51
|
Low HZ, Ahrenstorf G, Pommerenke C, Habermann N, Schughart K, Ordóñez D, Stripecke R, Wilk E, Witte T. TLR8 regulation of LILRA3 in monocytes is abrogated in human immunodeficiency virus infection and correlates to CD4 counts and virus loads. Retrovirology 2016; 13:15. [PMID: 26969150 PMCID: PMC4788896 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-016-0248-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND LILRA3 is an immunostimulatory molecule which can conditionally induce the proliferation of cytotoxic cells. LILRA3 has a deletion genotype which is associated with multiple immune disorders. In this study, we wanted to analyze the regulation of LILRA3 and its significance in the context of HIV infection. RESULTS We analyzed a panel of TLR agonists and found that ssRNA40, a TLR8 agonist, is a potent inducer of LILRA3 in healthy individuals. However, this regulation is much diminished in HIV. Comparison of TLR8 to TLR4 induction of LILRA3 indicated that LPS induces less LILRA3 than ssRNA40 among healthy controls, but not HIV patients. Levels of LILRA3 induction correlated to virus load and CD4 counts in untreated patients. Recombinant LILRA3 can induce a host of proinflammatory genes which include IL-6 and IL-1α, as well as alter the expression of MHC and costimulatory molecules in monocytes and B-cells. CONCLUSION Our experiments point towards a beneficial role for LILRA3 in virus infections, especially in ssRNA viruses, like HIV, that engage TLR8. However, the potentially beneficial role of LILRA3 is abrogated during a HIV infection. We believe that more work has to be done to study the role of LILRA3 in infectious diseases and that there is a potential for exploring the use of LILRA3 in the treatment of virus infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhi Low
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Gerrit Ahrenstorf
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Claudia Pommerenke
- Department of Infection Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Nadine Habermann
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Klaus Schughart
- Department of Infection Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.,University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David Ordóñez
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Renata Stripecke
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Esther Wilk
- Department of Infection Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Torsten Witte
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The paediatric HIV epidemic is changing. Over the past decade, new infections have substantially reduced, whereas access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) has increased. Overall this success means that numbers of children living with HIV are climbing. In addition, the problems observed in adult infection resulting from chronic inflammation triggered by persistent immune activation even following ART mediated suppression of viral replication are magnified in children infected from birth. RECENT FINDINGS Features of immune ontogeny favour low immune activation in early life, whereas specific aspects of paediatric HIV infection tend to increase it. A subset of ART-naïve nonprogressing children exists in whom normal CD4 cell counts are maintained in the setting of persistent high viremia and yet in the context of low immune activation. This sooty mangabey-like phenotype contrasts with nonprogressing adult infection which is characterized by the expression of protective HLA class I molecules and low viral load. The particular factors contributing to raised or lowered immune activation in paediatric infection, which ultimately influence disease outcome, are discussed. SUMMARY Novel strategies to circumvent the unwanted long-term consequences of HIV infection may be possible in children in whom natural immune ontogeny in early life militates against immune activation. Defining the mechanisms underlying low immune activation in natural HIV infection would have applications beyond paediatric HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Roider
- aDepartment of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, UK bHIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute cKwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Hogan LE, Jones DC, Allen RL. Expression of the innate immune receptor LILRB5 on monocytes is associated with mycobacteria exposure. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21780. [PMID: 26908331 PMCID: PMC4764857 DOI: 10.1038/srep21780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen presenting cells (APC) are critical components of innate immunity and consequently shape the adaptive response. Leukocyte Ig Like Receptors (LILR) are innate immune receptors predominantly expressed on myeloid cells. LILR can influence the antigen presenting phenotype of monocytic cells to determine the nature of T cell responses in infections including Mycobaterium leprae. We therefore investigated the relevance of LILR in the context of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Real-time PCR studies indicated that the transcriptional profile of the orphan receptor LILRB5 was significantly up-regulated following exposure to mycobacteria. Furthermore, LILRA1 and LILRB5 were able to trigger signalling through direct engagement of mycobacteria using tranfectant cells incorporating a reporter system. We describe for the first time the expression of this receptor on T cells, and highlight the potential relevance to mycobacterial recognition. Furthermore, we demonstrate that crosslinking of this receptor on T cells increases proliferation of cytotoxic, but not helper, T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise E. Hogan
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE
- TB Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Des C. Jones
- Immunology Division, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP
| | - Rachel L. Allen
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Toxoplasmic encephalitis: role of Human Leucocyte Antigens/alleles associated with rapid progression to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Braz J Infect Dis 2016; 20:115-8. [PMID: 26786385 PMCID: PMC9427609 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aims The frequency of Human Leucocyte Antigens/alleles associated with rapid progression from Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome was evaluated in Brazilian patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome with and without Toxoplasmic Encephalitis. Methods 114 patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (41 with Toxoplasmic Encephalitis, 43 with anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies, without Toxoplasmic Eencephalitis, and 30 without anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies circulating and without Toxoplasmic Encephalitis) were studied. Results Human Leucocyte Antigens/alleles associated with rapid progression to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, particularly HLA-B35, -DR3, and -DR1 allele group, were significantly less represented in patients with Toxoplasmic Encephalitis and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Conclusion The presence of these Human Leucocyte Antigens/Alleles that predispose to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome progression was associated with resistance to Toxoplasmic Encephalitis among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 carriers.
