, TCA was on a higher rank compared to SNRI and SSRI considering the risk of VA/SCD. Conclusion: Our network meta-analysis demonstrated the low risk of VA/SCD among patients using antidepressants for SNRI, SSRI and especially, TCA. Despite the relatively lowest VA/SCD in TCA, drug efficacy and other adverse effects should be taken into account in patients with mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narut Prasitlumkum
- Division of Cardiology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (N.P.); (K.R.D.)
| | - Wisit Cheungpasitporn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA;
- Correspondence: (W.C.); (R.C.)
| | - Nithi Tokavanich
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Kimberly R. Ding
- Division of Cardiology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (N.P.); (K.R.D.)
| | - Jakrin Kewcharoen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA;
| | | | - Wisit Kaewput
- Department of Military and Community Medicine, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Tarun Bathini
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
| | - Saraschandra Vallabhajosyula
- Section of Interventional Cardiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Ronpichai Chokesuwattanaskul
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Correspondence: (W.C.); (R.C.)
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Ikejiri K, Akama Y, Ieki Y, Kawamoto E, Suzuki K, Yokoyama K, Ishikura K, Imai H. Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and targeted temperature management in tricyclic antidepressant-induced cardiac arrest: A case report and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24980. [PMID: 33655968 PMCID: PMC7939188 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Cardiotoxicity is a common cause of death in tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) intoxication. Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) is effective in critically ill poisoned patients who do not respond to conventional therapies, and targeted temperature management (TTM) is associated with improved neurological outcomes and mortality in comatose out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors. However, few reports have documented cases of TCA intoxication that required intensive care, including VA-ECMO or TTM. PATIENT CONCERNS A 19-year-old Japanese man with a history of depression was brought to our hospital because he was in a comatose state with a generalized seizure. Before admission, he had taken an unknown amount of amitriptyline. DIAGNOSIS After intubation, the electrocardiogram (ECG) displayed a wide QRS complex tachycardia, and the patient suffered from cardiovascular instability despite intravenous bolus of sodium bicarbonate. At 200 minutes after ingestion, he experienced a TCA-induced cardiac arrest. INTERVENTIONS We initiated VA-ECMO 240 minutes after ingestion. The hemodynamic status stabilized, and the ECG abnormality improved gradually. In addition, we initiated targeted temperature management (TTM) with a target temperature of 34°C. OUTCOMES Twenty seven hours after starting the pump, the patient was weaned off the VA-ECMO. After completing the TTM, his mental status improved, and he was extubated on day 5. He was discharged on day 15 without neurological impairment, and the post-discharge course was uneventful. LESSONS First, VA-ECMO is effective in patients with TCA-induced cardiac arrest. Second, routine ECG screening during VA-ECMO support is useful for assessing the timing to wean off the VA-ECMO, as well as the degree of cardiotoxicity. Third, TTM is safe in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest caused by severe TCA intoxication.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional Abdominal Pain Disorders (FAPDs) present a considerable burden to paediatric patients, impacting quality of life, school attendance and causing higher rates of anxiety and depression disorders. There are no international guidelines for the management of this condition. A previous Cochrane Review in 2011 found no evidence to support the use of antidepressants in this context. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the current evidence for the efficacy and safety of antidepressants for FAPDs in children and adolescents. SEARCH METHODS In this updated review, we searched the Cochrane Library, PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO and two clinical trial registers from inception until 03 February 2020. We also updated our search of databases of ongoing research, reference lists and 'grey literature' from inception to 03 February 2020. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing antidepressants to placebo, to no treatment or to any other intervention, in children aged 4 to 18 years with a FAPD diagnosis as per the Rome or any other defined criteria (as defined by the authors). The primary outcomes of interest included treatment success (as defined by the authors), pain severity, pain frequency and withdrawal due to adverse events. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors checked all citations independently, resolving disagreement with a third-party arbiter. We reviewed all potential studies in full text, and once again made independent decisions, with disagreements resolved by consensus. We conducted data extraction and 'Risk of bias' assessments independently, following Cochrane methods. Where homogeneous data were available, we performed meta-analysis using a random-effects model. We conducted GRADE analysis. MAIN RESULTS We found one new study in this updated search, making a total of three trials (223 participants) eligible for inclusion: two using amitriptyline (AMI) and one using citalopram. For the primary outcome of treatment success, two studies used reports of success on a symptom-based Likert scale, with either a two-point reduction or the two lowest levels defined as success. The third study defined success as a 15% improvement in quality of life (QOL) ratings scales. Therefore, meta-analysis did not include this final study due to the heterogeneity of the outcome measure. There is low-certainty evidence that there may be no difference when antidepressants are compared with placebo (risk ratio (RR) 1.17, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.87 to 1.56; 2 studies, 205 participants; I2 = 0%). We downgraded the evidence for significant imprecision due to extremely sparse data (see Summary of findings table 1). The third study reported that participants receiving antidepressants were significantly more likely than those receiving placebo to experience at least a 15% improvement in overall QOL score at 10 and 13 weeks (P = 0.007 and P = 0.002, respectively (absolute figures were not given)). The analysis found no difference in withdrawals due to adverse events between antidepressants and placebo: RR 3.17 (95% CI 0.65 to 15.33), with very low certainty due to high risk of bias in studies and imprecision due to low event and participant numbers. Sensitivity analysis using a fixed-effect model and analysing just for AMI found no change in this result. Due to heterogeneous and limited reporting, no further meta-analysis was possible. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There may be no difference between antidepressants and placebo for treatment success of FAPDs in childhood. There may be no difference in withdrawals due to adverse events, but this is also of low certainty. There is currently no evidence to support clinical decision making regarding the use of these medications. Further studies must consider sample size, homogenous and relevant outcome measures and longer follow up.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Morris Gordon
- School of Medicine, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Marc Benninga
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Emma Children's Hospital/AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Merit M Tabbers
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Cottingham CM, Patrick T, Richards MA, Blackburn KD. Tricyclic antipsychotics promote adipogenic gene expression to potentiate preadipocyte differentiation in vitro. Hum Cell 2020; 33:502-511. [PMID: 32447572 PMCID: PMC10805149 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-020-00372-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antipsychotic-induced weight gain is a well-established but poorly understood clinical phenomenon. New mechanistic insights into how antipsychotics modulate adipose physiology are sorely needed, in hopes of either devising a therapeutic intervention to ameliorate weight gain or contributing to improved design of future agents. In this study, we have hypothesized that the weight gain-associated tricyclic antipsychotics clozapine and chlorpromazine directly impact adipose tissue by potentiating adipogenic differentiation of preadipocytes. Utilizing a well-established in vitro model system (3T3-L1 preadipocyte cell line), we demonstrate that, when applied specifically during induction of adipogenic differentiation, both clozapine and chlorpromazine significantly potentiate in vitro adipogenesis, observed as morphological changes and increased intracellular lipid accumulation. These persistent effects, observed at endpoints well after the end of antipsychotic exposure, are accompanied by increased transcript- and protein-level expression of the mature adipocyte marker perilipin-1, as indicated by RT-qPCR and Western blotting, but not by further upregulation of pro-adipogenic transcription factors versus positive controls. Our findings point to a possible physiological mechanism of antipsychotic-induced hyperplasia, with potentiated expression of mature adipocyte markers enhancing the differentiation and maturation of preadipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Cottingham
- Department of Biology, University of North Alabama, UNA, One Harrison Plaza, Box 5048, Florence, AL, 35632, USA.
