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Shao B, Wei X, Luo M, Yu J, Tong A, Ma X, Ye T, Deng H, Sang Y, Liang X, Ma Y, Wu Q, Du W, Du J, Gao X, Wen Y, Fu P, Shi H, Luo S, Wei Y. Inhibition of A20 expression in tumor microenvironment exerts anti-tumor effect through inducing myeloid-derived suppressor cells apoptosis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16437. [PMID: 26561336 PMCID: PMC4642332 DOI: 10.1038/srep16437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are known to play important roles in the development of immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. A20 is a zinc-finger protein which could negatively regulate apoptosis in several cell types. However, the role of A20 in tumor microenvironment remains largely unknown. In this study, we found that A20 was over-expressed in MDSCs. The treatment of tumor-bearing mice with small interfering RNA targeting A20 (si-A20) inhibited the growth of tumors. The infiltration of MDSCs was dramatically reduced after si-A20 treatment, as compared to control groups, whereas the numbers of dendritic cells and macrophages were not affected. Also, injection of si-A20 improved T cell mediated tumor-specific immune response. Depletion of MDSCs with anti-Gr1 antibody showed similar antitumor effect and improved T cell response. TNF-α was highly expressed after si-A20 injection. Furthermore, si-A20 induced apoptosis of MDSCs in the presence of TNF-α both in vivo and in vitro. Cleaved Caspase-3 and Caspase-8 were elevated with the activation of JNK pathway after the induction of MDSC apoptosis by si-A20. Thus, our findings suggested that knockdown of A20 in tumor site inhibited tumor growth at least through inducing the apoptosis of MDSCs. A20 might be a potential target in anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Shao
- Division of Nephrology of Department of Internal Medicine and Lab of Aging Research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy &Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.,College of life science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Division of Nephrology of Department of Internal Medicine and Lab of Aging Research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy &Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.,College of life science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Min Luo
- Division of Nephrology of Department of Internal Medicine and Lab of Aging Research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy &Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.,College of life science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jiayun Yu
- Division of Nephrology of Department of Internal Medicine and Lab of Aging Research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy &Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.,College of life science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Aiping Tong
- Division of Nephrology of Department of Internal Medicine and Lab of Aging Research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy &Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.,College of life science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xuelei Ma
- Division of Nephrology of Department of Internal Medicine and Lab of Aging Research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy &Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.,College of life science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tinghong Ye
- Division of Nephrology of Department of Internal Medicine and Lab of Aging Research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy &Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.,College of life science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hongxin Deng
- Division of Nephrology of Department of Internal Medicine and Lab of Aging Research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy &Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.,College of life science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yaxiong Sang
- College of life science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Division of Nephrology of Department of Internal Medicine and Lab of Aging Research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy &Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.,College of life science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yu Ma
- Division of Nephrology of Department of Internal Medicine and Lab of Aging Research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy &Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.,College of life science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qinjie Wu
- Division of Nephrology of Department of Internal Medicine and Lab of Aging Research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy &Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.,College of life science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wei Du
- Division of Nephrology of Department of Internal Medicine and Lab of Aging Research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy &Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.,College of life science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jing Du
- Division of Nephrology of Department of Internal Medicine and Lab of Aging Research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy &Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.,College of life science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Division of Nephrology of Department of Internal Medicine and Lab of Aging Research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy &Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.,College of life science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yi Wen
- Division of Nephrology of Department of Internal Medicine and Lab of Aging Research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy &Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.,College of life science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ping Fu
- Division of Nephrology of Department of Internal Medicine and Lab of Aging Research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy &Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.,College of life science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Huashan Shi
- Division of Nephrology of Department of Internal Medicine and Lab of Aging Research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy &Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.,College of life science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shuntao Luo
- Division of Nephrology of Department of Internal Medicine and Lab of Aging Research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy &Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.,College of life science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Division of Nephrology of Department of Internal Medicine and Lab of Aging Research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy &Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.,College of life science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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52
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A20 suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation and metastasis through inhibition of Twist1 expression. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:186. [PMID: 26538215 PMCID: PMC4634191 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0454-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant expression of A20 has been reported in several human malignancies including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, its clinical relevance and potential role in HCC remain unknown. Methods Quantitative PCR, Western blots and immunohistochemistry analyses were used to quantify A20 expression in HCC samples and cell lines. The correlation of A20 expression with clinicopathologic features was analyzed in a cohort containing 143 patients with primary HCC. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to evaluate the association between A20 expression and patient survival. Functional studies were performed to determine the effects of A20 on proliferation and metastasis of HCC cells in vitro and in vivo. Results Expression of A20 was increased in HCC tissues and cell lines. Increased expression of A20 was negatively correlated with the tumor size, TNM stage, tumor thrombus formation, capsular invasion and serum AFP levels. Patients with higher A20 expression had a prolonged disease-free survival and overall survival than those with lower A20 expression. Forced expression of A20 significantly inhibited the proliferative and invasive properties of HCC cells both in vitro and in vivo, whereas knockdown of A20 expression showed the opposite effects. Further studies revealed that expression of A20 was inversely correlated with Twist1 levels and NF-κB activity in HCC tissues and cell lines. A20-induced suppression of proliferation and migration of HCC cells were mainly mediated through inhibition of Twist1 expression that was regulated at least partly by A20-induced attenuation of NF-κB activity. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that A20 plays a negative role in the development and progression of HCC probably through inhibiting Twist1 expression. A20 may serve as a novel prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for HCC patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-015-0454-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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53
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Wang Y, Wan M, Zhou Q, Wang H, Wang Z, Zhong X, Zhang L, Tai S, Cui Y. The Prognostic Role of SOCS3 and A20 in Human Cholangiocarcinoma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141165. [PMID: 26485275 PMCID: PMC4612779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As an antagonist of the JAK/STAT pathway, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) plays an integral role in shaping the inflammatory environment, tumorigenesis and disease progression in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA); however, its prognostic significance remains unclear. Although tumor necrosis factor α-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3, also known as A20) can decrease SOCS3 expression and is involved in the regulation of tumorigenesis in certain malignancies, its role in CCA remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the expression of SOCS3 and A20 in human CCA tissues to assess the prognostic significance of these proteins. The expression of SOCS3 and A20 was initially detected by western blot in 22 cases of freshly frozen CCA tumors with corresponding peritumoral tissues and 22 control normal bile duct tissues. Then, these proteins were investigated in 86 CCA patients by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and were evaluated for their association with clinicopathological parameters in human CCA. The results indicated that SOCS3 expression was significantly lower in CCA tumor tissues than in corresponding peritumoral biliary tissues and normal bile duct tissues. Conversely, A20 was overexpressed in CCA tissues. Thus, an inverse correlation between the expression of SOCS3 and A20 was discovered. Furthermore, patients with low SOCS3 expression or high A20 expression showed a dramatically lower overall survival rate. These proteins were both associated with CCA lymph node metastasis, postoperative recurrence and overall survival rate. However, only A20 showed a significant association with the tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage, while SOCS3 showed a significant association with tumor differentiation. Multivariate Cox analysis revealed that SOCS3 and A20 were independent prognostic indicators for overall survival in CCA. Thus, our study demonstrated that SOCS3 and A20 represent novel prognostic factors for human CCA.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/mortality
- Adenocarcinoma/secondary
- Adenocarcinoma/therapy
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/mortality
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/secondary
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/therapy
- Adenocarcinoma, Papillary/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma, Papillary/mortality
- Adenocarcinoma, Papillary/secondary
- Adenocarcinoma, Papillary/therapy
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Bile Duct Neoplasms/metabolism
- Bile Duct Neoplasms/mortality
- Bile Duct Neoplasms/pathology
- Bile Duct Neoplasms/therapy
- Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic/metabolism
- Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic/pathology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Cholangiocarcinoma/metabolism
- Cholangiocarcinoma/mortality
- Cholangiocarcinoma/pathology
- Cholangiocarcinoma/therapy
- Combined Modality Therapy
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/metabolism
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/mortality
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/therapy
- Neoplasm Staging
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Prognosis
- Retrospective Studies
- Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein
- Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins/metabolism
- Survival Rate
- Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha-Induced Protein 3
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Wang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P. R. China
| | - Ming Wan
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P. R. China
| | - Qingxin Zhou
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P. R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P. R. China
| | - Zhidong Wang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyu Zhong
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Tai
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P. R. China
| | - Yunfu Cui
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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54
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Schonberg DL, Miller TE, Wu Q, Flavahan WA, Das NK, Hale JS, Hubert CG, Mack SC, Jarrar AM, Karl RT, Rosager AM, Nixon AM, Tesar PJ, Hamerlik P, Kristensen BW, Horbinski C, Connor JR, Fox PL, Lathia JD, Rich JN. Preferential Iron Trafficking Characterizes Glioblastoma Stem-like Cells. Cancer Cell 2015; 28:441-455. [PMID: 26461092 PMCID: PMC4646058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastomas display hierarchies with self-renewing cancer stem-like cells (CSCs). RNA sequencing and enhancer mapping revealed regulatory programs unique to CSCs causing upregulation of the iron transporter transferrin, the top differentially expressed gene compared with tissue-specific progenitors. Direct interrogation of iron uptake demonstrated that CSCs potently extract iron from the microenvironment more effectively than other tumor cells. Systematic interrogation of iron flux determined that CSCs preferentially require transferrin receptor and ferritin, two core iron regulators, to propagate and form tumors in vivo. Depleting ferritin disrupted CSC mitotic progression, through the STAT3-FoxM1 regulatory axis, revealing an iron-regulated CSC pathway. Iron is a unique, primordial metal fundamental for earliest life forms, on which CSCs have an epigenetically programmed, targetable dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Schonberg
