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Tan M, Li G, Liu X, Cheng F, Ma J, Zhao C, Zhang D, Han M. Exogenous application of GA 3 inactively regulates axillary bud outgrowth by influencing of branching-inhibitors and bud-regulating hormones in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Mol Genet Genomics 2018; 293:1547-1563. [PMID: 30116947 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-018-1481-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although gibberellin (GA) has been reported to control branching, little is known about how GA mediates signals regulating the outgrowth of axillary buds (ABs). In the current study, the effect of the exogenous application of 5.0 mM GA3 on ABs outgrowth on 1-year-old 'Nagafu No. 2'/T337/M. robusta Rehd. apple trees was investigated and compared to the bud-activating treatments, 5 mM BA or decapitation. Additionally, the expression of genes related to bud-regulating signals and sucrose levels in ABs was examined. Results indicated that GA3 did not promote ABs' outgrowth, nor down-regulate the expression of branching repressors [MdTCP40, MdTCP33, and MdTCP16 (homologs of BRANCHED1 and BRC2)], which were significantly inhibited by the BA and decapitation treatments. MdSBP12 and MdSBP18, the putative transcriptional activators of these genes, which are expressed at lower levels in BA-treated and decapitated buds, were up-regulated in the GA3 treatment in comparison to the BA treatment. Additionally, GA3 did not up-regulate the expression of CK response- and auxin transport-related genes, which were immediately induced by the BA treatment. In addition, GA3 also up-regulated the expression of several Tre6P biosynthesis genes and reduced sucrose levels in ABs. Sucrose levels, however, were still higher than what was observed in BA-treated buds, indicating that sucrose may not be limiting in GA3-controlled AB outgrowth. Although GA3 promoted cell division, it was not sufficient to induce AB outgrowth. Conclusively, some branching-inhibiting genes and bud-regulating hormones are associated with the inability of GA3 to activate AB outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Tan
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guofang Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaojie Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fang Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Juanjuan Ma
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Caiping Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mingyu Han
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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52
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Shanks CM, Hecker A, Cheng CY, Brand L, Collani S, Schmid M, Schaller GE, Wanke D, Harter K, Kieber JJ. Role of BASIC PENTACYSTEINE transcription factors in a subset of cytokinin signaling responses. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 95:458-473. [PMID: 29763523 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinin plays diverse roles in plant growth and development, generally acting by modulating gene transcription in target tissues. The type-B Arabidopsis response regulators (ARR) transcription factors have emerged as primary targets of cytokinin signaling and are required for essentially all cytokinin-mediated changes in gene expression. The diversity of cytokinin function is likely imparted by the activity of various transcription factors working with the type-B ARRs to alter specific sets of target genes. One potential set of co-regulators modulating the cytokinin response are the BARLEY B-RECOMBINANT/BASIC PENTACYSTEINE (BBR/BPC) family of plant-specific transcription factors. Here, we show that disruption of multiple BPCs results in reduced sensitivity to cytokinin. Further, the BPCs are necessary for the induction of a subset of genes in response to cytokinin. We identified direct in vivo targets of BPC6 using ChIP-Seq and found an enrichment of promoters of genes differentially expressed in response to cytokinin. Further, a significant number of BPC6 regulated genes are also direct targets of the type-B ARRs. Potential cis-binding elements for a number of other transcription factors linked to cytokinin action are enriched in the BPC binding fragments, including those for the cytokinin response factors (CRFs). In addition, several BPCs interact with a subset of type-A ARRs. Consistent with these results, a significant number of genes whose expression is altered in bpc mutant roots are also mis-expressed in crf1,3,5,6 and type-A arr3,4,5,6,7,8,9,15 mutant roots. These results suggest that the BPCs are part of a complex network of transcription factors that are involved in the response to cytokinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly M Shanks
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Andreas Hecker
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Plant Physiology, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chia-Yi Cheng
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Luise Brand
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Plant Physiology, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829, Köln, Germany
| | - Silvio Collani
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Schmid
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - G Eric Schaller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755 (603) 646-1347, USA
| | - Dierk Wanke
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Plant Physiology, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Saarland University, Molecular Plant Biology, Campus A2.4, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Klaus Harter
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Plant Physiology, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Joseph J Kieber
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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53
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Liu H, Zhang C, Yang J, Yu N, Wang E. Hormone modulation of legume-rhizobial symbiosis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 60:632-648. [PMID: 29578639 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Leguminous plants can establish symbiotic associations with diazotropic rhizobia to form nitrogen-fixating nodules, which are classified as determinate or indeterminate based on the persistence of nodule meristem. The formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules requires coordinating rhizobial infection and root nodule organogenesis. The formation of an infection thread and the extent of nodule formation are largely under plant control, but vary with environmental conditions and the physiological state of the host plants. Many achievements in these two areas have been made in recent decades. Phytohormone signaling pathways have gradually emerged as important regulators of root nodule symbiosis. Cytokinin, strigolactones (SLs) and local accumulation of auxin can promote nodule development. Ethylene, jasmonic acid (JA), abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA) all negatively regulate infection thread formation and nodule development. However, salicylic acid (SA) and brassinosteroids (BRs) have different effects on the formation of these two nodule types. Some peptide hormones are also involved in nodulation. This review summarizes recent findings on the roles of these plant hormones in legume-rhizobial symbiosis, and we propose that DELLA proteins may function as a node to integrate plant hormones to regulate nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jun Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Nan Yu
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Ertao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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Gomez MD, Barro-Trastoy D, Escoms E, Saura-Sánchez M, Sánchez I, Briones-Moreno A, Vera-Sirera F, Carrera E, Ripoll JJ, Yanofsky MF, Lopez-Diaz I, Alonso JM, Perez-Amador MA. Gibberellins negatively modulate ovule number in plants. Development 2018; 145:dev163865. [PMID: 29914969 PMCID: PMC6053663 DOI: 10.1242/dev.163865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ovule formation is a complex developmental process in plants, with a strong impact on the production of seeds. Ovule primordia initiation is controlled by a gene network, including components of the signaling pathways of auxin, brassinosteroids and cytokinins. By contrast, gibberellins (GAs) and DELLA proteins, the negative regulators of GA signaling, have never been shown to be involved in ovule initiation. Here, we provide molecular and genetic evidence that points to DELLA proteins as novel players in the determination of ovule number in Arabidopsis and in species of agronomic interest, such as tomato and rapeseed, adding a new layer of complexity to this important developmental process. DELLA activity correlates positively with ovule number, acting as a positive factor for ovule initiation. In addition, ectopic expression of a dominant DELLA in the placenta is sufficient to increase ovule number. The role of DELLA proteins in ovule number does not appear to be related to auxin transport or signaling in the ovule primordia. Possible crosstalk between DELLA proteins and the molecular and hormonal network controlling ovule initiation is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D Gomez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Daniela Barro-Trastoy
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Ernesto Escoms
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Maite Saura-Sánchez
- IFEVA, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires C1417DSE, Argentina
| | - Ines Sánchez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Asier Briones-Moreno
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Francisco Vera-Sirera
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Esther Carrera
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Juan-José Ripoll
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Martin F Yanofsky
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Isabel Lopez-Diaz
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - José M Alonso
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Genetics Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Miguel A Perez-Amador
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia 46022, Spain
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55
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Joshi M, Baghel RS, Fogelman E, Stern RA, Ginzberg I. Identification of candidate genes mediating apple fruit-cracking resistance following the application of gibberellic acids 4 + 7 and the cytokinin 6-benzyladenine. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 127:436-445. [PMID: 29684828 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Calyx-end cracking in 'Pink Lady' apple is treated by a solution of gibberellic acids 4 and 7 (GA4+7) and the cytokinin 6-benzyladenine (BA). Although the GA4+7 and BA mixture is applied early in apple fruit development, it mitigates cracking that becomes evident in the mature fruit, implying a long-term treatment effect. The reduced incidence of peel cracking is associated with increased epidermal cell density, which is maintained until fruit maturation. Presently, the expression of genes that have been previously reported to be associated with epidermal cell patterning and cuticle formation, or cracking resistance, was monitored in the peel during fruit development and following GA4+7 and BA treatment. For most of the genes whose expression is naturally upregulated during fruit development, the early GA4+7 and BA treatment maintained or further increased the high expression level in the mature peel. Where the expression of a gene was downregulated during development, no change was detected in the treated mature peel. Gene-networking analysis supported the interaction between gene clusters of cell-wall synthesis, cuticle formation and GA signaling. Overall, the data suggested that the GA4+7 and BA treatment did not modify developmental cues, but promoted or enhanced the innate developmental program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukul Joshi
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Ravi Singh Baghel
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Edna Fogelman
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Raphael A Stern
- MIGAL, Galilee Technology Center, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee 1220800, Israel
| | - Idit Ginzberg
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel.