| | - Taylor Patrick
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Morehead State University, 103 Lappin Hall, Morehead, KY, 40351, USA
- University of Kentucky College of Medicine, UK Medical Center MN 150, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Morgan A Richards
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Morehead State University, 103 Lappin Hall, Morehead, KY, 40351, USA
- School of Rehabilitation and Health Sciences, Ohio State University, 453 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Kirkland D Blackburn
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Morehead State University, 103 Lappin Hall, Morehead, KY, 40351, USA
- Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine, 147 Sycamore Street, Pikeville, KY, 41501, USA
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Abstract
The risk of colorectal cancer associated to antidepressant use remains unclear. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to investigate the risk of colorectal cancer associated to antidepressant use.Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Database were accessed from the dates of their establishment to October 2018, to collect study of antidepressant use and colorectal cancer morbidity and mortality. Then a meta-analysis was conducted using Stata 12.0 software.A total of 11 publications involving 109,506 participants were included. The meta-analysis showed that antidepressant use was not associated with colorectal cancer morbidity (relevant risk (RR): 0.97; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.94-1.01) and mortality (RR: 1.08; 95% CI: 0.99-1.17). Subgroup analysis showed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (RR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.96-1.03) or serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (RR: 1.04; 95% CI: 0.86-1.26) were not associated with colorectal cancer risk; however, TCA was associated with colorectal cancer risk decrement (RR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.87-0.98). Furthermore, the results also showed that antidepressant use was not associated with colorectal cancer risk in Europe and North America (RR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.92-1.02) and Asia (RR: 1.00; 95% CI: 0.95-1.26). Additionally, a dose-response showed per 1 year of duration of antidepressant use incremental increase was not associated with colorectal cancer risk (RR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.87-1.09).Evidence suggests that antidepressant use was not associated with colorectal cancer morbidity and mortality. The cumulative duration of antidepressant use did not utilized played critical roles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xun Li
- Department of Clinical laboratory, The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Chengbin Li
- Department of Clinical laboratory, The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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Abstract
AbstractBackgroundPanic disorder (PD) is generally regarded as a chronic condition with considerable variation in severity of symptoms.AimsTo describe the long-term outcome of naturalistically treated PD.MethodsFifty-five outpatients with PD, who participated in a placebo-controlled drug trial of the efficacy of alprazolam and imipramine 15 years ago were reassessed with the same instruments used in the original study.ResultsComplete recovery (no panic attacks and no longer on medication during the last 10 years) was seen in 18% of patients, and an additional 13% recovered but were still on medication. Fifty-one percent experienced recurrent anxiety attacks whereas 18% still met diagnostic criteria for PD. The incidence of agoraphobia decreased from 69% to 20%. Patients with agoraphobia at admission tended to have a poorer long-term outcome according to daily functioning compared with patients without agoraphobia at admission, although both groups reported improved daily functioning at follow-up. Maintenance medication was common. No benzodiazepine abuse was reported.ConclusionPD has a favourable outcome in a substantial proportion of patients. However, the illness is chronic and needs treatment. The short-term treatment given in the drug trial had no influence on the long-term outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Andersch
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Göteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Onder E, Tural U, Aker T. A comparative study of fluoxetine, moclobemide, and tianeptine in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder following an earthquake. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 21:174-9. [PMID: 15964747 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2003] [Accepted: 03/24/2005] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract.PurposeAlthough antidepressant drugs have been proven as an effective treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), there are few comparative studies of antidepressants that are acting on different neurotransmitters. The main aim of this study is to compare the efficacy of different class of antidepressant drugs on the PTSD.Subjects/materials and methods. –In this open label study, the patients who met DSM-IV criteria for PTSD were randomly assigned to flexible doses of fluoxetine, moclobemide, or tianeptine. After the first assessment, consecutive assessments were performed at the end of weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12 using clinician administered PTSD scale (CAPS) and Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGI-S). Changes in the total score of CAPS and sub-scale scores of symptom clusters (re-experience, avoidance, and hyperarousal) were the main output of efficacy. All statistics were based on intention-to-treat and last-observation-carried-forward (LOCF) principles.Results.Thirty-eight patients were assigned to fluoxetine, 35 patients were assigned to moclobemide, and 30 patients were assigned to tianeptine group. Gender distributions and mean ages of the treatment groups were not significantly different. Drop-out rates due to an adverse events or unknown reasons were not significantly different among fluoxetine (18.4%), moclobemide (14.3%), and tianeptine (20.0%) groups. All three treatments has led to a significant improvement in PTSD severity assessed with CAPS total score (ANOVA P < 0.001). Similarly, total scores of re-experiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal clusters that are subscales of CAPS were significantly reduced by all three treatments (with ANOVA all P values < 0.001). There was not significant difference in terms of treatment effect between three groups.Discussion. –Treatment groups showed very similar improvement on all ratings scales. The findings support that fluoxetine, moclobemide, and tianeptine are all effective in the treatment of PTSD. Different mechanisms of action for these antidepressant drugs might result in the same common neurochemical end point. However, further studies using different classes of antidepressant drugs are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Onder
- Center for Psychological Trauma, Medical School of Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
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21
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Daniel J. Pharmacology Focus: Tricyclic Antidepressants: Remember the Risks! S D Med 2020; 73:182-183. [PMID: 32445307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Daniel
- South Dakota State University College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions
- Avera Behavioral Health Center
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Cordovilla-Guardia S, Molina TB, Franco-Antonio C, Santano-Mogena E, Vilar-López R. Association of benzodiazepines, opioids and tricyclic antidepressants use and falls in trauma patients: Conditional effect of age. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227696. [PMID: 31940406 PMCID: PMC6961940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The relationship between benzodiazepines, opioids and tricyclic antidepressants and trauma is of great importance because of increased consumption and the growing evidence of a positive association among older adults. The objective of this study was to determine the effect size of the association between the consumption of psychotropic medications /opioids and falls in patients who have suffered trauma by studying the role of other variables in this relationship. Method From 2011 to 2016, the presence of benzodiazepines, opioids and tricyclic antidepressants and other drugs in 1060 patients admitted for trauma at a level I trauma hospital was analysed. Multivariate models were used to measure the adjusted effect size of the association between consumption of benzodiazepines, opioids and tricyclic antidepressants and falls, and the effect of age on this association was studied. Results A total of 192 patients tested positive for benzodiazepines, opioids and tricyclic antidepressants, with same-level falls being the most frequent mechanism of injury in this group (40.1%), with an odds ratio of 1.96 (1.40–2.75), p < 0.001. Once other covariates were introduced, this association was not observed, leaving only age, gender (woman) and, to a lesser extent, sensory conditions as variables associated with falls. Age acted as an effect modifier between benzodiazepines, opioids and tricyclic antidepressants and falls, with significant effect sizes starting at 51.9 years of age. Conclusions The association between the consumption of benzodiazepines, opioids and tricyclic antidepressants and falls in patients admitted for trauma is conditioned by other confounding variables, with age being the most influential confounding variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Cordovilla-Guardia
- Nursing Department, Nursing and Occupational Therapy College, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
- Health and Care Research Group (GISyC), University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Cristina Franco-Antonio
- Nursing Department, Nursing and Occupational Therapy College, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
- Health and Care Research Group (GISyC), University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Esperanza Santano-Mogena
- Nursing Department, Nursing and Occupational Therapy College, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
- Health and Care Research Group (GISyC), University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Raquel Vilar-López
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Andalusian Observatory on Drugs and Addictions, Granada, Spain
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Muquebil Ali Al Shaban Rodríguez OW, Bermúdez Rivera J, Hevia Maroto Á, Menéndez Miranda I, Martínez Jambrina JJ. Cardiovascular safety profile of tianeptine. Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment (Engl Ed) 2020; 13:47-48. [PMID: 31160227 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpsm.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Bermúdez Rivera
- Servicio de Psiquiatría, Hospital Universitario San Agustín, Avilés, Asturias, España
| | - Ángeles Hevia Maroto
- Servicio de Psiquiatría, Hospital Universitario San Agustín, Avilés, Asturias, España
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Fountoulakis KN, Theodorou T, Karakasi MV, Nimatoudis I. Non-lethal Amitriptyline Overdosage Mimicking Brain Death. Psychiatr Danub 2020; 32:444-445. [PMID: 33370749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos N Fountoulakis
