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Schwenk RW, Vogel H, Schürmann A. Genetic and epigenetic control of metabolic health. Mol Metab 2013; 2:337-47. [PMID: 24327950 PMCID: PMC3854991 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is characterized as an excess accumulation of body fat resulting from a positive energy balance. It is the major risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D). The evidence for familial aggregation of obesity and its associated metabolic diseases is substantial. To date, about 150 genetic loci identified in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are linked with obesity and T2D, each accounting for only a small proportion of the predicted heritability. However, the percentage of overall trait variance explained by these associated loci is modest (~5-10% for T2D, ~2% for BMI). The lack of powerful genetic associations suggests that heritability is not entirely attributable to gene variations. Some of the familial aggregation as well as many of the effects of environmental exposures, may reflect epigenetic processes. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the genetic basis to individual risk of obesity and T2D, and explores the potential role of epigenetic contribution.
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Key Words
- ADCY3, adenylate cyclase 3
- AQP9, aquaporin 9
- BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- CDKAL1, CDK5 regulatory subunit associated protein 1-like 1
- CPEB4, cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein 4
- DUSP22, dual specificity phosphatase 22
- DUSP8, dual specificity phosphatase 8
- Epigenetics
- GALNT10, UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-d-galactosamine:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 10 (GalNAc-T10)
- GIPR, gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor
- GNPDA2, glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase 2
- GP2, glycoprotein 2 (zymogen granule membrane)
- GWAS
- HIPK3, homeodomain interacting protein kinase 3
- IFI16, interferon, gamma-inducible protein 16
- KCNQ1, potassium voltage-gated channel, KQT-like subfamily, member 1
- KLHL32, kelch-like family member 32
- LEPR, leptin receptor
- MAP2K4, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4
- MAP2K5, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 5
- MIR148A, microRNA 148a
- MMP9, matrix metallopeptidase 9 (gelatinase B, 92 kDa gelatinase, 92 kDa type IV collagenase)
- MNDA, myeloid cell nuclear differentiation antigen
- NFE2L3, nuclear factor, erythroid 2-like 3
- Obesity
- PACS1, phosphofurin acidic cluster sorting protein 1
- PAX6, paired box gene 6
- PCSK1, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 1
- PGC1α, peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, gamma, coactivator 1 alpha, PM2OD1
- PRKCH, protein kinase C, eta
- PRKD1, protein kinase D1
- PRKG1, protein kinase, cGMP-dependent, type I
- Positional cloning
- QPCTL, glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase-like
- RBJ, DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 27
- RFC5, replication factor C (activator 1) 5
- RMST, rhabdomyosarcoma 2 associated transcript (non-protein coding)
- SEC16B, SEC16 homolog B
- TFAP2B, transcription factor AP-2 beta (activating enhancer binding protein 2 beta)
- TNNI3, troponin I type 3 (cardiac)
- TNNT1, troponin T type 1 (skeletal, slow)
- Type 2 diabetes
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Annette Schürmann
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +49 33200 882368; fax: +49 33200 882334.
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Signaling mechanisms of glucose-induced F-actin remodeling in pancreatic islet β cells. Exp Mol Med 2013; 45:e37. [PMID: 23969997 PMCID: PMC3789261 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2013.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of whole-body glucose homeostasis is critical for survival, and is controlled by the coordination of multiple organs and endocrine systems. Pancreatic islet β cells secrete insulin in response to nutrient stimuli, and insulin then travels through the circulation promoting glucose uptake into insulin-responsive tissues such as liver, skeletal muscle and adipose. Many of the genes identified in human genome-wide association studies of diabetic individuals are directly associated with β cell survival and function, giving credence to the idea that β-cell dysfunction is central to the development of type 2 diabetes. As such, investigations into the mechanisms by which β cells sense glucose and secrete insulin in a regulated manner are a major focus of current diabetes research. In particular, recent discoveries of the detailed role and requirements for reorganization/remodeling of filamentous actin (F-actin) in the regulation of insulin release from the β cell have appeared at the forefront of islet function research, having lapsed in prior years due to technical limitations. Recent advances in live-cell imaging and specialized reagents have revealed localized F-actin remodeling to be a requisite for the normal biphasic pattern of nutrient-stimulated insulin secretion. This review will provide an historical look at the emergent focus on the role of the actin cytoskeleton and its regulation of insulin secretion, leading up to the cutting-edge research in progress in the field today.