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Tyler E Miller
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Qiulian Wu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - William A Flavahan
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Nupur K Das
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - James S Hale
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Christopher G Hubert
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Stephen C Mack
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Awad M Jarrar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Robert T Karl
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ann Mari Rosager
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Anne M Nixon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Paul J Tesar
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Petra Hamerlik
- Brain Tumor Biology Group, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bjarne W Kristensen
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Craig Horbinski
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - James R Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Paul L Fox
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Justin D Lathia
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jeremy N Rich
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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55
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Saitoh Y, Hamano A, Mochida K, Kakeya A, Uno M, Tsuruyama E, Ichikawa H, Tokunaga F, Utsunomiya A, Watanabe T, Yamaoka S. A20 targets caspase-8 and FADD to protect HTLV-I-infected cells. Leukemia 2015; 30:716-27. [PMID: 26437781 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) arises from a human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I)-infected cell and has few therapeutic options. Here, we have uncovered a previously unrecognized role for a ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20 in the survival of HTLV-I-infected cells. Unlike in lymphomas of the B-cell lineage, A20 is abundantly expressed in primary ATL cells without notable mutations. Depletion of A20 in HTLV-I-infected cells resulted in caspase activation, cell death induction and impaired tumorigenicity in mouse xenograft models. Mechanistically, A20 stably interacts with caspase-8 and Fas-associated via death domain (FADD) in HTLV-I-infected cells. Mutational studies revealed that A20 supports the growth of HTLV-I-infected cells independent of its catalytic functions and that the zinc-finger domains are required for the interaction with and regulation of caspases. These results indicate a pivotal role for A20 in the survival of HTLV-I-infected cells and implicate A20 as a potential therapeutic target in ATL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Saitoh
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Hamano
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Mochida
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Kakeya
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Uno
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Comprehensive Reproductive Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - E Tsuruyama
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Ichikawa
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - F Tokunaga
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - A Utsunomiya
- Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - T Watanabe
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Yamaoka
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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56
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Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most prevalent and malignant primary brain tumor, containing self-renewing, tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) that contribute to tumor initiation and therapeutic resistance. In this review, Lathia et al. discuss how the integration of genetics, epigenetics, and metabolism has shaped our understanding of how CSCs function to drive GBM growth. Tissues with defined cellular hierarchies in development and homeostasis give rise to tumors with cellular hierarchies, suggesting that tumors recapitulate specific tissues and mimic their origins. Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most prevalent and malignant primary brain tumor and contains self-renewing, tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) that contribute to tumor initiation and therapeutic resistance. As normal stem and progenitor cells participate in tissue development and repair, these developmental programs re-emerge in CSCs to support the development and progressive growth of tumors. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms that govern CSCs has informed the development of novel targeted therapeutics for GBM and other brain cancers. CSCs are not self-autonomous units; rather, they function within an ecological system, both actively remodeling the microenvironment and receiving critical maintenance cues from their niches. To fulfill the future goal of developing novel therapies to collapse CSC dynamics, drawing parallels to other normal and pathological states that are highly interactive with their microenvironments and that use developmental signaling pathways will be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D Lathia
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Stephen C Mack
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Erin E Mulkearns-Hubert
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Claudia L L Valentim
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Jeremy N Rich
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA; Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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57
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NF-κB signaling in cancer stem cells: a promising therapeutic target? Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2015; 38:327-39. [PMID: 26318853 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-015-0236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are regulated by several signaling pathways that ultimately control their maintenance and expansion. NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) forms a protein complex that controls DNA transcription and, as such, plays an important role in proliferation, inflammation, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. The NF-κB signaling pathway, which has been found to be constitutively activated in CSCs from a variety of cancers, participates in the maintenance, expansion, proliferation and survival of CSCs. Targeted disruption of this pathway may profoundly impair the adverse phenotype of CSCs and may provide a therapeutic opportunity to remove the CSC fraction. In particular, it may be attractive to use specific NF-κB inhibitors in chronic therapeutic schemes to reduce disease progression. Exceptional low toxicity profiles of these inhibitors are a prerequisite for use in combined treatment regimens and to avoid resistance. CONCLUSION Although still preliminary, recent evidence shows that such targeted strategies may be useful in adjuvant chemo-preventive settings.
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58
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Xu Y, Hu J, Wang X, Xuan L, Lai J, Xu L, Chen S, Yang L, Luo G, Zhu K, Wu X, Li Y. Overexpression of MALT1-A20-NF-κB in adult B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Cell Int 2015. [PMID: 26213496 PMCID: PMC4514975 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-015-0222-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A20 is a dual inhibitor of NF-κB activation and apoptosis in the tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 signaling pathway, and both are related to tumorigenesis. A20 is frequently inactivated by deletions and/or mutations in several B and T cell lymphoma subtypes; however, knowledge of the role of A20 in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) remains limited. In this study, we characterized the A20 gene expression pattern, the expression level of its upstream regulating factor MALT1, and its downstream target NF-κB in adult B-ALL. Methods The expression level of MALT1, A20 and NF-κB1 was detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 20 patients with adult B-ALL (including 12 de novo B-ALL and 8 refractory/relapse B-ALL cases), and nine patients with B-ALL in complete remission (CR) using real-time PCR. Sixteen healthy individuals served as controls. Results Significant A20 overexpression was found in the B-ALL (median: 13.489) compared with B-ALL CR (median: 3.755) (P = 0.003) patients and healthy individuals (median: 8.748) (P = 0.002), while there was no significant difference in A20 expression between B-ALL CR patients and healthy individuals (P = 0.107). Interestingly, the A20 expression level in the B-ALL samples was relatively different with approximately 50% of the B-ALL cases showing a relatively high A20 expression level, while the remaining 50% cases demonstrated slight upregulation or a similar expression level as the healthy controls. However, there was no significant difference in the A20 expression level between de novo B-ALL (median 12.252) and refractory/relapse B-ALL patients (median 21.342) (P = 0.616). Similarly, a significantly higher expression level of NF-κB1 was found in the B-ALL (median 1.062) patients compared with healthy individuals (median 0.335) (P < 0.0001), while the NF-κB1 expression level was downregulated in the B-ALL CR group (median 0.339), which was significantly lower than that in those with B-ALL (P = 0.001). Moreover, the MALT1 expression level in B-ALL was upregulated (median 1.938) and significantly higher than that in healthy individuals (median 0.677) (P = 0.002) and B-ALL CR patients (median 0.153) (P = 0.008). The correlation of the expression levels of all three genes was lost in B-ALL. Conclusions We found that MALT1-A20-NF-κB is overexpressed in adult B-ALL, which may be related to the pathogenesis of B-ALL, and this pathway may be considered a potentially attractive target for the development of B-ALL therapeutics. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12935-015-0222-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Junyan Hu
- Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China.,Department of Emergency, Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150 China
| | - Xu Wang
- Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China.,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Li Xuan
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Jing Lai
- Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Ling Xu
- Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Lijian Yang
- Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Gengxin Luo
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Kanger Zhu
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Xiuli Wu
- Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Yangqiu Li
- Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China.,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China.,Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
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59
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Yin J, Park G, Lee JE, Choi EY, Park JY, Kim TH, Park N, Jin X, Jung JE, Shin D, Hong JH, Kim H, Yoo H, Lee SH, Kim YJ, Park JB, Kim JH. DEAD-box RNA helicase DDX23 modulates glioma malignancy via elevating miR-21 biogenesis. Brain 2015; 138:2553-70. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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60
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Abbasi A, Forsberg K, Bischof F. The role of the ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20 in diseases of the central nervous system and other pathological processes. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 8:21. [PMID: 26124703 PMCID: PMC4466442 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20 has been shown to control a large set of molecular pathways involved in the regulation of protective as well as self-directed immune responses. Here, we assess the current and putative roles of A20 in inflammatory, vascular and degenerative diseases of the central nervous system and explore future directions of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Abbasi
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University Hospital Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kirsi Forsberg
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University Hospital Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
| | - Felix Bischof
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University Hospital Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
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61
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Chen S, Xing H, Li S, Yu J, Li H, Liu S, Tian Z, Tang K, Rao Q, Wang M, Wang J. Up-regulated A20 promotes proliferation, regulates cell cycle progression and induces chemotherapy resistance of acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Leuk Res 2015; 39:976-83. [PMID: 26159495 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A20, also known as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα)-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3), has been identified as a key regulator of cell survival in many solid tumors. However, little is known about the protein expression level and function of A20 in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In this study, we found that A20 is up-regulated in ALL patients and several cell lines. Knockdown of A20 in Jurkat, Nalm-6, and Reh cells resulted in reduced cell proliferation, which was associated with cell cycle arrest. Phospho-ERK (p-ERK) was also down-regulated, while p53 and p21 were up-regulated in A20 knockdown cells. In addition, A20 knockdown induced apoptosis in Jurkat and Reh cells and enhanced the sensitivity of these cell lines to chemotherapeutic drugs. These results indicate that A20 may stimulate cell proliferation by regulating cell cycle progression. A20 inhibited apoptosis in some types of ALL cells, thereby enhancing their resistance to chemotherapy. This effect was abolished through A20 silencing. These findings suggest that A20 may contribute to the pathogenesis of ALL and that it may be used as a new therapeutic target for ALL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, PR China
| | - Haiyan Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, PR China
| | - Shouyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, PR China
| | - Jing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, PR China
| | - Huan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, PR China
| | - Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, PR China
| | - Zheng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, PR China
| | - Kejing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, PR China
| | - Qing Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, PR China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, PR China
| | - Jianxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin 300020, PR China.
