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Mechanistic insights into the inhibition mechanism of cysteine cathepsins by chalcone-based inhibitors—a QM cluster model approach. Struct Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-018-1273-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Coronado S, Zakzuk J, Regino R, Ahumada V, Benedetti I, Angelina A, Palomares O, Caraballo L. Ascaris lumbricoides Cystatin Prevents Development of Allergic Airway Inflammation in a Mouse Model. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2280. [PMID: 31611876 PMCID: PMC6777510 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe helminth infections are negatively associated to allergic diseases like asthma; therefore, the immunomodulatory properties of parasite-derived components have been analyzed, raising the possibility of their use as anti-inflammatory molecules. We evaluated the immunomodulatory properties of Ascaris lumbricoides recombinant cysteine protease inhibitor (rAl-CPI) in a mouse model of allergic airway inflammation induced by the house dust mite (HDM) Blomia tropicalis and its effects on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (HmoDCs). The B. tropicalis sensitized/challenged mice developed extensive cellular airway inflammatory response, which was significantly reduced upon treatment with rAl-CPI prior to B. tropicalis sensitization, affecting particularly the perivascular/peribronchial infiltrate cells, eosinophils/neutrophils, and goblet cells. A significant decrease of Th2 cytokines, total, and specific IgE antibodies was observed in rAl-CPI treated mice. The antibody response was biased to IgG, mainly IgG2a. Administration of rAl-CPI-alone and rAl-CPI before mite sensitization were associated with a significant increase of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in spleen and elevated IL-10 levels in BAL and splenocytes culture supernatants, which was partially affected by anti-IL10 receptor use. In vitro, rAl-CPI showed a modulatory effect on HmoDCs, lowering the expression of HLA-DR, CD83, and CD86, while inducing IL-10 and IL-6 production. This suggests an inhibition of HmoDC maturation and a possible link with the inhibition of the allergic response observed in the murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Coronado
- Institute for Immunological Research, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Josefina Zakzuk
- Institute for Immunological Research, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Ronald Regino
- Institute for Immunological Research, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Velky Ahumada
- Institute for Immunological Research, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Ines Benedetti
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Alba Angelina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chemistry School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Palomares
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chemistry School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Caraballo
- Institute for Immunological Research, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
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Zhang AW, Han XS, Xu XT, Fang YN, Chen HB, Jiang T. Acute phase serum cathepsin S level and cathepsin S/cystatin C ratio are the associated factors with cerebral infarction and their diagnostic value for cerebral infarction. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2019; 35:95-101. [PMID: 30848029 DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin S plays an important role in the pathogenesis of several cardiovascular diseases; however, the relationship between serum cathepsin S and cerebral infarction (CI) is still unknown. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between acute phase serum cathepsin S level and cerebral infarction. A total of 202 stroke patients were enrolled into this study, and were divided into cerebral infarction (n = 140) group and non-cerebral infarction group (non-CI, n = 62). Fifty healthy individuals were recruited as the control group. Serum levels of cathepsin S and cystatin C were measured at days 1, 7, and 14 posthospitalization. Compared to the non-CI group, the CI group had significantly higher rates of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and smoking (all P < 0.05). The CI group had significantly higher cathepsin S levels and cathepsin S to cystatin C ratio (CatS/CysC) at both days 1 and 7 posthospitalization (both P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that cathepsin S level (day 7) and CatS/CysC (days 1 and 7) were the associated factors with CI (all P < 0.05). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed that the Area Under Curve (AUC) value of CatS-day7, CatS/CysC-day1, and CatS/CysC-day7 were 0.726 (95% CI: 0.652-0.800, P < 0.001), 0.641 (95% CI: 0.559-0.723, P = 0.001), and 0.721 (95% CI: 0.645-0.797, P = 0.039), respectively. Cathepsin S and CatS/CysC were associated with acute CI, and may have the potential to be the diagnostic biomarkers for CI. Our findings help to better understand the role of serum cathepsin S level in CI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Wu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Sheng Han
- Department of Neurology, Kaifeng Central Hospital, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiao-Tian Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Nan Fang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Bing Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Yang M, Zhou N, Zhang H, Kang G, Cao B, Kang Q, Li R, Zhu X, Rao W, Yu Q. Kininogen-1 as a protein biomarker for schizophrenia through mass spectrometry and genetic association analyses. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7327. [PMID: 31346501 PMCID: PMC6642793 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a complex and severe mental illness. There is a lack of effective biomarkers for SCZ diagnosis. The aim of this study was to explore the possibility of using serum peptides for the diagnosis of SCZ as well as analyze the association of variants in genes coding for these peptides and SCZ. METHODS After bead-based fractionation, the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time-of-flight mass spectrometry technique was used to identify peptides that showed different expressions between 166 SCZ patients and 201 healthy controls. Differentially expressed peptides were verified in a second set of samples (81 SCZ patients and 103 healthy controls). The association of SCZ and three tagSNPs selected in genes coding for differentially expressed peptides was performed in 1,126 SCZ patients and 1,168 controls. RESULTS The expression level of peptides with m/z 1,945.07 was significant lower in SCZ patients than in healthy controls (P < 0.000001). The peptide with m/z 1,945.07 was confirmed to be a fragment of Kininogen-1. In the verification tests, Kininogen-1 had a sensitivity of 95.1% and a specificity of 97.1% in SCZ prediction. Among the three tagSNPs (rs13037490, rs2983639, rs2983640) selected in the Cystatin 9 gene (CST9) which encodes peptides including Kininogen-1, tagSNP rs2983640 had its genotype distributions significantly different between SCZ patients and controls under different genetic models (P < 0.05). Haplotypes CG (rs2983639-rs2983640) and TCG (rs13037490-rs2983639-rs2983640) were significantly associated with SCZ (CG: OR = 1.21, 95% CI [1.02-1.44], P = 0.032; TCG: OR = 24.85, 95% CI [5.98-103.17], P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated that SCZ patients had decreased expression of Kininogen-1 and genetic variants in Kininogen-1 coding gene CST9 were significantly associated with SCZ. The findings from both protein and genetic association studies suggest that Kininogen-1 could be a biomarker of SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjia Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Na Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Huiping Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry and Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guojun Kang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Bonan Cao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Qi Kang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Rixin Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Wenwang Rao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
- Unit of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Qiong Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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Soond SM, Kozhevnikova MV, Townsend PA, Zamyatnin AA. Cysteine Cathepsin Protease Inhibition: An update on its Diagnostic, Prognostic and Therapeutic Potential in Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12020087. [PMID: 31212661 PMCID: PMC6630828 DOI: 10.3390/ph12020087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In keeping with recent developments in basic research; the importance of the Cathepsins as targets in cancer therapy have taken on increasing importance and given rise to a number of key areas of interest in the clinical setting. In keeping with driving basic research in this area in a translational direction; recent findings have given rise to a number of exciting developments in the areas of cancer diagnosis; prognosis and therapeutic development. As a fast-moving area of research; the focus of this review brings together the latest findings and highlights the translational significance of these developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surinder M Soond
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya str. 8-2, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Maria V Kozhevnikova
- Federal State Autonomous Edu-cational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation (Sechenovskiy University), Hospital Therapy Department No. 1, 6-1 Bolshaya Pirogovskaya str, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Paul A Townsend
- Division of Cancer Sciences and Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, and the NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK.
| | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya str. 8-2, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia.