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56
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Binder BM, Kim HJ, Mathews DE, Hutchison CE, Kieber JJ, Schaller GE. A role for two-component signaling elements in the Arabidopsis growth recovery response to ethylene. PLANT DIRECT 2018; 2:e00058. [PMID: 31245724 PMCID: PMC6508545 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies indicate that the ability of Arabidopsis seedlings to recover normal growth following an ethylene treatment involves histidine kinase activity of the ethylene receptors. As histidine kinases can function as inputs for a two-component signaling system, we examined loss-of-function mutants involving two-component signaling elements. We find that mutants of phosphotransfer proteins and type-B response regulators exhibit a defect in their ethylene growth recovery response similar to that found with the loss-of-function ethylene receptor mutant etr1-7. The ability of two-component signaling elements to regulate the growth recovery response to ethylene functions independently from their well-characterized role in cytokinin signaling, based on the analysis of cytokinin receptor mutants as well as following chemical inhibition of cytokinin biosynthesis. Histidine kinase activity of the receptor ETR1 also facilitates growth recovery in the ethylene hypersensitive response, which is characterized by a transient decrease in growth rate when seedlings are treated continuously with a low dose of ethylene; however, this response was found to operate independently of the type-B response regulators. These results indicate that histidine kinase activity of the ethylene receptor ETR1 performs two independent functions: (a) regulating the growth recovery to ethylene through a two-component signaling system involving phosphotransfer proteins and type-B response regulators and (b) regulating the hypersensitive response to ethylene in a type-B response regulator independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad M. Binder
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular & Molecular BiologyUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennessee
| | - Hyo Jung Kim
- Department of Biological SciencesDartmouth CollegeHanoverNew Hampshire
- Center for Plant Aging ResearchInstitute for Basic Science (IBS)DaeguKorea
| | - Dennis E. Mathews
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of New HampshireDurhamNew Hampshire
| | - Claire E. Hutchison
- Department of BiologyUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth Carolina
- Present address:
William Harvey Research InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonCharterhouse SquareLondonEC1M 6BQUK
| | - Joseph J. Kieber
- Department of BiologyUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth Carolina
| | - G. Eric Schaller
- Department of Biological SciencesDartmouth CollegeHanoverNew Hampshire
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57
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Ito T, Okada K, Fukazawa J, Takahashi Y. DELLA-dependent and -independent gibberellin signaling. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2018; 13:e1445933. [PMID: 29485381 PMCID: PMC5927702 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1445933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
DELLA proteins act as negative regulators in gibberellin (GA) signal transduction. GA-induced DELLA degradation is a central regulatory system in GA signaling pathway. Intensive studies have revealed the degradation mechanism of DELLA and the functions of DELLA as a transcriptional regulator. Meanwhile, recent studies suggest the existence of a DELLA-independent GA signaling pathway. In this review, we summarized the DELLA-independent GA signaling pathway together with the well-analyzed DELLA-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Ito
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
- CONTACT Takeshi Ito Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama 1-3-1, Higashi-Hiroshima City, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Kanako Okada
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Jutarou Fukazawa
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yohsuke Takahashi
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
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Abstract
The phytohormone cytokinin plays diverse roles in plant development, influencing many agriculturally important processes, including growth, nutrient responses and the response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Cytokinin levels in plants are regulated by biosynthesis and inactivation pathways. Cytokinins are perceived by membrane-localized histidine-kinase receptors and are transduced through a His-Asp phosphorelay to activate a family of transcription factors in the nucleus. Here, and in the accompanying poster, we summarize the current understanding of cytokinin metabolism, transport and signaling, and discuss how this phytohormone regulates changes in gene expression to mediate its pleiotropic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Kieber
- University of North Carolina, Biology Department, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - G Eric Schaller
- Dartmouth College, Department of Biological Sciences, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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Wheat receptor-kinase-like protein Stb6 controls gene-for-gene resistance to fungal pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. Nat Genet 2018; 50:368-374. [PMID: 29434355 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0051-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Deployment of fast-evolving disease-resistance genes is one of the most successful strategies used by plants to fend off pathogens1,2. In gene-for-gene relationships, most cloned disease-resistance genes encode intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich-repeat proteins (NLRs) recognizing pathogen-secreted isolate-specific avirulence (Avr) effectors delivered to the host cytoplasm3,4. This process often triggers a localized hypersensitive response, which halts further disease development 5 . Here we report the map-based cloning of the wheat Stb6 gene and demonstrate that it encodes a conserved wall-associated receptor kinase (WAK)-like protein, which detects the presence of a matching apoplastic effector6-8 and confers pathogen resistance without a hypersensitive response 9 . This report demonstrates gene-for-gene disease resistance controlled by this class of proteins in plants. Moreover, Stb6 is, to our knowledge, the first cloned gene specifying resistance to Zymoseptoria tritici, an important foliar fungal pathogen affecting wheat and causing economically damaging septoria tritici blotch (STB) disease10-12.
