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Analysis of dynein intermediate chains, light intermediate chains and light chains in a cohort of hereditary peripheral neuropathies. Neurogenetics 2014; 15:229-35. [PMID: 25028179 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-014-0414-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain (DYNC1H1) gene has been increasingly associated with neurodegenerative disorders including axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT2), intellectual disability and malformations of cortical development. In addition, evidence from mouse models (Loa, catabolite repressor-activator (Cra) and Sprawling (Swl)) has shown that mutations in Dync1h1 cause a range of neurodegenerative phenotypes with motor and sensory neuron involvement. In this current study, we examined the possible contribution of other cytoplasmic dynein subunits that bind to DYNC1H1 as a cause of inherited peripheral neuropathy. We focused on screening the cytoplasmic dynein intermediate, light intermediate and light chain genes in a cohort of families with inherited peripheral neuropathies. Nine genes were screened and ten variants were detected, but none was identified as pathogenic, indicating that cytoplasmic dynein intermediate, light intermediate and light chains are not a cause of neuropathy in our cohort.
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NDRG1 expression is related to the progression and prognosis of gastric cancer patients through modulating proliferation, invasion and cell cycle of gastric cancer cells. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:6215-23. [PMID: 24985974 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3501-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) has been proposed as a tumor suppressor gene in many different types of tumors, but its potential function and corresponding mechanism are not yet fully elucidated. This study aims to detect the possible function of NDRG1 in gastric cancer progression. In this study, 112 paired gastric cancer tissues and corresponding nonmalignant gastric tissues were utilized to identify the differential protein expression of NDRG1 by immunohistochemistry and its clinical significance was analyzed. Furthermore, 49 of 112 paired gastric specimens were used to detect the differential mRNA expression by real-time PCR. The over expression of NDRG1 in human gastric cancer cell line AGS by PcDNA3.1-NDRG1 transfection was utilized to detect the role of NDRG1 in regulating the biological behavior of gastric cancer. NDRG1 expression was significantly decreased in primary gastric cancer tissues, compared with its corresponding nonmalignant gastric tissues (p < 0.05), and its decreased expression was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis (p < 0.01), invasion depth (p < 0.01) and differentiation (p < 0.05). Additionally, the overall survival rate of gastric cancer patients with high expression of NDRG1 was higher than those with low expression during the follow-up period. NDRG1 overexpression suppressed cells proliferation, invasion and induced a G1 cell cycle arrest in gastric cancer. Furthermore, the down-regulation of NDRG1 in gastric cancer metastatic progression was correlated to E-cadherin and MMP-9. Our results verify that NDRG1 acts as a tumor suppressor gene and may play an important role in the metastasis progression and prognosis of gastric cancer.
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Li Q, Zhang YY, Chiu S, Hu Z, Lan KH, Cha H, Sodroski C, Zhang F, Hsu CS, Thomas E, Liang TJ. Integrative functional genomics of hepatitis C virus infection identifies host dependencies in complete viral replication cycle. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004163. [PMID: 24852294 PMCID: PMC4095987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent functional genomics studies including genome-wide small interfering RNA (siRNA) screens demonstrated that hepatitis C virus (HCV) exploits an extensive network of host factors for productive infection and propagation. How these co-opted host functions interact with various steps of HCV replication cycle and exert pro- or antiviral effects on HCV infection remains largely undefined. Here we present an unbiased and systematic strategy to functionally interrogate HCV host dependencies uncovered from our previous infectious HCV (HCVcc) siRNA screen. Applying functional genomics approaches and various in vitro HCV model systems, including HCV pseudoparticles (HCVpp), single-cycle infectious particles (HCVsc), subgenomic replicons, and HCV cell culture systems (HCVcc), we identified and characterized novel host factors or pathways required for each individual step of the HCV replication cycle. Particularly, we uncovered multiple HCV entry factors, including E-cadherin, choline kinase α, NADPH oxidase CYBA, Rho GTPase RAC1 and SMAD family member 6. We also demonstrated that guanine nucleotide binding protein GNB2L1, E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBE2J1, and 39 other host factors are required for HCV RNA replication, while the deubiquitinating enzyme USP11 and multiple other cellular genes are specifically involved in HCV IRES-mediated translation. Families of antiviral factors that target HCV replication or translation were also identified. In addition, various virologic assays validated that 66 host factors are involved in HCV assembly or secretion. These genes included insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), a proviral factor, and N-Myc down regulated Gene 1 (NDRG1), an antiviral factor. Bioinformatics meta-analyses of our results integrated with literature mining of previously published HCV host factors allows the construction of an extensive roadmap of cellular networks and pathways involved in the complete HCV replication cycle. This comprehensive study of HCV host dependencies yields novel insights into viral infection, pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a positive strand RNA virus that belongs to the Flaviridae family. Chronic HCV infection is a leading cause of end-stage liver disease, which is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in the world. Our recent genome-wide siRNA screen has revealed that HCV depends extensively on host factors for efficient infection and propagation. Here we systematically and functionally catalogued these host dependencies to various stages of the HCV replication cycle. Applying systems virology and functional genomics approaches with various in vitro HCV model systems, we further defined multiple previously unrecognized host factors or pathways that are involved in either HCV entry, IRES-mediated translation, RNA replication, or assembly/secretion. By bioinformatics meta-analyses and literature mining of existing publications and databases, we constructed an extensive roadmap of the cellular networks and pathways requisite for the complete HCV replication cycle. Our study yields novel insights into viral infection, pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets. Furthermore, this study serves as a valuable reference source for subsequent work on host pathways and virus-host interactions in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qisheng Li