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Amin F, Khan MS, Bano B. Mammalian cystatin and protagonists in brain diseases. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:2171-2196. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1620636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fakhra Amin
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Mohd Shahnawaz Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bilqees Bano
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh MuslimUniversity, Aligarh, India
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Almeida OAC, Moreira GCM, Rezende FM, Boschiero C, de Oliveira Peixoto J, Ibelli AMG, Ledur MC, de Novais FJ, Coutinho LL. Identification of selection signatures involved in performance traits in a paternal broiler line. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:449. [PMID: 31159736 PMCID: PMC6547531 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5811-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural and artificial selection leads to changes in certain regions of the genome resulting in selection signatures that can reveal genes associated with the selected traits. Selection signatures may be identified using different methodologies, of which some are based on detecting contiguous sequences of homozygous identical-by-descent haplotypes, called runs of homozygosity (ROH), or estimating fixation index (FST) of genomic windows that indicates genetic differentiation. This study aimed to identify selection signatures in a paternal broiler TT line at generations 7th and 16th of selection and to investigate the genes annotated in these regions as well as the biological pathways involved. For such purpose, ROH and FST-based analysis were performed using whole genome sequence of twenty-eight chickens from two different generations. RESULTS ROH analysis identified homozygous regions of short and moderate size. Analysis of ROH patterns revealed regions commonly shared among animals and changes in ROH abundance and size between the two generations. Results also suggest that whole genome sequencing (WGS) outperforms SNPchip data avoiding overestimation of ROH size and underestimation of ROH number; however, sequencing costs can limited the number of animals analyzed. FST-based analysis revealed genetic differentiation in several genomic windows. Annotation of the consensus regions of ROH and FST windows revealed new and previously identified genes associated with traits of economic interest, such as APOB, IGF1, IGFBP2, POMC, PPARG, and ZNF423. Over-representation analysis of the genes resulted in biological terms of skeletal muscle, matrilin proteins, adipose tissue, hyperglycemia, diabetes, Salmonella infections and tyrosine. CONCLUSIONS Identification of ROH and FST-based analyses revealed selection signatures in TT line and genes that have important role in traits of economic interest. Changes in the genome of the chickens were observed between the 7th and 16th generations showing that ancient and recent selection in TT line may have acted over genomic regions affecting diseases and performance traits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Francisco José de Novais
- University of São Paulo (USP) / Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), Piracicaba, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Luiz Lehmann Coutinho
- University of São Paulo (USP) / Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), Piracicaba, São Paulo Brazil
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Zhou X, Wang X, Huang K, Liao X, Yang C, Yu T, Liu J, Han C, Zhu G, Su H, Qin W, Han Q, Liu Z, Huang J, Gong Y, Ye X, Peng T. Investigation of the clinical significance and prospective molecular mechanisms of cystatin genes in patients with hepatitis B virus‑related hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2019; 42:189-201. [PMID: 31115549 PMCID: PMC6549101 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the clinical significance and prospective molecular mechanism of cystatin (CST) genes in patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The role of CST genes in the molecular mechanism of HCC was revealed through bioinformatics analysis. The clinical significance of CST genes was investigated using GSE14520-derived data from patients with HBV-related HCC. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was used to identify pathways in which the CST genes were enriched, as well as the association between these pathways and HCC. The expression levels of CST1, CST2, CST5, CSTA and CSTB genes were higher in HCC tissue compared with in normal tissue; conversely, CST3 and CST7 were reduced in HCC tissue. Subsequent receiver operating characteristic analysis of the CST genes demonstrated that CST7 and CSTB genes may function as potential diagnostic markers for HCC. Furthermore, the expression levels of CST6 and CST7 were strongly associated with recurrence-free survival and overall survival of patients with HBV-related HCC. GSEA of the CST genes revealed that CST7 was significantly enriched in tumor evasion and tolerogenicity, cancer progenitors, liver cancer late recurrence, liver cancer progression and several liver cancer subclasses. In addition, CST genes demonstrated homology in terms of protein structure and were revealed to be strongly co-expressed. The present findings suggested that CST7 and CSTB genes may serve as potential prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xiangkun Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Ketuan Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xiwen Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Chengkun Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Tingdong Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Junqi Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Chuangye Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Guangzhi Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Hao Su
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Wei Qin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Quanfa Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Zhengqian Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Jianlv Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yizhen Gong
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xinping Ye
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
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Stańczykiewicz B, Jakubik-Witkowska M, Rutkowska M, Polanowski A, Gburek J, Gołąb K, Juszczyńska K, Trziszka T, Rymaszewska J. Beneficial effect of ovocystatin on the cognitive decline in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Adv Med Sci 2019; 64:65-71. [PMID: 30504006 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cystatin C plays an important role in the course of neurodegenerative diseases and has a beneficial effect through inhibiting cysteine proteases and amyloid-β aggregation. It also induces proliferation and autophagy. Cystatin isolated from chicken egg white, called ovocystatin, has been widely used in the medical and pharmaceutical research due to its structural and biological similarities to human cystatin C. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of administering ovocystatin on the development of dementia-specific cognitive deficits in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. MATERIALS/METHODS The study was conducted on transgenic B6C3-Tg(APPswe,PSEN1dE9)85Dbo/Mmjax mice. Ovocystatin was administered to four-month-old transgenic (AD) and wild type (NCAR) mice in drinking water for 24 weeks (at a dose of 40 and 4 μg/ mouse). The locomotor activity and cognitive functions were determined using an actimeter and the Morris water maze test, respectively. RESULTS The results of the study indicate that ovocystatin has a beneficial effect on the cognitive functions in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. The strongest effects of ovocystatin were found in the group of AD mice, where ovocystatin was administered in drinking water at a dose of 40 μg/mouse (p < 0.05). Mice from the AD group swam statistically significantly further in the target zone during the trial in the Morris water maze compared to the AD (vehiculum) group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The obtained results encourage further research into the protective effect, which may be used as an adjuvant in the treatment of deteriorating cognitive functions.
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Combination of Cystatins 9 and C Modulates Serum Biomarkers Associated with Inflammation and Provides Prophylactic as Well as Long-Term Protection against Multidrug-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.02519-18. [PMID: 30782995 PMCID: PMC6496045 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02519-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified recombinant human cystatins 9 (rCST9) and C (rCSTC) as a combination immunotherapeutic treatment against multidrug-resistant (MDR) New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1 (NDM-1)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae We evaluated the lasting protection of rCST9/rCSTC treatment against MDR NDM-1 K. pneumoniae pneumonia. Results showed that rCST9/rCSTC treatment modulated endogenous serum biomarkers, cystatins 9 and C and amyloid A, associated with poor patient outcomes and provided prophylactic and long-term protection in a murine model of pneumonia.
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Schulze Hüynck J, Kaschani F, van der Linde K, Ziemann S, Müller AN, Colby T, Kaiser M, Misas Villamil JC, Doehlemann G. Proteases Underground: Analysis of the Maize Root Apoplast Identifies Organ Specific Papain-Like Cysteine Protease Activity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:473. [PMID: 31114592 PMCID: PMC6503450 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant proteases are key regulators of plant cell processes such as seed development, immune responses, senescence and programmed cell death (PCD). Apoplastic papain-like cysteine proteases (PL) are hubs in plant-microbe interactions and play an important role during abiotic stresses. The apoplast is a crucial interface for the interaction between plant and microbes. So far, apoplastic maize PL and their function have been mostly described for aerial parts. In this study, we focused on apoplastic PLCPs in the roots of maize plants. We have analyzed the phylogeny of maize PLCPs and investigated their protein abundance after salicylic acid (SA) treatment. Using activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) we have identified a novel root-specific PLCP belonging to the RD21-like subfamily, as well as three SA activated PLCPs. The root specific PLCP CP1C shares sequence and structural similarities to known CP1-like proteases. Biochemical analysis of recombinant CP1C revealed different substrate specificities and inhibitor affinities compared to the related proteases. This study characterized a root-specific PLCP and identifies differences between the SA-dependent activation of PLCPs in roots and leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Schulze Hüynck
- Center of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Botanical Institute, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | - Sebastian Ziemann
- Center of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Botanical Institute, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - André N. Müller
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Colby
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Kaiser
- Institute of Chemical Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Johana C. Misas Villamil
- Center of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Botanical Institute, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- *Correspondence: Johana C. Misas Villamil, Gunther Doehlemann,
| | - Gunther Doehlemann
- Center of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Botanical Institute, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- *Correspondence: Johana C. Misas Villamil, Gunther Doehlemann,
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Dynamic matrisome: ECM remodeling factors licensing cancer progression and metastasis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1870:207-228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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63
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The Anti-Angiogenic Activity of a Cystatin F Homologue from the Buccal Glands of Lampetra morii. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16120477. [PMID: 30501116 PMCID: PMC6316161 DOI: 10.3390/md16120477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystatins are a family of cysteine protease inhibitors which are associated with a variety of physiological and pathological processes in vivo. In the present study, the cDNA sequence of a cystatin F homologue called Lm-cystatin F was cloned from the buccal glands of Lampetra morii. Although Lm-cystatin F shares a lower homology with cystatin superfamily members, it is also composed of a signal peptide and three highly conserved motifs, including the G in the N-terminal, QXVXG, as well as the PW in the C-terminal of the sequence. After sequence optimization and recombination, the recombinant protein was expressed as a soluble protein in Escherichia coli with a molecular weight of 19.85 kDa. Through affinity chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis, the purified protein was identified as a recombinant Lm-cystatin F (rLm-cystatin F). Additionally, rLm-cystatin F could inhibit the activity of papain. Based on MTT assay, rLm-cystatin F inhibited the proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) dose dependently with an IC50 of 5 μM. In vitro studies show that rLm-cystatin F suppressed the adhesion, migration, invasion, and tube formation of HUVECs, suggesting that rLm-cystatin F possesses anti-angiogenic activity, which provides information on the feeding mechanisms of Lampetra morii and insights into the application of rLm-cystatin F as a potential drug in the future.