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Kimple ME, Keller MP, Rabaglia MR, Pasker RL, Neuman JC, Truchan NA, Brar HK, Attie AD. Prostaglandin E2 receptor, EP3, is induced in diabetic islets and negatively regulates glucose- and hormone-stimulated insulin secretion. Diabetes 2013; 62:1904-12. [PMID: 23349487 PMCID: PMC3661627 DOI: 10.2337/db12-0769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BTBR mice develop severe diabetes in response to genetically induced obesity due to a failure of the β-cells to compensate for peripheral insulin resistance. In analyzing BTBR islet gene expression patterns, we observed that Pgter3, the gene for the prostaglandin E receptor 3 (EP3), was upregulated with diabetes. The EP3 receptor is stimulated by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and couples to G-proteins of the Gi subfamily to decrease intracellular cAMP, blunting glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Also upregulated were several genes involved in the synthesis of PGE2. We hypothesized that increased signaling through EP3 might be coincident with the development of diabetes and contribute to β-cell dysfunction. We confirmed that the PGE2-to-EP3 signaling pathway was active in islets from confirmed diabetic BTBR mice and human cadaveric donors, with increased EP3 expression, PGE2 production, and function of EP3 agonists and antagonists to modulate cAMP production and GSIS. We also analyzed the impact of EP3 receptor activation on signaling through the glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 receptor. We demonstrated that EP3 agonists antagonize GLP-1 signaling, decreasing the maximal effect that GLP-1 can elicit on cAMP production and GSIS. Taken together, our results identify EP3 as a new therapeutic target for β-cell dysfunction in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E. Kimple
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
- Corresponding author: Michelle E. Kimple, , or Alan D. Attie,
| | - Mark P. Keller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Mary R. Rabaglia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Renee L. Pasker
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Joshua C. Neuman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Nathan A. Truchan
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Harpreet K. Brar
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Alan D. Attie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
- Corresponding author: Michelle E. Kimple, , or Alan D. Attie,
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Kaihara KA, Dickson LM, Jacobson DA, Tamarina N, Roe MW, Philipson LH, Wicksteed B. β-Cell-specific protein kinase A activation enhances the efficiency of glucose control by increasing acute-phase insulin secretion. Diabetes 2013; 62:1527-36. [PMID: 23349500 PMCID: PMC3636652 DOI: 10.2337/db12-1013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Acute insulin secretion determines the efficiency of glucose clearance. Moreover, impaired acute insulin release is characteristic of reduced glucose control in the prediabetic state. Incretin hormones, which increase β-cell cAMP, restore acute-phase insulin secretion and improve glucose control. To determine the physiological role of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), a mouse model was developed to increase PKA activity specifically in the pancreatic β-cells. In response to sustained hyperglycemia, PKA activity potentiated both acute and sustained insulin release. In contrast, a glucose bolus enhanced acute-phase insulin secretion alone. Acute-phase insulin secretion was increased 3.5-fold, reducing circulating glucose to 58% of levels in controls. Exendin-4 increased acute-phase insulin release to a similar degree as PKA activation. However, incretins did not augment the effects of PKA on acute-phase insulin secretion, consistent with incretins acting primarily via PKA to potentiate acute-phase insulin secretion. Intracellular calcium signaling was unaffected by PKA activation, suggesting that the effects of PKA on acute-phase insulin secretion are mediated by the phosphorylation of proteins involved in β-cell exocytosis. Thus, β-cell PKA activity transduces the cAMP signal to dramatically increase acute-phase insulin secretion, thereby enhancing the efficiency of insulin to control circulating glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A. Kaihara
- Kovler Diabetes Center, Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lorna M. Dickson
- Kovler Diabetes Center, Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David A. Jacobson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Natalia Tamarina
- Kovler Diabetes Center, Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Michael W. Roe
- Department of Medicine, Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Louis H. Philipson
- Kovler Diabetes Center, Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Barton Wicksteed
- Kovler Diabetes Center, Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Corresponding author: Barton Wicksteed,