- Third University Department of Psychiatry, AHEPA University General Hospital, Department of Mental Health, Aristotle University, Faculty of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Bakbergenuly I, Hoaglin DC, Kulinskaya E. Pitfalls of using the risk ratio in meta-analysis. Res Synth Methods 2019; 10:398-419. [PMID: 30854785 PMCID: PMC6767076 DOI: 10.1002/jrsm.1347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
For meta-analysis of studies that report outcomes as binomial proportions, the most popular measure of effect is the odds ratio (OR), usually analyzed as log(OR). Many meta-analyses use the risk ratio (RR) and its logarithm because of its simpler interpretation. Although log(OR) and log(RR) are both unbounded, use of log(RR) must ensure that estimates are compatible with study-level event rates in the interval (0, 1). These complications pose a particular challenge for random-effects models, both in applications and in generating data for simulations. As background, we review the conventional random-effects model and then binomial generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) with the logit link function, which do not have these complications. We then focus on log-binomial models and explore implications of using them; theoretical calculations and simulation show evidence of biases. The main competitors to the binomial GLMMs use the beta-binomial (BB) distribution, either in BB regression or by maximizing a BB likelihood; a simulation produces mixed results. Two examples and an examination of Cochrane meta-analyses that used RR suggest bias in the results from the conventional inverse-variance-weighted approach. Finally, we comment on other measures of effect that have range restrictions, including risk difference, and outline further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilyas Bakbergenuly
- School of Computing SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - David C. Hoaglin
- University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusetts
| | - Elena Kulinskaya
- School of Computing SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUnited Kingdom
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Glymour MM, Gibbons LE, Gilsanz P, Gross AL, Mez J, Brewster PW, Marden J, Zahodne LB, Nho K, Hamilton J, Li G, Larson EB, Crane PK. Initiation of antidepressant medication and risk of incident stroke: using the Adult Changes in Thought cohort to address time-varying confounding. Ann Epidemiol 2019; 35:42-47.e1. [PMID: 31200987 PMCID: PMC8074509 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Depression strongly predicts stroke incidence, suggesting that treating depression may reduce stroke risk. Antidepressant medications, however, may increase stroke risk via direct pathways. Previous evidence on antidepressant medication and stroke incidence is mixed. We evaluated associations between antidepressant use and incident stroke. METHODS For 2302 Adult Changes in Thought cohort participants with no stroke at study entry, we characterized antidepressant use from pharmacy records, biennial depressive symptoms with a 10-item Centers for Epidemiologic Study-Depression scale, and incident strokes from ICD codes. We used discrete-time survival models with inverse probability weighting to compare stroke risk associated with filling antidepressant prescriptions and by medication category: tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or other. RESULTS Over an average 8.4-year follow-up, 441 incident strokes occurred. Filling antidepressant medications 3+ times versus 0-2 times predicted 35% increased odds of stroke (OR = 1.35; 95% CI: 0.98, 1.66). Use of TCAs was associated with stroke onset (OR per 10 fills = 1.28; CI: 1.04, 1.57), but use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (OR = 0.98; CI: 0.80, 1.20) or other antidepressants (OR = 0.99; CI: 0.67, 1.45) was not. CONCLUSIONS Although patients who received antidepressant medication were at higher risk of stroke, this association appeared specific to TCA prescriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maria Glymour
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA.
| | - Laura E Gibbons
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Alden L Gross
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Johns Hopkins University Center on Aging and Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jesse Mez
- Alzheimer's Disease and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Paul W Brewster
- Institute on Aging & Lifelong Health and Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria BC
| | | | - Laura B Zahodne
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Kwangsik Nho
- Center for Neuroimaging, Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Jamie Hamilton
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, New York, NY
| | - Gail Li
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Eric B Larson
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Paul K Crane
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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Takakura K, Nagaya M, Mori M, Koga H, Yoshitake S, Noguchi T. Refractory Hypotension during Combined General and Epidural Anaesthesia in a Patient on Tricyclic Antidepressants. Anaesth Intensive Care 2019; 34:111-4. [PMID: 16494162 DOI: 10.1177/0310057x0603400108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of refractory hypotension that occurred after epidural injection of local anaesthetic, in a patient who was receiving tricyclic antidepressant therapy and was under general anaesthesia. The patient failed to respond to repeated injections of appropriate doses of sympathomimetics, but did respond to high-dose catecholamine infusions. We suggest that epidural anaesthesia should be used with care when combined with general anaesthesia for patients on long-standing tricyclic antidepressant therapy. If refractory hypotension should occur in such patients, the use of direct-acting vasoconstrictors such as noradrenaline should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Takakura
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
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28
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies report that up to 80% of individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may struggle with symptoms of depression. However, this major comorbidity in COPD is rarely managed effectively. A number of recent studies indicate that left untreated, COPD-related depression is associated with worse quality of life, worse compliance with COPD treatment plan, increased exacerbations, hospital admissions, and healthcare costs when compared to individuals with COPD without depression. Regrettably, COPD practice guidelines do not provide conclusive treatment recommendations for the use of antidepressants in patients with COPD, and base their guidelines on findings from trials in the general population. This may be problematic, as there is an elevated risk of respiratory issues associated with antidepressant treatment and COPD. Evaluating effectiveness and safety of pharmacological interventions specifically for patients with COPD and depression was therefore paramount. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness and safety of pharmacological interventions for the treatment of depression in patients with COPD. SEARCH METHODS The last search was performed on 26 November 2018. We initially searched the following databases via the Specialised Trials Registers of the Cochrane Airways and Common Mental Disorders Groups (to June 2016): MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, AMED, and the Cochrane Library trials register (CENTRAL). Searches from June 2016 to November 2018 were performed directly on Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO and the Cochrane Library (Issue 11, 2018). We searched ClinicalTrials.gov, the ISRCTN registry, and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform to 26 November 2018. We searched the grey literature databases to identify studies not indexed in major databases and the reference lists of studies initially identified for full-text screening. SELECTION CRITERIA All published and unpublished randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the efficacy of pharmacological interventions with no intervention, placebo or co-intervention in adults with diagnosed COPD and depression were eligible for inclusion. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed articles identified by the search for eligibility. Our primary outcomes were change in depressive symptoms and adverse events. The secondary outcomes were: change in quality of life, change in dyspnoea, change in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), change in exercise tolerance, change in hospital utilisation (length of stay and readmission rates), and cost-effectiveness. For continuous outcomes, we calculated the pooled mean difference (MD) or standardised mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) as appropriate. For dichotomous outcomes, we calculated the pooled odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% CI using a random-effects model. We assessed the quality of evidence using the GRADE framework. MAIN RESULTS Of the 1125 records screened for eligibility, four RCTs (N = 201 participants), and one on-going study, met the inclusion criteria. Two classes of antidepressants were investigated in two separate comparisons with placebo: a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).TCA versus placeboOnly one RCT (N = 30 participants) provided results for this comparison.Primary outcomesThe TCA (nortriptyline) reduced depressive symptoms post-treatment compared to placebo (MD -10.20, 95% CI -16.75 to -3.65; P = 0.007; very low-quality evidence), as measured by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D). Three participants withdrew from the trial due to adverse events related to the tested antidepressant (dry mouth, sedation, orthostatic hypotension).Secondary outcomesThe overall results post-treatment indicated that nortriptyline was not effective in improving the quality of life of individuals with COPD, as measured by the Sickness Impact Profile (MD -2.80, 95% CI -11.02 to 5.42; P = 0.50; very low-quality evidence).The results for the change in dyspnoea for the domains examined (e.g. dyspnoea scores for 'most day-to-day activities') post-treatment showed no improvement in the intervention group (MD 9.80, 95% CI -6.20 to 25.80; P = 0.23; very low-quality evidence).No data were reported for change in FEV1, change in exercise tolerance, change in hospital utilisation, or cost-effectiveness. The TCA study provided short-term results, with the last follow-up data collection at 12 weeks.The quality of the evidence for all the outcomes evaluated was very low due to a small sample size, imprecision, attrition, and selection and reporting bias.SSRIs versus placeboThree RCTs (N = 171 participants) provided results for this comparison.Primary outcomesThe pooled results for two studies showed no difference for the change in depressive symptoms post-intervention (SMD 0.75, 95% CI -1.14 to 2.64; 148 participants; 2 studies; P = 0.44; very low-quality evidence). High heterogeneity was observed (I² = 95%), limiting the reliability of these findings.While it was not possible to meta-analyse the total adverse events rates across the studies, it was possible to combine the results for two medication-specific adverse effects: nausea and dizziness. There were no significant post-treatment group differences for nausea (OR 2.32, 95% CI 0.66 to 8.12; 171 participants; 3 studies; P = 0.19; very low-quality evidence) or dizziness (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.09 to 4.06; 143 participants; 2 studies; P = 0.61; very low-quality evidence).Secondary outcomesThe pooled analysis of two trials reporting data for the change in quality of life did not show improvement post-treatment in the intervention group compared to placebo (SMD 1.17, 95% CI -0.80 to 3.15; 148 participants; 2 studies; P = 0.25; very low-quality evidence).There was no difference between groups in change in FEV1 post-treatment (MD 0.01, 95% CI -0.03 to 0.05; 148 participants; 2 studies; P = 0.60; low-quality evidence). However, two trials reported improvement in exercise tolerance in the SSRI group versus the placebo group (MD 13.88, 95% CI 11.73 to 16.03; 148 participants; 2 studies; P < 0.001; very low-quality evidence).The trials included in this comparison did not report data related to the change in dyspnoea, hospital utilisation rates, or cost-effectiveness. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is insufficient evidence to make definitive statements about the efficacy or safety of antidepressants for treating COPD-related depression. New RCTs are needed; with better methodological quality and more accurate reporting of the methods used. Moreover, longer-term follow-up data collection is needed, including outcomes such as adverse events, hospital utilisation and cost-effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Pollok