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Patel S, Homaei A, El-Seedi HR, Akhtar N. Cathepsins: Proteases that are vital for survival but can also be fatal. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 105:526-532. [PMID: 29885636 PMCID: PMC7172164 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The state of enzymes in the human body determines the normal physiology or pathology, so all the six classes of enzymes are crucial. Proteases, the hydrolases, can be of several types based on the nucleophilic amino acid or the metal cofactor needed for their activity. Cathepsins are proteases with serine, cysteine, or aspartic acid residues as the nucleophiles, which are vital for digestion, coagulation, immune response, adipogenesis, hormone liberation, peptide synthesis, among a litany of other functions. But inflammatory state radically affects their normal roles. Released from the lysosomes, they degrade extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen and elastin, mediating parasite infection, autoimmune diseases, tumor metastasis, cardiovascular issues, and neural degeneration, among other health hazards. Over the years, the different types and isoforms of cathepsin, their optimal pH and functions have been studied, yet much information is still elusive. By taming and harnessing cathepsins, by inhibitors and judicious lifestyle, a gamut of malignancies can be resolved. This review discusses these aspects, which can be of clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Patel
- Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA,Corresponding author.
| | - Ahmad Homaei
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran,Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Hesham R. El-Seedi
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Centre, Box 574, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden,Ecological Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nadeem Akhtar
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Guo K, Chen Q, He X, Yao K, Li Z, Liu Z, Chen J, Liu Z, Guo C, Lu J, Wu C, Li W, Wang Q, Chen P, Lu W, Wang Y, Han H, Cao Y, Guo S. Expression and significance of Cystatin-C in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:1237-1245. [PMID: 30257338 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cystatin-C (Cys-C) has been studied as a valuable prognostic indicator in several malignancies. The goal of this study is to explore the expression and prognostic significance of Cys-C in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC). METHODS Immunohistochemistry and western blot assays were performed to evaluate the level of Cys-C expression in CCRCC tissue. Expression levels of Cys-C in CCRCC tissue samples in relation to clinicopathological characteristics of the tumors were assessed. Their prognostic significance was analyzed by univariate and multivariate analyses. In addition, the expression of Cys-C in 786-O cell lines was inhibited by using CRISPR/Case9 and the effects of Cys-C knockout on 786-O cells in vitro were evaluated using MTT method, colony formation assay, cell cycle assay, and cell migration and invasive assay. RESULTS The expression level of Cys-C was lower in CCRCC tissues (n = 253) than in paired adjacent non-cancerous tissues (n = 164) by immunohistochemistry (P < 0.001). Among the 253 patients, the results showed that patients with low Cys-C expression level in cancer tissue has longer overall survival (OS) than that with high Cys-C level. Furthermore, knockout of Cys-C in 786-O cell line has ability to suppress cell proliferation, induce G0/G1 phase arrest, inhibited cell invasion, decreased phosphorylation of ERK1/2, STAT-3 and enhanced phosphorylated JNK expression. CONCLUSIONS A decrease in serum Cys-C is a favorable prognostic indicator for CCRCC patients. Inhibition of Cys-C suppressed RCC 786-O cell proliferation and invasion. These results indicated that Cys-C could serve as an ideal prognostic biomarker in patients with CCRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunbin Guo
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Qiuhong Chen
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Xiaobo He
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, PR China
| | - Kai Yao
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Li
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Zefu Liu
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Jieping Chen
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Zhuowei Liu
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Chao Guo
- The Department of Plastic Surgery, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524001, PR China
| | - Jiabin Lu
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Chenyan Wu
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Weirong Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Wenhua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Hui Han
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China.
| | - Yun Cao
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China.
| | - Shengjie Guo
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China.
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Human cystatin SN is an endogenous protease inhibitor that prevents allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 143:1153-1162.e12. [PMID: 30012514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protease allergens disrupt epithelial barriers to exert their allergenicity. Cystatin SN (encoded by CST1) is an endogenous cysteine protease inhibitor upregulated in nasal epithelia in patients with allergic rhinitis (AR). OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate the protective effect of human cystatin SN on AR symptoms using pollen-induced AR mouse models. METHODS We performed an in vitro protease activity assay to evaluate the effect of recombinant human cystatin SN (rhCystatin SN) on Japanese cedar (JC) or ragweed proteases. A human nasal epithelial cell line, RPMI 2650, was used to examine tight junction (TJ) disruption in vitro. Mice were sensitized and nasally challenged with JC or ragweed pollens with or without rhCystatin SN to examine the effect of rhCystatin SN on AR symptoms and the epithelial barrier in vivo. Because mice lack CST1, we generated transgenic (Tg) mice expressing human CST1 under control of its genomic control region (hCST1-Tg mice) to examine the role of cystatin SN in physiologically expressed conditions. RESULTS rhCystatin SN inhibited JC but not ragweed protease activities and prevented JC-induced but not ragweed-induced TJ disruption in vitro. Exogenous administration of rhCystatin SN ameliorated JC-induced but not ragweed-induced sneezing and nasal TJ disruption in vivo. Furthermore, hCST1-Tg mice showed decreased JC-induced but not ragweed-induced sneezing symptoms and nasal TJ disruption compared with wild-type mice. CONCLUSION Human cystatin SN suppresses AR symptoms through inhibiting allergen protease activities and protecting the nasal TJ barrier in an allergen-specific manner. We propose that upregulation of nasal endogenous protease inhibitors, including cystatin SN, is a novel therapeutic strategy for protease allergen-induced AR.
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Kubo A, Shirato I, Hidaka T, Takagi M, Sasaki Y, Asanuma K, Ishidoh K, Suzuki Y. Expression of Cathepsin L and Its Intrinsic Inhibitors in Glomeruli of Rats With Puromycin Aminonucleoside Nephrosis. J Histochem Cytochem 2018; 66:863-877. [PMID: 30052474 DOI: 10.1369/0022155418791822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin L, a lysosomal cysteine proteinase, may have a key role in various biological and disease processes by intracellular and extracellular degradation of proteins. We examined the levels of cathepsin L and its intrinsic inhibitors in glomeruli of rats with puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) nephrosis. In contrast to the weak levels of cathepsin L in normal glomeruli, on days 4 and 8, strong immunostaining was detected in almost all podocytes when proteinuria and pathological changes of the podocytes developed. Cathepsin L was reduced after day 28, but remained in a focal and segmental manner. Cystatin β, an intracellular inhibitor, was not detected in podocytes. However, cystatin C, an extracellular inhibitor, was detected in podocytes after day 4, coincident with cathepsin L. Cystatin C levels were gradually reduced but sustained in many podocytes on day 28, while cystatin C was not detected in podocytes sustained cathepsin L. These results demonstrated that cathepsin L levels are not always accompanied by the levels of its inhibitors in podocytes of PAN nephrosis, suggesting a potential role of cathepsin L in podocyte injury, which is a critical process for the development and progression of tuft adhesion and sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayano Kubo
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Teruo Hidaka
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyuki Takagi
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Sasaki
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Asanuma
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazumi Ishidoh
- Division of Molecular Biology, Institute for Health Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
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Sánchez-Rodríguez DB, Ortega-López J, Cárdenas-Guerra RE, Reséndiz-Cardiel G, Chávez-Munguía B, Lagunes-Guillen A, Arroyo R. Characterization of a novel endogenous cysteine proteinase inhibitor, trichocystatin-3 (TC-3), localized on the surface of Trichomonas vaginalis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 102:87-100. [PMID: 30016696 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellated protist responsible for human trichomoniasis. T. vaginalis has three genes encoding for endogenous cysteine proteinase (CP) inhibitors, known as trichocystatin-1 through trichocystatin-3 (TC-1, TC-2, and TC-3). These inhibitors belong to the cystatin family. In this study, we characterized trichocystatin-3 (TC-3), an endogenous cysteine proteinase (CP) inhibitor of T. vaginalis. TC-3 possesses a signal peptide in the N-terminus and two putative glycosylation sites (typical of family 2, cystatins) but lacks the PW motif and cysteine residues (typical of family 1, stefins). Native TC-3 was recognized as an ∼18 kDa protein band in a T. vaginalis protein extract. By confocal microscopy, endogenous TC-3 was found in the Golgi complex, cytoplasm, large vesicles, and the plasma membrane. These localizations are consistent with an in silico prediction. In addition, the purified recombinant protein (TC-3r) functions as an inhibitor of cathepsin L CPs, such as human liver cathepsin L and trichomonad CPs, present in a proteinase-resistant extract (PRE). Via a pull-down assay using TC-3r as bait and PRE, we identified several trichomonad CPs targeted by TC-3, primarily TvCP3. These CP-TC-3 interactions occur in vesicles, in the cytoplasm, and on the parasite surface. In addition, TC-3r showed a protective effect on HeLa cell monolayers by inhibiting trichomonad surface CPs involved in cellular damage. Our results show that the endogenous inhibitor TC-3 plays a key role in the regulation of endogenous CP proteolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Belén Sánchez-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Delg. Gustavo A Madero, CP 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jaime Ortega-López
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Delg. Gustavo A Madero, CP 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosa Elena Cárdenas-Guerra
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Delg. Gustavo A Madero, CP 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Reséndiz-Cardiel
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Delg. Gustavo A Madero, CP 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Bibiana Chávez-Munguía
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Delg. Gustavo A Madero, CP 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Anel Lagunes-Guillen
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Delg. Gustavo A Madero, CP 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rossana Arroyo
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Delg. Gustavo A Madero, CP 07360, Mexico City, Mexico.