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yong-Yuan Zhang
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stephan Chiu
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zongyi Hu
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Keng-Hsin Lan
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Helen Cha
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Catherine Sodroski
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Fang Zhang
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ching-Sheng Hsu
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Emmanuel Thomas
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - T. Jake Liang
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Jin R, Liu W, Menezes S, Yue F, Zheng M, Kovacevic Z, Richardson DR. The metastasis suppressor NDRG1 modulates the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of β-catenin through mechanisms involving FRAT1 and PAK4. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:3116-30. [PMID: 24829151 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.147835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) is a potent metastasis suppressor that has been demonstrated to inhibit the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by maintaining the cell-membrane localization of E-cadherin and β-catenin in prostate and colon cancer cells. However, the precise molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this investigation, we demonstrate that NDRG1 inhibits the phosphorylation of β-catenin at Ser33/37 and Thr41 and increases the levels of non-phosphorylated β-catenin at the plasma membrane in DU145 prostate cancer cells and HT29 colon cancer cells. The mechanism of inhibiting β-catenin phosphorylation involves the NDRG1-mediated upregulation of the GSK3β-binding protein FRAT1, which prevents the association of GSK3β with the Axin1-APC-CK1 destruction complex and the subsequent phosphorylation of β-catenin. Additionally, NDRG1 is shown to modulate the WNT-β-catenin pathway by inhibiting the nuclear translocation of β-catenin. This is mediated through an NDRG1-dependent reduction in the nuclear localization of p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4), which is known to act as a transporter for β-catenin nuclear translocation. The current study is the first to elucidate a unique molecular mechanism involved in the NDRG1-dependent regulation of β-catenin phosphorylation and distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runsen Jin
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Wensheng Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sharleen Menezes
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Fei Yue
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Minhua Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Minhang District Central Hospital (Minhang District Central Hospital of Shanghai Ruijin Hospital Group), Shanghai 201100, P.R. China
| | - Zaklina Kovacevic
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Des R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Bradford D, Raghuram V, Wilson JLL, Chou CL, Hoffert JD, Knepper MA, Pisitkun T. Use of LC-MS/MS and Bayes' theorem to identify protein kinases that phosphorylate aquaporin-2 at Ser256. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 307:C123-39. [PMID: 24598363 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00377.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the renal collecting duct, binding of AVP to the V2 receptor triggers signaling changes that regulate osmotic water transport. Short-term regulation of water transport is dependent on vasopressin-induced phosphorylation of aquaporin-2 (AQP2) at Ser256. The protein kinase that phosphorylates this site is not known. We use Bayes' theorem to rank all 521 rat protein kinases with regard to the likelihood of a role in Ser256 phosphorylation on the basis of prior data and new experimental data. First, prior probabilities were estimated from previous transcriptomic and proteomic profiling data, kinase substrate specificity data, and evidence for kinase regulation by vasopressin. This ranking was updated using new experimental data describing the effects of several small-molecule kinase inhibitors with known inhibitory spectra (H-89, KN-62, KN-93, and GSK-650394) on AQP2 phosphorylation at Ser256 in inner medullary collecting duct suspensions. The top-ranked kinase was Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CAMK2), followed by protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase B (AKT). Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based in vitro phosphorylation studies compared the ability of three highly ranked kinases to phosphorylate AQP2 and other inner medullary collecting duct proteins, PKA, CAMK2, and serum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase (SGK). All three proved capable of phosphorylating AQP2 at Ser256, although CAMK2 and PKA were more potent than SGK. The in vitro phosphorylation experiments also identified candidate protein kinases for several additional phosphoproteins with likely roles in collecting duct regulation, including Nedd4-2, Map4k4, and 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1. We conclude that Bayes' theorem is an effective means of integrating data from multiple data sets in physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davis Bradford
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Viswanathan Raghuram
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Justin L L Wilson
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Chung-Lin Chou
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jason D Hoffert
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mark A Knepper
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Trairak Pisitkun