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60
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Liu X, Hou X. Antagonistic Regulation of ABA and GA in Metabolism and Signaling Pathways. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:251. [PMID: 29535756 PMCID: PMC5834473 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormones gibberellic acid (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA) are widely recognized as essential endogenous regulators that mostly play antagonistic roles in plant developmental processes and environmental responses. A variety of both internal and external cues oppositely regulate GA and ABA biosynthesis and catabolism, which directly and indirectly affect their signaling pathways and subsequent responses. Recent discoveries have revealed direct molecular links between GA- and ABA-signaling components, which provide novel insights into their antagonistic regulation. In this review, we mainly focus on these recent reports and the growing understanding of GA and ABA antagonism in metabolic regulation and signaling interactions, and attempt to clarify the problems and challenges involved in exploring the complicated regulatory events associated with these two phytohormones.
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Xie C, Zhang G, Zhang Y, Song X, Guo H, Chen X, Fang R. SRWD1, a novel target gene of DELLA and WRKY proteins, participates in the development and immune response of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Sci Bull (Beijing) 2017; 62:1639-1648. [PMID: 36659383 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
SRWD1, a member of the WD40 protein subfamily, is induced by salt stress in rice and its homolog in barley can bind to GAMYB, implying that SRWD1 might be involved in plant defense against environmental stress and gibberellic acid (GA) signalings. In this study, we focused on the biological functions and regulation mechanisms of SRWD1 in rice. The results showed that SRWD1 expression was repressed by GA and induced by abscisic acid (ABA). Two WRKY-family transcription factors, OsWRKY45 and OsWRKY72, were found to regulate SRWD1 expression by directly binding to the W-box region in its promoter. Transient co-expression and yeast two-hybrid analyses showed that a DELLA protein strengthened the activation of OsWRKY45 and partly relieved the suppression of OsWRKY72 by binding to them. Interestingly, both SRWD1-overexpressing transgenic plants and SRWD1-knockout mutants showed dwarf phenotypes and resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanmiao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuman Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaoguang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Beijing 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongyan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Beijing 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaoying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Rongxiang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Beijing 100101, China.
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Fonouni-Farde C, Kisiala A, Brault M, Emery RJN, Diet A, Frugier F. DELLA1-Mediated Gibberellin Signaling Regulates Cytokinin-Dependent Symbiotic Nodulation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 175:1795-1806. [PMID: 29046420 PMCID: PMC5717729 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In legume plants, low-nitrogen soils promote symbiotic interactions with rhizobial bacteria, leading to the formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules. Among critical signals regulating this developmental process are bacterial Nod Factors (NFs) and several plant hormones, including cytokinins (CKs) and gibberellins (GAs). Here, we show in Medicago truncatula that GA signaling mediated by DELLA1 decreases the amount of bioactive CKs in roots and negatively impacts the Cytokinin Response1 (CRE1)-dependent NF activation of a subset of CK-signaling genes as well as of the CK-regulated Nodulation Signaling Pathway2 and Ethylene Response Factor Required for Nodulation1 early nodulation genes. Consistently, a dominant-active DELLA1 protein can partially rescue the reduced nodulation of the cre1 mutant and triggers the formation of nodule-like structures when expressed in the root cortex or in the root epidermis. This suggests a model where the DELLA1-mediated GA signaling interplays with the CRE1-dependent CK pathway to regulate early nodulation in response to both NF and CK signals critical for this symbiotic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Fonouni-Farde
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Diderot, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Anna Kisiala
- Biology Department, Trent University, Peterborough K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - Mathias Brault
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Diderot, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - R J Neil Emery
- Biology Department, Trent University, Peterborough K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - Anouck Diet
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Diderot, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Florian Frugier
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Diderot, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Yan Z, Liu X, Ljung K, Li S, Zhao W, Yang F, Wang M, Tao Y. Type B Response Regulators Act As Central Integrators in Transcriptional Control of the Auxin Biosynthesis Enzyme TAA1. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 175:1438-1454. [PMID: 28931628 PMCID: PMC5664468 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
During embryogenesis and organ formation, establishing proper gradient is critical for auxin function, which is achieved through coordinated regulation of both auxin metabolism and transport. Expression of auxin biosynthetic genes is often tissue specific and is regulated by environmental signals. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we investigated the transcriptional regulation of a key auxin biosynthetic gene, l-Tryptophan aminotransferase of Arabidopsis1 (TAA1). A canonical and a novel Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) response regulator (ARR) binding site were identified in the promoter and the second intron of TAA1, which were required for its tissue-specific expression. C-termini of a subset of the type B ARRs selectively bind to one or both cis elements and activate the expression of TAA1 We further demonstrated that the ARRs not only mediate the transcriptional regulation of TAA1 by cytokinins, but also mediate its regulation by ethylene, light, and developmental signals. Through direct protein-protein interactions, the transcriptional activity of ARR1 is enhanced by ARR12, DELLAs, and ethylene-insenstive3 (EIN3). Our study thus revealed the ARR proteins act as key node that mediate the regulation of auxin biosynthesis by various hormonal, environmental, and developmental signals through transcriptional regulation of the key auxin biosynthesis gene TAA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory, Xiamen, P.R. China 361102
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory, Xiamen, P.R. China 361102
| | - Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Shuning Li
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory, Xiamen, P.R. China 361102
| | - Wanying Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory, Xiamen, P.R. China 361102
| | - Fan Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory, Xiamen, P.R. China 361102
| | - Meiling Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory, Xiamen, P.R. China 361102
| | - Yi Tao
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory, Xiamen, P.R. China 361102
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University
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64
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Fukazawa J, Mori M, Watanabe S, Miyamoto C, Ito T, Takahashi Y. DELLA-GAF1 Complex Is a Main Component in Gibberellin Feedback Regulation of GA20 Oxidase 2. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 175:1395-1406. [PMID: 28916594 PMCID: PMC5664458 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Gibberellins (GAs) are phytohormones that regulate many aspects of plant growth and development, including germination, elongation, flowering, and floral development. Negative feedback regulation contributes to homeostasis of the GA level. DELLAs are negative regulators of GA signaling and are rapidly degraded in the presence of GAs. DELLAs regulate many target genes, including AtGA20ox2 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), encoding the GA-biosynthetic enzyme GA 20-oxidase. As DELLAs do not have an apparent DNA-binding motif, transcription factors that act in association with DELLA are necessary for regulating the target genes. Previous studies have identified GAI-ASSOCIATED FACTOR1 (GAF1) as such a DELLA interactor, with which DELLAs act as coactivators, and AtGA20ox2 was identified as a target gene of the DELLA-GAF1 complex. In this study, electrophoretic mobility shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that four GAF1-binding sites exist in the AtGA20ox2 promoter. Using transgenic plants, we further evaluated the contribution of the DELLA-GAF1 complex to GA feedback regulation. Mutations in four GAF1-binding sites abolished the negative feedback of AtGA20ox2 in transgenic plants. Our results showed that GAF1-binding sites are necessary for GA feedback regulation of AtGA20ox2, suggesting that the DELLA-GAF1 complex is a main component of the GA feedback regulation of AtGA20ox2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutarou Fukazawa
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Masahiko Mori
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Satoshi Watanabe
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Chika Miyamoto
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ito
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Yohsuke Takahashi
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
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65