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62
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Zhang X, Kiang KM, Zhang GP, Leung GK. Long Non-Coding RNAs Dysregulation and Function in Glioblastoma Stem Cells. Noncoding RNA 2015; 1:69-86. [PMID: 29861416 PMCID: PMC5932540 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna1010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common form of primary brain tumor, is highly resistant to current treatment paradigms and has a high rate of recurrence. Recent advances in the field of tumor-initiating cells suggest that glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) may be responsible for GBM's rapid progression, treatment resistance, tumor recurrence and ultimately poor clinical prognosis. Understanding the biologically significant pathways that mediate GSC-specific characteristics offers promises in the development of novel biomarkers and therapeutics. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been increasingly implicated in the regulation of cancer cell biological behavior through various mechanisms. Initial studies strongly suggested that lncRNA expressions are highly dysregulated in GSCs and may play important roles in determining malignant phenotypes in GBM. Here, we review available evidence on aberrantly expressed lncRNAs identified by high throughput microarray profiling studies in GSCs. We also explore the potential functional pathways by analyzing their interactive proteins and miRNAs, with a view to shed lights on how this novel class of molecular candidates may mediate GSC maintenance and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Karrie Meiyee Kiang
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Grace Pingde Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Gilberto Kakit Leung
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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63
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Yin J, Park G, Kim TH, Hong JH, Kim YJ, Jin X, Kang S, Jung JE, Kim JY, Yun H, Lee JE, Kim M, Chung J, Kim H, Nakano I, Gwak HS, Yoo H, Yoo BC, Kim JH, Hur EM, Lee J, Lee SH, Park MJ, Park JB. Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor (PEDF) Expression Induced by EGFRvIII Promotes Self-renewal and Tumor Progression of Glioma Stem Cells. PLoS Biol 2015; 13:e1002152. [PMID: 25992628 PMCID: PMC4439169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII) has been associated with glioma stemness, but the direct molecular mechanism linking the two is largely unknown. Here, we show that EGFRvIII induces the expression and secretion of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) via activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), thereby promoting self-renewal and tumor progression of glioma stem cells (GSCs). Mechanistically, PEDF sustained GSC self-renewal by Notch1 cleavage, and the generated intracellular domain of Notch1 (NICD) induced the expression of Sox2 through interaction with its promoter region. Furthermore, a subpopulation with high levels of PEDF was capable of infiltration along corpus callosum. Inhibition of PEDF diminished GSC self-renewal and increased survival of orthotopic tumor-bearing mice. Together, these data indicate the novel role of PEDF as a key regulator of GSC and suggest clinical implications. A permanently activated mutant form of the epidermal growth factor receptor found in glioblastoma promotes self-renewal and tumor progression by inducing autocrine signalling via pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF). Malignant gliomas are among the most lethal types of cancer, due in part to the stem-cell-like characteristics and invasive properties of the brain tumor cells. However, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms that govern such processes. Here, we identify pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) as a critical factor controlling stemness and tumor progression in glioma stem cells. We found that PEDF is secreted from glioblastoma expressing EGFRvIII, a frequently occurring mutation in primary glioblastoma that yields a permanently activated epidermal growth factor receptor. We delineate an EGFRvIII-STAT3-PEDF signaling axis as a signature profile of highly malignant gliomas, which promotes self-renewal of glioma stem cells. Our results demonstrate a previously unprecedented function of PEDF and implicate potential therapeutic approaches against malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Yin
- Department of System Cancer Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
- Specific Organs Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Gunwoo Park
- Department of System Cancer Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
- Specific Organs Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Kim
- Specific Organs Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jun Hee Hong
- Specific Organs Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Youn-Jae Kim
- Specific Organs Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Xiong Jin
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sangjo Kang
- Specific Organs Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Jung
- Specific Organs Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Yub Kim
- Divisions of Radiation Cancer Research, Research Center for Radio-Senescence, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeongsun Yun
- Department of System Cancer Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
- Specific Organs Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Lee
- Department of System Cancer Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Minkyung Kim
- Department of System Cancer Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Junho Chung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Cancer Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunggee Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ichiro Nakano
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ho-Shin Gwak
- Specific Organs Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Heon Yoo
- Department of System Cancer Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
- Specific Organs Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Byong Chul Yoo
- Colorectal Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyangi, Korea
| | - Jong Heon Kim
- Department of System Cancer Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Hur
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Neuroscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jeongwu Lee
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Seung-Hoon Lee
- Department of System Cancer Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
- Specific Organs Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
- * E-mail: (SHL); (MJP); (JBP)
| | - Myung-Jin Park
- Divisions of Radiation Cancer Research, Research Center for Radio-Senescence, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (SHL); (MJP); (JBP)
| | - Jong Bae Park
- Department of System Cancer Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
- Specific Organs Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
- * E-mail: (SHL); (MJP); (JBP)
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64
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Yamaguchi N, Yamaguchi N. The seventh zinc finger motif of A20 is required for the suppression of TNF-α-induced apoptosis. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:1369-75. [PMID: 25911380 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20 suppresses nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced apoptosis in a deubiquitinating and ubiquitin ligase activity-dependent manner. Although recent studies revealed that A20 regulates NF-κB independently of its enzymatic activity through its seventh zinc finger motif (ZnF7), the involvement of ZnF7 in TNF-α-induced apoptosis is not clear. In this study, ZnF7 was found to be important for A20-mediated suppression of TNF-α-induced apoptosis. We also found that the ubiquitin ligases cIAP1/2 are required for A20 to suppress TNF-α-induced apoptosis. Because A20 binds to cIAP1/2 through ZnF7, these results suggest that A20 may control cIAP1/2 when suppressing TNF-α-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Yamaguchi
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.