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69
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Identification of an Intra- and Inter-specific Tear Protein Signal in Rodents. Curr Biol 2018; 28:1213-1223.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Yan Y, Fan Q, Wang L, Zhou Y, Li J, Zhou K. LncRNA Snhg1, a non-degradable sponge for miR-338, promotes expression of proto-oncogene CST3 in primary esophageal cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:35750-35760. [PMID: 28423738 PMCID: PMC5482614 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) is a newly proposed mechanism that describes a crosstalk among lncRNAs, mRNAs and their shared miRNAs. In this study, the role of miR-338-3p (miR-338) in the progression of esophageal cancer and its involve in the ceRNA regulatory circuit lncRNA-Snhg1/CST3 were explored. MiR-338 displayed a 30% decreased expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma tissues compared with the adjacent. Then, proto-oncogene CST3 was predicted and validated as a target gene of miR-338. Gain-and-loss-function experiments indicated that miR-338 suppressed expression of CST3 protein (also Cystatin C, CysC), promoted expression of apoptotic proteins caspase-8/3, attenuated esophageal carcinoma cell growth and induced its apoptosis. In addition, lncRNA-Snhg1 was significantly upregulated in esophageal carcinoma tissues and promoted esophageal carcinoma cell growth. Furthermore, our results from bioinformatics, luciferase reporter gene and RNA pull-down assays indicated that Snhg1 could be directly bound by miR-338. Snhg1 acted as a non-degradable sponge to relieve the suppression on CST3 caused by miR-338. In conclusion, lncRNA-Snhg1 promoted cell proliferation by acting as a non-degradable sponge for the tumor suppressor miR-338 in esophageal cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qingxia Fan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Medical Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kun Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Baseline mRNA expression differs widely between common laboratory strains of zebrafish. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4780. [PMID: 29555936 PMCID: PMC5859126 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23129-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Common strains of wildtype zebrafish (Danio rerio) have unique genomic features including SNPs and CNV, but strain information often goes unreported in the literature. As a result, the confounding effects of interstrain variation makes repetition of studies in zebrafish challenging. Here we analyze hepatic mRNA expression patterns between three common zebrafish strains (AB, Tuebingen (TU), and WIK) using Agilent 4 × 44 K gene expression microarrays to establish baseline mRNA expression across strains and between sexes. We observed wide variation in sex-specific gene expression within AB and WIK strains (141 genes in AB and 67 genes in WIK), but no significant variation between sexes within TU. After partitioning the dataset into male and female subsets, we detected 421 unique mRNA transcripts with statistically significant differential expression; 269 mRNA transcripts varied between males, 212 mRNA transcripts varied between females, and 59 mRNA transcripts varied across the three strains, regardless of sex. It is not surprising that mRNA expression profiles differ between sexes and strains, but it is imperative to characterize the differences. These results highlight the complexity of variation within zebrafish and underscore the value of this model system as a valid representation of normal variation present in other species, including humans.
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Cystatins 9 and C as a Novel Immunotherapy Treatment That Protects against Multidrug-Resistant New Delhi Metallo-Beta-Lactamase-1-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.01900-17. [PMID: 29229643 PMCID: PMC5826106 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01900-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial pneumonia can induce dysregulated pulmonary and systemic inflammation leading to morbidity and mortality. Antibiotics to treat MDR pathogens do not function to modulate the extent and intensity of inflammation and can have serious side effects. Here we evaluate the efficacy of two human cysteine proteinase inhibitors, cystatin 9 (CST9) and cystatin C (CSTC), as a novel immunotherapeutic treatment to combat MDR New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-1 (NDM-1)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Our results showed that mice infected intranasally (i.n.) with a 90% lethal dose (LD90) challenge of NDM-1 K. pneumoniae and then treated with the combination of human recombinant CST9 (rCST9) and rCSTC (rCSTs; 50 pg of each i.n. at 1 h postinfection [p.i.] and/or 500 pg of each intraperitoneally [i.p.] at 3 days p.i.) had significantly improved survival compared to that of infected mice alone or infected mice treated with individual rCSTs (P < 0.05). Results showed that both of our optimal rCST treatment regimens modulated pulmonary and systemic proinflammatory cytokine secretion in the serum, lungs, liver, and spleen in infected mice (P < 0.05). Treatment also significantly decreased the bacterial burden (P < 0.05) while preserving lung integrity, with reduced inflammatory cell accumulation compared to that in infected mice. Further, rCST treatment regimens reduced lipid peroxidation and cell apoptosis in the lungs of infected mice. Additionally, in vitro studies showed that rCSTs (50 or 500 pg of each) directly decreased the viability of NDM-1 K. pneumoniae. In conclusion, the data showed that rCST9/rCSTC worked synergistically to modulate host inflammation against MDR NDM-1 K. pneumoniae pneumonia, which significantly improved survival. Therefore, rCST9/rCSTC is a promising therapeutic candidate for the treatment of bacterial pneumonia.
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74
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Yu FJ, Lam TC, Liu LQ, Chun RKM, Cheung JKW, Li KK, To CH. Isotope-coded protein label based quantitative proteomic analysis reveals significant up-regulation of apolipoprotein A1 and ovotransferrin in the myopic chick vitreous. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12649. [PMID: 28978931 PMCID: PMC5627271 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12650-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study used isotope-coded protein label (ICPL) quantitative proteomics and bioinformatics analysis to examine changes in vitreous protein content and associated pathways during lens-induced eye growth. First, the vitreous protein profile of normal 7-day old chicks was characterized by nano-liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 341 unique proteins were identified. Next, myopia and hyperopia were induced in the same chick by attaching -10D lenses to the right eye and +10D lenses to the left eye, for 3 and 7 days. Protein expression in lens-induced ametropic eyes was analyzed using the ICPL approach coupled to LCMS. Four proteins (cystatin, apolipoprotein A1, ovotransferrin, and purpurin) were significantly up-regulated in the vitreous after 3 days of wearing -10D lenses relative to +10D lens contralateral eyes. The differences in protein expression were less pronounced after 7 days when the eyes approached full compensation. In a different group of chicks, western blot confirmed the up-regulation of apolipoprotein A1 and ovotransferrin in the myopic vitreous relative to both contralateral lens-free eyes and hyperopic eyes in separate animals wearing +10D lenses. Bioinformatics analysis suggested oxidative stress and lipid metabolism as pathways involved in compensated ocular elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Juan Yu
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Thomas Chuen Lam
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Long-Qian Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Rachel Ka-Man Chun
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jimmy Ka-Wai Cheung
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - King-Kit Li
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chi-Ho To
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Olivera-González S, Josa-Laorden C, Torralba-Cabeza MA. The pathophysiology of Fabry disease. Rev Clin Esp 2017; 218:22-28. [PMID: 28843599 DOI: 10.1016/j.rce.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Fabry disease is a lysosomal condition with systemic clinical expression, caused by the tissue deposit of globotriaosylceramide, due to a deficit in its degradation. As with most lysosomal diseases, the presence of a mutation in a gene does not explain the pathophysiological disorders shown by patients. We conducted a comprehensive review of the pathogenic mechanisms that occur in Fabry disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Olivera-González
- Unidad de Enfermedades Minoritarias, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, España.