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Ravindran P, Verma V, Stamm P, Kumar PP. A Novel RGL2-DOF6 Complex Contributes to Primary Seed Dormancy in Arabidopsis thaliana by Regulating a GATA Transcription Factor. MOLECULAR PLANT 2017; 10:1307-1320. [PMID: 28917589 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The DELLA protein RGA-LIKE2 (RGL2) is a key transcriptional repressor of gibberellic acid (GA) signaling that regulates seed germination. We identified GATA12, a gene encoding a GATA-type zinc finger transcription factor, as one of the downstream targets of RGL2 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Our data show that freshly harvested (unstratified) seeds of GATA12 antisense suppression lines have reduced dormancy compared with the wild-type, while ectopic expression lines show enhanced seed dormancy. We show that GATA12 expression is negatively regulated by GA, and its transcript levels decline dramatically under dormancy-breaking conditions such as dry storage and cold stratification of seeds. GATA12 promoter has several GAMYB- and DOF-associated motifs that are known to be GA- and RGL2-responsive, respectively. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that a protein complex containing RGL2 can bind to GATA12 promoter and thereby regulate its expression. RGL2 lacks a DNA binding domain and requires a transcription factor to induce GATA12 expression. Our data show that this RGL2-containing protein complex includes DNA BINDING1 ZINC FINGER6 (DOF6), which is a known negative regulator of germination in freshly harvested seeds. We further show that this novel RGL2-DOF6 complex is required for activating GATA12 expression, thus revealing a molecular mechanism to enforce primary seed dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Ravindran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Vivek Verma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Petra Stamm
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Prakash P Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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Van De Velde K, Ruelens P, Geuten K, Rohde A, Van Der Straeten D. Exploiting DELLA Signaling in Cereals. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 22:880-893. [PMID: 28843766 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The spectacular yield increases in rice and wheat during the green revolution were partly realized by reduced gibberellin (GA) synthesis or sensitivity, both causing the accumulation of DELLA proteins. Although insights into the regulation of plant growth and development by DELLA proteins advanced rapidly in arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), DELLA-mediated regulation of downstream responses in cereals has received little attention to date. Furthermore, translating this research from arabidopsis to cereals is challenging given their different growth patterns and our phylogenetic analysis which reveals that DELLA-related DGLLA proteins exist in cereals but not in arabidopsis. Therefore, understanding the molecular basis of DELLA function in cereals holds great potential to improve yield. In this review, we propose to extend the focus of DELLA functional research to cereals, and highlight the appropriate tools that are now available to achieve this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Van De Velde
- R&D Innovation Center, Bayer CropScience, Technologiepark 38, Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philip Ruelens
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Koen Geuten
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Antje Rohde
- R&D Innovation Center, Bayer CropScience, Technologiepark 38, Ghent, Belgium; Equal contributions
| | - Dominique Van Der Straeten
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent, Belgium; Equal contributions; ORCID ID 0000-0002-7755-1420.
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Serrano-Mislata A, Bencivenga S, Bush M, Schiessl K, Boden S, Sablowski R. DELLA genes restrict inflorescence meristem function independently of plant height. NATURE PLANTS 2017; 3:749-754. [PMID: 28827519 PMCID: PMC5669458 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-017-0003-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
DELLA proteins associate with transcription factors to control plant growth in response to gibberellin 1 . Semi-dwarf DELLA mutants with improved harvest index and decreased lodging greatly improved global food security during the 'green revolution' in the 1960-1970s 2 . However, DELLA mutants are pleiotropic and the developmental basis for their effects on plant architecture remains poorly understood. Here, we show that DELLA proteins have genetically separable roles in controlling stem growth and the size of the inflorescence meristem, where flowers initiate. Quantitative three-dimensional image analysis, combined with a genome-wide screen for DELLA-bound loci in the inflorescence tip, revealed that DELLAs limit meristem size in Arabidopsis by directly upregulating the cell-cycle inhibitor KRP2 in the underlying rib meristem, without affecting the canonical WUSCHEL-CLAVATA meristem size regulators 3 . Mutation of KRP2 in a DELLA semi-dwarf background restored meristem size, but not stem growth, and accelerated flower production. In barley, secondary mutations in the DELLA gain-of-function mutant Sln1d 4 also uncoupled meristem and inflorescence size from plant height. Our work reveals an unexpected and conserved role for DELLA genes in controlling shoot meristem function and suggests how dissection of pleiotropic DELLA functions could unlock further yield gains in semi-dwarf mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Serrano-Mislata
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Stefano Bencivenga
- Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Max Bush
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Katharina Schiessl
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Scott Boden
- Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Robert Sablowski
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
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Atkinson J, Wangenheim DV, Band LR, Bennett MJ. Ears, shoots and leaves. NATURE PLANTS 2017; 3:686-687. [PMID: 28827607 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-017-0010-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Atkinson
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, Division of Plant & Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Daniel von Wangenheim
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, Division of Plant & Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Leah R Band
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, Division of Plant & Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, Division of Plant & Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.
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Liu B, De Storme N, Geelen D. Cold interferes with male meiotic cytokinesis in Arabidopsis thaliana independently of the AHK2/3-AHP2/3/5 cytokinin signaling module. Cell Biol Int 2017; 41:879-889. [PMID: 28618065 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Previously we have shown that low temperature stress in Arabidopsis causes defects in microtubule organization and cytokinesis in male meiocytes, which leads to the formation of diploid pollen. Because cytokinin (CK) mediates multiple physiological responses to cold stress, we investigated whether CK signaling is involved in cold-induced diploid pollen formation. To this end, we monitored male sporogenesis in a series of mutants defective in CK metabolism and signalling. Arabidopsis plants with altered CK homeostasis, that is, the ahk2-2 ahk3-3 double and the ahp2-1 ahp3 ahp5-2 triple mutant, were cold sensitive and displayed similar defective male meiotic cytokinesis as wild type plants upon cold stress. These findings demonstrate that the AHK2/3-AHP2/3/5 CK-signaling module is not required for cold-induced ploidy stability of male gamete in Arabidopsis. Cytological analysis further revealed that the cold-induced cytokinesis defects in the ahk2-2 ahk3-3 mutant correlated with irregular organization of the radial microtubule array (RMA) in tetrad microspores at the end of male meiosis. Contrary to the ahk and ahp mutants, Arabidopsis plants defective for ARR1, a downstream target of ahk and ahp mediated CK signalling, displayed higher cold-tolerance of male meiotic cytokinesis program. We here suggest that the transcription regulator ARR1 may act independently from the CK AHK2/3-AHP2/3/5 signaling module in conveying the cold response to male meiocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Liu
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Plant Production, University of Ghent, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Nico De Storme
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Plant Production, University of Ghent, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Danny Geelen
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Plant Production, University of Ghent, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
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Cytokinin induces genome-wide binding of the type-B response regulator ARR10 to regulate growth and development in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E5995-E6004. [PMID: 28673986 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620749114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant hormone cytokinin affects a diverse array of growth and development processes and responses to the environment. How a signaling molecule mediates such a diverse array of outputs and how these response pathways are integrated with other inputs remain fundamental questions in plant biology. To this end, we characterized the transcriptional network initiated by the type-B ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATORs (ARRs) that mediate the cytokinin primary response, making use of chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq), protein-binding microarrays, and transcriptomic approaches. By ectopic overexpression of ARR10, Arabidopsis lines hypersensitive to cytokinin were generated and used to clarify the role of cytokinin in regulation of various physiological responses. ChIP-seq was used to identify the cytokinin-dependent targets for ARR10, thereby defining a crucial link between the cytokinin primary-response pathway and the transcriptional changes that mediate physiological responses to this phytohormone. Binding of ARR10 was induced by cytokinin with binding sites enriched toward the transcriptional start sites for both induced and repressed genes. Three type-B ARR DNA-binding motifs, determined by use of protein-binding microarrays, were enriched at ARR10 binding sites, confirming their physiological relevance. WUSCHEL was identified as a direct target of ARR10, with its cytokinin-enhanced expression resulting in enhanced shooting in tissue culture. Results from our analyses shed light on the physiological role of the type-B ARRs in regulating the cytokinin response, mechanism of type-B ARR activation, and basis by which cytokinin regulates diverse aspects of growth and development as well as responses to biotic and abiotic factors.