| | - Naoto Yamaguchi
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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65
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Hira VVV, Ploegmakers KJ, Grevers F, Verbovšek U, Silvestre-Roig C, Aronica E, Tigchelaar W, Turnšek TL, Molenaar RJ, Van Noorden CJF. CD133+ and Nestin+ Glioma Stem-Like Cells Reside Around CD31+ Arterioles in Niches that Express SDF-1α, CXCR4, Osteopontin and Cathepsin K. J Histochem Cytochem 2015; 63:481-93. [DOI: 10.1369/0022155415581689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor survival of high-grade glioma is at least partly caused by glioma stem-like cells (GSLCs) that are resistant to therapy. GSLCs reside in niches in close vicinity of endothelium. The aim of the present study was to characterize proteins that may be functional in the GSLC niche by performing immunohistochemistry on serial cryostat sections of human high-grade glioma samples. We have found nine niches in five out of five high-grade glioma samples that were all surrounding arterioles with CD31+ endothelial cells and containing cellular structures that were CD133+ and nestin+. All nine niches expressed stromal-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α), its receptor C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), osteopontin and cathepsin K. SDF-1α plays a role in homing of CXCR4+ stem cells and leukocytes, whereas osteopontin and cathepsin K promote migration of cancer cells and leukocytes. Leukocyte-related markers, such as CD68, macrophage matrix metalloprotease-9, CD177 and neutrophil elastase were often but not always detected in the niches. We suggest that SDF-1α is involved in homing of CXCR4+ GSLCs and leukocytes and that cathepsin K and osteopontin are involved in the migration of GSLCs out of the niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vashendriya V. V. Hira
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (VVVH, KJP, FG, WT, RJM, CJFVN)
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia (UV, TLT)
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center and Swammerdam Institute for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (CSR, EA)
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (TLT)
| | - Kimberley J. Ploegmakers
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (VVVH, KJP, FG, WT, RJM, CJFVN)
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia (UV, TLT)
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center and Swammerdam Institute for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (CSR, EA)
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (TLT)
| | - Frederieke Grevers
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (VVVH, KJP, FG, WT, RJM, CJFVN)
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia (UV, TLT)
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center and Swammerdam Institute for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (CSR, EA)
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (TLT)
| | - Urška Verbovšek
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (VVVH, KJP, FG, WT, RJM, CJFVN)
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia (UV, TLT)
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center and Swammerdam Institute for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (CSR, EA)
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (TLT)
| | - Carlos Silvestre-Roig
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (VVVH, KJP, FG, WT, RJM, CJFVN)
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia (UV, TLT)
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center and Swammerdam Institute for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (CSR, EA)
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (TLT)
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (VVVH, KJP, FG, WT, RJM, CJFVN)
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia (UV, TLT)
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center and Swammerdam Institute for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (CSR, EA)
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (TLT)
| | - Wikky Tigchelaar
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (VVVH, KJP, FG, WT, RJM, CJFVN)
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia (UV, TLT)
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center and Swammerdam Institute for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (CSR, EA)
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (TLT)
| | - Tamara Lah Turnšek
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (VVVH, KJP, FG, WT, RJM, CJFVN)
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia (UV, TLT)
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center and Swammerdam Institute for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (CSR, EA)
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (TLT)
| | - Remco J. Molenaar
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (VVVH, KJP, FG, WT, RJM, CJFVN)
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia (UV, TLT)
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center and Swammerdam Institute for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (CSR, EA)
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (TLT)
| | - Cornelis J. F. Van Noorden
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (VVVH, KJP, FG, WT, RJM, CJFVN)
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia (UV, TLT)
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center and Swammerdam Institute for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (CSR, EA)
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (TLT)
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66
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Hale JS, Otvos B, Sinyuk M, Alvarado AG, Hitomi M, Stoltz K, Wu Q, Flavahan W, Levison B, Johansen ML, Schmitt D, Neltner JM, Huang P, Ren B, Sloan AE, Silverstein RL, Gladson CL, DiDonato JA, Brown JM, McIntyre T, Hazen SL, Horbinski C, Rich JN, Lathia JD. Cancer stem cell-specific scavenger receptor CD36 drives glioblastoma progression. Stem Cells 2015; 32:1746-58. [PMID: 24737733 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) contains a self-renewing, tumorigenic cancer stem cell (CSC) population which contributes to tumor propagation and therapeutic resistance. While the tumor microenvironment is essential to CSC self-renewal, the mechanisms by which CSCs sense and respond to microenvironmental conditions are poorly understood. Scavenger receptors are a broad class of membrane receptors well characterized on immune cells and instrumental in sensing apoptotic cellular debris and modified lipids. Here, we provide evidence that CSCs selectively use the scavenger receptor CD36 to promote their maintenance using patient-derived CSCs and in vivo xenograft models. CD36 expression was observed in GBM cells in addition to previously described cell types including endothelial cells, macrophages, and microglia. CD36 was enriched in CSCs and was able to functionally distinguish self-renewing cells. CD36 was coexpressed with integrin alpha 6 and CD133, previously described CSC markers, and CD36 reduction resulted in concomitant loss of integrin alpha 6 expression, self-renewal, and tumor initiation capacity. We confirmed oxidized phospholipids, ligands of CD36, were present in GBM and found that the proliferation of CSCs, but not non-CSCs, increased with exposure to oxidized low-density lipoprotein. CD36 was an informative biomarker of malignancy and negatively correlated to patient prognosis. These results provide a paradigm for CSCs to thrive by the selective enhanced expression of scavenger receptors, providing survival, and metabolic advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Hale
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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67
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Goffart N, Dedobbeleer M, Rogister B. Glioblastoma stem cells: new insights in therapeutic strategies. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.14.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Despite notable achievements in glioblastoma diagnosis and treatment, the prognosis of glioblastoma patients remains poor and reflects the failure of current therapeutic modalities. In this context, innovative therapeutic strategies have recently been developed to specifically target glioblastoma stem cells, a subpopulation of tumor cells involved in experimental tumorigenesis and known to be critical for tumor recurrence and therapeutic resistance. The current review summarizes the different trails which make glioblastoma stem cells resistant to treatments, mainly focusing on radio-, chemo- and immunotherapy. This broad overview might actually help to set up new bases for glioblastoma therapy in order to better fight tumor relapses and to improve the patients’ prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Goffart
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, GIGA-Neurosciences Research Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Matthias Dedobbeleer
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, GIGA-Neurosciences Research Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bernard Rogister
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, GIGA-Neurosciences Research Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, CHU & University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- GIGA-Development, Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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68
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LU XIAODONG, CHEN YUANYUAN, ZENG TIANTIAN, CHEN LUFANG, SHAO QIXIANG, QIN WENXIN. Knockout of the HCC suppressor gene Lass2 downregulates the expression level of miR-694. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:2696-702. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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69
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Gray GK, McFarland BC, Nozell SE, Benveniste EN. NF-κB and STAT3 in glioblastoma: therapeutic targets coming of age. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 14:1293-306. [PMID: 25262780 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2014.964211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since we last addressed the roles of NF-κB and JAK/STAT3 signaling in glioblastoma (GBM) 5 years ago, tremendous strides have been made in the understanding of these two pathways in glioma biology. Contributing to prosurvival mechanisms, cancer stem cell maintenance and treatment resistance, both NF-κB and STAT3 have been characterized as major drivers of GBM. In this review, we address general improvements in the molecular understanding of GBM, the structure of NF-κB and STAT3 signaling, the ways in which these pathways contribute to GBM and advances in preclinical and clinical targeting of these two signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kenneth Gray
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, 1900 University Blvd, THT 926A, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0006, USA
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70
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Gu C, Banasavadi-Siddegowda YK, Joshi K, Nakamura Y, Kurt H, Gupta S, Nakano I. Tumor-specific activation of the C-JUN/MELK pathway regulates glioma stem cell growth in a p53-dependent manner. Stem Cells 2014; 31:870-81. [PMID: 23339114 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Accumulated evidence suggests that glioma stem cells (GSCs) may contribute to therapy resistance in high-grade glioma (HGG). Although recent studies have shown that the serine/threonine kinase maternal embryonic leucine-zipper kinase (MELK) is abundantly expressed in various cancers, the function and mechanism of MELK remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that MELK depletion by shRNA diminishes the growth of GSC-derived mouse intracranial tumors in vivo, induces glial fibrillary acidic protein (+) glial differentiation of GSCs leading to decreased malignancy of the resulting tumors, and prolongs survival periods of tumor-bearing mice. Tissue microarray analysis with 91 HGG tumors demonstrates that the proportion of MELK (+) cells is a statistically significant indicator of postsurgical survival periods. Mechanistically, MELK is regulated by the c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling and forms a complex with the oncoprotein c-JUN in GSCs but not in normal progenitors. MELK silencing induces p53 expression, whereas p53 inhibition induces MELK expression, indicating that MELK and p53 expression are mutually exclusive. Additionally, MELK silencing-mediated GSC apoptosis is partially rescued by both pharmacological p53 inhibition and p53 gene silencing, indicating that MELK action in GSCs is p53 dependent. Furthermore, irradiation of GSCs markedly elevates MELK mRNA and protein expression both in vitro and in vivo. Clinically, recurrent HGG tumors following the failure of radiation and chemotherapy exhibit a statistically significant elevation of MELK protein compared with untreated newly diagnosed HGG tumors. Together, our data indicate that GSCs, but not normal cells, depend on JNK-driven MELK/c-JUN signaling to regulate their survival, maintain GSCs in an immature state, and facilitate tumor radioresistance in a p53-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Gu
- Department of Neurological Surgery,The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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71
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Cytoplasmic TRADD confers a worse prognosis in glioblastoma. Neoplasia 2014; 15:888-97. [PMID: 23908590 DOI: 10.1593/neo.13608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1)-associated death domain protein (TRADD) is an important adaptor in TNFR1 signaling and has an essential role in nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation and survival signaling. Increased expression of TRADD is sufficient to activate NF-κB. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of NF-κB activation as a key pathogenic mechanism in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults.We examined the expression of TRADD by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and find that TRADD is commonly expressed at high levels in GBM and is detected in both cytoplasmic and nuclear distribution. Cytoplasmic IHC TRADD scoring is significantly associated with worse progression-free survival (PFS) both in univariate and multivariate analysis but is not associated with overall survival (n = 43 GBMs). PFS is a marker for responsiveness to treatment. We propose that TRADD-mediated NF-κB activation confers chemoresistance and thus a worse PFS in GBM. Consistent with the effect on PFS, silencing TRADD in glioma cells results in decreased NF-κB activity, decreased proliferation of cells, and increased sensitivity to temozolomide. TRADD expression is common in glioma-initiating cells. Importantly, silencing TRADD in GBM-initiating stem cell cultures results in decreased viability of stem cells, suggesting that TRADD may be required for maintenance of GBM stem cell populations. Thus, our study suggests that increased expression of cytoplasmic TRADD is both an important biomarker and a key driver of NF-κB activation in GBM and supports an oncogenic role for TRADD in GBM.