| | - C Josa-Laorden
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, España
| | - M A Torralba-Cabeza
- Unidad de Enfermedades Minoritarias, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, España
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Ahmed A, Shamsi A, Bano B. Oxadiargyl induced conformational transition of cystatin isolated from yellow mustard seeds: Biophysical and biochemical approach. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 98:802-809. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Yamane T, Kozuka M, Yamamoto Y, Nakano Y, Nakagaki T, Ohkubo I, Ariga H. Protease activity of legumain is inhibited by an increase of cystatin E/M in the DJ-1-knockout mouse spleen, cerebrum and heart. Biochem Biophys Rep 2017; 9:187-192. [PMID: 28956004 PMCID: PMC5614579 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Legumain (EC 3.4.22.34) is an asparaginyl endopeptidase. Legumain activity has been detected in various mouse tissues including the kidney, spleen and epididymis. Legumain is overexpressed in the majority of human solid tumors and transcription of the legumain gene is regulated by the p53 tumor suppressor in HCT116 cells. The legumain activity is also increased under acid conditions in Alzheimer's disease brains. DJ-1/PARK7, a cancer- and Parkinson's disease-associated protein, works as a coactivator to various transcription factors, including the androgen receptor, p53, PSF, Nrf2, SREBP and RREB1. Recently, we found that legumain expression, activation and cleavage of annexin A2 are regulated by DJ-1 through p53. In this study, we found that the expression levels of legumain mRNA were increased in the cerebrum, kidney, spleen, heart, lung, epididymis, stomach, small intestine and pancreas from DJ-1-knockout mice, although legumain activity levels were decreased in the cerebrum, spleen and heart from DJ-1-knockout mice. Furthermore, we found that cystatin E/M expression was increased in the spleen, cerebrum and heart from DJ-1-knockout mice. These results suggest that reduction of legumain activity is caused by an increase of cystatin E/M expression in the spleen, cerebrum and heart from DJ-1-knockout mice. Legumain is strongly activated in the epididymis from DJ-1-knockout mice. Expression level of legumain mRNA is increased but activity is decreased in the spleen, cerebrum and heart from DJ-1-knockout mice. Expression level of cystatin E/M is increased in the spleen, cerebrum and heart from DJ-1-knockout mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yamane
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Miyuki Kozuka
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Science, Hokkaido Bunkyo University, Eniwa 061-1449, Japan
| | - Yoshio Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Mie University Iga Research Institute, Yumegaoka, Iga 518-0131, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Nakano
- Center for Research and Development Bioresources, Research Organization for University-Community Collaborations, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
| | - Takenori Nakagaki
- Institute of Food Sciences, Nakagaki Consulting Engineer and Co., Ltd, Nishi-ku, Sakai 593-8328, Japan
| | - Iwao Ohkubo
- Department of Nutrition, School of Nursing and Nutrition, Tenshi College, Higashi-ku, Sapporo 065-0013, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Ariga
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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78
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Bunderson-Schelvan M, Holian A, Hamilton RF. Engineered nanomaterial-induced lysosomal membrane permeabilization and anti-cathepsin agents. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2017; 20:230-248. [PMID: 28632040 PMCID: PMC6127079 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2017.1305924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), or small anthropogenic particles approximately < 100 nm in size and of various shapes and compositions, are increasingly incorporated into commercial products and used for industrial and medical purposes. There is an exposure risk to both the population at large and individuals in the workplace with inhalation exposures to ENMs being a primary concern. Further, there is increasing evidence to suggest that certain ENMs may represent a significant health risk, and many of these ENMs exhibit distinct similarities with other particles and fibers that are known to induce adverse health effects, such as asbestos, silica, and particulate matter (PM). Evidence regarding the importance of lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and release of cathepsins in ENM toxicity has been accumulating. The aim of this review was to describe our current understanding of the mechanisms leading to ENM-associated pathologies, including LMP and the role of cathepsins with a focus on inflammation. In addition, anti-cathepsin agents, some of which have been tested in clinical trials and may prove useful for ameliorating the harmful effects of ENM exposure, are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrij Holian
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Raymond F. Hamilton
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
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79
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Danda R, Ganapathy K, Sathe G, Madugundu AK, Ramachandran S, Krishnan UM, Khetan V, Rishi P, Keshava Prasad TS, Pandey A, Krishnakumar S, Gowda H, Elchuri SV. Proteomic profiling of retinoblastoma by high resolution mass spectrometry. Clin Proteomics 2016; 13:29. [PMID: 27799869 PMCID: PMC5080735 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-016-9128-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Retinoblastoma is an ocular neoplastic cancer caused primarily due to the mutation/deletion of RB1 gene. Due to the rarity of the disease very limited information is available on molecular changes in primary retinoblastoma. High throughput analysis of retinoblastoma transcriptome is available however the proteomic landscape of retinoblastoma remains unexplored. In the present study we used high resolution mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics to identify proteins associated with pathogenesis of retinoblastoma. Methods We used five pooled normal retina and five pooled retinoblastoma tissues to prepare tissue lysates. Equivalent amount of proteins from each group was trypsin digested and labeled with iTRAQ tags. The samples were analyzed on Orbitrap Velos mass spectrometer. We further validated few of the differentially expressed proteins by immunohistochemistry on primary tumors. Results We identified and quantified a total of 3587 proteins in retinoblastoma when compared with normal adult retina. In total, we identified 899 proteins that were differentially expressed in retinoblastoma with a fold change of ≥2 of which 402 proteins were upregulated and 497 were down regulated. Insulin growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 1 (IGF2BP1), chromogranin A, fetuin A (ASHG), Rac GTPase-activating protein 1 and midkine that were found to be overexpressed in retinoblastoma were further confirmed by immunohistochemistry by staining 15 independent retinoblastoma tissue sections. We further verified the effect of IGF2BP1 on cell proliferation and migration capability of a retinoblastoma cell line using knockdown studies. Conclusions In the present study mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomic approach was applied to identify proteins differentially expressed in retinoblastoma tumor. This study identified the mitochondrial dysfunction and lipid metabolism pathways as the major pathways to be deregulated in retinoblastoma. Further knockdown studies of IGF2BP1 in retinoblastoma cell lines revealed it as a prospective therapeutic target for retinoblastoma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12014-016-9128-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravikanth Danda
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamilnadu 600006 India ; Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials, Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology and Research Academy University, Tanjore, Tamilnadu India
| | - Kalaivani Ganapathy
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamilnadu 600006 India
| | - Gajanan Sathe
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka 560066 India
| | - Anil K Madugundu
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka 560066 India
| | - Sharavan Ramachandran
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamilnadu 600006 India
| | - Uma Maheswari Krishnan
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials, Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology and Research Academy University, Tanjore, Tamilnadu India
| | - Vikas Khetan
- Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services and Ocular Oncology Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamilnadu 600006 India
| | - Pukhraj Rishi
- Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services and Ocular Oncology Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamilnadu 600006 India
| | - T S Keshava Prasad
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka 560066 India
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA ; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA ; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA ; Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Subramanian Krishnakumar
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamilnadu 600006 India
| | - Harsha Gowda
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka 560066 India
| | - Sailaja V Elchuri
- Department of Nano-Biotechnology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamilnadu 600006 India
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80
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Yerramilli M, Farace G, Quinn J, Yerramilli M. Kidney Disease and the Nexus of Chronic Kidney Disease and Acute Kidney Injury: The Role of Novel Biomarkers as Early and Accurate Diagnostics. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2016; 46:961-93. [PMID: 27485279 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and acute kidney injury (AKI) are interconnected and the presence of one is a risk for the other. CKD is an important predictor of AKI after exposure to nephrotoxic drugs or major surgery, whereas persistent or repetitive injury could result in the progression of CKD. This brings new perspectives to the diagnosis and monitoring of kidney diseases highlighting the need for a panel of kidney-specific biomarkers that reflect functional as well as structural damage and recovery, predict potential risk and provide prognosis. This article discusses the kidney-specific biomarkers, symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), clusterin, cystatin B, and inosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murthy Yerramilli
- IDEXX Laboratories, Research & Development, 1-IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME 04092, USA.