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Merrick BA, Phadke DP, Auerbach SS, Mav D, Stiegelmeyer SM, Shah RR, Tice RR. RNA-Seq profiling reveals novel hepatic gene expression pattern in aflatoxin B1 treated rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61768. [PMID: 23630614 PMCID: PMC3632591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep sequencing was used to investigate the subchronic effects of 1 ppm aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a potent hepatocarcinogen, on the male rat liver transcriptome prior to onset of histopathological lesions or tumors. We hypothesized RNA-Seq would reveal more differentially expressed genes (DEG) than microarray analysis, including low copy and novel transcripts related to AFB1’s carcinogenic activity compared to feed controls (CTRL). Paired-end reads were mapped to the rat genome (Rn4) with TopHat and further analyzed by DESeq and Cufflinks-Cuffdiff pipelines to identify differentially expressed transcripts, new exons and unannotated transcripts. PCA and cluster analysis of DEGs showed clear separation between AFB1 and CTRL treatments and concordance among group replicates. qPCR of eight high and medium DEGs and three low DEGs showed good comparability among RNA-Seq and microarray transcripts. DESeq analysis identified 1,026 differentially expressed transcripts at greater than two-fold change (p<0.005) compared to 626 transcripts by microarray due to base pair resolution of transcripts by RNA-Seq, probe placement within transcripts or an absence of probes to detect novel transcripts, splice variants and exons. Pathway analysis among DEGs revealed signaling of Ahr, Nrf2, GSH, xenobiotic, cell cycle, extracellular matrix, and cell differentiation networks consistent with pathways leading to AFB1 carcinogenesis, including almost 200 upregulated transcripts controlled by E2f1-related pathways related to kinetochore structure, mitotic spindle assembly and tissue remodeling. We report 49 novel, differentially-expressed transcripts including confirmation by PCR-cloning of two unique, unannotated, hepatic AFB1-responsive transcripts (HAfT’s) on chromosomes 1.q55 and 15.q11, overexpressed by 10 to 25-fold. Several potentially novel exons were found and exon refinements were made including AFB1 exon-specific induction of homologous family members, Ugt1a6 and Ugt1a7c. We find the rat transcriptome contains many previously unidentified, AFB1-responsive exons and transcripts supporting RNA-Seq’s capabilities to provide new insights into AFB1-mediated gene expression leading to hepatocellular carcinoma.
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MESH Headings
- Aflatoxin B1/toxicity
- Animals
- Carcinogens/toxicity
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/chemically induced
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/chemically induced
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- E2F1 Transcription Factor/physiology
- Exons
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gene Regulatory Networks
- Glucuronosyltransferase/genetics
- Glucuronosyltransferase/metabolism
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Male
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Precancerous Conditions/chemically induced
- Precancerous Conditions/metabolism
- Principal Component Analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Sequence Analysis, RNA
- Transcriptome
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Affiliation(s)
- B Alex Merrick
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America.
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56
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Karunakaran S, Manji A, Yan CS, Wu ZJJ, Clee SM. Moo1 obesity quantitative trait locus in BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J mice increases food intake. Physiol Genomics 2013; 45:191-9. [PMID: 23341217 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00159.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The rising prevalence of obesity is one of the greatest health challenges facing the world today. Discovery of genetic factors affecting obesity risk will provide important insight to its etiology that could suggest new therapeutic approaches. We have previously identified the Modifier of obese 1 (Moo1) quantitative trait locus (QTL) in a cross between leptin-deficient BTBR T(+) Itpr3(tf)/J (BTBR) and C57BL/6J (B6) mice. Understanding the mechanism by which this locus acts will aid in the identification of candidate genes. Here we refined the location of this QTL and sought to determine the mechanism by which Moo1 affects body weight. We found that the effects of Moo1 also alter high fat diet-induced obesity in mice having functional leptin. In detailed metabolic analyses we determined that this locus acts by increasing food intake in BTBR mice, without affecting energy expenditure. The expression levels of the main molecular mediators of food intake in the hypothalamus were not altered, suggesting this locus affects an independent pathway, consistent with its identification in mice lacking functional leptin. Finally, we show that the increased adiposity resulting from Moo1 is sufficient to affect glucose tolerance. These studies show that the Moo1 obesity QTL affects food intake, likely through a novel mechanism, and indicate that modulation of the underlying pathway may not only ameliorate obesity but also its clinical consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subashini Karunakaran
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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57