- The University of AdelaideFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesNorth TerraceAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia5005
| | - Joep EM van Agteren
- Flinders UniversityCollege of Medicine and Public HealthAdelaideAustralia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research InstituteWellbeing and Resilience CentreAdelaideAustralia
| | - Kristin V Carson‐Chahhoud
- The University of South AustraliaSchool of Health SciencesCity East Campus, Frome RoadAdelaideAustralia5001
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibromyalgia is a clinically defined chronic condition of unknown etiology characterised by chronic widespread pain, sleep disturbance, cognitive dysfunction, and fatigue. Many patients report high disability levels and poor quality of life. Drug therapy aims to reduce key symptoms, especially pain, and improve quality of life. The tetracyclic antidepressant, mirtazapine, may help by increasing serotonin and noradrenaline in the central nervous system (CNS). OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy, tolerability and safety of the tetracyclic antidepressant, mirtazapine, compared with placebo or other active drug(s) in the treatment of fibromyalgia in adults. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, Embase, SCOPUS, the US National Institutes of Health, and the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform for published and ongoing trials, and examined reference lists of reviewed articles, to 9 July 2018. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of any formulation of mirtazapine against placebo, or any other active treatment of fibromyalgia, in adults. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently extracted study characteristics, outcomes of efficacy, tolerability and safety, examined issues of study quality, and assessed risk of bias, resolving discrepancies by discussion. Primary outcomes were participant-reported pain relief (at least 50% or 30% pain reduction), Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC; much or very much improved), safety (serious adverse events), and tolerability (adverse event withdrawal). Other outcomes were health-related quality of life (HRQoL) improved by 20% or more, fatigue, sleep problems, mean pain intensity, negative mood and particular adverse events. We used a random-effects model to calculate risk difference (RD), standardised mean difference (SMD), and numbers needed to treat. We assessed the evidence using GRADE and created a 'Summary of findings' table. MAIN RESULTS Three studies with 606 participants compared mirtazapine with placebo (but not other drugs) over seven to 13 weeks. Two studies were at unclear or high risk of bias in six or seven of eight domains. We judged the evidence for all outcomes to be low- or very low-quality because of poor study quality, indirectness, imprecision, risk of publication bias, and sometimes low numbers of events.There was no difference between mirtazapine and placebo for any primary outcome: participant-reported pain relief of 50% or greater (22% versus 16%; RD 0.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.01 to 0.12; three studies with 591 participants; low-quality evidence); no data available for PGIC; only a single serious adverse event for evaluation of safety (RD -0.00, 95% CI -0.01 to 0.02; three studies with 606 participants; very low-quality evidence); and tolerability as frequency of dropouts due to adverse events (3% versus 2%; RD 0.00, 95% CI -0.02 to 0.03; three studies with 606 participants; low-quality evidence).Mirtazapine showed a clinically-relevant benefit compared to placebo for some secondary outcomes: participant-reported pain relief of 30% or greater (47% versus 34%; RD 0.13, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.21; number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) 8, 95% CI 5 to 20; three studies with 591 participants; low-quality evidence); participant-reported mean pain intensity (SMD -0.29, 95% CI -0.46 to -0.13; three studies with 591 participants; low-quality evidence); and participant-reported sleep problems (SMD -0.23, 95% CI -0.39 to -0.06; three studies with 573 participants; low-quality evidence). There was no benefit for improvement of participant-reported improvement of HRQoL of 20% or greater (58% versus 50%; RD 0.08, 95% CI -0.01 to 0.16; three studies with 586 participants; low-quality evidence); participant-reported fatigue (SMD -0.02, 95% CI -0.19 to 0.16; two studies with 533 participants; low-quality evidence); participant-reported negative mood (SMD -0.67, 95% CI -1.44 to 0.10; three studies with 588 participants; low-quality evidence); or withdrawals due to lack of efficacy (1.5% versus 0.1%; RD 0.01, 95% CI -0.01 to 0.02; three studies with 605 participants; very low-quality evidence).There was no difference between mirtazapine and placebo for participants reporting any adverse event (76% versus 59%; RD 0.12, 95 CI -0.01 to 0.26; three studies with 606 participants; low-quality evidence). There was a clinically-relevant harm with mirtazapine compared to placebo: in the number of participants with somnolence (42% versus 14%; RD 0.24, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.30; number needed to treat for an additional harmful outcome (NNTH) 5, 95% CI 3 to 6; three studies with 606 participants; low-quality evidence); weight gain (19% versus 1%; RD 0.17, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.23; NNTH 6, 95% CI 5 to 10; three studies with 606 participants; low-quality evidence); and elevated alanine aminotransferase (13% versus 2%; RD 0.13, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.22; NNTH 8, 95% CI 5 to 25; two studies with 566 participants; low-quality evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Studies demonstrated no benefit of mirtazapine over placebo for pain relief of 50% or greater, PGIC, improvement of HRQoL of 20% or greater, or reduction of fatigue or negative mood. Clinically-relevant benefits were shown for pain relief of 30% or greater, reduction of mean pain intensity, and sleep problems. Somnolence, weight gain, and elevated alanine aminotransferase were more frequent with mirtazapine than placebo. The quality of evidence was low or very low, with two of three studies of questionable quality and issues over indirectness and risk of publication bias. On balance, any potential benefits of mirtazapine in fibromyalgia were outweighed by its potential harms, though, a small minority of people with fibromyalgia might experience substantial symptom relief without clinically-relevant adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Welsch
- Health Care Center for Pain Medicine and Mental Health, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Schweiger JU, Schweiger U, Hüppe M, Kahl KG, Greggersen W, Jauch-Chara K, Fassbinder E. The Use of Antidepressive Agents and Bone Mineral Density in Women: A Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018; 15:ijerph15071373. [PMID: 29966324 PMCID: PMC6069102 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15071373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Antidepressive agents are one of the fastest-growing classes of prescribed drugs. However, the effects of antidepressive agents on bone density are controversial. The aim of this meta-analysis is to evaluate the state of research on the relationship between the use of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and bone mineral density (BMD) in women. The database searched was Pubmed. The meta-analysis included human studies in women fulfilling the following criteria: (i) an assessment of bone mineral density in the lumbar spine, the femoral neck or the total hip; (ii) a comparison of the BMD of depressed individuals using antidepressive agents (SSRIs or TCAs), and a control group that did not use antidepressive agents; (iii) measurement of BMD using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA); and (iv) calculations of the mean BMD and standard deviation or standard error. Four studies were identified, which, in total, included 934 women using antidepressive agents and 5767 non-using individuals. The results showed that no significant negative composite weighted mean effect sizes were identified for the comparisons between SSRI users and non-users. Similarly, no significant negative composite weighted mean effect sizes were identified for the comparisons between TCA users and non-users, indicating similar BMD in SSRI or TCA users and non-users. The meta-analysis shows that the association between antidepressant medication and bone mineral density has not been extensively researched. Only four studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The global result of the literature review and meta-analysis was that the use of antidepressive agents was not associated with lower or higher BMD. This result applies to both SSRIs and TCAs and to all measurement locations (lumbar spine, femoral neck and total hip).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ulrich Schweiger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School, Lübeck University, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Michael Hüppe
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical School, Lübeck University, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Kai G Kahl
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Wiebke Greggersen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School, Lübeck University, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Kamila Jauch-Chara
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School, Lübeck University, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Eva Fassbinder
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School, Lübeck University, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany.