| | - Giosi Farace
- IDEXX Laboratories, Research & Development, 1-IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME 04092, USA
| | - John Quinn
- IDEXX Laboratories, Research & Development, 1-IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME 04092, USA
| | - Maha Yerramilli
- IDEXX Laboratories, Research & Development, 1-IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME 04092, USA
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81
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Mascarenhas NM, Gosavi S. Protein Domain-Swapping Can Be a Consequence of Functional Residues. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:6929-38. [PMID: 27331242 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b03968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Monomer topology has been implicated in domain-swapping, a potential first step on the route to disease-causing protein aggregation. Despite having the same topology (β1-α1-β2-β3-β4-β5), the cysteine protease inhibitor stefin-B domain swaps more readily than a single-chain variant of the heterodimeric sweet protein monellin (scMn). Here, we computationally study the folding of stefin-B and scMn in order to understand the molecular basis for the difference in their domain-swapping propensities. In agreement with experiments, our structure-based simulations show that scMn folds cooperatively without the population of an intermediate while stefin-B populates an equilibrium intermediate state. Since the simulation intermediate has only one domain structured (β3-β4-β5), it can directly lead to domain-swapping. Using computational variants of stefin-B, we show that the population of this intermediate is caused by regions of stefin-B that have been implicated in protease inhibition. We also find that the protease-binding regions are located on two structural elements and localized in space. In contrast, the residues that contribute to the sweetness of monellin are not localized to a few structural elements but are distributed over the protein fold. We conclude that the distributed functional residues of monellin do not induce large local perturbations in the protein structure, eliminating the formation of folding intermediates and in turn domain-swapping. On the other hand, the localized protease-binding regions of stefin-B promote the formation of a folding intermediate which can lead to domain-swapping. Thus, domain-swapping can be a direct consequence of the constraints that function imposes on the protein structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahren Manuel Mascarenhas
- Simons Centre for the Study of Living Machines, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Shachi Gosavi
- Simons Centre for the Study of Living Machines, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Bangalore 560065, India
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82
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Microbial inhibitors of cysteine proteases. Med Microbiol Immunol 2016; 205:275-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00430-016-0454-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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83
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Mori J, Tanikawa C, Funauchi Y, Lo PHY, Nakamura Y, Matsuda K. Cystatin C as a p53-inducible apoptotic mediator that regulates cathepsin L activity. Cancer Sci 2016; 107:298-306. [PMID: 26757339 PMCID: PMC4814261 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to various cellular stresses, p53 is activated and inhibits malignant transformation through the transcriptional regulation of its target genes. However, the full picture of the p53 downstream pathway still remains to be elucidated. Here we identified cystatin C, a major inhibitor of cathepsins, as a novel p53 target. In response to DNA damage, activated p53 induced cystatin C expression through p53 binding sequence in the first intron. We showed that cathepsin L activity was decreased in HCT116 p53+/+ cells after adriamycin treatment, but not in HCT116 p53−/− cells. We also found that knockdown of cystatin C reduced adriamycin‐induced caspase‐3 activation. Cystatin C expression was significantly downregulated in breast cancer cells with p53 mutations, and decreased cystatin C expression was associated with poor prognosis of breast cancer. Our findings revealed an important role of the p53–cystatin C pathway in human carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinichi Mori
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chizu Tanikawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Funauchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Paulisally Hau Yi Lo
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakamura
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato, Tokyo, Japan.,Departments of Medicine and Surgery, and Center for Personalized Therapeutics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Koichi Matsuda
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato, Tokyo, Japan
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84
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Korhonen PK, Pozio E, La Rosa G, Chang BCH, Koehler AV, Hoberg EP, Boag PR, Tan P, Jex AR, Hofmann A, Sternberg PW, Young ND, Gasser RB. Phylogenomic and biogeographic reconstruction of the Trichinella complex. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10513. [PMID: 26830005 PMCID: PMC4740406 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichinellosis is a globally important food-borne parasitic disease of humans caused by roundworms of the Trichinella complex. Extensive biological diversity is reflected in substantial ecological and genetic variability within and among Trichinella taxa, and major controversy surrounds the systematics of this complex. Here we report the sequencing and assembly of 16 draft genomes representing all 12 recognized Trichinella species and genotypes, define protein-coding gene sets and assess genetic differences among these taxa. Using thousands of shared single-copy orthologous gene sequences, we fully reconstruct, for the first time, a phylogeny and biogeography for the Trichinella complex, and show that encapsulated and non-encapsulated Trichinella taxa diverged from their most recent common ancestor ∼21 million years ago (mya), with taxon diversifications commencing ∼10-7 mya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasi K Korhonen
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Edoardo Pozio
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe La Rosa
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Bill C H Chang
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Yourgene Bioscience, Shu-Lin District, New Taipei City 23863, Taiwan
| | - Anson V Koehler
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Eric P Hoberg
- United States National Parasite Collection, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
| | - Peter R Boag
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Patrick Tan
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Republic of Singapore.,Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 138672, Republic of Singapore
| | - Aaron R Jex
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Andreas Hofmann
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Structural Chemistry Program, Eskitis Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Paul W Sternberg
- Division of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Neil D Young
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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85
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Yoshida S, Hori E, Ura S, Haratake M, Fuchigami T, Nakayama M. A Comprehensive Analysis of Selenium-Binding Proteins in the Brain Using Its Reactive Metabolite. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2016; 64:52-8. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c15-00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sakura Yoshida
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University
| | - Eriko Hori
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University
| | - Sakiko Ura
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University
| | | | | | - Morio Nakayama
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University
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86
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Lysosomal cysteine peptidases – Molecules signaling tumor cell death and survival. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35:168-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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87
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Ronca F, Raggi A. Structure-function relationships in mammalian histidine-proline-rich glycoprotein. Biochimie 2015; 118:207-20. [PMID: 26409900 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Histidine-proline-rich glycoprotein (HPRG), or histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG), is a serum protein that is synthesized in the liver and is actively internalised by different cells, including skeletal muscle. The multidomain arrangement of HPRG comprises two modules at the N-terminus that are homologous to cystatin but void of cysteine proteinase inhibitor function, and a second half consisting of a histidine-proline-rich region (HPRR) located between two proline-rich regions (PRR1 and PRR2), and a C-terminus domain. HPRG has been reported to bind various ligands and to modulate angiogenesis via the histidine residues of the HPRR. However, the secondary structure prediction of the HPRR reveals that more than 98% is disordered and the structural basis of the hypothesized functions remains unclear. Comparison of the PRR1 of several mammalian species indicates the presence of a conserved binding site that might coordinate the Zn(2+) ion with an amino acid arrangement compatible with the cysteine-containing site that has been identified experimentally for rabbit HPRG. This observation provides a structural basis to the function of HPRG as an intracellular zinc chaperone which has been suggested by the involvement of the protein in the maintenance of the quaternary structure of skeletal muscle AMP deaminase (AMPD). During Anthropoidea evolution, a change of the primary structure of the PRR1 Zn(2+) binding site took place, giving rise to the sequence M-S-C-S/L-S/R-C that resembles the MxCxxC motif characteristic of metal transporters and metallochaperones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ronca
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio Raggi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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88
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Ferrer-Mayorga G, Alvarez-Díaz S, Valle N, De Las Rivas J, Mendes M, Barderas R, Canals F, Tapia O, Casal JI, Lafarga M, Muñoz A. Cystatin D locates in the nucleus at sites of active transcription and modulates gene and protein expression. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:26533-48. [PMID: 26364852 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.660175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystatin D is an inhibitor of lysosomal and secreted cysteine proteases. Strikingly, cystatin D has been found to inhibit proliferation, migration, and invasion of colon carcinoma cells indicating tumor suppressor activity that is unrelated to protease inhibition. Here, we demonstrate that a proportion of cystatin D locates within the cell nucleus at specific transcriptionally active chromatin sites. Consistently, transcriptomic analysis show that cystatin D alters gene expression, including that of genes encoding transcription factors such as RUNX1, RUNX2, and MEF2C in HCT116 cells. In concordance with transcriptomic data, quantitative proteomic analysis identified 292 proteins differentially expressed in cystatin D-expressing cells involved in cell adhesion, cytoskeleton, and RNA synthesis and processing. Furthermore, using cytokine arrays we found that cystatin D reduces the secretion of several protumor cytokines such as fibroblast growth factor-4, CX3CL1/fractalkine, neurotrophin 4 oncostatin-M, pulmonary and activation-regulated chemokine/CCL18, and transforming growth factor B3. These results support an unanticipated role of cystatin D in the cell nucleus, controlling the transcription of specific genes involved in crucial cellular functions, which may mediate its protective action in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Ferrer-Mayorga