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Larkin J, Chen B, Shi XH, Mishima T, Kokame K, Barak Y, Sadovsky Y. NDRG1 deficiency attenuates fetal growth and the intrauterine response to hypoxic injury. Endocrinology 2014; 155:1099-106. [PMID: 24424031 PMCID: PMC3929742 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine mammalian development depends on the preservation of placental function. The expression of the protein N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) is increased in placentas of human pregnancies affected by fetal growth restriction and in hypoxic primary human trophoblasts, where NDRG1 attenuates cell injury. We sought to assess the function of placental NDRG1 in vivo and tested the hypothesis that NDRG1 deficiency in the mouse embryo impairs placental function and consequently intrauterine growth. We found that Ndrg1 knock-out embryos were growth restricted in comparison to wild-type or heterozygous counterparts. Furthermore, hypoxia reduced the survival of female, but not male, knock-out embryos. Ndrg1 deletion caused significant alterations in placental gene expression, with a marked reduction in transcription of several lipoproteins in the placental labyrinth. These transcriptional changes were associated with reduced fetal:maternal serum cholesterol ratio exclusively in hypoxic female embryos. Collectively, our findings indicate that NDRG1 promotes fetal growth and regulates the metabolic response to intrauterine hypoxic injury in a sexually dichotomous manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Larkin
- Magee-Womens Research Institute (J.L., X.H.S., T.M., Y.B., Y.S.), Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.C.), Washington University, St Louis, Missouri 63110; Department of Molecular Pathogenesis (K.K.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan 565-8565; and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics (Y.B., Y.S.), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
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Lane DJR, Mills TM, Shafie NH, Merlot AM, Saleh Moussa R, Kalinowski DS, Kovacevic Z, Richardson DR. Expanding horizons in iron chelation and the treatment of cancer: role of iron in the regulation of ER stress and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1845:166-81. [PMID: 24472573 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a major public health issue and, despite recent advances, effective clinical management remains elusive due to intra-tumoural heterogeneity and therapeutic resistance. Iron is a trace element integral to a multitude of metabolic processes, including DNA synthesis and energy transduction. Due to their generally heightened proliferative potential, cancer cells have a greater metabolic demand for iron than normal cells. As such, iron metabolism represents an important "Achilles' heel" for cancer that can be targeted by ligands that bind and sequester intracellular iron. Indeed, novel thiosemicarbazone chelators that act by a "double punch" mechanism to both bind intracellular iron and promote redox cycling reactions demonstrate marked potency and selectivity in vitro and in vivo against a range of tumours. The general mechanisms by which iron chelators selectively target tumour cells through the sequestration of intracellular iron fall into the following categories: (1) inhibition of cellular iron uptake/promotion of iron mobilisation; (2) inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase, the rate-limiting, iron-containing enzyme for DNA synthesis; (3) induction of cell cycle arrest; (4) promotion of localised and cytotoxic reactive oxygen species production by copper and iron complexes of thiosemicarbazones (e.g., Triapine(®) and Dp44mT); and (5) induction of metastasis and tumour suppressors (e.g., NDRG1 and p53, respectively). Emerging evidence indicates that chelators can further undermine the cancer phenotype via inhibiting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition that is critical for metastasis and by modulating ER stress. This review explores the "expanding horizons" for iron chelators in selectively targeting cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius J R Lane
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Thomas M Mills
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Nurul H Shafie
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Angelica M Merlot
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Rayan Saleh Moussa
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Danuta S Kalinowski
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Zaklina Kovacevic
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Des R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
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Fang BA, Kovačević Ž, Park KC, Kalinowski DS, Jansson PJ, Lane DJR, Sahni S, Richardson DR. Molecular functions of the iron-regulated metastasis suppressor, NDRG1, and its potential as a molecular target for cancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1845:1-19. [PMID: 24269900 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
N-myc down-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) is a known metastasis suppressor in multiple cancers, being also involved in embryogenesis and development, cell growth and differentiation, lipid biosynthesis and myelination, stress responses and immunity. In addition to its primary role as a metastasis suppressor, NDRG1 can also influence other stages of carcinogenesis, namely angiogenesis and primary tumour growth. NDRG1 is regulated by multiple effectors in normal and neoplastic cells, including N-myc, histone acetylation, hypoxia, cellular iron levels and intracellular calcium. Further, studies have found that NDRG1 is up-regulated in neoplastic cells after treatment with novel iron chelators, which are a promising therapy for effective cancer management. Although the pathways by which NDRG1 exerts its functions in cancers have been documented, the relationship between the molecular structure of this protein and its functions remains unclear. In fact, recent studies suggest that, in certain cancers, NDRG1 is post-translationally modified, possibly by the activity of endogenous trypsins, leading to a subsequent alteration in its metastasis suppressor activity. This review describes the role of this important metastasis suppressor and discusses interesting unresolved issues regarding this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard A Fang
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Žaklina Kovačević
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Kyung Chan Park
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Danuta S Kalinowski
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Patric J Jansson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Darius J R Lane