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Cohen JY, Guilbault A. Induction of Psychosis by Cyclobenzaprine. Psychopharmacol Bull 2018; 48:15-19. [PMID: 30618472 PMCID: PMC6294419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to the stringent regulatory environment for therapeutics, common side-effects of drugs in the general population are largely well-documented. This is however less the case with certain patient subgroups who may exhibit significant adverse responses to therapeutics that are otherwise well-tolerated. We report a case of psychosis induced by exposure to a commonly prescribed drug to treat muscle spasms and associated pain cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril®). Cyclobenzaprine is structurally very similar to tricyclic anti-depressants, such as amyltriptine. While it is well known that agitation caused by cyclobenzaprine is not an uncommon occurrence in the elderly, there have also been sporadic reports of significant psychosis in association with the use of cyclobenzaprine in younger patients. We report a case of reversible mania in a susceptible 44-year-old patient with a lengthy history of mild borderline personality and bipolar disorder. Shortly after being treated with cyclobenzaprine for pain due to a minor injury, this patient exhibited significant signs of mania although these signs were readily reversible upon termination of the treatment with cyclobenzaprine. The patient's severe adverse reaction to this normally innocuous drug adds weight to the notion that there is reason for caution with its prescription for potentially susceptible patient subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Y Cohen
- Cohen, MD, Guilbault, Psychiatry department, University of Montreal, Canada
| | - Amélie Guilbault
- Cohen, MD, Guilbault, Psychiatry department, University of Montreal, Canada
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32
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Many individuals who have a diagnosis of schizophrenia experience a range of distressing and debilitating symptoms. These can include positive symptoms (such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganised speech), cognitive symptoms (such as trouble focusing or paying attention or using information to make decisions), and negative symptoms (such as diminished emotional expression, avolition, alogia, and anhedonia). Antipsychotic drugs are often only partially effective, particularly in treating negative symptoms, indicating the need for additional treatment. Mirtazapine is an antidepressant drug that when taken in addition to an antipsychotic may offer some benefit for negative symptoms. OBJECTIVES To systematically assess the effects of mirtazapine as adjunct treatment for people with schizophrenia. SEARCH METHODS The Information Specialist of Cochrane Schizophrenia searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's Study-Based Register of Trials (including registries of clinical trials) up to May 2018. SELECTION CRITERIA All randomised-controlled trials (RCTs) with useable data focusing on mirtazapine adjunct for people with schizophrenia. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We extracted data independently. For binary outcomes, we calculated risk ratio (RR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI), on an intention-to-treat (ITT) basis. For continuous data, we estimated the mean difference (MD) between groups and its 95% CI. We employed a fixed-effect model for analyses. For included studies we assessed risk of bias and created 'Summary of findings' table using GRADE. MAIN RESULTS We included nine RCTs with a total of 310 participants. All studies compared mirtazapine adjunct with placebo adjunct and were of short-term duration. We considered five studies to have a high risk of bias for either incomplete outcome data, selective reporting, or other bias.Our main outcomes of interest were clinically important change in mental state (negative and positive symptoms), leaving the study early for any reason, clinically important change in global state, clinically important change in quality of life, number of days in hospital and incidence of serious adverse events.One trial defined a reduction in the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) overall score from baseline of at least 20% as no important response for negative symptoms. There was no evidence of a clear difference between the two treatments with similar numbers of participants from each group showing no important response to treatment (RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.57 to 1.14, 1 RCT, n = 20, very low-quality evidence).Clinically important change in positive symptoms was not reported, however, clinically important change in overall mental state was reported by two trials and data for this outcome showed a favourable effect for mirtazapine (RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.92; I2 = 75%, 2 RCTs, n = 77, very low-quality evidence). There was no evidence of a clear difference for numbers of participants leaving the study early (RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.66, 9 RCTs, n = 310, moderate-quality evidence), and no evidence of a clear difference in global state Clinical Global Impressions Scale (CGI) severity scores (MD -0.10, 95% CI -0.68 to 0.48, 1 RCT, n = 39, very low-quality evidence). A favourable effect for mirtazapine adjunct was found for the outcome clinically important change in akathisia (RR 0.33, 95% CI 0.20 to 0.52, 2 RCTs, n = 86, low-quality evidence; I2 = 61%I). No data were reported for quality life or number of days in hospital.In addition to the main outcomes of interest, there was evidence relating to adverse events that the mirtazapine adjunct groups were associated with an increased risk of weight gain (RR 3.19, 95% CI 1.17 to 8.65, 4 RCTs, n = 127) and sedation/drowsiness (RR 1.64, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.68, 7 RCTs, n = 223). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The available evidence is primarily of very low quality and indicates that mirtazapine adjunct is not clearly associated with an effect for negative symptoms, but there is some indication of a positive effect on overall mental state and akathisia. No effect was found for global state or leaving the study early and data were not available for quality of life or service use. Due to limitations of the quality and applicability of the evidence it is not possible to make any firm conclusions, the role of mirtazapine adjunct in routine clinical practice remains unclear. This underscores the need for new high-quality evidence to further evaluate mirtazapine adjunct for schizophrenia.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Insomnia disorder is a subjective condition of unsatisfactory sleep (e.g. sleep onset, maintenance, early waking, impairment of daytime functioning). Insomnia disorder impairs quality of life and is associated with an increased risk of physical and mental health problems including anxiety, depression, drug and alcohol abuse, and increased health service use. hypnotic medications (e.g. benzodiazepines and 'Z' drugs) are licensed for sleep promotion, but can induce tolerance and dependence, although many people remain on long-term treatment. Antidepressant use for insomnia is widespread, but none is licensed for insomnia and the evidence for their efficacy is unclear. This use of unlicensed medications may be driven by concern over longer-term use of hypnotics and the limited availability of psychological treatments. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness, safety and tolerability of antidepressants for insomnia in adults. SEARCH METHODS This review incorporated the results of searches to July 2015 conducted on electronic bibliographic databases: the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, 2015, Issue 6), MEDLINE (1950 to 2015), Embase (1980 to 2015) and PsycINFO (1806 to 2015). We updated the searches to December 2017, but these results have not yet been incorporated into the review. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of adults (aged 18 years or older) with a primary diagnosis of insomnia and all participant types including people with comorbidities. Any antidepressant as monotherapy at any dose whether compared with placebo, other medications for insomnia (e.g. benzodiazepines and 'Z' drugs), a different antidepressant, waiting list control or treatment as usual. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed trials for eligibility and extracted data using a data extraction form. A third review author resolved disagreements on inclusion or data extraction. MAIN RESULTS The search identified 23 RCTs (2806 participants).Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) compared with placebo: three studies (135 participants) compared SSRIs with placebo. Combining results was not possible. Two paroxetine studies showed significant improvements in subjective sleep measures at six (60 participants, P = 0.03) and 12 weeks (27 participants, P < 0.001). There was no difference in the fluoxetine study (low quality evidence).There were either no adverse events or they were not reported (very low quality evidence).Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) compared with placebo: six studies (812 participants) compared TCA with placebo; five used doxepin and one used trimipramine. We found no studies of amitriptyline. Four studies (518 participants) could be pooled, showing a moderate improvement in subjective sleep quality over placebo (standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.56 to -0.21) (moderate quality evidence). Moderate quality evidence suggested that TCAs possibly improved sleep efficiency (mean difference (MD) 6.29 percentage points, 95% CI 3.17 to 9.41; 4 studies; 510 participants) and increased sleep time (MD 22.88 minutes, 95% CI 13.17 to 32.59; 4 studies; 510 participants). There may have been little or no impact on sleep latency (MD -4.27 minutes, 95% CI -9.01 to 0.48; 4 studies; 510 participants).There may have been little or no difference in adverse events between TCAs and placebo (risk ratio (RR) 1.02, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.21; 6 studies; 812 participants) (low quality evidence).'Other' antidepressants with placebo: eight studies compared other antidepressants with placebo (one used mianserin and seven used trazodone). Three studies (370 participants) of trazodone could be pooled, indicating a moderate improvement in subjective sleep outcomes over placebo (SMD -0.34, 95% CI -0.66 to -0.02). Two studies of trazodone measured polysomnography and found little or no difference in sleep efficiency (MD 1.38 percentage points, 95% CI -2.87 to 5.63; 169 participants) (low quality evidence).There was low quality evidence from two studies of more adverse effects with trazodone than placebo (i.e. morning grogginess, increased dry mouth and thirst). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We identified relatively few, mostly small studies with short-term follow-up and design limitations. The effects of SSRIs compared with placebo are uncertain with too few studies to draw clear conclusions. There may be a small improvement in sleep quality with short-term use of low-dose doxepin and trazodone compared with placebo. The tolerability and safety of antidepressants for insomnia is uncertain due to limited reporting of adverse events. There was no evidence for amitriptyline (despite common use in clinical practice) or for long-term antidepressant use for insomnia. High-quality trials of antidepressants for insomnia are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel Everitt