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72
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da Silva CG, Minussi DC, Ferran C, Bredel M. A20 expressing tumors and anticancer drug resistance. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 809:65-81. [PMID: 25302366 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0398-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to anticancer drugs is a major impediment to treating patients with cancer. The molecular mechanisms deciding whether a tumor cell commits to cell death or survives under chemotherapy are complex. Mounting evidence indicates a critical role of cell death and survival pathways in determining the response of human cancers to chemotherapy. Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) is a eukaryotic transcription factor on the crossroad of a cell's decision to live or die. Under physiological conditions, NF-kappaB is regulated by a complex network of endogenous pathway modulators. Tumor necrosis factor alpha induced protein 3 (tnfaip3), a gene encoding the A20 protein, is one of the cell's own inhibitory molecule, which regulates canonical NF-kappaB activation by interacting with upstream signaling pathway components. Interestingly, A20 is also itself a NF-kappaB dependent gene, that has been shown to also exert cell-type specific anti- or pro-apoptotic functions. Recent reports suggest that A20 expression is increased in a number of solid human tumors. This likely contributes to both carcinogenesis and response to chemotherapy. These data uncover the complexities of the mechanisms involved in A20's impact on tumor development and response to treatment, highlighting tumor and drug-type specific outcomes. While A20-targeted therapies may certainly add to the chemotherapeutic armamentarium, better understanding of A20 regulation, molecular targets and function(s) in every single tumor and in response to any given drug is required prior to any clinical implementation. Current renewed appreciation of the unique molecular signature of each tumor holds promise for personalized chemotherapeutic regimen hopefully comprising specific A20-targeting agents i.e., both inhibitors and enhancers.
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73
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Catrysse L, Vereecke L, Beyaert R, van Loo G. A20 in inflammation and autoimmunity. Trends Immunol 2013; 35:22-31. [PMID: 24246475 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although known for many years as a nuclear factor (NF)-κB inhibitory and antiapoptotic signaling protein, A20 has recently attracted much attention because of its ubiquitin-regulatory activities and qualification by genome-wide association studies (GWASs) as a susceptibility gene for inflammatory disease. Here, we review new findings that have shed light on the molecular and biochemical mechanisms by which A20 regulates inflammatory signaling cascades, and discuss recent experimental evidence characterizing A20 as a crucial gatekeeper preserving tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen Catrysse
- Inflammation Research Center, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lars Vereecke
- Inflammation Research Center, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- Inflammation Research Center, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert van Loo
- Inflammation Research Center, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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74
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Upton A, Arvanitis TN. Using evolutional properties of gene networks in understanding survival prognosis of glioblastoma. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2013; 18:810-6. [PMID: 24058043 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2013.2282569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we investigated survival prognosis of glioblastoma by applying a gene regulatory approach to a human glioblastoma dataset. Here, we further extend our understanding of survival prognosis of glioblastoma by refining the network inference technique we apply to the glioblastoma dataset with the intent of uncovering further topological properties of the networks. For this study, we modify the approach by specifically looking at both positive and negative correlations separately, as opposed to absolute correlations. There is great interest in applying mathematical modeling approaches to cancer cell line datasets to generate network models of gene regulatory interactions. Analysis of these networks using graph theory metrics can identify genes of interest. The principal approach for modeling microarray datasets has been to group all the cell lines together into one overall network, and then, analyze this network as a whole. As per the previous study, we categorize a human glioblastoma cell line dataset into five categories based on survival data, and analyze each category separately using both negative and positive correlation networks constructed using a modified version of the WGCNA algorithm. Using this approach, we identified a number of genes as being important across different survival stages of the glioblastoma cell lines.
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75
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Bhat KP, Balasubramaniyan V, Vaillant B, Ezhilarasan R, Hummelink K, Hollingsworth F, Wani K, Heathcock L, James JD, Goodman LD, Conroy S, Long L, Lelic N, Wang S, Gumin J, Raj D, Kodama Y, Raghunathan A, Olar A, Joshi K, Pelloski CE, Heimberger A, Kim SH, Cahill DP, Rao G, Den Dunnen WF, Boddeke HW, Phillips HS, Nakano I, Lang FF, Colman H, Sulman EP, Aldape K. Mesenchymal differentiation mediated by NF-κB promotes radiation resistance in glioblastoma. Cancer Cell 2013; 24:331-46. [PMID: 23993863 PMCID: PMC3817560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 790] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive study, few therapeutic targets have been identified for glioblastoma (GBM). Here we show that patient-derived glioma sphere cultures (GSCs) that resemble either the proneural (PN) or mesenchymal (MES) transcriptomal subtypes differ significantly in their biological characteristics. Moreover, we found that a subset of the PN GSCs undergoes differentiation to a MES state in a TNF-α/NF-κB-dependent manner with an associated enrichment of CD44 subpopulations and radioresistant phenotypes. We present data to suggest that the tumor microenvironment cell types such as macrophages/microglia may play an integral role in this process. We further show that the MES signature, CD44 expression, and NF-κB activation correlate with poor radiation response and shorter survival in patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna P.L. Bhat
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: ; ;
| | - Veerakumar Balasubramaniyan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ravesanker Ezhilarasan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Karlijn Hummelink
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Faith Hollingsworth
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Khalida Wani
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lindsey Heathcock
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Johanna D. James
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lindsey D. Goodman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Siobhan Conroy
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Lihong Long
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nina Lelic
- Deparment of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital/Brain Tumor Center, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Suzhen Wang
- Department of Neuro-oncology, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joy Gumin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Divya Raj
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Yoshinori Kodama
- Division of Pathology, Osaka National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, Chuo-ku, Osaka 540-0006, Japan
| | | | - Adriana Olar
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kaushal Joshi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | - Amy Heimberger
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Se Hoon Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-752, Korea
| | - Daniel P. Cahill
- Deparment of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital/Brain Tumor Center, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ganesh Rao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wilfred F.A. Den Dunnen
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrikus W.G.M. Boddeke
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Heidi S. Phillips
- Department of Tumor Biology and Angiogenesis, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ichiro Nakano
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Frederick F. Lang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Howard Colman
- Department of Neurosurgery, and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Erik P. Sulman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: ; ;
| | - Kenneth Aldape
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: ; ;
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76
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Kim Y, Wu Q, Hamerlik P, Hitomi M, Sloan AE, Barnett GH, Weil RJ, Leahy P, Hjelmeland AB, Rich JN. Aptamer identification of brain tumor-initiating cells. Cancer Res 2013; 73:4923-36. [PMID: 23796560 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-4556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastomas display cellular hierarchies with self-renewing tumor-initiating cells (TIC), also known as cancer stem cells, at the apex. Although the TIC hypothesis remains controversial and the functional assays to define the TIC phenotype are evolving, we and others have shown that TICs may contribute to therapeutic resistance, tumor spread, and angiogenesis. The identification of TICs has been informed by the use of markers characterized in normal stem cells, but this approach has an inherent limitation to selectively identify TICs. To develop reagents that enrich TICs but not matched non-TICs or tissue-specific stem cells, we adopted Cell-Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (Cell-SELEX) to identify glioblastoma TIC-specific nucleic acid probes-aptamers-that specifically bind TICs. In this study, using Cell-SELEX with positive selection for TICs and negative selection for non-TICs and human neural progenitor cells, we identified TIC aptamers that specifically bind to TICs with excellent dissociation constants (Kd). These aptamers select and internalize into glioblastoma cells that self-renew, proliferate, and initiate tumors. As aptamers can be modified to deliver payloads, aptamers may represent novel agents that could selectively target or facilitate imaging of TICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngmi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., NE3-301, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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77
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Atkins RJ, Stylli SS, Luwor RB, Kaye AH, Hovens CM. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and its dysregulation in glioblastoma multiforme. J Clin Neurosci 2013; 20:1185-92. [PMID: 23768967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most frequently occurring and devastating human brain malignancy, retaining almost universal mortality and a median survival of only 14 months, even with recent advances in multimodal treatments. Gliomas are characterised as being both highly resistant to chemo- and radiotherapy and highly invasive, rendering conventional interventions palliative. The continual dismal prognosis for GBM patients identifies an urgent need for the evolutionary development of new treatment modalities. This includes molecular targeted therapies as many signaling molecules and associated pathways have been implicated in the development and survival of malignant gliomas including the protein kinase, glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3β). Here we review the activity and function of GSK-3β in a number of signaling pathways and its role in gliomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Atkins
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia.