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sumit Sahni
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Des R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Discipline of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Mudgil Y, Ghawana S, Jones AM. N-MYC down-regulated-like proteins regulate meristem initiation by modulating auxin transport and MAX2 expression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77863. [PMID: 24223735 PMCID: PMC3817199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background N-MYC DOWN-REGULATED-LIKE (NDL) proteins interact with the Gβ subunit (AGB1) of the heterotrimeric G protein complex and play an important role in AGB1-dependent regulation of lateral root formation by affecting root auxin transport, auxin gradients and the steady-state levels of mRNA encoding the PIN-FORMED 2 and AUXIN 1 auxin transport facilitators. Auxin transport in aerial tissue follows different paths and utilizes different transporters than in roots; therefore, in the present study, we analyzed whether NDL proteins play an important role in AGB1-dependent, auxin-mediated meristem development. Methodology/Principal Findings Expression levels of NDL gene family members need to be tightly regulated, and altered expression (both over-expression and down-regulation) confers ectopic growth. Over-expression of NDL1 disrupts vegetative and reproductive organ development. Reduced expression of the NDL gene family members results in asymmetric leaf emergence, twinning of rosette leaves, defects in leaf formation, and abnormal silique distribution. Reduced expression of the NDL genes in the agb1-2 (null allele) mutant rescues some of the abnormal phenotypes, such as silique morphology, silique distribution, and peduncle angle, suggesting that proper levels of NDL proteins are maintained by AGB1. We found that all of these abnormal aerial phenotypes due to altered NDL expression were associated with increases in basipetal auxin transport, altered auxin maxima and altered MAX2 expression within the inflorescence stem. Conclusion/Significance NDL proteins, together with AGB1, act as positive regulators of meristem initiation and branching. AGB1 and NDL1 positively regulate basipetal inflorescence auxin transport and modulate MAX2 expression in shoots, which in turn regulates organ and lateral meristem formation by the establishment and maintenance of auxin gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashwanti Mudgil
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Alan M. Jones
- Departments of Biology and Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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Song Y, Cao L. N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1: Diverse and complicated functions in human hepatocellular carcinoma (Review). Oncol Lett 2013; 6:1539-1542. [PMID: 24260043 PMCID: PMC3834550 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) has been reported to be a multifunctional protein associated with carcinogenesis and tumor progression. However, the cellular function of NDRG1 remains elusive in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). No NDRG1 expression is observed in normal liver tissue. Overexpression of NDRG1 has been observed in human HCC, particularly with aggressive invasion, metastasis, poor differentiation and short patient survival. In addition, recent studies have shown that NDRG1 exhibits an inhibitory effect on HCC growth in vitro and in vivo, which contrasts with previous reports indicating that NDRG1 promotes the proliferation and invasion of HCC cell lines. Further studies have shown that the localization of NDRG1 is variable, translocating to the nucleus or membrane according to the cell state, which may relate to the diverse function of NDRG1. The present study reviews our current knowledge with regard to the functions of NDRG1 in HCC and other types of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Song
- Central Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
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Kültz D, Li J, Gardell A, Sacchi R. Quantitative molecular phenotyping of gill remodeling in a cichlid fish responding to salinity stress. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:3962-75. [PMID: 24065692 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.029827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A two-tiered label-free quantitative (LFQ) proteomics workflow was used to elucidate how salinity affects the molecular phenotype, i.e. proteome, of gills from a cichlid fish, the euryhaline tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). The workflow consists of initial global profiling of relative tryptic peptide abundances in treated versus control samples followed by targeted identification (by MS/MS) and quantitation (by chromatographic peak area integration) of validated peptides for each protein of interest. Fresh water acclimated tilapia were independently exposed in separate experiments to acute short-term (34 ppt) and gradual long-term (70 ppt, 90 ppt) salinity stress followed by molecular phenotyping of the gill proteome. The severity of salinity stress can be deduced with high technical reproducibility from the initial global label-free quantitative profiling step alone at both peptide and protein levels. However, an accurate regulation ratio can only be determined by targeted label-free quantitative profiling because not all peptides used for protein identification are also valid for quantitation. Of the three salinity challenges, gradual acclimation to 90 ppt has the most pronounced effect on gill molecular phenotype. Known salinity effects on tilapia gills, including an increase in the size and number of mitochondria-rich ionocytes, activities of specific ion transporters, and induction of specific molecular chaperones are reflected in the regulation of abundances of the corresponding proteins. Moreover, specific protein isoforms that are responsive to environmental salinity change are resolved and it is revealed that salinity effects on the mitochondrial proteome are nonuniform. Furthermore, protein NDRG1 has been identified as a novel key component of molecular phenotype restructuring during salinity-induced gill remodeling. In conclusion, besides confirming known effects of salinity on gills of euryhaline fish, molecular phenotyping reveals novel insight into proteome changes that underlie the remodeling of tilapia gill epithelium in response to environmental salinity change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Kültz
- Physiological Genomics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616