Collapse
|
55
|
Abstract
Possession of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecule B27 is strongly associated with ankylosing spondylitis (AS), but the pathogenic role of HLA-B27 is unknown. Two broad theories most likely explain the role of HLA-B27 in AS pathogenesis. The first is based on the natural immunological function of HLA-B27 of presenting antigenic peptides to cytotoxic T cells. Thus, HLA-B27-restricted immune responses to self-antigens, or arthritogenic peptides, might drive immunopathology. B27 can also "behave badly," misfolding during assembly and leading to endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy responses. β2m-free B27 heavy chain structures including homodimers (B272) can also be expressed at the cell surface following endosomal recycling of cell surface heterotrimers. Cell surface free heavy chains and B272 bind to innate immune receptors on T, NK, and myeloid cells with proinflammatory effects. This review describes the natural function of HLA-B27, its disease associations, and the current theories as to its pathogenic role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Bowness
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science (NDORMS), Botnar Research Center, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DL, United Kingdom;
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Affandi JS, Montgomery J, Lee S, Price P. HIV patients stable on ART retain evidence of a high CMV load but changes to Natural Killer cell phenotypes reflect both HIV and CMV. AIDS Res Ther 2015; 12:41. [PMID: 26664457 PMCID: PMC4673723 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-015-0080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Whilst ART corrects many effects of HIV disease, T cell populations retain features of accelerated immunological aging. Methods Here we analyse phenotypic changes to natural killer (NK) cells in HIV patients who began ART with <200 CD4 T-cells/µl and maintained virological control for 12–17 years, compared with CMV seropositive and seronegative healthy control donors. Results Humoral responses to CMV antigens (lysate, gB, IE-1) remain elevated in the patients (P < 0.0001) despite the long duration of ART. Patient’s NK cells responded poorly to K562 cells when assessed by CD107a and IFNγ, but this could not be attributed to CMV as responses were low in CMV-seronegative controls. Moreover HIV (and not CMV) increased expression of CD57 on CD56lo cells. Conclusions Comparisons with published studies suggest that CMV accelerates age-related increases in CD57 expression but levels plateau by 60–70 years of age, so the effect of CMV disappears. In HIV patients the plateau is higher and perhaps reached sooner. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12981-015-0080-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
57
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Rapid expansion of genomic technologies has resulted in an unprecedented ability to interrogate the impact of human genetic variation on disease. HIV-1 infection is a unique model for studying this impact because host genetic variation influences both clinical outcome and the genetic sequence and evolution of the pathogen itself. RECENT FINDINGS Several candidate gene studies have proposed novel associations with HIV acquisition and/or disease progression; however, many of these are not supported by larger genome-wide association studies. Thus, controversy remains as to which host and viral genetic factors truly impact HIV infection. Novel methods for assessing the genetic (viral and host) component of disease progression are becoming important areas of investigation. SUMMARY To fully understand the impact of human genetic variation in HIV disease, the field will need to come together to set a standard for discovery of new genes. Additionally, novel avenues of investigation such as sequencing studies (to define the role of rare variants), studies of epistasis and host/viral genome interaction will be of great value.