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71
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Nelson SK, Steber CM. Transcriptional mechanisms associated with seed dormancy and dormancy loss in the gibberellin-insensitive sly1-2 mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28628628 PMCID: PMC5476249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
While widespread transcriptome changes were previously observed with seed dormancy loss, this study specifically characterized transcriptional changes associated with the increased seed dormancy and dormancy loss of the gibberellin (GA) hormone-insensitive sleepy1-2 (sly1-2) mutant. The SLY1 gene encodes the F-box subunit of an SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase needed for GA-triggered proteolysis of DELLA repressors of seed germination. DELLA overaccumulation in sly1-2 seeds leads to increased dormancy that can be rescued without DELLA protein destruction either by overexpression of the GA receptor, GA-INSENSITIVE DWARF1b (GID1b-OE) (74% germination) or by extended dry after-ripening (11 months, 51% germination). After-ripening of sly1 resulted in different transcriptional changes in early versus late Phase II of germination that were consistent with the processes known to occur. Approximately half of the transcriptome changes with after-ripening appear to depend on SLY1-triggered DELLA proteolysis. Given that many of these SLY1/GA-dependent changes are genes involved in protein translation, it appears that GA signaling increases germination capacity in part by activating translation. While sly1-2 after-ripening was associated with transcript-level changes in 4594 genes over two imbibition timepoints, rescue of sly1-2 germination by GID1b-OE was associated with changes in only 23 genes. Thus, a big change in sly1-2 germination phenotype can occur with relatively little change in the global pattern of gene expression during the process of germination. Most GID1b-OE-responsive transcripts showed similar changes with after-ripening in early Phase II of imbibition, but opposite changes with after-ripening by late Phase II. This suggests that GID1b-OE stimulates germination early in imbibition, but may later trigger negative feedback regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven K. Nelson
- Molecular Plant Sciences Program, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Camille M. Steber
- Molecular Plant Sciences Program, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- USDA-ARS, Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Reyes-Olalde JI, Zúñiga-Mayo VM, Serwatowska J, Chavez Montes RA, Lozano-Sotomayor P, Herrera-Ubaldo H, Gonzalez-Aguilera KL, Ballester P, Ripoll JJ, Ezquer I, Paolo D, Heyl A, Colombo L, Yanofsky MF, Ferrandiz C, Marsch-Martínez N, de Folter S. The bHLH transcription factor SPATULA enables cytokinin signaling, and both activate auxin biosynthesis and transport genes at the medial domain of the gynoecium. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006726. [PMID: 28388635 PMCID: PMC5400277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruits and seeds are the major food source on earth. Both derive from the gynoecium and, therefore, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms that guide the development of this organ of angiosperm species. In Arabidopsis, the gynoecium is composed of two congenitally fused carpels, where two domains: medial and lateral, can be distinguished. The medial domain includes the carpel margin meristem (CMM) that is key for the production of the internal tissues involved in fertilization, such as septum, ovules, and transmitting tract. Interestingly, the medial domain shows a high cytokinin signaling output, in contrast to the lateral domain, where it is hardly detected. While it is known that cytokinin provides meristematic properties, understanding on the mechanisms that underlie the cytokinin signaling pattern in the young gynoecium is lacking. Moreover, in other tissues, the cytokinin pathway is often connected to the auxin pathway, but we also lack knowledge about these connections in the young gynoecium. Our results reveal that cytokinin signaling, that can provide meristematic properties required for CMM activity and growth, is enabled by the transcription factor SPATULA (SPT) in the medial domain. Meanwhile, cytokinin signaling is confined to the medial domain by the cytokinin response repressor ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE PHOSPHOTRANSFERASE 6 (AHP6), and perhaps by ARR16 (a type-A ARR) as well, both present in the lateral domains (presumptive valves) of the developing gynoecia. Moreover, SPT and cytokinin, probably together, promote the expression of the auxin biosynthetic gene TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE OF ARABIDOPSIS 1 (TAA1) and the gene encoding the auxin efflux transporter PIN-FORMED 3 (PIN3), likely creating auxin drainage important for gynoecium growth. This study provides novel insights in the spatiotemporal determination of the cytokinin signaling pattern and its connection to the auxin pathway in the young gynoecium.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Irepan Reyes-Olalde
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Víctor M. Zúñiga-Mayo
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Joanna Serwatowska
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Ricardo A. Chavez Montes
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Paulina Lozano-Sotomayor
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Humberto Herrera-Ubaldo
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Karla L. Gonzalez-Aguilera
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Patricia Ballester
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, CSIC-UPV Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan José Ripoll
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ignacio Ezquer
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Paolo
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alexander Heyl
- Biology Department, Adelphi University, Garden City, New York, United States of America
| | - Lucia Colombo
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Martin F. Yanofsky
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Cristina Ferrandiz
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, CSIC-UPV Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Stefan de Folter
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
- * E-mail:
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Zhao B, Li H, Li J, Wang B, Dai C, Wang J, Liu K. Brassica napus DS-3, encoding a DELLA protein, negatively regulates stem elongation through gibberellin signaling pathway. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2017; 130:727-741. [PMID: 28093630 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-016-2846-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Identification and characterization of a semi-dwarfing gene ds-3 encoding a mutant DELLA protein regulating plant height through gibberellin signaling pathway. Lodging is one of the most important factors causing severe yield loss in oilseed rape. Utilization of semi-dwarf varieties has been proved the most effective way to increase lodging resistance and yield in many crops. To develop semi-dwarf germplasm in oilseed rape, we identified a semi-dwarf mutant ds-3 which showed a reduced response to phytohormones gibberellins (GAs). Genetic analysis indicated the dwarfism was controlled by a single semi-dominant gene, ds-3. The DS-3 gene was mapped to a genomic region on chromosome C07, which is syntenic to the region of a previously identified semi-dwarf gene ds-1 (BnaA06.RGA). In this region, DS-3 (BnaC07.RGA) gene was identified to encode a DELLA protein that functions as a repressor in GA signaling pathway. A substitution of proline to leucine was identified in ds-3 in the conserved VHYNP motif, which is essential for GA-dependent interaction between gibberellin receptor GID1 and DELLA proteins. Segregation analysis in the F2 population derived from the cross between ds-1 and ds-3 demonstrated that BnaA06.RGA displayed a stronger effect on plant height than BnaC07.RGA, indicating that different RGA genes may play different roles in stem elongation. In addition to BnaA06.RGA and BnaC07.RGA, two more RGA genes (BnaA09.RGA and BnaC09.RGA) were identified in the Brassica napus (B. napus) genome. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assays suggest that both BnaA09.RGA and BnaC09.RGA are transcribed in leaves and stems and can mediate GA signaling in vivo. These genes represent potential targets for screening ideal semi-dwarfing alleles for oilseed rape breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Haitao Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Juanjuan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Bo Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Cheng Dai