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78
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Koshkin PA, Chistiakov DA, Chekhonin VP. Role of microRNAs in mechanisms of glioblastoma resistance to radio- and chemotherapy. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2013; 78:325-34. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297913040019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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79
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Paik JH, Go H, Nam SJ, Kim TM, Heo DS, Kim CW, Jeon YK. Clinicopathologic implication of A20/TNFAIP3 deletion in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: an analysis according to immunohistochemical subgroups and rituximab treatment. Leuk Lymphoma 2013; 54:1934-41. [PMID: 23327292 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2012.762511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the clinicopathologic implication of A20/tumor necrosis factor α-induced protein 3 deletion in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) using fluorescence in situ hybridization, according to germinal center B-cell (GCB) versus non-GCB/activated B-cell (ABC) phenotypes and rituximab treatment. Excluding primary central nervous system (CNS) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive lymphomas, 134 DLBCLs were analyzed. A20 was deleted in 23.1% (31/134) of DLBCLs including 21.6% (29/ 134) of monoallelic and 1.5% (2/134) of biallelic deletion, with no predilection for GCB versus non-GCB/ABC. In univariate analysis, A20 deletion was marginally associated with favorable prognosis in the rituximab-treated subgroup (n = 109; p = 0.0454), non-gastrointestinal lymphoma (n = 108; p = 0.0320) and nodal lymphoma (n = 46; p = 0.0411). In multivariate analysis in rituximab-treated DLBCL, MUM1 and international prognostic index (IPI) were independent prognostic factors (p = 0.021 [IPI]; p = 009 [MUM1]) with a marginally favorable prognostic effect for A20 deletion (p = 0.047). Taken together, A20 deletion was observed in similar frequencies in GCB and non-GCB/ABC, and was not a poor prognostic factor in DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ho Paik
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
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80
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Filatova A, Acker T, Garvalov BK. The cancer stem cell niche(s): The crosstalk between glioma stem cells and their microenvironment. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:2496-508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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81
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Wang WJ, Wu SP, Liu JB, Shi YS, Huang X, Zhang QB, Yao KT. MYC regulation of CHK1 and CHK2 promotes radioresistance in a stem cell-like population of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 2012; 73:1219-31. [PMID: 23269272 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-1408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is the most successful nonsurgical treatment for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Despite this, the prognosis remains poor. Although NPCs initially respond well to a full course of radiation, recurrence is frequent. The cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis provides a framework for explaining the discrepancy between the response of NPC to therapy and the poor survival rate. In this study, a stem cell-like subpopulation (PKH26+) was identified in NPC cell lines using a label-retention technique. PKH26+ cells were enriched for clonogenicity, sphere formation, side-population cells, and resistance to radiotherapy. Using genomic approaches, we show that the proto-oncogene c-MYC (MYC) regulates radiotolerance through transcriptional activation of CHK1 (CHEK1) and CHK2 (CHEK2) checkpoint kinases through direct binding to the CHK1 and CHK2 promoters. Overexpression of c-MYC in the PKH26+ subpopulation leads to increased expression of CHK1 and CHK2 and subsequent activation of the DNA-damage-checkpoint response, resulting in radioresistance. Furthermore, loss of CHK1 and CHK2 expression reverses radioresistance in PKH26+ (c-MYC high expression) cells in vitro and in vivo. This study elucidates the role of the c-MYC-CHK1/CHK2 axis in regulating DNA-damage-checkpoint responses and stem cell characteristics in the PKH26+ subpopulation. Furthermore, these data reveal a potential therapeutic application in reversal of radioresistance through inhibition of the c-MYC-CHK1/CHK2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Wang
- Cancer Research Institute of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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82
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miR-486 sustains NF-κB activity by disrupting multiple NF-κB-negative feedback loops. Cell Res 2012; 23:274-89. [PMID: 23247627 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2012.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Deubiquitinases, such as CYLD, A20 and Cezanne, have emerged as important negative regulators that balance the strength and the duration of NF-κB signaling through feedback mechanisms. However, how these serial feedback loops are simultaneously disrupted in cancers, which commonly exhibit constitutively activated NF-κB, remains puzzling. Herein, we report that miR-486 directly suppresses NF-κB-negative regulators, CYLD and Cezanne, as well as multiple A20 activity regulators, including ITCH, TNIP-1, TNIP-2 and TNIP-3, resulting in promotion of ubiquitin conjugations in NF-κB signaling and sustained NF-κB activity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that upregulation of miR-486 promotes glioma aggressiveness both in vitro and in vivo through activation of NF-κB signaling pathway. Importantly, miR-486 levels in primary gliomas significantly correlate with NF-κB activation status. These findings uncover a novel mechanism for constitutive NF-κB activation in gliomas and support a functionally and clinically relevant epigenetic mechanism in cancer progression.
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83
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Song L, Liu L, Wu Z, Li Y, Ying Z, Lin C, Wu J, Hu B, Cheng SY, Li M, Li J. TGF-β induces miR-182 to sustain NF-κB activation in glioma subsets. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:3563-78. [PMID: 23006329 DOI: 10.1172/jci62339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The strength and duration of NF-κB signaling are tightly controlled by multiple negative feedback mechanisms. However, in cancer cells, these feedback loops are overridden through unclear mechanisms to sustain oncogenic activation of NF-κB signaling. Previously, we demonstrated that overexpression of miR-30e* directly represses IκBα expression and leads to hyperactivation of NF-κB. Here, we report that miR-182 was overexpressed in a different set of gliomas with relatively lower miR-30e* expression and that miR-182 directly suppressed cylindromatosis (CYLD), an NF-κB negative regulator. This suppression of CYLD promoted ubiquitin conjugation of NF-κB signaling pathway components and induction of an aggressive phenotype of glioma cells both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we found that TGF-β induced miR-182 expression, leading to prolonged NF-κB activation. Importantly, the results of these experiments were consistent with an identified significant correlation between miR-182 levels with TGF-β hyperactivation and activated NF-κB in a cohort of human glioma specimens. These findings uncover a plausible mechanism for sustained NF-κB activation in malignant gliomas and may suggest a new target for clinical intervention in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libing Song
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Experimental Research, Cancer Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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84
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Eyler CE, Rich JN. Looking in the miR-ror: TGF-β-mediated activation of NF-κB in glioma. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:3473-5. [PMID: 23006324 DOI: 10.1172/jci66058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The explosive growth in our understanding of the molecular underpinnings of glioblastomas has served as an instructive paradigm for other cancers. However, the exact nature by which many of the pathogenic drivers connect is less well known, and elucidation of relationships between critical genetic and signaling alterations may inform the development of therapeutic approaches to the disease. In this issue, Song et al. identify miR-182 induction as a mechanism by which TGF-β stimulation aberrantly activates NF-κB signaling in glioblastoma cells, clarifying a critical point of cross-talk between molecular signaling pathways. Their findings provide a greater understanding of the complex interplay between signaling pathways in cancer that may ultimately prove useful in the development of synergistic targeting approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Eyler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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85
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Kim YW, Kwon C, Liu JL, Kim SH, Kim S. Cancer association study of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase signaling network in glioblastoma. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40960. [PMID: 22952576 PMCID: PMC3432027 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) and ARS-interacting multifunctional proteins (AIMPs) exhibit remarkable functional versatility beyond their catalytic activities in protein synthesis. Their non-canonical functions have been pathologically linked to cancers. Here we described our integrative genome-wide analysis of ARSs to show cancer-associated activities in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most aggressive malignant primary brain tumor. We first selected 23 ARS/AIMPs (together referred to as ARSN), 124 cancer-associated druggable target genes (DTGs) and 404 protein-protein interactors (PPIs) of ARSs using NCI’s cancer gene index. 254 GBM affymetrix microarray data in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were used to identify the probe sets whose expression were most strongly correlated with survival (Kaplan-Meier plots versus survival times, log-rank t-test <0.05). The analysis identified 122 probe sets as survival signatures, including 5 of ARSN (VARS, QARS, CARS, NARS, FARS), and 115 of DTGs and PPIs (PARD3, RXRB, ATP5C1, HSP90AA1, CD44, THRA, TRAF2, KRT10, MED12, etc). Of note, 61 survival-related probes were differentially expressed in three different prognosis subgroups in GBM patients and showed correlation with established prognosis markers such as age and phenotypic molecular signatures. CARS and FARS also showed significantly higher association with different molecular networks in GBM patients. Taken together, our findings demonstrate evidence for an ARSN biology-dominant contribution in the biology of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Wan Kim
- Catholic Research Institutes of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - ChangHyuk Kwon
- Systems Biomedical Informatics National Core Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Juinn-Lin Liu
- Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Se Hoon Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- WCU Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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86
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Ungerbäck J, Belenki D, Jawad ul-Hassan A, Fredrikson M, Fransén K, Elander N, Verma D, Söderkvist P. Genetic variation and alterations of genes involved in NFκB/TNFAIP3- and NLRP3-inflammasome signaling affect susceptibility and outcome of colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:2126-34. [PMID: 22843550 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal tumors are continuously exposed to an inflammatory environment, which together with mitogenic signals sustain several cancer hallmarks. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB) is a major regulator of inflammation and variation in NFκB-associated genes could potentially be used as biomarkers to identify patients with increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) development, and/or a rapidly progressing disease. In this study, 348 CRC cases and 806 randomly selected healthy individuals from southeastern Sweden were examined with regard to seven polymorphisms in NFκB pathway-associated genes. Log-rank-tests and Cox proportional hazard regression analysis examined the association between the polymorphisms and CRC-specific survival, whereas chi-square tests and logistic regression analysis were used to test for associations between the polymorphisms and CRC susceptibility. Gene expression and loss of heterozygosity analyses of TNFAIP3 were carried out in a subset of tumors to assess its role as a tumor suppressor in CRC. Heterozygous and polymorphic TNFAIP3 (rs6920220), heterozygous NLRP3 (Q705K) and polymorphic NFκB -94 ATTG ins/del genotypes were found to be associated with poorer survival in patients diagnosed with invasive CRC (aHR = 5.2, 95% CI: 2.5-10.9, P < 0.001). TNFAIP3 mRNA levels were significantly decreased in tumors compared with adjacent non-neoplastic mucosa (P < 0.0001) and loss of heterozygosity of 6q23.3 (TNFAIP3) was detected in 17% of cases, whereas only 2.5% of the investigated specimens displayed TNFAIP3 gene mutations. We propose that TNFAIP3 (rs6920220), NLRP3 (Q705K) and NFκB -94 ATTG ins/del polymorphisms are associated with poor survival in patients with advanced CRC and may be used as prognostic markers. Experimental results indicate that TNFAIP3 may act as a tumor suppressor in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Ungerbäck
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linkoping University, SE-581 85, Linkoping, Sweden.