Collapse
|
58
|
Adland E, Paioni P, Thobakgale C, Laker L, Mori L, Muenchhoff M, Csala A, Clapson M, Flynn J, Novelli V, Hurst J, Naidoo V, Shapiro R, Huang KHG, Frater J, Prendergast A, Prado JG, Ndung’u T, Walker BD, Carrington M, Jooste P, Goulder PJR. Discordant Impact of HLA on Viral Replicative Capacity and Disease Progression in Pediatric and Adult HIV Infection. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004954. [PMID: 26076345 PMCID: PMC4468173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HLA class I polymorphism has a major influence on adult HIV disease progression. An important mechanism mediating this effect is the impact on viral replicative capacity (VRC) of the escape mutations selected in response to HLA-restricted CD8+ T-cell responses. Factors that contribute to slow progression in pediatric HIV infection are less well understood. We here investigate the relationship between VRC and disease progression in pediatric infection, and the effect of HLA on VRC and on disease outcome in adult and pediatric infection. Studying a South African cohort of >350 ART-naïve, HIV-infected children and their mothers, we first observed that pediatric disease progression is significantly correlated with VRC. As expected, VRCs in mother-child pairs were strongly correlated (p = 0.004). The impact of the protective HLA alleles, HLA-B*57, HLA-B*58:01 and HLA-B*81:01, resulted in significantly lower VRCs in adults (p<0.0001), but not in children. Similarly, in adults, but not in children, VRCs were significantly higher in subjects expressing the disease-susceptible alleles HLA-B*18:01/45:01/58:02 (p = 0.007). Irrespective of the subject, VRCs were strongly correlated with the number of Gag CD8+ T-cell escape mutants driven by HLA-B*57/58:01/81:01 present in each virus (p = 0.0002). In contrast to the impact of VRC common to progression in adults and children, the HLA effects on disease outcome, that are substantial in adults, are small and statistically insignificant in infected children. These data further highlight the important role that VRC plays both in adult and pediatric progression, and demonstrate that HLA-independent factors, yet to be fully defined, are predominantly responsible for pediatric non-progression. HLA plays a central role in determining disease outcome in adult HIV infection. A principal mechanism by which this HLA effect is mediated is via viral replicative capacity (VRC), protective HLA alleles such as HLA-B*57 driving the selection of viral escape mutants that reduce VRC. The factors contributing to the diverse disease progression rates observed in infected children, however, remain uncertain. We here address the role of HLA and VRC in pediatric disease progression in a large cohort in Kimberley, South Africa. The findings highlight the consistent and important role of VRC in both adult and pediatric progression. However, the impact of key HLA molecules in shaping disease outcome in adult infection is notably absent in pediatric infection. Further studies of pediatric infection therefore provide the potential to gain critical new insights into HLA-independent mechanisms of HIV disease non-progression that predominate in HIV-infected but healthy, ART-naive children. Understanding these mechanisms remains of direct relevance to the development of future interventions to minimize HIV disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Adland
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Paioni
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christina Thobakgale
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Leana Laker
- Paediatric Department, Kimberley Hospital, Northern Cape, South Africa
| | - Luisa Mori
- Paediatric Department, Kimberley Hospital, Northern Cape, South Africa
| | - Maximilian Muenchhoff
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, United Kingdom
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Anna Csala
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret Clapson
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Great Ormond St Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jacquie Flynn
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Great Ormond St Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vas Novelli
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Great Ormond St Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob Hurst
- The Institute for Emerging Infections, The Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford National Institute of Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vanessa Naidoo
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Roger Shapiro
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Kuan-Hsiang Gary Huang
- The Institute for Emerging Infections, The Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John Frater
- The Institute for Emerging Infections, The Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford National Institute of Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Prendergast
- Centre for Paediatrics, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Julia G. Prado
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thumbi Ndung’u
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bruce D. Walker
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mary Carrington
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Pieter Jooste
- Paediatric Department, Kimberley Hospital, Northern Cape, South Africa
| | - Philip J. R. Goulder
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, United Kingdom
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Great Ormond St Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Martin-Gayo E, Buzon MJ, Ouyang Z, Hickman T, Cronin J, Pimenova D, Walker BD, Lichterfeld M, Yu XG. Potent Cell-Intrinsic Immune Responses in Dendritic Cells Facilitate HIV-1-Specific T Cell Immunity in HIV-1 Elite Controllers. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004930. [PMID: 26067651 PMCID: PMC4466270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of HIV-1 elite controllers (EC) restrict HIV-1 replication through highly functional HIV-1-specific T cell responses, but mechanisms supporting the evolution of effective HIV-1-specific T cell immunity in these patients remain undefined. Cytosolic immune recognition of HIV-1 in conventional dendritic cells (cDC) can facilitate priming and expansion of HIV-1-specific T cells; however, HIV-1 seems to be able to avoid intracellular immune recognition in cDCs in most infected individuals. Here, we show that exposure of cDCs from EC to HIV-1 leads to a rapid and sustained production of type I interferons and upregulation of several interferon-stimulated effector genes. Emergence of these cell-intrinsic immune responses was associated with a reduced induction of SAMHD1 and LEDGF/p75, and an accumulation of viral reverse transcripts, but inhibited by pharmacological blockade of viral reverse transcription or siRNA-mediated silencing of the cytosolic DNA sensor cGAS. Importantly, improved cell-intrinsic immune recognition of HIV-1 in cDCs from elite controllers translated into stronger abilities to stimulate and expand HIV-1-specific CD8 T cell responses. These data suggest an important role of cell-intrinsic type I interferon secretion in dendritic cells for the induction of effective HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells, and may be helpful for eliciting functional T cell immunity against HIV-1 for preventative or therapeutic clinical purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Martin-Gayo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Maria Jose Buzon