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Benesh EC, Miller PM, Pfaltzgraff ER, Grega-Larson NE, Hager HA, Sung BH, Qu X, Baldwin HS, Weaver AM, Bader DM. Bves and NDRG4 regulate directional epicardial cell migration through autocrine extracellular matrix deposition. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:3496-510. [PMID: 24048452 PMCID: PMC3826988 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-07-0539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Bves and NDRG4 proteins interact to regulate directional cell movement by mediating cell surface fusion of internalized fibronectin for resecretion. This provides the first evidence of Bves/NDRG4 protein function within subcellular trafficking pathways and explains how the Bves complex diversely influences development, cancer, and repair. Directional cell movement is universally required for tissue morphogenesis. Although it is known that cell/matrix interactions are essential for directional movement in heart development, the mechanisms governing these interactions require elucidation. Here we demonstrate that a novel protein/protein interaction between blood vessel epicardial substance (Bves) and N-myc downstream regulated gene 4 (NDRG4) is critical for regulation of epicardial cell directional movement, as disruption of this interaction randomizes migratory patterns. Our studies show that Bves/NDRG4 interaction is required for trafficking of internalized fibronectin through the “autocrine extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition” fibronectin recycling pathway. Of importance, we demonstrate that Bves/NDRG4-mediated fibronectin recycling is indeed essential for epicardial cell directional movement, thus linking these two cell processes. Finally, total internal reflectance fluorescence microscopy shows that Bves/NDRG4 interaction is required for fusion of recycling endosomes with the basal cell surface, providing a molecular mechanism of motility substrate delivery that regulates cell directional movement. This is the first evidence of a molecular function for Bves and NDRG4 proteins within broader subcellular trafficking paradigms. These data identify novel regulators of a critical vesicle-docking step required for autocrine ECM deposition and explain how Bves facilitates cell-microenvironment interactions in the regulation of epicardial cell–directed movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Benesh
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232 Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232 Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232 Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232 Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
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63
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Shi XH, Larkin JC, Chen B, Sadovsky Y. The expression and localization of N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 in human trophoblasts. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75473. [PMID: 24066183 PMCID: PMC3774633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein N-Myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) is implicated in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, and cellular stress response. NDRG1 is expressed in primary human trophoblasts, where it promotes cell viability and resistance to hypoxic injury. The mechanism of action of NDRG1 remains unknown. To gain further insight into the intracellular action of NDRG1, we analyzed the expression pattern and cellular localization of endogenous NDRG1 and transfected Myc-tagged NDRG1 in human trophoblasts exposed to diverse injuries. In standard conditions, NDRG1 was diffusely expressed in the cytoplasm at a low level. Hypoxia or the hypoxia mimetic cobalt chloride, but not serum deprivation, ultraviolet (UV) light, or ionizing radiation, induced the expression of NDRG1 in human trophoblasts and the redistribution of NDRG1 into the nucleus and cytoplasmic membranes associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and microtubules. Mutation of the phosphopantetheine attachment site (PPAS) within NDRG1 abrogated this pattern of redistribution. Our results shed new light on the impact of cell injury on NDRG1 expression patterns, and suggest that the PPAS domain plays a key role in NDRG1’s subcellular distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hua Shi
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jacob C. Larkin
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Baosheng Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Yoel Sadovsky
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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64
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Perrin L, Laura P, Lacas-Gervais S, Sandra LG, Gilleron J, Jérôme G, Ceppo F, Franck C, Prodon F, François P, Benmerah A, Alexandre B, Tanti JF, Jean-François T, Cormont M, Mireille C. Rab4b controls an early endosome sorting event by interacting with the γ-subunit of the clathrin adaptor complex 1. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:4950-62. [PMID: 24006255 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.130575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocytic pathway is essential for cell homeostasis and numerous small Rab GTPases are involved in its control. The endocytic trafficking step controlled by Rab4b has not been elucidated, although recent data suggested it could be important for glucose homeostasis, synaptic homeostasis or adaptive immunity. Here, we show that Rab4b is required for early endosome sorting of transferrin receptors (TfRs) to the recycling endosomes, and we identified the AP1γ subunit of the clathrin adaptor AP-1 as a Rab4b effector and key component of the machinery of early endosome sorting. We show that internalised transferrin (Tf) does not reach Vamp3/Rab11 recycling endosomes in the absence of Rab4b, whereas it is rapidly recycled back to the plasma membrane. By contrast, overexpression of Rab4b leads to the accumulation of internalised Tf within AP-1- and clathrin-coated vesicles. These vesicles are poor in early and recycling endocytic markers except for TfR and require AP1γ for their formation. Furthermore, the targeted overexpression of the Rab4b-binding domain of AP1γ to early endosome upon its fusion with FYVE domains inhibited the interaction between Rab4b and endogenous AP1γ, and perturbed Tf traffic. We thus proposed that the interaction between early endocytic Rab4b and AP1γ could allow the budding of clathrin-coated vesicles for subsequent traffic to recycling endosomes. The data also uncover a novel type of endosomes, characterised by low abundance of either early or recycling endocytic markers, which could potentially be generated in cell types that naturally express high level of Rab4b.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Perrin Laura