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87
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Abstract
The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway is a critical regulator of innate and adaptive immunity. Noncanonical K63-linked polyubiquitination plays a key regulatory role in NF-κB signaling pathways by functioning as a scaffold to recruit kinase complexes containing ubiquitin-binding domains. Ubiquitination is balanced by deubiquitinases that cleave polyubiquitin chains and oppose the function of E3 ubiquitin ligases. Deubiquitinases therefore play an important role in the termination of NF-κB signaling and the resolution of inflammation. In this review, we focus on NF-κB regulation by deubiquitinases with an emphasis on A20 and CYLD. Deubiquitinases and the ubiquitin/proteasome components that regulate NF-κB may serve as novel therapeutic targets for inflammatory diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward W Harhaj
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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88
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Kim RK, Kim MJ, Yoon CH, Lim EJ, Yoo KC, Lee GH, Kim YH, Kim H, Jin YB, Lee YJ, Cho CG, Oh YS, Gye MC, Suh Y, Lee SJ. A new 2-pyrone derivative, 5-bromo-3-(3-hydroxyprop-1-ynyl)-2H-pyran-2-one, suppresses stemness in glioma stem-like cells. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 82:400-7. [PMID: 22648970 DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.078402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma cells with stem cell properties, termed glioma stem-like cells (GSCs), have been linked to tumor formation, maintenance, and progression and are responsible for the failure of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Because conventional glioma treatments often fail to eliminate GSCs completely, residual surviving GSCs are able to repopulate the tumor. Compounds that target GSCs might be helpful in overcoming resistance to anticancer treatments in human brain tumors. In this study, we showed that 5-bromo-3-(3-hydroxyprop-1-ynyl)-2H-pyran-2-one (BHP), a new 2-pyrone derivative, suppressed the maintenance of the GSC population in both a glioma cell line and patient-derived glioma cells. Treatment of GSCs with BHP effectively inhibited sphere formation and suppressed the CD133(+) cell population. Treatment with BHP also suppressed expression of the stemness-regulating transcription factors Sox2, Notch2, and β-catenin in sphere-cultured glioma cells. Treatment of GSCs with BHP significantly suppressed two fundamental characteristics of cancer stem cells: self-renewal and tumorigenicity. BHP treatment dramatically inhibited clone-forming ability at the single-cell level and suppressed in vivo tumor formation. BHP markedly inhibited both phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt and Ras/Raf-1/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling, which suggests that one or both of these pathways are involved in BHP-induced suppression of GSCs. In addition, treatment with BHP effectively sensitized GSCs to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Taken together, these results indicate that BHP targets GSCs and enhances their sensitivity to anticancer treatments and suggest that BHP treatment may be useful for treating brain tumors by eliminating GSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rae-Kwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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89
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Heddleston JM, Hitomi M, Venere M, Flavahan WA, Yang K, Kim Y, Minhas S, Rich JN, Hjelmeland AB. Glioma stem cell maintenance: the role of the microenvironment. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 17:2386-401. [PMID: 21827414 DOI: 10.2174/138161211797249260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastomas are highly lethal cancers for which conventional therapies provide only palliation. The cellular heterogeneity of glioblastomas is manifest in genetic and epigenetic variation with both stochastic and hierarchical models informing cellular phenotypes. At the apex of the hierarchy is a self-renewing, tumorigenic, cancer stem cell (CSC). The significance of CSCs is underscored by their resistance to cytotoxic therapies, invasive potential, and promotion of angiogenesis. Thus, targeting CSCs may offer therapeutic benefit and sensitize tumors to conventional treatment, demanding elucidation of CSC regulation. Attention has been paid to intrinsic cellular systems in CSCs, but recognition of extrinsic factors is evolving. Glioma stem cells (GSCs) are enriched in functional niches--prominently the perivascular space and hypoxic regions. These niches provide instructive cues to maintain GSCs and induce cellular plasticity towards a stem-like phenotype. GSC-maintaining niches may therefore offer novel therapeutic targets but also signal additional complexity with perhaps different pools of GSCs governed by different molecular mechanisms that must be targeted for tumor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Heddleston
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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90
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Abstract
Cancer relapse is one of the major setbacks in pediatric oncology. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have emerged as a major driving force governing tumor recurrence. CSCs are a small subpopulation of cells capable of regenerating a tumor and are resistant to conventional anticancer therapies. No CSC therapy has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Because CSCs and normal stem cells share many characteristics, CSC-directed therapies have potential detrimental effects on normal stem cells, tissue maintenance, and development. Designing treatments that specifically target neural CSCs while allowing neural tissue stem cells to normally develop the brain is a major challenge in pediatric neuro-oncology. In recent years, better identification and characterization of neural CSCs, together with identifying differences between CSCs and normal neural stem cells, have been key factors in developing tailored therapeutics for these devastating diseases. This review focuses on the promises and challenges of pediatric neural CSC-directed therapies. We delineate the options currently in use to exhaust the ability of neural CSCs to self-renew. Finally, we suggest a comprehensive approach to combine anti-CSC therapies with other therapeutic approaches to prevent tumor recurrence.
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91
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Chistiakov DA, Chekhonin VP. Contribution of microRNAs to radio- and chemoresistance of brain tumors and their therapeutic potential. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 684:8-18. [PMID: 22484336 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastomas, particularly high grade brain tumors such as glioblastoma multiforme, are characterized by increased anaplasy, malignancy, proliferation, and invasion. These tumors exhibit high resistance to radiation therapy and treatment with anti-cancer drugs. The radio- and chemoresistance of gliomas is attributed to cancer stem cells (CSCs) that are considered as major contributors for maintenance and propagation of tumor cell mass, cancer malignancy and invasiveness, and tumor cell survival after courses of radiotherapy and medical interventions. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), key post-transcriptional gene regulators, have altered expression profiles in gliomas. Some of miRNAs whose expression is markedly up-regulated in brain tumors are likely to have a pro-oncogenic role through supporting growth, proliferation, migration, and survival of cancer stem and non-stem cells. In contrast, a population of miRNA possessing anti-tumor effects is suppressed in gliomas. In this review, we will consider miRNAs and their influence on radio- and chemoresistance of gliomas. These miRNAs harbor a great therapeutic significance as potent agents in future targeted anti-cancer therapy to sensitize glioma tumor cells and CSCs to cytotoxic effects of radiation exposure and treatment with anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
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92
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Wang Q, Yuan L, Liu Z, Yin J, Jiang X, Lu J. Expression of A20 is reduced in pancreatic cancer tissues. J Mol Histol 2012; 43:319-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s10735-012-9402-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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93
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Shembade N, Harhaj EW. Regulation of NF-κB signaling by the A20 deubiquitinase. Cell Mol Immunol 2012; 9:123-30. [PMID: 22343828 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2011.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The NF-κB transcription factor is a central mediator of inflammatory and innate immune signaling pathways. Activation of NF-κB is achieved by K63-linked polyubiquitination of key signaling molecules which recruit kinase complexes that in turn activate the IκB kinase (IKK). Ubiquitination is a highly dynamic process and is balanced by deubiquitinases that cleave polyubiquitin chains and terminate downstream signaling events. The A20 deubiquitinase is a critical negative regulator of NF-κB and inflammation, since A20-deficient mice develop uncontrolled and spontaneous multi-organ inflammation. Furthermore, specific polymorphisms in the A20 genomic locus predispose humans to autoimmune disease. Recent studies also indicate that A20 is an important tumor suppressor that is inactivated in B-cell lymphomas. Therefore, targeting A20 may form the basis of novel therapies for autoimmune disease and lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noula Shembade
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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94
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Bellail AC, Olson JJ, Yang X, Chen ZJ, Hao C. A20 ubiquitin ligase-mediated polyubiquitination of RIP1 inhibits caspase-8 cleavage and TRAIL-induced apoptosis in glioblastoma. Cancer Discov 2012; 2:140-55. [PMID: 22585859 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-11-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) apoptotic pathway has emerged as a therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer. However, clinical trials have proven that the vast majority of human cancers are resistant to TRAIL apoptotic pathway-targeted therapies. We show that A20-mediated ubiquitination inhibits caspase-8 cleavage and TRAIL-induced apoptosis in glioblastoma through 2 signaling complexes. A20 is highly expressed in glioblastomas and, together with the death receptor 5 and receptor-interacting protein 1, forms a plasma membrane-bound preligand assembly complex under physiologic conditions. Treatment with TRAIL leads to the recruitment of caspase-8 to the plasma membrane-bound preligand assembly complex for the assembly of a death-inducing signaling complex. In the death-inducing signaling complex, the C-terminal zinc finger (Znf) domain of the A20 ubiquitin ligase mediates receptor-interacting protein 1 polyubiquitination through lysine-63-linked polyubiquitin chains, which bind to the caspase-8 protease domain and inhibit caspase-8 dimerization, cleavage, and the initiation of TRAIL-induced apoptosis in glioblastoma-derived cell lines and tumor-initiating cells. SIGNIFICANCE These results identify A20 E3 ligase as a therapeutic target whose inhibition can overcome TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand resistance in glioblastoma and thus have an impact on ongoing clinical trials of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-targeted combination cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita C Bellail