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Infectious Disease Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Zhengyu Ouyang
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Taylor Hickman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline Cronin
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dina Pimenova
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bruce D. Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mathias Lichterfeld
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Infectious Disease Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xu G. Yu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Hirayasu K, Arase H. Functional and genetic diversity of leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor and implication for disease associations. J Hum Genet 2015; 60:703-8. [PMID: 26040207 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2015.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Human leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILR) are a family of 11 functional genes encoding five activating (LILRA1, 2, 4-6), five inhibitory (LILRB1-5) and one soluble (LILRA3) form. The number of LILR genes is conserved among individuals, except for LILRA3 and LILRA6, which exhibit copy-number variations. The LILR genes are rapidly evolving and showing large interspecies differences, making it difficult to analyze the functions of LILR using an animal model. LILRs are expressed on various cells such as lymphoid and myeloid cells and the expression patterns are different from gene to gene. The LILR gene expression and polymorphisms have been reported to be associated with autoimmune and infectious diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and cytomegalovirus infection. Although human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I is a well-characterized ligand for some LILRs, non-HLA ligands have been increasingly identified in recent years. LILRs have diverse functions, including the regulation of inflammation, immune tolerance, cell differentiation and nervous system plasticity. This review focuses on the genetic and functional diversity of the LILR family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kouyuki Hirayasu
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisashi Arase
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Dispelling myths and focusing on notable concepts in HIV pathogenesis. Trends Mol Med 2015; 21:341-53. [PMID: 25883070 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of HIV over three decades ago, major efforts have been made to control and perhaps eliminate HIV infection worldwide. During these studies, certain myths or misconceptions about this infectious disease have been emphasized and other potentially beneficial concepts have received less attention. A true long-term solution to HIV infection merits an appreciation of alternative ideas and findings that could be beneficial in the ultimate control of HIV/AIDS. Here, I discuss six issues and call for more attention to the science of HIV and well-designed clinical trials.
Collapse
|
62
|
Abstract
The success of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in transforming the lives of HIV-infected individuals with access to these drugs is tempered by the increasing threat of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) to their overall health and quality of life. Intensive investigations over the past two decades have underscored the role of host immune responses, inflammation, and monocyte-derived macrophages in HAND, but the precise pathogenic mechanisms underlying HAND remain only partially delineated. Complicating research efforts and therapeutic drug development are the sheer complexity of HAND phenotypes, diagnostic imprecision, and the growing intersection of chronic immune activation with aging-related comorbidities. Yet, genetic studies still offer a powerful means of advancing individualized care for HIV-infected individuals at risk. There is an urgent need for 1) longitudinal studies using consistent phenotypic definitions of HAND in HIV-infected subpopulations at very high risk of being adversely impacted, such as children, 2) tissue studies that correlate neuropathological changes in multiple brain regions with genomic markers in affected individuals and with changes at the RNA, epigenomic, and/or protein levels, and 3) genetic association studies using more sensitive subphenotypes of HAND. The NIH Brain Initiative and Human Connectome Project, coupled with rapidly evolving systems biology and machine learning approaches for analyzing high-throughput genetic, transcriptomic and epigenetic data, hold promise for identifying actionable biological processes and gene networks that underlie HAND. This review summarizes the current state of understanding of host genetic factors predisposing to HAND in light of past challenges and suggests some priorities for future research to advance the understanding and clinical management of HAND in the cART era.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asha R Kallianpur
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue/Mail Code NE50, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA,
| | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
Abstract
HLA-B35 has consistently been associated with rapid HIV disease progression, particularly alleles of the Px group. As B35 is the most prevalent HLA-B in Mexico, we investigated HIV disease outcome in relation to HLA expression in a large cohort (n=976) of Mexicans. Contrary to the previous studies, no impact on viral load or CD4 cell count was observed in association with the B35 PY/Px groups. However, we observed differences in HIV disease outcome associated with specific HLA-B35 alleles.
Collapse
|