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jing Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Kede Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Conti L. Hormonal control of the floral transition: Can one catch them all? Dev Biol 2017; 430:288-301. [PMID: 28351648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The transition to flowering marks a key adaptive developmental switch in plants which impacts on their survival and fitness. Different signaling pathways control the floral transition, conveying both endogenous and environmental cues. These cues are often relayed and/or modulated by different hormones, which might confer additional developmental flexibility to the floral process in the face of varying conditions. Among the different hormonal pathways, the phytohormone gibberellic acid (GA) plays a dominant role. GA is connected with the other floral pathways through the GA-regulated DELLA proteins, acting as versatile interacting modules for different signaling proteins. In this review, I will highlight the role of DELLAs as spatial and temporal modulators of different consolidated floral pathways. Next, building on recent data, I will provide an update on some emerging themes connecting other hormone signaling cascades to flowering time control. I will finally provide examples for some established as well as potential cross-regulatory mechanisms between hormonal pathways mediated by the DELLA proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Conti
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Park J, Oh DH, Dassanayake M, Nguyen KT, Ogas J, Choi G, Sun TP. Gibberellin Signaling Requires Chromatin Remodeler PICKLE to Promote Vegetative Growth and Phase Transitions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 173:1463-1474. [PMID: 28057895 PMCID: PMC5291033 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
PICKLE (PKL) is an ATP-dependent chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding domain (CHD3) chromatin remodeling enzyme in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Previous studies showed that PKL promotes embryonic-to-vegetative transition by inhibiting expression of seed-specific genes during seed germination. The pkl mutants display a low penetrance of the "pickle root" phenotype, with a thick and green primary root that retains embryonic characteristics. The penetrance of this pickle root phenotype in pkl is dramatically increased in gibberellin (GA)-deficient conditions. At adult stages, the pkl mutants are semidwarfs with delayed flowering time, which resemble reduced GA-signaling mutants. These findings suggest that PKL may play a positive role in regulating GA signaling. A recent biochemical analysis further showed that PKL and GA signaling repressors DELLAs antagonistically regulate hypocotyl cell elongation genes by direct protein-protein interaction. To elucidate further the role of PKL in GA signaling and plant development, we studied the genetic interaction between PKL and DELLAs using the hextuple mutant containing pkl and della pentuple (dP) mutations. Here, we show that PKL is required for most of GA-promoted developmental processes, including vegetative growth such as hypocotyl, leaf, and inflorescence stem elongation, and phase transitions such as juvenile-to-adult leaf and vegetative-to-reproductive phase. The removal of all DELLA functions (in the dP background) cannot rescue these phenotypes in pkl RNA-sequencing analysis using the ga1 (a GA-deficient mutant), pkl, and the ga1 pkl double mutant further shows that expression of 80% of GA-responsive genes in seedlings is PKL dependent, including genes that function in cell elongation, cell division, and phase transitions. These results indicate that the CHD3 chromatin remodeler PKL is required for regulating gene expression during most of GA-regulated developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongmoo Park
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (J.P., T.-p.S.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Korea (J.P., K.T.N., G.C.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (D.-H.O., M.D.); and
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906 (J.O)
| | - Dong-Ha Oh
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (J.P., T.-p.S.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Korea (J.P., K.T.N., G.C.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (D.-H.O., M.D.); and
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906 (J.O)
| | - Maheshi Dassanayake
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (J.P., T.-p.S.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Korea (J.P., K.T.N., G.C.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (D.-H.O., M.D.); and
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906 (J.O)
| | - Khoa Thi Nguyen
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (J.P., T.-p.S.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Korea (J.P., K.T.N., G.C.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (D.-H.O., M.D.); and
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906 (J.O)
| | - Joe Ogas
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (J.P., T.-p.S.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Korea (J.P., K.T.N., G.C.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (D.-H.O., M.D.); and
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906 (J.O)
| | - Giltsu Choi
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (J.P., T.-p.S.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Korea (J.P., K.T.N., G.C.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (D.-H.O., M.D.); and
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906 (J.O)
| | - Tai-Ping Sun
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (J.P., T.-p.S.);
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Korea (J.P., K.T.N., G.C.);
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (D.-H.O., M.D.); and
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906 (J.O)
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Briones-Moreno A, Hernández-García J, Vargas-Chávez C, Romero-Campero FJ, Romero JM, Valverde F, Blázquez MA. Evolutionary Analysis of DELLA-Associated Transcriptional Networks. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:626. [PMID: 28487716 PMCID: PMC5404181 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
DELLA proteins are transcriptional regulators present in all land plants which have been shown to modulate the activity of over 100 transcription factors in Arabidopsis, involved in multiple physiological and developmental processes. It has been proposed that DELLAs transduce environmental information to pre-wired transcriptional circuits because their stability is regulated by gibberellins (GAs), whose homeostasis largely depends on environmental signals. The ability of GAs to promote DELLA degradation coincides with the origin of vascular plants, but the presence of DELLAs in other land plants poses at least two questions: what regulatory properties have DELLAs provided to the behavior of transcriptional networks in land plants, and how has the recruitment of DELLAs by GA signaling affected this regulation. To address these issues, we have constructed gene co-expression networks of four different organisms within the green lineage with different properties regarding DELLAs: Arabidopsis thaliana and Solanum lycopersicum (both with GA-regulated DELLA proteins), Physcomitrella patens (with GA-independent DELLA proteins) and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (a green alga without DELLA), and we have examined the relative evolution of the subnetworks containing the potential DELLA-dependent transcriptomes. Network analysis indicates a relative increase in parameters associated with the degree of interconnectivity in the DELLA-associated subnetworks of land plants, with a stronger effect in species with GA-regulated DELLA proteins. These results suggest that DELLAs may have played a role in the coordination of multiple transcriptional programs along evolution, and the function of DELLAs as regulatory 'hubs' became further consolidated after their recruitment by GA signaling in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asier Briones-Moreno
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – Universidad Politécnica de ValenciaValencia, Spain
| | - Jorge Hernández-García
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – Universidad Politécnica de ValenciaValencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Vargas-Chávez
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), University of ValenciaValencia, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Romero-Campero
- Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Universidad de SevillaSevilla, Spain
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – Universidad de SevillaSevilla, Spain
| | - José M. Romero
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – Universidad de SevillaSevilla, Spain
| | - Federico Valverde