- From the Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28029 Madrid
| | - Silvia Alvarez-Díaz
- From the Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28029 Madrid
| | - Noelia Valle
- From the Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28029 Madrid
| | - Javier De Las Rivas
- the Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Salamanca, E-37007 Salamanca
| | - Marta Mendes
- the Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E-28040 Madrid
| | - Rodrigo Barderas
- the Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E-28040 Madrid
| | - Francesc Canals
- the Proteomics Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, E-08035, and
| | - Olga Tapia
- the Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria-Instituto de Investigación Valdecilla, E-39011 Santander, Spain
| | - J Ignacio Casal
- the Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E-28040 Madrid
| | - Miguel Lafarga
- the Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria-Instituto de Investigación Valdecilla, E-39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Alberto Muñoz
- From the Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28029 Madrid,
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89
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Orlowski GM, Colbert JD, Sharma S, Bogyo M, Robertson SA, Rock KL. Multiple Cathepsins Promote Pro-IL-1β Synthesis and NLRP3-Mediated IL-1β Activation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 195:1685-97. [PMID: 26195813 PMCID: PMC4530060 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sterile particles induce robust inflammatory responses that underlie the pathogenesis of diseases like silicosis, gout, and atherosclerosis. A key cytokine mediating this response is IL-1β. The generation of bioactive IL-1β by sterile particles is mediated by the NOD-like receptor containing a pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, although exactly how this occurs is incompletely resolved. Prior studies have found that the cathepsin B inhibitor, Ca074Me, suppresses this response, supporting a model whereby ingested particles disrupt lysosomes and release cathepsin B into the cytosol, somehow activating NLRP3. However, reports that cathepsin B-deficient macrophages have no defect in particle-induced IL-1β generation have questioned cathepsin B's involvement. In this study, we examine the hypothesis that multiple redundant cathepsins (not just cathepsin B) mediate this process by evaluating IL-1β generation in murine macrophages, singly or multiply deficient in cathepsins B, L, C, S and X. Using an activity-based probe, we measure specific cathepsin activity in living cells, documenting compensatory changes in cathepsin-deficient cells, and Ca074Me's dose-dependent cathepsin inhibition profile is analyzed in parallel with its suppression of particle-induced IL-1β secretion. Also, we evaluate endogenous cathepsin inhibitors cystatins C and B. Surprisingly, we find that multiple redundant cathepsins, inhibited by Ca074Me and cystatins, promote pro-IL-1β synthesis, and to our knowledge, we provide the first evidence that cathepsin X plays a nonredundant role in nonparticulate NLRP3 activation. Finally, we find cathepsin inhibitors selectively block particle-induced NLRP3 activation, independently of suppressing pro-IL-1β synthesis. Altogether, we demonstrate that both small molecule and endogenous cathepsin inhibitors suppress particle-induced IL-1β secretion, implicating roles for multiple cathepsins in both pro-IL-1β synthesis and NLRP3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Orlowski
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Jeff D Colbert
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Shruti Sharma
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and
| | - Stephanie A Robertson
- Sandler Center for Drug Discovery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Kenneth L Rock
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655;
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90
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Azkargorta M, Soria J, Ojeda C, Guzmán F, Acera A, Iloro I, Suárez T, Elortza F. Human Basal Tear Peptidome Characterization by CID, HCD, and ETD Followed by in Silico and in Vitro Analyses for Antimicrobial Peptide Identification. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:2649-58. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Azkargorta
- Proteomics Platform,
CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, ProteoRed-ISCIII, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Javier Soria
- Bioftalmik Applied Research, Bizkaia
Science and Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Claudia Ojeda
- Instituto
de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad 330, 2373223 Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Fanny Guzmán
- Núcleo
Biotecnológico de Curauma (NBC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad 330, 2373223 Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Arantxa Acera
- Bioftalmik Applied Research, Bizkaia
Science and Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Ibon Iloro
- Proteomics Platform,
CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, ProteoRed-ISCIII, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Tatiana Suárez
- Bioftalmik Applied Research, Bizkaia
Science and Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Felix Elortza
- Proteomics Platform,
CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, ProteoRed-ISCIII, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
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91
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Reyes N, Bettin A, Reyes I, Geliebter J. Microarray analysis of the in vitro granulomatous response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra. Colomb Med (Cali) 2015; 46:26-32. [PMID: 26019382 PMCID: PMC4437284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hallmark of tuberculosis is the granuloma, an organized cellular accumulation playing a key role in host defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These structures sequester and contain mycobacterial cells preventing active disease, while long term maintenance of granulomas leads to latent disease. Clear understanding on mechanisms involved in granuloma formation and maintenance is lacking. OBJECTIVE To monitor granuloma formation and to determine gene expression profiles induced during the granulomatous response to M. tuberculosis (H37Ra). METHODS We used a previously characterized in vitro human model. Cellular aggregation was followed daily with microscopy and Wright staining for 5 days. Granulomas were collected at 24 h, RNA extracted and hybridized to Affymetrix human microarrays. RESULTS Daily microscopic examination revealed gradual formation of granulomas in response to mycobacterial infection. Granulomatous structures persisted for 96 h, and then began to disappear. CONCLUSIONS Microarray analysis identified genes in the innate immune response and antigen presentation pathways activated during the in vitro granulomatous response to live mycobacterial cells, revealing very early changes in gene expression of the human granulomatous response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niradiz Reyes
- Research Group of Genetics and Molecular Biology. University of Cartagena. Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Alfonso Bettin
- Research Group of Genetics and Molecular Biology. University of Cartagena. Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Ismael Reyes
- Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Jan Geliebter
- New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
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92
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Evolution of C, D and S-type cystatins in mammals: an extensive gene duplication in primates. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109050. [PMID: 25329717 PMCID: PMC4201479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystatins are a family of inhibitors of cysteine peptidases that comprises the salivary cystatins (D and S-type cystatins) and cystatin C. These cystatins are encoded by a multigene family (CST3, CST5, CST4, CST1 and CST2) organized in tandem in the human genome. Their presence and functional importance in human saliva has been reported, however the distribution of these proteins in other mammals is still unclear. Here, we performed a proteomic analysis of the saliva of several mammals and studied the evolution of this multigene family. The proteomic analysis detected S-type cystatins (S, SA, and SN) in human saliva and cystatin D in rat saliva. The evolutionary analysis showed that the cystatin C encoding gene is present in species of the most representative mammalian groups, i.e. Artiodactyla, Rodentia, Lagomorpha, Carnivora and Primates. On the other hand, D and S-type cystatins are mainly retrieved from Primates, and especially the evolution of S-type cystatins seems to be a dynamic process as seen in Pongo abelii genome where several copies of CST1-like gene (cystatin SN) were found. In Rodents, a group of cystatins previously identified as D and S has also evolved. Despite the high divergence of the amino acid sequence, their position in the phylogenetic tree and their genome organization suggests a common origin with those of the Primates. These results suggest that the D and S type cystatins have emerged before the mammalian radiation and were retained only in Primates and Rodents. Although the mechanisms driving the evolution of cystatins are unknown, it seems to be a dynamic process with several gene duplications evolving according to the birth-and-death model of evolution. The factors that led to the appearance of a group of saliva-specific cystatins in Primates and its rapid evolution remain undetermined, but may be associated with an adaptive advantage.
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93
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Identification of Differentially Expressed Gene after Femoral Fracture via Microarray Profiling. Int J Genomics 2014; 2014:208751. [PMID: 25110652 PMCID: PMC4119616 DOI: 10.1155/2014/208751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in different stages after femoral fracture based on rat models, providing the basis for the treatment of sport-related fractures. Gene expression data GSE3298 was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), including 16 chips. All femoral fracture samples were classified into earlier fracture stage and later fracture stage. Total 87 DEGs simultaneously occurred in two stages, of which 4 genes showed opposite expression tendency. Out of the 4 genes, Rest and Cst8 were hub nodes in protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. The GO (Gene Ontology) function enrichment analysis verified that nutrition supply related genes were enriched in the earlier stage and neuron growth related genes were enriched in the later stage. Calcium signaling pathway was the most significant pathway in earlier stage; in later stage, DEGs were enriched into 2 neurodevelopment-related pathways. Analysis of Pearson's correlation coefficient showed that a total of 3,300 genes were significantly associated with fracture time, none of which was overlapped with identified DEGs. This study suggested that Rest and Cst8 might act as potential indicators for fracture healing. Calcium signaling pathway and neurodevelopment-related pathways might be deeply involved in bone healing after femoral fracture.