- INSERM U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire C3M, Nice, France
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65
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Pietiäinen V, Vassilev B, Blom T, Wang W, Nelson J, Bittman R, Bäck N, Zelcer N, Ikonen E. NDRG1 functions in LDL receptor trafficking by regulating endosomal recycling and degradation. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:3961-71. [PMID: 23813961 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.128132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) mutations cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 4D (CMT4D). However, the cellular function of NDRG1 and how it causes CMT4D are poorly understood. We report that NDRG1 silencing in epithelial cells results in decreased uptake of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) due to reduced LDL receptor (LDLR) abundance at the plasma membrane. This is accompanied by the accumulation of LDLR in enlarged EEA1-positive endosomes that contain numerous intraluminal vesicles and sequester ceramide. Concomitantly, LDLR ubiquitylation is increased but its degradation is reduced and ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) proteins are downregulated. Co-depletion of IDOL (inducible degrader of the LDLR), which ubiquitylates the LDLR and promotes its degradation, rescues plasma membrane LDLR levels and LDL uptake. In murine oligodendrocytes, Ndrg1 silencing not only results in reduced LDL uptake but also in downregulation of the oligodendrocyte differentiation factor Olig2. Both phenotypes are rescued by co-silencing of Idol, suggesting that ligand uptake through LDLR family members controls oligodendrocyte differentiation. These findings identify NDRG1 as a novel regulator of multivesicular body formation and endosomal LDLR trafficking. The deficiency of functional NDRG1 in CMT4D might impair lipid processing and differentiation of myelinating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilja Pietiäinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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66
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Lekva T, Berg JP, Heck A, Lyngvi Fougner S, Olstad OK, Ringstad G, Bollerslev J, Ueland T. Attenuated RORC expression in the presence of EMT progression in somatotroph adenomas following treatment with somatostatin analogs is associated with poor clinical recovery. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66927. [PMID: 23825587 PMCID: PMC3692554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin analogs (SA) have been established as the first line medical treatment for acromegaly, but following long-term treatment, SA normalizes GH and IGF-I levels in only 40–60% of patients. The epithelial marker E-cadherin plays a crucial role in the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and is associated with a poor response to SA treatment. We hypothesized that the characterization of transcripts regulated by SA in somatotroph adenomas with high and low E-cadherin expression may identify signaling pathways and mediators that can explain the poor response to SA treatment. We performed a microarray analysis of sixteen adenomas with different levels of E-cadherin and SA treatment to identify regulated transcripts. Candidate transcripts were further explored in vivo in sixty-five adenomas, and interactions between SA treatment and EMT progression on mRNA expression profiles and associations with clinical recovery were assessed. Finally, the effects of SA treatment on adenoma cells in vitro from acromegalic patients were determined. Microarray analysis of selected adenomas with differential E-cadherin expression, as a marker of EMT progression, identified 172 genes that displayed differential expression that was dependent on SA treatment. The validation of selected candidates in the entire cohort identified 9 transcripts that showed an interaction between E-cadherin expression and SA treatment. Further analysis of the impact of these genes suggests that attenuated RORC expression in somatotroph adenomas is associated with increased tumor size and a blunted clinical response. Our study indicates that attenuated RORC may be involved in the poor clinical response to SA treatment in patients with acromegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tove Lekva
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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67
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Mechanisms by which interleukin-6 attenuates cell invasion and tumorigenesis in human bladder carcinoma cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:791212. [PMID: 23762858 PMCID: PMC3671296 DOI: 10.1155/2013/791212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6, a multifunctional cytokine, contributes to tumor cell proliferation and differentiation. However, the biological mechanisms that are affected by the expression of interleukin-6 in bladder cancer cells remain unclear. We evaluated the effects of interleukin-6 expression in human bladder carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. The results of interleukin-6-knockdown experiments in T24 cells and interleukin-6-overexpression experiments in HT1376 cells revealed that interleukin-6 reduced cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro. Xenograft animal studies indicated that the overexpression of interleukin-6 downregulated tumorigenesis of bladder cells and that interleukin-6 knockdown reversed this effect. The results of RT-PCR, immunoblotting, and reporter assays indicated that the overexpression of interleukin-6 upregulated the expression of the mammary serine protease inhibitor (MASPIN), N-myc downstream gene 1 (NDRG1), and KAI1 proteins in HT1376 cells and that interleukin-6 knockdown reduced the expression of these proteins in T24 cells. In addition, results of immunoblotting assays revealed that interleukin-6 modulated epithelial-mesenchymal transitions by upregulating the expression of the E-cadherin, while downregulation N-cadherin and vimentin proteins. Our results suggest that the effects of interleukin-6 on the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transitions and the expressions of the MASPIN, NDRG1, and KAI1 genes attribute to the modulation of tumorigenesis in human bladder carcinoma cells.