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – Universidad de SevillaSevilla, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Blázquez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – Universidad Politécnica de ValenciaValencia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Miguel A. Blázquez,
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77
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Gomez MD, Ventimilla D, Sacristan R, Perez-Amador MA. Gibberellins Regulate Ovule Integument Development by Interfering with the Transcription Factor ATS. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:2403-2415. [PMID: 27794102 PMCID: PMC5129715 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Gibberellins (GAs) are plant hormones that regulate most plant life cycle aspects, including flowering and fruit development. Here, we demonstrate the implication of GAs in ovule development. DELLA proteins, negative GA response regulators, act as positive factors for ovule integument development in a mechanism that involves transcription factor ABERRANT TESTA SHAPE (ATS). The seeds of the della global mutant, a complete loss-of-function of DELLA, and the ats-1 mutant are remarkably similar, with a round shape, a disorganized testa, and viviparism. These defects are the result of an alteration in integuments that fail to fully develop and are shorter than in wild-type plants. ats-1 also shows some GA-related phenotypes, for example, higher germination rates and early flowering. In fact, ats-1 has elevated GA levels due to the activation of GA biosynthesis genes, which indicates that ATS inhibits GA biosynthesis. Moreover, DELLAs and ATS proteins interact, which suggests the formation of a transcriptional complex that regulates the expression of genes involved in integument growth. Therefore, the repression of GA biosynthesis by ATS would result in the stabilization of DELLAs to ensure correct ATS-DELLA complex formation. The requirement of both activities to coordinate proper ovule development strongly argues that the ATS-DELLA complex acts as a key molecular factor. This work provides the first evidence for a role of GAs in ovule and seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Dolores Gomez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Daniel Ventimilla
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Raquel Sacristan
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel A Perez-Amador
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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78
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Fonouni-Farde C, Diet A, Frugier F. Root Development and Endosymbioses: DELLAs Lead the Orchestra. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:898-900. [PMID: 27666515 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
DELLA proteins, acting as integrators of gibberellin (GA) action, are emerging as key regulators of root system architecture. Recent studies have revealed how they dictate the dynamics of root growth and are required for the establishment of root endosymbioses with rhizobial bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi. Like conductors, DELLAs can thereby harmonize root development depending on soil environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Fonouni-Farde
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Sud, INRA, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Rue de Noetzlin, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Anouck Diet
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Sud, INRA, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Rue de Noetzlin, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Florian Frugier
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Sud, INRA, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Rue de Noetzlin, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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79
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Chaiwanon J, Wang W, Zhu JY, Oh E, Wang ZY. Information Integration and Communication in Plant Growth Regulation. Cell 2016; 164:1257-1268. [PMID: 26967291 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Plants are equipped with the capacity to respond to a large number of diverse signals, both internal ones and those emanating from the environment, that are critical to their survival and adaption as sessile organisms. These signals need to be integrated through highly structured intracellular networks to ensure coherent cellular responses, and in addition, spatiotemporal actions of hormones and peptides both orchestrate local cell differentiation and coordinate growth and physiology over long distances. Further, signal interactions and signaling outputs vary significantly with developmental context. This review discusses our current understanding of the integrated intracellular and intercellular signaling networks that control plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juthamas Chaiwanon
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology (HIST), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), Fuzhou 350002, China; Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Center of Excellence in Environment and Plant Physiology, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Wenfei Wang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology (HIST), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), Fuzhou 350002, China; Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jia-Ying Zhu
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eunkyoo Oh
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zhi-Yong Wang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology (HIST), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), Fuzhou 350002, China; Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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80
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Zhou X, Zhang ZL, Park J, Tyler L, Yusuke J, Qiu K, Nam EA, Lumba S, Desveaux D, McCourt P, Kamiya Y, Sun TP. The ERF11 Transcription Factor Promotes Internode Elongation by Activating Gibberellin Biosynthesis and Signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:2760-70. [PMID: 27255484 PMCID: PMC4972265 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone gibberellin (GA) plays a key role in promoting stem elongation in plants. Previous studies show that GA activates its signaling pathway by inducing rapid degradation of DELLA proteins, GA signaling repressors. Using an activation-tagging screen in a reduced-GA mutant ga1-6 background, we identified AtERF11 to be a novel positive regulator of both GA biosynthesis and GA signaling for internode elongation. Overexpression of AtERF11 partially rescued the dwarf phenotype of ga1-6 AtERF11 is a member of the ERF (ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR) subfamily VIII-B-1a of ERF/AP2 transcription factors in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Overexpression of AtERF11 resulted in elevated bioactive GA levels by up-regulating expression of GA3ox1 and GA20ox genes. Hypocotyl elongation assays further showed that overexpression of AtERF11 conferred elevated GA response, whereas loss-of-function erf11 and erf11 erf4 mutants displayed reduced GA response. In addition, yeast two-hybrid, coimmunoprecipitation, and transient expression assays showed that AtERF11 enhances GA signaling by antagonizing the function of DELLA proteins via direct protein-protein interaction. Interestingly, AtERF11 overexpression also caused a reduction in the levels of another phytohormone ethylene in the growing stem, consistent with recent finding showing that AtERF11 represses transcription of ethylene biosynthesis ACS genes. The effect of AtERF11 on promoting GA biosynthesis gene expression is likely via its repressive function on ethylene biosynthesis. These results suggest that AtERF11 plays a dual role in promoting internode elongation by inhibiting ethylene biosynthesis and activating GA biosynthesis and signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27705 (X.Z., Z.-L.Z., L.T., J.P., E.A.N., T.-p.S.); RIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan (J.Y., Y.K.); Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada (S.L., D.D., P.M.); Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada (D.D.); andState Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Fudan Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China (K.Q.)
| | - Zhong-Lin Zhang
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27705 (X.Z., Z.-L.Z., L.T., J.P., E.A.N., T.-p.S.); RIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan (J.Y., Y.K.); Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada (S.L., D.D., P.M.); Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada (D.D.); andState Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Fudan Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China (K.Q.)