- University of SouthamptonPrimary Care and Population Sciences, Faculty of MedicineAldermoor Health CentreAldermoor CloseSouthamptonUKSO16 5ST
| | - David S Baldwin
- University of SouthamptonUniversity Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of MedicineSouthamptonUK
| | - Beth Stuart
- University of SouthamptonPrimary Care and Population Sciences, Faculty of MedicineAldermoor Health CentreAldermoor CloseSouthamptonUKSO16 5ST
| | - Gosia Lipinska
- University of Cape TownUCT Sleep Sciences, Department of PsychologyCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Andrew Mayers
- Bournemouth UniversityDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Science and TechnologyPoole House, Talbot CampusFern BarrowPooleUKBH12 5BB
| | - Andrea L Malizia
- The Burden Centre, Frenchay hospitalDepartment of NeurosurgeryBristolUKBS16 1LE
| | - Christopher CF Manson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of SouthamptonUniversity Department of PsychiatryAcademic Centre, College Keep 4‐12 Terminus TerraceSouthamptonUKSO14 3DT
| | - Sue Wilson
- Imperial College LondonCentre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain SciencesBurlington Danes BuildingHammersmith Hospital campusLondonUKW12 0NN
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Richardson K, Fox C, Maidment I, Steel N, Loke YK, Arthur A, Myint PK, Grossi CM, Mattishent K, Bennett K, Campbell NL, Boustani M, Robinson L, Brayne C, Matthews FE, Savva GM. Anticholinergic drugs and risk of dementia: case-control study. BMJ 2018; 361:k1315. [PMID: 29695481 PMCID: PMC5915701 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.k1315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate the association between the duration and level of exposure to different classes of anticholinergic drugs and subsequent incident dementia. DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING General practices in the UK contributing to the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. PARTICIPANTS 40 770 patients aged 65-99 with a diagnosis of dementia between April 2006 and July 2015, and 283 933 controls without dementia. INTERVENTIONS Daily defined doses of anticholinergic drugs coded using the Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden (ACB) scale, in total and grouped by subclass, prescribed 4-20 years before a diagnosis of dementia. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Odds ratios for incident dementia, adjusted for a range of demographic and health related covariates. RESULTS 14 453 (35%) cases and 86 403 (30%) controls were prescribed at least one anticholinergic drug with an ACB score of 3 (definite anticholinergic activity) during the exposure period. The adjusted odds ratio for any anticholinergic drug with an ACB score of 3 was 1.11 (95% confidence interval 1.08 to 1.14). Dementia was associated with an increasing average ACB score. When considered by drug class, gastrointestinal drugs with an ACB score of 3 were not distinctively linked to dementia. The risk of dementia increased with greater exposure for antidepressant, urological, and antiparkinson drugs with an ACB score of 3. This result was also observed for exposure 15-20 years before a diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS A robust association between some classes of anticholinergic drugs and future dementia incidence was observed. This could be caused by a class specific effect, or by drugs being used for very early symptoms of dementia. Future research should examine anticholinergic drug classes as opposed to anticholinergic effects intrinsically or summing scales for anticholinergic exposure. TRIAL REGISTRATION Registered to the European Union electronic Register of Post-Authorisation Studies EUPAS8705.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Richardson
- School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Chris Fox
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Ian Maidment
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nicholas Steel
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Yoon K Loke
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Antony Arthur
- School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Phyo K Myint
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Carlota M Grossi
- School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | | | - Kathleen Bennett
- Division of Population Health Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Noll L Campbell
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Malaz Boustani
- School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Louise Robinson
- Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Carol Brayne
- Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fiona E Matthews
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - George M Savva
- School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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Apeti S, Tsevi MY, Kpatcha M, Amekoudi EY, Sabi AK. Iatrogénie médicamenteuse chez la personne âgée: à propos de deux cas d’insuffisance rénale favorisée par les tricycliques. Pan Afr Med J 2018; 30:282. [PMID: 30637067 PMCID: PMC6317405 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2018.30.282.14947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
L'hyperplasie prostatique est une affection courante chez l'homme à partir de la cinquantaine dont l'incidence augmente avec l'âge. Elle est préoccupante lorsqu'elle est symptomatique. Les médicaments ayant des effets néfastes sur le fonctionnement du bas appareil urinaire, peuvent favoriser l'apparition des symptômes. Parmi ceux-ci, les médicaments à effets primaires ou secondaires anticholinergiques dont les tricycliques sont souvent en cause. Ils sont contre-indiqués en cas de pathologie obstructive sous vésicale parce que pouvant être responsable de l'apparition ou l'aggravation des symptômes urinaires et des complications qui en découlent. La plus grave est l'insuffisance rénale avec ses conséquences sanitaires et économiques chez les sujets âgés souvent polypathologiques. Nous rapportons deux cas de iatrogénie des tricycliques sur l'appareil urinaire chez des patients âgés de 80 et 92ans porteurs d'hyperplasie prostatique. L'imagerie et le Bladder scan ont permis de poser le diagnostic étiologique du fait de la pauvreté sémiologique permettant une prise en charge adéquate. Ces observations justifient la réalisation systématique du toucher rectal, du Bladder scan voire d'une échographie chez tout sujet âgé présentant une insuffisance rénale aiguë ou une aggravation d'une insuffisance chronique du fait de la fréquence des pathologies prostatiques et de la polymédication à cet âge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sodjehoun Apeti
- Service de Médecine Interne, CHU Sylvanus Olympio, Université de Lomé, Togo
| | - Mawufemo Yawovi Tsevi
- Service de Néphrologie et d'Hémodialyse, CHU Sylvanus Olympio, Université de Lomé, Togo
| | | | - Eyram Yoan Amekoudi
- Service de Néphrologie et d'Hémodialyse, CHU Sylvanus Olympio, Université de Lomé, Togo
| | - Akomola Kossi Sabi
- Service de Néphrologie et d'Hémodialyse, CHU Sylvanus Olympio, Université de Lomé, Togo
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36
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Bicknell LM, McFaddin CL, Fernandez M, Parekh P. Imipramine-induced hyperpigmentation. Cutis 2017; 100:E8-E10. [PMID: 29121138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Imipramine is a tricyclic medication that has been used for the treatment of depression and other mood disorders. Although rare, a slate gray discoloration of sun-exposed skin may occur in patients taking this medication. We present the case of a 63-year-old woman who had been taking imipramine for depression for more than 20 years when she developed a bluish gray discoloration on the face and neck that was diagnosed as imipramine-induced hyperpigmentation based on histopathology and clinical history. A number of other drugs that may cause hyperpigmentation also are reviewed as well as their histopathologic staining characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Bicknell
- Department of Internal Medicine and the Department of Dermatology, Baylor Scott & White Health, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, USA
| | - Courtney L McFaddin
- Department of Dermatology, Baylor Scott & White Health, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, USA
| | - Martin Fernandez
- Department of Pathology and the Department of Dermatology, Baylor Scott & White Health, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, USA
| | - Palak Parekh