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Stefanov AN, Fox J, Haston CK. Positional cloning reveals strain-dependent expression of Trim16 to alter susceptibility to bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003203. [PMID: 23341783 PMCID: PMC3547790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a disease of significant morbidity, with no effective therapeutics and an as yet incompletely defined genetic basis. The chemotherapeutic agent bleomycin induces pulmonary fibrosis in susceptible C57BL/6J mice but not in mice of the C3H/HeJ strain, and this differential strain response has been used in prior studies to map bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis susceptibility loci named Blmpf1 and Blmpf2. In this study we isolated the quantitative trait gene underlying Blmpf2 initially by histologically phenotyping the bleomycin-induced lung disease of sublines of congenic mice to reduce the linkage region to 13 genes. Of these genes, Trim16 was identified to have strain-dependent expression in the lung, which we determined was due to sequence variation in the promoter. Over-expression of Trim16 by plasmid injection increased pulmonary fibrosis, and bronchoalveolar lavage levels of both interleukin 12/23-p40 and neutrophils, in bleomycin treated B6.C3H-Blmpf2 subcongenic mice compared to subcongenic mice treated with bleomycin only, which follows the C57BL/6J versus C3H/HeJ strain difference in these traits. In summary we demonstrate that genetic variation in Trim16 leads to its strain-dependent expression, which alters susceptibility to bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Genetic differences within the population influence an individual's susceptibility to the lung disease pulmonary fibrosis. As environmental factors also have a tremendous effect on the development of this disease, investigations in an animal model can reveal the genetic basis of this trait, under controlled circumstances. Starting from previous work that had identified a genomic region linked to fibrosis susceptibility in mice, we assayed the fibrosis response of lines of mice specifically bred to contain reduced portions of the original genetic interval, and we narrowed our study to 13 genes. Genetic evaluation pointed to the gene Trim16 as a prime candidate for affecting fibrosis, and we identified genetic variations to alter its transcription. Our functional studies showed that Trim16 injected into the specifically bred, and bleomcyin-treated, mice significantly increased their pulmonary fibrosis levels. Further evaluation of the mice showed the increase to be associated with known enhancers of fibrosis, neutrophils and interleukin12/23-p40. This study shows that genetic variation in Trim16 affects both the lung tissue inflammatory response and the development of pulmonary fibrosis in mice and thus provides a novel pathway to fibrosis development for subsequent clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anguel N. Stefanov
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jessica Fox
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Christina K. Haston
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- * E-mail:
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58
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Parks BW, Nam E, Org E, Kostem E, Norheim F, Hui ST, Pan C, Civelek M, Rau CD, Bennett BJ, Mehrabian M, Ursell LK, He A, Castellani LW, Zinker B, Kirby M, Drake TA, Drevon CA, Knight R, Gargalovic P, Kirchgessner T, Eskin E, Lusis AJ. Genetic control of obesity and gut microbiota composition in response to high-fat, high-sucrose diet in mice. Cell Metab 2013; 17:141-52. [PMID: 23312289 PMCID: PMC3545283 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a highly heritable disease driven by complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Human genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified a number of loci contributing to obesity; however, a major limitation of these studies is the inability to assess environmental interactions common to obesity. Using a systems genetics approach, we measured obesity traits, global gene expression, and gut microbiota composition in response to a high-fat/high-sucrose (HF/HS) diet of more than 100 inbred strains of mice. Here we show that HF/HS feeding promotes robust, strain-specific changes in obesity that are not accounted for by food intake and provide evidence for a genetically determined set point for obesity. GWAS analysis identified 11 genome-wide significant loci associated with obesity traits, several of which overlap with loci identified in human studies. We also show strong relationships between genotype and gut microbiota plasticity during HF/HS feeding and identify gut microbial phylotypes associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W Parks
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Kose H, Yamada T, Matsumoto K. Single diabetic QTL derived from OLETF rat is a sufficient agent for severe diabetic phenotype in combination with leptin-signaling deficiency. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2012; 2012:858121. [PMID: 23304119 PMCID: PMC3529458 DOI: 10.1155/2012/858121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has been considered one of the leading causative agents for diseases such as type 2 diabetes, stroke, and heart attack. Due to their complex etiology, establishing a useful animal model is increasingly crucial for better molecular understanding of how obesity influences on disease development. OLETF rat is a spontaneous model of type 2 diabetes. We mapped 14 hyperglycemia QTLs in the genome of the OLETF rat and subsequently generated a panel of congenic strains each possessing OB-R mutation in F344 genetic background. Here we show that one of the loci, Nidd2/of, is highly responsive to obesity. When leptin receptor mutation is introgressed into the Nidd2/of congenic strain, the rat showed hyperglycemia equivalent to that of the parental OLETF rat. This suggests that the Nidd2/of locus has a strong genetic interaction with leptin signaling pathway. Furthermore, when another hyperglycemia QTL Nidd1/of is additionally combined, the strain developed overt diabetes. A single QTL dissected out in spontaneous model normally exerts only mild effect on the quantitative trait, which makes it difficult to clone the gene. Our new model may help not only to identify the causative gene but also to investigate how obesity interacts with a QTL to regulate diabetic traits.