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68
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Wissing MD, Mendonca J, Kim E, Kim E, Shim JS, Kaelber NS, Kant H, Hammers H, Commes T, Van Diest PJ, Liu JO, Kachhap SK. Identification of cetrimonium bromide and irinotecan as compounds with synthetic lethality against NDRG1 deficient prostate cancer cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2013; 14:401-10. [PMID: 23377825 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.23759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) has been identified as a metastasis-suppressor gene in prostate cancer (PCa). Compounds targeting PCa cells deficient in NDRG1 could potentially decrease invasion/metastasis of PCa. A cell based screening strategy was employed to identify small molecules that selectively target NDRG1 deficient PCa cells. DU-145 PCa cells rendered deficient in NDRG1 expression by a lentiviral shRNA-mediated knockdown strategy were used in the primary screen. Compounds filtered from the primary screen were further validated through proliferation and clonogenic survival assays in parental and NDRG1 knockdown PCa cells. Screening of 3360 compounds revealed irinotecan and cetrimonium bromide (CTAB) as compounds that exhibited synthetic lethality against NDRG1 deficient PCa cells. A three-dimensional (3-D) invasion assay was utilized to test the ability of CTAB to inhibit invasion of DU-145 cells. CTAB was found to remarkably decrease invasion of DU-145 cells in collagen matrix. Our results suggest that CTAB and irinotecan could be further explored for their potential clinical benefit in patients with NDRG1 deficient PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel D Wissing
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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69
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Parman Y, Battaloğlu E. Recessively transmitted predominantly motor neuropathies. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2013; 115:847-861. [PMID: 23931818 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52902-2.00048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Recessively transmitted predominantly motor neuropathies are rare and show a severe phenotype. They are frequently observed in populations with a high rate of consanguineous marriages. At least 15 genes and six loci have been found to be associated with autosomal recessive CMT (AR-CMT) and X-linked CMT (AR-CMTX) and also distal hereditary motor neuronopathy (AR-dHMN). These disorders are genetically heterogeneous but the clinical phenotype is relatively homogeneous. Distal muscle weakness and atrophy predominating in the lower extremities, diminished or absent deep tendon reflexes, distal sensory loss, and pes cavus are the main clinical features of this disorder with occasional cranial nerve involvement. Although genetic diagnosis of some of subtypes of AR-CMT are now available, rapid advances in the molecular genetics and cell biology show a great complexity. Animal models for the most common subtypes of human AR-CMT disease provide clues for understanding the pathogenesis of CMT and also help to reveal possible treatment strategies of inherited neuropathies. This chapter highlights the clinical features and the recent genetic and biological findings in these disorders based on the current classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeşim Parman
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul University, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey.
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70
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Gallegos ME, Balakrishnan S, Chandramouli P, Arora S, Azameera A, Babushekar A, Bargoma E, Bokhari A, Chava SK, Das P, Desai M, Decena D, Saramma SDD, Dey B, Doss AL, Gor N, Gudiputi L, Guo C, Hande S, Jensen M, Jones S, Jones N, Jorgens D, Karamchedu P, Kamrani K, Kolora LD, Kristensen L, Kwan K, Lau H, Maharaj P, Mander N, Mangipudi K, Menakuru H, Mody V, Mohanty S, Mukkamala S, Mundra SA, Nagaraju S, Narayanaswamy R, Ndungu-Case C, Noorbakhsh M, Patel J, Patel P, Pendem SV, Ponakala A, Rath M, Robles MC, Rokkam D, Roth C, Sasidharan P, Shah S, Tandon S, Suprai J, Truong TQN, Uthayaruban R, Varma A, Ved U, Wang Z, Yu Z. The C. elegans rab family: identification, classification and toolkit construction. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49387. [PMID: 23185324 PMCID: PMC3504004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rab monomeric GTPases regulate specific aspects of vesicle transport in eukaryotes including coat recruitment, uncoating, fission, motility, target selection and fusion. Moreover, individual Rab proteins function at specific sites within the cell, for example the ER, golgi and early endosome. Importantly, the localization and function of individual Rab subfamily members are often conserved underscoring the significant contributions that model organisms such as Caenorhabditis elegans can make towards a better understanding of human disease caused by Rab and vesicle trafficking malfunction. With this in mind, a bioinformatics approach was first taken to identify and classify the complete C. elegans Rab family placing individual Rabs into specific subfamilies based on molecular phylogenetics. For genes that were difficult to classify by sequence similarity alone, we did a comparative analysis of intron position among specific subfamilies from yeast to humans. This two-pronged approach allowed the classification of 30 out of 31 C. elegans Rab proteins identified here including Rab31/Rab50, a likely member of the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA). Second, a molecular toolset was created to facilitate research on biological processes that involve Rab proteins. Specifically, we used Gateway-compatible C. elegans ORFeome clones as starting material to create 44 full-length, sequence-verified, dominant-negative (DN) and constitutive active (CA) rab open reading frames (ORFs). Development of this toolset provided independent research projects for students enrolled in a research-based molecular techniques course at California State University, East Bay (CSUEB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Gallegos
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University East Bay, Hayward, CA, USA.