- Department of Dermatology, Baylor Scott & White Health, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Migraine, ranked as the 7th-highest specific cause of disability worldwide, has caused an enormous burden on the economy and society. Tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) is one of the most commonly drugs for migraine prevention. However, evidence about the efficacy and tolerability of TCAs in the prophylaxis of migraine in adults is somewhat confusing. METHODS A computerized literature search of the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases from inception to July 2016 was conducted. We reviewed all randomized controlled trials that assigned adults with a clinical diagnosis of migraine to TCAs or other treatments (placebo or other antidepressants). Reduction in migraine frequency or index and response rates to treatment were defined as the efficacy outcomes. Rates of dropout due to adverse effects were defined as the tolerability outcomes. RESULTS In total 12 trials consisting of 1006 participants were identified: 9 trials compared TCAs with placebo, and the other 3 compared amitriptyline with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). A significant advantage of TCAs compared with placebo in the prevention of migraine in adults was observed (standardized mean difference [SMD] = -.75; 95% confidence interval [CI] = -1.05 to -.46; P < .00001). Participants receiving TCAs were more likely to experience an ≥50% reduction in their headache burden than those receiving placebo (risk ratio [RR] =1.40; 95% CI = 0.89-2.20; P = .14). In addition, the efficacy between amitriptyline and SSRIs or SNRIs did not differ for migraine prevention in adults (SMD = -.01; 95% CI = -0.31 to 0.28; P = .94) based on the available limited trials. However, TCAs were less well tolerated than placebo (RR = 1.73; 95% CI = 1.00-2.99; P = .05) and SSRI or SNRI (RR = 2.85; 95% CI = 0.97-8.41; P = .06) on account of adverse events. CONCLUSIONS This research reveals that TCAs were more effective than placebo, but no more than SSRI or SNRI in ameliorating the headache burden in adults with migraine. However, TCAs appeared to be less tolerated than placebo and SSRIs or SNRIs for some side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-min Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Mei-xue Dong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
| | - De-zhi Zou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
| | - You-dong Wei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
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38
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Vohra A. [Aripiprazole-Induced Hyperhidrosis: Two Case Reports]. Turk Psikiyatri Derg 2017; 28:132-134. [PMID: 29192946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Many drugs including anti-depressants and anti-psychotics are known to cause excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis). Hyperhidrosis may be caused by drugs acting at the hypothalamus, spinal thermoregulatory centres, and sympathetic ganglia or at the eccrine-neuroeffector junction. Hyperhidrosis can be distressing and embarrassing symptom, which if not addressed properly, may lead to non-concordance to medication. Two female patients are reported here who developed hyperhidrosis with aripiprazole. Both the patients stopped experiencing hyperhidrosis after their aripiprazole was discontinued. To the best of the knowledge of the author, no case of aripiprazole induced hyperhidrosis has been published in the literature.
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Abstract
A common and significant side-effect of the antidepressant desipramine is xerostomia (dry mouth). We investigated the effect of desipramine on Na+/H+ exchanger, which is an important modulator of salivary secretion. In dissociated human submandibular acinar cells, desipramine inhibited intracellular pH recovery in a concentration-dependent manner. Likewise, 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)amiloride (EIPA), a Na+/H+ exchanger inhibitor, had the same effect as desipramine, whereas the effect of 4,4′-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2′-disulphonic acid (DIDS), a Na+/HCO3− co-transporter inhibitor, was not dramatic. Although desipramine is known to inhibit catecholamine re-uptake, desipramine also inhibited pH recovery in the human submandibular gland cell line, HSG cells, which lack nerve inputs. Our results suggest that desipramine directly inhibits Na+/H+ exchange in human submandibular glands without the involvement of catecholamine re-uptake, revealing the cellular mechanism of desipramine-evoked xerostomia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-Y Choi
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Korea
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40
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Siddique O, Rasla S, Clark S, Kokkirala A. A Case of Ileus and ST Segment Elevation. R I Med J (2013) 2016; 99:44-46. [PMID: 27801921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ST segment elevation is associated with non-cardiac pathologies but is not as well reported as myocardial infarction. We present a case of a 63-year-old man who was admitted for an overdose on cyclobenzaprine with signs of anti-cholinergic toxicity. He developed signs of ileus on imaging and became progressively obtunded. He was noted to have ST segment elevations on electrocardiogram (EKG) with no troponin elevation. Patient required urgent catheterization which showed normal coronary arteries. His bowel was decompressed subsequently resulting in resolution of the ST segment changes. Other cases of ST segment elevations with gastrointestinal pathologies including cholecystitis, pancreatitis and gastric dilation have been reported but the etiology is still unclear. This case illustrates the importance of understanding EKGs in the clinical context. ST segment elevation on EKG, if there is contradicting symptomology and lab reports, should be further investigated to prevent unnecessary work-up and potentially dangerous therapies. [Full article available at http://rimed.org/rimedicaljournal-2016-11.asp].
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Siddique
- Providence VA Medical Center, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University
| | - Somwail Rasla
- Providence VA Medical Center, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University
| | - Seth Clark
- Providence VA Medical Center, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University
| | - Aravind Kokkirala
- Providence VA Medical Center, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University
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Drugs for depression. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2016; 58:85-90. [PMID: 27348144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hepburn
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary
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43
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Gambi F, De Berardis D, Sepede G, Campanella D, Galliani N, Carano A, La Rovere L, Salini G, Penna L, Cicconetti A, Spinella S, Quartesan R, Salerno RM, Ferro FM. Effect of Mirtazapine on Thyroid Hormones in Adult Patients with Major Depression. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 18:737-44. [PMID: 16388723 DOI: 10.1177/039463200501800417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic pituitary thyroid (HPT) axis abnormalities and alterations in major depression are reported in literature. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of mirtazapine on thyroid hormones after 6 months of therapy in a sample of adult outpatients with Major Depression (MD). 17 adult outpatients (7 men, 10 women) with MD according to DSM-IV criteria, were included in the study. All participants had to have met criteria for a major depressive episode with a score of at least 15 on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D). Fasting venous blood samples were obtained for determination of serum Thyroid Stimulating Hrmone (TSH), Free T3 (FT3) and Free T4 (FT4) concentrations both at baseline and after 6 months of therapy. HAM-D scores decreased significantly from the first day of treatment to the end of the treatment period (p<0.001) and twelve patients (70.6%) were classified as responders. A significant increase in FT3 concentrations was found between baseline and the end of treatment period (P=0.015) whereas FT4 concentrations decreased (P=0.046). No significant changes were found in TSH levels. Higher FT4 concentrations at baseline predicted higher HAM-D scorers both at baseline and at the end of the treatment period. Furthermore, higher FT3 concentrations at endpoint were found to be predictors of lower HAM-D scores. Long-term treatment with mirtazapine increases FT3 levels and decreases FT4 maybe involving the deiodination process of T4 into T3.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gambi
- Department of Oncology and Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, University G. d' Annunzio, Chieti, Italy.
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Lu Y, Chen M, Huang Z, Tang C. Antidepressants in the Treatment of Functional Dyspepsia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157798. [PMID: 27310135 PMCID: PMC4911162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antidepressants have been empirically used in the treatment of functional dyspepsia (FD). However, results from recent clinical trials investigating their efficacy are conflicting. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of antidepressants in the management of FD in adults. METHODS Databases of MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and BIOSIS Previews were searched for all randomized controlled trials (RCT) investigating efficacy of antidepressants in the management of FD in adult patients. Data of overall symptom unimproved and adverse events were compared between the antidepressants and placebo group. RESULTS The search strategy identified 432 citations. Of those, eight RCTs met the inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled relative risk (RR) of symptom unimproved with tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) versus placebo was 0.76 (95% CI: 0.62 to 0.94, P = 0.01; I2 = 0%, P = 0.39). By contrast, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) did not show a benefit over placebo (RR = 1.00, 95% CI: 0.86 to 1.17, P = 0.95; I2 = 0%, P = 0.82). Adverse events were significantly more frequent among patients receiving antidepressants than those receiving placebos (RR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.14 to 2.35, P = 0.007). CONCLUSION TCAs but not SSRIs, are effective in the treatment of FD, but antidepressants were also associated with more adverse events compared with placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Meng Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiyin Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chengwei Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Jiang SM, Jia L, Liu J, Shi MM, Xu MZ. Beneficial effects of antidepressant mirtazapine in functional dyspepsia patients with weight loss. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:5260-5266. [PMID: 27298569 PMCID: PMC4893473 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i22.5260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the effects and mechanism of action of antidepressant mirtazapine in functional dyspepsia (FD) patients with weight loss.