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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95
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Dong B, Lv G, Wang Q, Wei F, Bellail AC, Hao C, Wang G. Targeting A20 enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 418:433-8. [PMID: 22285182 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A20 was initially identified as a primary gene product following TNF α treatment in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Increased A20 expression is associated with tumorigenesis in many cancers, whereas the loss of A20 function is linked to lymphoma. It has been reported that A20 protects cells from TRAIL-induced apoptosis; however, the mechanism by which A20 is involved is still largely unknown. Our results indicate that TRAIL induces the hepatocellular carcinoma apoptosis associated with A20 knockdown in a concentration-dependent manner. TRAIL-induced apoptosis requires p18 caspase-8 activation, and, the activation of caspase-8 is at least in part, due to the direct cleavage of RIP1 by A20 knockdown. These findings suggest that A20 modulates the sensitivity to TRAIL by RIP1 ubiquitination, thereby repressing the recruitment and activation of pro-caspase-8 into the active form caspase-8. Thus, our study suggests that A20 protects against TRAIL-induced apoptosis through the regulation of RIP1 ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingfei Dong
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, China
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96
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Li Z, Lee JW, Mukherjee D, Ji J, Jeswani SP, Black KL, Yu JS. Immunotherapy targeting glioma stem cells--insights and perspectives. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2011; 12:165-78. [PMID: 22200324 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2012.648180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive and lethal primary malignant brain tumor. Although progress has been made in current conventional therapies for GBM patients, the effect of these advances on clinical outcomes has been disappointing. Recent research into the origin of cancers suggest that GBM cancer stem cells (GSC) are the source of initial tumor formation, resistance to current conventional therapeutics and eventual patient relapse. Currently, there are very few studies that apply immunotherapy to target GSC. AREAS COVERED CD133, a cell surface protein, is used extensively as a surface marker to identify and isolate GSC in malignant glioma. We discuss biomarkers such as CD133, L1-cell adhesion molecule (L1-CAM), and A20 of GSC. We review developing novel treatment modalities, including immunotherapy strategies, to target GSC. EXPERT OPINION There are very few reports of preclinical studies targeting GSC. Identification and validation of unique molecular signatures and elucidation of signaling pathways involved in survival, proliferation and differentiation of GSC will significantly advance this field and provide a framework for the rational design of a new generation of antigen-specific, anti-GSC immunotherapy- and nanotechnology-based targeted therapyies. Combined with other therapeutic avenues, GSC-targeting therapies may represent a new paradigm to treat GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Li
- Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8361 West Third Street, Suite 800 E, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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97
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Aberrant signaling pathways in glioma. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:3242-78. [PMID: 24212955 PMCID: PMC3759196 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3033242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a WHO grade IV malignant glioma, is the most common and lethal primary brain tumor in adults; few treatments are available. Median survival rates range from 12–15 months. The biological characteristics of this tumor are exemplified by prominent proliferation, active invasiveness, and rich angiogenesis. This is mainly due to highly deregulated signaling pathways in the tumor. Studies of these signaling pathways have greatly increased our understanding of the biology and clinical behavior of GBM. An integrated view of signal transduction will provide a more useful approach in designing novel therapies for this devastating disease. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of GBM signaling pathways with a focus on potential molecular targets for anti-signaling molecular therapies.
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98
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Khaidakov M, Mitra S, Kang BY, Wang X, Kadlubar S, Novelli G, Raj V, Winters M, Carter WC, Mehta JL. Oxidized LDL receptor 1 (OLR1) as a possible link between obesity, dyslipidemia and cancer. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20277. [PMID: 21637860 PMCID: PMC3102697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have linked expression of lectin-like ox-LDL receptor 1
(OLR1) to tumorigenesis. We analyzed microarray data from
Olr1 knockout (KO) and wild type (WT) mice for genes
involved in cellular transformation and evaluated effects of
OLR1 over-expression in normal mammary epithelial cells
(MCF10A) and breast cancer cells (HCC1143) in terms of gene expression,
migration, adhesion and transendothelial migration. Twenty-six out of 238 genes
were inhibited in tissues of OLR1 KO mice; the vast majority of OLR1 sensitive
genes contained NF-κB binding sites in their promoters. Further studies
revealed broad inhibition of NF-kB target genes outside of the
transformation-associated gene pool, with enrichment themes of defense response,
immune response, apoptosis, proliferation, and wound healing. Transcriptome of
Olr1 KO mice also revealed inhibition of de
novo lipogenesis, rate-limiting enzymes fatty acid synthase
(Fasn), stearoyl-CoA desaturase (Scd1) and
ELOVL family member 6 (Elovl6), as well as lipolytic
phospholipase A2 group IVB (Pla2g4b). In studies comparing
MCF10A and HCC1143, the latter displayed 60% higher OLR1
expression. Forced over-expression of OLR1 resulted in
upregulation of NF-κB (p65) and its target pro-oncogenes involved in
inhibition of apoptosis (BCL2, BCL2A1,
TNFAIP3) and regulation of cell cycle
(CCND2) in both cell lines. Basal expression of
FASN, SCD1 and PLA2G4B,
as well as lipogenesis transcription factors PPARA,
SREBF2 and CREM, was higher in HCC1143
cells. Over-expression of OLR1 in HCC1143 cells also enhanced
cell migration, without affecting their adherence to TNFα-activated
endothelium or transendothelial migration. On the other hand,
OLR1 neutralizing antibody inhibited both adhesion and
transmigration of untreated HCC1143 cells. We conclude that
OLR1 may act as an oncogene by activation of NF-kB target
genes responsible for proliferation, migration and inhibition of apoptosis and
de novo lipogenesis genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magomed Khaidakov
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, and the Central
Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of
America
- * E-mail: (MK); (JLM)
| | - Sona Mitra
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, and the Central
Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of
America
| | - Bum-Yong Kang
- Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Xianwei Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, and the Central
Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of
America
| | - Susan Kadlubar
- Division of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas
for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of
America
| | - Giuseppe Novelli
- Department of Genetics, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”,
Rome, Italy
| | - Vinay Raj
- Division of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas
for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of
America
| | - Maria Winters
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, and the Central
Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of
America
| | - Weleetka C. Carter
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, and the Central
Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of
America
| | - Jawahar L. Mehta
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, and the Central
Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of
America
- * E-mail: (MK); (JLM)
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99
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Hyun KH, Yoon CH, Kim RK, Lim EJ, An S, Park MJ, Hyun JW, Suh Y, Kim MJ, Lee SJ. Eckol suppresses maintenance of stemness and malignancies in glioma stem-like cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 254:32-40. [PMID: 21514314 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A subpopulation of cancer cells with stem cell properties is responsible for tumor maintenance and progression, and may contribute to resistance to anticancer treatments. Thus, compounds that target cancer stem-like cells could be usefully applied to destroy cancer. In this study, we investigated the effect of Eckol, a phlorotannin compound, on stemness and malignancies in glioma stem-like cells. To determine whether Eckol targets glioma stem-like cells, we examined whether Eckol treatment could change the expression levels of glioma stem-like cell markers and self-renewal-related proteins as well as the sphere forming ability, and the sensitivity to anticancer treatments. Alterations in the malignant properties of sphere-derived cells by Eckol were also investigated by soft-agar colony forming assay, by xenograft assay in nude mice, and by cell invasion assay. Treatment of sphere-forming glioma cells with Eckol effectively decreased the sphere formation as well as the CD133(+) cell population. Eckol treatment suppressed expression of the glioma stem-like cell markers and the self-renewal-related proteins without cell death. Moreover, treatment of glioma stem-like cells with Eckol significantly attenuated anchorage-independent growth on soft agar and tumor formation in xenograft mice. Importantly, Eckol treatment effectively reduced the resistance of glioma stem-like cells to ionizing radiation and temozolomide. Treatment of glioma stem-like cells with Eckol markedly blocked both phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt and Ras-Raf-1-Erk signaling pathways. These results indicate that the natural phlorotannin Eckol suppresses stemness and malignancies in glioma stem-like cells, and thereby makes glioma stem-like cells more sensitive to anticancer treatments, providing novel therapeutic strategies targeting specifically cancer stem-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Hwan Hyun
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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100
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Treatment resistance mechanisms of malignant glioma tumor stem cells. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:621-35. [PMID: 24212632 PMCID: PMC3756380 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3010621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are highly lethal because of their resistance to conventional treatments. Recent evidence suggests that a minor subpopulation of cells with stem cell properties reside within these tumors. These tumor stem cells are more resistant to radiation and chemotherapies than their counterpart differentiated tumor cells and may underlie the persistence and recurrence of tumors following treatment. The various mechanisms by which tumor stem cells avoid or repair the damaging effects of cancer therapies are discussed.
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