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MESH Headings
- Adiposity/genetics
- Animals
- Animals, Congenic
- Biomarkers/blood
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Body Weight/genetics
- Cholesterol/blood
- Crosses, Genetic
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/blood
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Insulin/blood
- Mutation
- Obesity/blood
- Obesity/genetics
- Obesity/physiopathology
- Phenotype
- Quantitative Trait Loci
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred F344
- Rats, Inbred OLETF
- Rats, Transgenic
- Receptors, Leptin/genetics
- Severity of Illness Index
- Signal Transduction
- Triglycerides/blood
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kose
- Department of Life Science, Division of Natural Sciences, International Christian University, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8585, Japan
- Division for Animal Research Resources, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Takahisa Yamada
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Kozo Matsumoto
- Division for Animal Research Resources, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
- Department of Animal Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
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60
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Nadeau JH, Forejt J, Takada T, Shiroishi T. Chromosome substitution strains: gene discovery, functional analysis, and systems studies. Mamm Genome 2012; 23:693-705. [PMID: 22961226 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-012-9426-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory mice are valuable in biomedical research in part because of the extraordinary diversity of genetic resources that are available for studies of complex genetic traits and as models for human biology and disease. Chromosome substitution strains (CSSs) are important in this resource portfolio because of their demonstrated use for gene discovery, genetic and epigenetic studies, functional characterizations, and systems analysis. CSSs are made by replacing a single chromosome in a host strain with the corresponding chromosome from a donor strain. A complete CSS panel involves a total of 22 engineered inbred strains, one for each of the 19 autosomes, one each for the X and Y chromosomes, and one for mitochondria. A genome survey simply involves comparing each phenotype for each of the CSSs with the phenotypes of the host strain. The CSS panels that are available for laboratory mice have been used to dissect a remarkable variety of phenotypes and to characterize an impressive array of disease models. These surveys have revealed considerable phenotypic diversity even among closely related progenitor strains, evidence for strong epistasis and for heritable epigenetic changes. Perhaps most importantly, and presumably because of their unique genetic constitution, CSSs, and congenic strains derived from them, the genetic variants underlying quantitative trait loci (QTLs) are readily identified and functionally characterized. Together these studies show that CSSs are important resource for laboratory mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Nadeau
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, 720 Broadway, Seattle, WA 98122, USA.
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61
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Wang CY, Stapleton DS, Schueler KL, Rabaglia ME, Oler AT, Keller MP, Kendziorski CM, Broman KW, Yandell BS, Schadt EE, Attie AD. Tsc2, a positional candidate gene underlying a quantitative trait locus for hepatic steatosis. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:1493-501. [PMID: 22628617 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m025239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalchoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of liver dysfunction and is associated with metabolic diseases, including obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. We mapped a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for NAFLD to chromosome 17 in a cross between C57BL/6 (B6) and BTBR mouse strains made genetically obese with the Lep(ob/ob) mutation. We identified Tsc2 as a gene underlying the chromosome 17 NAFLD QTL. Tsc2 functions as an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin, which is involved in many physiological processes, including cell growth, proliferation, and metabolism. We found that Tsc2(+/-) mice have increased lipogenic gene expression in the liver in an insulin-dependent manner. The coding single nucleotide polymorphism between the B6 and BTBR strains leads to a change in the ability to inhibit the expression of lipogenic genes and de novo lipogenesis in AML12 cells and to promote the proliferation of Ins1 cells. This difference is due to a different affinity of binding to Tsc1, which affects the stability of Tsc2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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