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94
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Baumann K, Casewell NR, Ali SA, Jackson TNW, Vetter I, Dobson JS, Cutmore SC, Nouwens A, Lavergne V, Fry BG. A ray of venom: Combined proteomic and transcriptomic investigation of fish venom composition using barb tissue from the blue-spotted stingray (Neotrygon kuhlii). J Proteomics 2014; 109:188-98. [PMID: 24946716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Fish venoms remain almost completely unstudied despite the large number of species. In part this is due to the inherent nature of fish venoms, in that they are highly sensitive to heat, pH, lyophilisation, storage and repeated freeze-thawing. They are also heavily contaminated with mucus, which makes proteomic study difficult. Here we describe a novel protein-handling protocol to remove mucus contamination, utilising ammonium sulphate and acetone precipitation. We validated this approach using barb venom gland tissue protein extract from the blue-spotted stingray Neotrygon kuhlii. We analysed the protein extract using 1D and 2D gels with LC-MS/MS sequencing. Protein annotation was underpinned by a venom gland transcriptome. The composition of our N. kuhlii venom sample revealed a variety of protein types that are completely novel to animal venom systems. Notably, none of the detected proteins exhibited similarity to the few toxin components previously characterised from fish venoms, including those found in other stingrays. Putative venom toxins identified here included cystatin, peroxiredoxin and galectin. Our study represents the first combined survey of gene and protein composition from the venom apparatus of any fish and our novel protein handling method will aid the future characterisation of toxins from other unstudied venomous fish lineages. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE These results show an efficient manner for removing mucus from fish venoms. These results are the first insights into the evolution of proteins present on stingrayvenom barbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Baumann
- Venom Evolution Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Nicholas R Casewell
- Venom Evolution Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia; Alistair Reid Venom Research Unit, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; Molecular Ecology and Evolution Group, School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Syed A Ali
- Venom Evolution Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia; HRJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Timothy N W Jackson
- Venom Evolution Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Irina Vetter
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - James S Dobson
- Venom Evolution Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Scott C Cutmore
- Venom Evolution Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Amanda Nouwens
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Vincent Lavergne
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Bryan G Fry
- Venom Evolution Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia; School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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95
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Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Cystatin, a Cysteine Protease Inhibitor, fromBufo melanostictus. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 77:2077-81. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.130424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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96
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Intermolecular β-strand networks avoid hub residues and favor low interconnectedness: a potential protection mechanism against chain dissociation upon mutation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94745. [PMID: 24733378 PMCID: PMC3986249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Altogether few protein oligomers undergo a conformational transition to a state that impairs their function and leads to diseases. But when it happens, the consequences are not harmless and the so-called conformational diseases pose serious public health problems. Notorious examples are the Alzheimer's disease and some cancers associated with a conformational change of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and of the p53 tumor suppressor, respectively. The transition is linked with the propensity of β-strands to aggregate into amyloid fibers. Nevertheless, a huge number of protein oligomers associate chains via β-strand interactions (intermolecular β-strand interface) without ever evolving into fibers. We analyzed the layout of 1048 intermolecular β-strand interfaces looking for features that could provide the β-strands resistance to conformational transitions. The interfaces were reconstructed as networks with the residues as the nodes and the interactions between residues as the links. The networks followed an exponential decay degree distribution, implying an absence of hubs and nodes with few links. Such layout provides robustness to changes. Few links per nodes do not restrict the choices of amino acids capable of making an interface and maintain high sequence plasticity. Few links reduce the “bonding” cost of making an interface. Finally, few links moderate the vulnerability to amino acid mutation because it entails limited communication between the nodes. This confines the effects of a mutation to few residues instead of propagating them to many residues via hubs. We propose that intermolecular β-strand interfaces are organized in networks that tolerate amino acid mutation to avoid chain dissociation, the first step towards fiber formation. This is tested by looking at the intermolecular β-strand network of the p53 tetramer.
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97
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Anila Namboodiripad PC. Cystatin C: Its role in pathogenesis of OSMF. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2014; 4:42-6. [PMID: 25737918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSF) is a chronic disorder characterized by fibrosis of the mucosa lining the upper digestive tract involving the oral cavity, oro- and hypopharynx and the upper third of the oesophagus. The alkaloids from areca nut are the most important chemical constituents biologically, in producing this lesion. These chemicals appear to interfere with the molecular processes of deposition and/or degradation of extracellular matrix molecules such as collagen. Increased collagen synthesis or reduced collagen degradation have been considered as a possible mechanism in the development of the disease. Increased and continuous deposition of extracellular matrix may also take place as a result of disruption of the equilibrium between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMP). Arecoline a product of areca nut was found to elevate Cystatin C mRNA (CST3) and protein expression in a dose-dependent manner. Cystatin C expression was significantly higher in OSF specimens and expressed mainly by fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and inflammatory cells. Cross-links between the molecules are essential for the tensile strength of collagen fibres. These areas are resistant to attack by collagenases but can be attacked by a number of other serine and cysteine proteinases. CST3 encoding a cysteine proteinase inhibitor might contribute to the stabilization of collagen fibrils in OSMF. Treatment directed against Cystatin C may serve as a novel treatment for submucous fibrosis and also in preventing its transformation into malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Anila Namboodiripad
- Professor and Head, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, PSM Dental College, Akkikav PO, Byepass Road, Trisshur District, Kerala, India
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98
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Eaves-Pyles T, Patel J, Arigi E, Cong Y, Cao A, Garg N, Dhiman M, Pyles RB, Arulanandam B, Miller AL, Popov VL, Soong L, Carlsen ED, Coletta C, Szabo C, Almeida IC. Immunomodulatory and antibacterial effects of cystatin 9 against Francisella tularensis. Mol Med 2013; 19:263-75. [PMID: 23922243 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2013.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystatin 9 (CST9) is a member of the type 2 cysteine protease inhibitor family, which has been shown to have immunomodulatory effects that restrain inflammation, but its functions against bacterial infections are unknown. Here, we report that purified human recombinant (r)CST9 protects against the deadly bacterium Francisella tularensis (Ft) in vitro and in vivo. Macrophages infected with the Ft human pathogen Schu 4 (S4), then given 50 pg of rCST9 exhibited significantly decreased intracellular bacterial replication and increased killing via preventing the escape of S4 from the phagosome. Further, rCST9 induced autophagy in macrophages via the regulation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways. rCST9 promoted the upregulation of macrophage proteins involved in antiinflammation and antiapoptosis, while restraining proinflammatory-associated proteins. Interestingly, the viability and virulence of S4 also was decreased directly by rCST9. In a mouse model of Ft inhalation, rCST9 significantly decreased organ bacterial burden and improved survival, which was not accompanied by excessive cytokine secretion or subsequent immune cell migration. The current report is the first to show the immunomodulatory and antimicrobial functions of rCST9 against Ft. We hypothesize that the attenuation of inflammation by rCST9 may be exploited for therapeutic purposes during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonyia Eaves-Pyles
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA.
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99
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Yadav VK, Chhikara N, Gill K, Dey S, Singh S, Yadav S. Three low molecular weight cysteine proteinase inhibitors of human seminal fluid: purification and enzyme kinetic properties. Biochimie 2013; 95:1552-9. [PMID: 23619703 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cystatins form a superfamily of structurally related proteins with highly conserved structural folds. They are all potent, reversible, competitive inhibitors of cysteine proteinases (CPs). Proteins from this group present differences in proteinase inhibition despite their high level of structural similarities. In this study, three cysteine proteinase inhibitors (CPIs) of low molecular weight were isolated from human seminal fluid (HSF) by affinity chromatography on carboxymethyl (CM)-papain-Sepharose column, purified using various chromatographic procedures and checked for purity on sodium-dodecyl PAGE (SDS-PAGE). Matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization-time-of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) identified these proteins as cystatin 9, cystatin SN, and SAP-1 (an N-terminal truncated form of cystatin S). All three CPIs suppressed the activity of papain potentially and showed remarkable heat stability. Interestingly SAP-1 also inhibits the activity of trypsin, chymotrypsin, pepsin, and PSA (prostate specific antigen) and acts as a cross-class protease inhibitor in in vitro studies. Using Surface Plasmon Resonance, we have also observed that SAP-1 shows a significant binding with all these proteases. These studies suggest that SAP-1 is a cross-class inhibitor that may regulate activity of various classes of proteases within the reproductive systems. To our knowledge, this is the first report about purification of CPIs from HSF; the identification of such proteins could provide better insights into the physiological processes and offer intimation for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Kumar Yadav
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
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100
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Zhao KW, Murray SS, Murray EJB. Secreted phosphoprotein-24 kDa (Spp24) attenuates BMP-2-stimulated Smad 1/5 phosphorylation and alkaline phosphatase induction and was purified in a protective complex with alpha2 -Macroglobulins From Serum. J Cell Biochem 2013; 114:378-87. [PMID: 22949401 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Secreted phosphoprotein-24 kDa (Spp24) binds cytokines of the bone morphogenetic protein/transforming growth factor-β (BMP/TGFβ) superfamily and is one of the most abundant serum phosphoproteins synthesized by the liver. Little is known about how Spp24 binding affects BMP signal transduction and osteoblastic differentiation or how this labile protein is transported from the liver to remote tissues, such as bone. When Spp24 was administered to W-20-17 mesenchymal stem cells with rhBMP-2, short-term Smad1/5 phosphorylation was inhibited, intermediate-term alkaline phosphatase (ALP) induction was blunted, and long-term mineralization was unaffected. This supports the hypothesis that Spp24 proteolysis restricts the duration of its regulatory effects, but offers no insight into how Spp24 is transported intact from the liver to bone. When Spp24 was immunopurified from serum and subjected to native PAGE and Western blotting, a high molecular weight band of >500 kDa was found. Under reducing SDS-PAGE, a 24 kDa band corresponding to monomeric Spp24 was liberated, suggesting that Spp24 is bound to a complex linked by disulfide bonds. However, such a complex cannot be disrupted by 60 mM EDTA under non-reducing condition or in purification buffers containing 600 mM NaCl and 0.1% Tween-20 at pH 2.7-8.5. LC-MS/MS analysis of affinity-purified, non-reducing SDS-PAGE separated, and trypsin digested bands showed that the Spp24 was present in a complex with three α(2) -macroglobulins (α(2) -macroglobulin [α(2) M], pregnancy zone protein [PZP] and complement C3 [C3]), as well as ceruloplasmin and the protease inhibitor anti-thrombin III (Serpin C1), which may protect Spp24 from proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Wei Zhao
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Sepulveda, CA 91343, USA
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