METHODS: Sixty depressive FD patients with weight loss were randomly divided into a mirtazapine group (MG), a paroxetine group (PG) or a conventional therapy group (CG) for an 8-wk clinical trial. Adverse effects and treatment response were recorded. The Nepean Dyspepsia Index-symptom (NDSI) checklist and the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale of Depression (HAMD-17) were used to evaluate dyspepsia and depressive symptoms, respectively. The body composition analyzer was used to measure body weight and fat. Serum hormone levels were measured by ELISA.
RESULTS: (1) After 2 wk of treatment, NDSI scores were significantly lower for the MG than for the PG and CG; (2) After 4 or 8 wk of treatment, HAMD-17 scores were significantly lower for the MG and PG than for the CG; (3) After 8 wk of treatment, patients in the MG experienced a weight gain of 3.58 ± 1.57 kg, which was significantly higher than that observed for patients in the PG and CG. Body fat increased by 2.77 ± 0.14 kg, the body fat ratio rose by 4%, and the visceral fat area increased by 7.56 ± 2.25 cm2; and (4) For the MG, serum hormone levels of ghrelin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), motilin (MTL) and gastrin (GAS) were significantly upregulated; in contrast, those of leptin, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and cholecystokinin (CCK) were significantly downregulated.
CONCLUSION: Mirtazapine not only alleviates symptoms associated with dyspepsia and depression linked to FD in patients with weight loss but also significantly increases body weight (mainly the visceral fat in body fat). The likely mechanism of mirtazapine action is regulation of brain-gut or gastrointestinal hormone levels.
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46
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Starostzik C. [Brittle bones caused by antidepressants?]. MMW Fortschr Med 2016; 158:20. [PMID: 27271391 DOI: 10.1007/s15006-016-8352-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
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47
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Carr MJ, Ashcroft DM, Kontopantelis E, While D, Awenat Y, Cooper J, Chew-Graham C, Kapur N, Webb RT. Clinical management following self-harm in a UK-wide primary care cohort. J Affect Disord 2016; 197:182-8. [PMID: 26994436 PMCID: PMC4870375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the clinical management of patients in primary care following self-harm. METHODS A descriptive cohort study using data from 684 UK general practices that contributed to the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) during 2001-2013. We identified 49,970 patients with a self-harm episode, 41,500 of whom had one complete year of follow-up. RESULTS Among those with complete follow-up, 26,065 (62.8%, 62.3-63.3) were prescribed psychotropic medication and 6318 (15.2%, 14.9-15.6) were referred to mental health services; 4105 (9.9%, CI 9.6-10.2) were medicated without an antecedent psychiatric diagnosis or referral, and 4,506 (10.9%, CI 10.6-11.2) had a diagnosis but were not subsequently medicated or referred. Patients registered at practices in the most deprived localities were 27.1% (CI 21.5-32.2) less likely to be referred than those in the least deprived. Despite a specifically flagged NICE 'Do not do' recommendation in 2011 against prescribing tricyclic antidepressants following self-harm because of their potentially lethal toxicity in overdose, 8.8% (CI 7.8-9.8) of individuals were issued a prescription in the subsequent year. The percentage prescribed Citalopram, an SSRI antidepressant with higher toxicity in overdose, fell sharply during 2012/2013 in the aftermath of a Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) safety alert issued in 2011. CONCLUSIONS A relatively small percentage of these vulnerable patients are referred to mental health services, and reduced likelihood of referral in more deprived localities reflects a marked health inequality. National clinical guidelines have not yet been effective in reducing rates of tricyclic antidepressant prescribing for this high-risk group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Carr
- Centre for Mental Health and Safety, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, UK.
| | - Darren M Ashcroft
- Centre for Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, UK; NIHR Greater Manchester Primary Care Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, UK
| | - Evangelos Kontopantelis
- Centre for Health Informatics, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, UK; NIHR School for Primary Care Research, University of Manchester, UK
| | - David While
- Centre for Mental Health and Safety, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Yvonne Awenat
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Jayne Cooper
- Centre for Mental Health and Safety, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Carolyn Chew-Graham
- Research Institute of Primary Care and Health Sciences, Keele University, UK
| | - Nav Kapur
- Centre for Mental Health and Safety, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, UK; Manchester Mental Health and Social Care Trust, UK
| | - Roger T Webb
- Centre for Mental Health and Safety, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, UK
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Kaicker J, Bostwick J. Co-ingestion of tricyclic antidepressants with selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: Overdose in the emergency department. Can Fam Physician 2016; 62:485-489. [PMID: 27303005 PMCID: PMC4907556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jatin Kaicker
- Emergency medicine resident in the Emergency Medicine Program at Western University in London, Ont
| | - Joanna Bostwick
- Emergency physician at Montfort Hospital in Ottawa, Ont, and Lecturer at the University of Ottawa.
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49
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Adli M, Berger M. [Tricyclic antidepressants for initial treatment of depressive episodes? Con]. Nervenarzt 2016; 87:561-562. [PMID: 26628046 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-015-0032-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Adli
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland.
- Ambulanz und Tagesklinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Markgrafenstraße 34, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland.
| | - M Berger
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland
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Noordam R, van den Berg ME, Niemeijer MN, Aarts N, Hofman A, Tiemeier H, Kors JA, Stricker BH, Eijgelsheim M, Visser LE, Rijnbeek PR. Antidepressants and heart-rate variability in older adults: a population-based study. Psychol Med 2016; 46:1239-1247. [PMID: 26679009 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291715002779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may be associated with lower heart rate variability (HRV), a condition associated with increased mortality risk. We aimed to investigate the association between TCAs, SSRIs and HRV in a population-based study. METHOD In the prospective Rotterdam Study cohort, up to five electrocardiograms (ECGs) per participant were recorded (1991-2012). Two HRV variables were studied based on 10-s ECG recordings: standard deviation of normal-to-normal RR intervals (SDNN) and root mean square of successive RR interval differences (RMSSD). We compared the HRV on ECGs recorded during use of antidepressants with the HRV on ECGs recorded during non-use of any antidepressant. Additionally, we analysed the change in HRV on consecutive ECGs. Those who started or stopped using antidepressants before the second ECG were compared with non-users on two ECGs. RESULTS We included 23 647 ECGs from 11 729 participants (59% women, mean age 64.6 years at baseline). Compared to ECGs recorded during non-use of antidepressants (n = 22 971), SDNN and RMSSD were lower in ECGs recorded during use of TCAs (n = 296) and SSRIs (n = 380). Participants who started using TCAs before the second ECG had a decrease in HRV and those who stopped had an increase in HRV compared to consistent non-users (p < 0.001). Starting or stopping SSRIs was not associated with HRV changes. CONCLUSION TCAs were associated with a lower HRV in all analyses, indicating a real drug effect. For SSRIs the results are mixed, indicating a weaker association, possibly due to other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Noordam
- Department of Epidemiology,Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam,Rotterdam,The Netherlands
| | - M E van den Berg
- Department of Medical Informatics,Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam,Rotterdam,The Netherlands
| | - M N Niemeijer
- Department of Epidemiology,Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam,Rotterdam,The Netherlands
| | - N Aarts
- Department of Epidemiology,Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam,Rotterdam,The Netherlands
| | - A Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology,Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam,Rotterdam,The Netherlands
| | - H Tiemeier
- Department of Epidemiology,Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam,Rotterdam,The Netherlands
| | - J A Kors
- Department of Medical Informatics,Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam,Rotterdam,The Netherlands
| | - B H Stricker
- Department of Epidemiology,Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam,Rotterdam,The Netherlands
| | - M Eijgelsheim
- Department of Epidemiology,Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam,Rotterdam,The Netherlands
| | - L E Visser
- Department of Epidemiology,Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam,Rotterdam,The Netherlands
| | - P R Rijnbeek
- Department of Medical Informatics,Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam,Rotterdam,The Netherlands
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