| | - Jeongmoo Park
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27705 (X.Z., Z.-L.Z., L.T., J.P., E.A.N., T.-p.S.); RIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan (J.Y., Y.K.); Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada (S.L., D.D., P.M.); Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada (D.D.); andState Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Fudan Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China (K.Q.)
| | - Ludmila Tyler
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27705 (X.Z., Z.-L.Z., L.T., J.P., E.A.N., T.-p.S.); RIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan (J.Y., Y.K.); Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada (S.L., D.D., P.M.); Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada (D.D.); andState Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Fudan Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China (K.Q.)
| | - Jikumaru Yusuke
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27705 (X.Z., Z.-L.Z., L.T., J.P., E.A.N., T.-p.S.); RIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan (J.Y., Y.K.); Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada (S.L., D.D., P.M.); Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada (D.D.); andState Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Fudan Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China (K.Q.)
| | - Kai Qiu
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27705 (X.Z., Z.-L.Z., L.T., J.P., E.A.N., T.-p.S.); RIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan (J.Y., Y.K.); Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada (S.L., D.D., P.M.); Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada (D.D.); andState Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Fudan Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China (K.Q.)
| | - Edward A Nam
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27705 (X.Z., Z.-L.Z., L.T., J.P., E.A.N., T.-p.S.); RIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan (J.Y., Y.K.); Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada (S.L., D.D., P.M.); Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada (D.D.); andState Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Fudan Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China (K.Q.)
| | - Shelley Lumba
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27705 (X.Z., Z.-L.Z., L.T., J.P., E.A.N., T.-p.S.); RIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan (J.Y., Y.K.); Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada (S.L., D.D., P.M.); Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada (D.D.); andState Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Fudan Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China (K.Q.)
| | - Darrell Desveaux
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27705 (X.Z., Z.-L.Z., L.T., J.P., E.A.N., T.-p.S.); RIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan (J.Y., Y.K.); Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada (S.L., D.D., P.M.); Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada (D.D.); andState Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Fudan Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China (K.Q.)
| | - Peter McCourt
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27705 (X.Z., Z.-L.Z., L.T., J.P., E.A.N., T.-p.S.); RIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan (J.Y., Y.K.); Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada (S.L., D.D., P.M.); Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada (D.D.); andState Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Fudan Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China (K.Q.)
| | - Yuji Kamiya
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27705 (X.Z., Z.-L.Z., L.T., J.P., E.A.N., T.-p.S.); RIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan (J.Y., Y.K.); Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada (S.L., D.D., P.M.); Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada (D.D.); andState Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Fudan Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China (K.Q.)
| | - Tai-Ping Sun
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27705 (X.Z., Z.-L.Z., L.T., J.P., E.A.N., T.-p.S.); RIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan (J.Y., Y.K.); Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada (S.L., D.D., P.M.); Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada (D.D.); andState Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Fudan Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China (K.Q.)
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Franco-Zorrilla JM, Solano R. Identification of plant transcription factor target sequences. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2016; 1860:21-30. [PMID: 27155066 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of gene expression depends on specific cis-regulatory sequences located in the gene promoter regions. These DNA sequences are recognized by transcription factors (TFs) in a sequence-specific manner, and their identification could help to elucidate the regulatory networks that underlie plant physiological responses to developmental programs or to environmental adaptation. Here we review recent advances in high throughput methodologies for the identification of plant TF binding sites. Several approaches offer a map of the TF binding locations in vivo and of the dynamics of the gene regulatory networks. As an alternative, high throughput in vitro methods provide comprehensive determination of the DNA sequences recognized by TFs. These advances are helping to decipher the regulatory lexicon and to elucidate transcriptional network hierarchies in plants in response to internal or external cues. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Plant Gene Regulatory Mechanisms and Networks, edited by Dr. Erich Grotewold and Dr. Nathan Springer.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Franco-Zorrilla
- Genomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Roberto Solano
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Davière JM, Achard P. A Pivotal Role of DELLAs in Regulating Multiple Hormone Signals. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:10-20. [PMID: 26415696 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant phenotypic plasticity is controlled by diverse hormone pathways, which integrate and convey information from multiple developmental and environmental signals. Moreover, in plants many processes such as growth, development, and defense are regulated in similar ways by multiple hormones. Among them, gibberellins (GAs) are phytohormones with pleiotropic actions, regulating various growth processes throughout the plant life cycle. Previous work has revealed extensive interplay between GAs and other hormones, but the molecular mechanism became apparent only recently. Molecular and physiological studies have demonstrated that DELLA proteins, considered as master negative regulators of GA signaling, integrate multiple hormone signaling pathways through physical interactions with transcription factors or regulatory proteins from different families. In this review, we summarize the latest progress in GA signaling and its direct crosstalk with the main phytohormone signaling, emphasizing the multifaceted role of DELLA proteins with key components of major hormone signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Davière
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes (IBMP), UPR2357, associé avec l'Université de Strasbourg, 12, rue Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France.
| | - Patrick Achard
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes (IBMP), UPR2357, associé avec l'Université de Strasbourg, 12, rue Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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Černý M, Novák J, Habánová H, Cerna H, Brzobohatý B. Role of the proteome in phytohormonal signaling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1864:1003-15. [PMID: 26721743 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones are orchestrators of plant growth and development. A lot of time and effort has been invested in attempting to comprehend their complex signaling pathways but despite success in elucidating some key components, molecular mechanisms in the transduction pathways are far from being resolved. The last decade has seen a boom in the analysis of phytohormone-responsive proteins. Abscisic acid, auxin, brassinosteroids, cytokinin, ethylene, gibberellins, nitric oxide, oxylipins, strigolactones, salicylic acid--all have been analyzed to various degrees. For this review, we collected data from proteome-wide analyses resulting in a list of over 2000 annotated proteins from Arabidopsis proteomics and nearly 500 manually filtered protein families merged from all the data available from different species. We present the currently accepted model of phytohormone signaling, highlight the contributions made by proteomic-based research and describe the key nodes in phytohormone signaling networks, as revealed by proteome analysis. These include ubiquitination and proteasome mediated degradation, calcium ion signaling, redox homeostasis, and phosphoproteome dynamics. Finally, we discuss potential pitfalls and future perspectives in the field. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Plant Proteomics--a bridge between fundamental processes and crop production, edited by Dr. Hans-Peter Mock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Černý
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Institute of Biophysics AS CR, v.v.i. and CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Novák
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Institute of Biophysics AS CR, v.v.i. and CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Hana Habánová
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Institute of Biophysics AS CR, v.v.i. and CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Hana Cerna
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Institute of Biophysics AS CR, v.v.i. and CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Břetislav Brzobohatý
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Institute of Biophysics AS CR, v.v.i. and CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Vera-Sirera F, De Rybel B, Úrbez C, Kouklas E, Pesquera M, Álvarez-Mahecha J, Minguet E, Tuominen H, Carbonell J, Borst J, Weijers D, Blázquez M. A bHLH-Based Feedback Loop Restricts Vascular Cell Proliferation in Plants. Dev Cell 2015; 35:432-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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