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71
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Prognostic significance of NDRG1 expression in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:10157-65. [PMID: 22972152 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1889-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) is a metastasis suppressor gene with several potential functions, including cell differentiation, cell cycle regulation and response to hormones, nickel and stress. The purpose of this study was to investigate the immunoexpression of NDRG1 in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas searching for its role in the clinical course of these tumors. We investigated immunohistochemical expression of NDRG1 protein in 412 tissue microarray cores of tumor samples from 103 patients with oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas and in 110 paraffin-embedded surgical margin sections. The results showed NDRG1 up-regulation in 101/103 (98.1 %) tumor samples, but no expression in any normal tissue sample. Western blot assays confirmed the immunohistochemical findings, suggesting that lower levels of NDRG1 are associated with a high mortality rate. NDRG1 overexpression was related to long-term specific survival (HR = 0.38; p = 0.009), whereas the presence of lymph-node metastasis showed the opposite association with survival (HR = 2.45; p = 0.013). Our findings reinforce the idea that NDRG1 plays a metastasis suppressor role in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas and may be a useful marker for these tumors.
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72
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Lang F, Eylenstein A, Shumilina E. Regulation of Orai1/STIM1 by the kinases SGK1 and AMPK. Cell Calcium 2012; 52:347-54. [PMID: 22682960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
STIM and Orai isoforms orchestrate store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) and thus cytosolic Ca2+ fluctuations following stimulation by hormones, growth factors and further mediators. Orai1 is a target of Nedd4-2, an ubiquitin ligase preparing several plasma membrane proteins for degradation. Phosphorylation of Nedd4-2 by the serum and glucocorticoid inducible kinase SGK1 leads to the binding of Nedd4-2 to the protein 14-3-3 thus preventing its interaction with Orai1. Nedd4-2 is activated by the energy sensing AMP activated kinase AMPK. Thus, SGK1 disrupts and AMPK fosters degradation of Orai1. New synthesis of both, Orai1 and STIM1, is stimulated by the transcription factor NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa B), which binds to the respective promoter regions of the genes encoding STIM1 and Orai1. SGK1 upregulates and AMPK presumably downregulates NF-κB and thus de novo synthesis of Orai1 and STIM1 proteins. The regulation by SGK1 links SOCE to the signaling of a wide variety of hormones and growth factors, the AMPK dependent regulation of Orai1 and STIM1 may serve to limit inadequate activation of SOCE following energy depletion, which is otherwise expected to activate SOCE by depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores due to impairment of the ATP consuming sarco/endoplasmatic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase SERCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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73
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Herskowitz JH, Offe K, Deshpande A, Kahn RA, Levey AI, Lah JJ. GGA1-mediated endocytic traffic of LR11/SorLA alters APP intracellular distribution and amyloid-β production. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:2645-57. [PMID: 22621900 PMCID: PMC3395654 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-01-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Defining the cellular pathway(s) by which LR11 modulates amyloid-β peptide production is critical to understanding how changes in LR11 expression affect the progression of Alzheimer's disease. These results suggest that endocytic traffic of LR11, facilitated by GGA1, enhances LR11 modulation of amyloid precursor protein processing in a nonamyloidogenic manner. Proteolytic processing of the amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) and generation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) are key events in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Cell biological and genetic evidence has implicated the low-density lipoprotein and sorting receptor LR11/SorLA in AD through mechanisms related to APP and Aβ production. Defining the cellular pathway(s) by which LR11 modulates Aβ production is critical to understanding how changes in LR11 expression affect the development of Aβ pathology in AD progression. We report that the LR11 ectodomain is required for LR11-mediated reduction of Aβ and that mutagenesis of the LR11 Golgi-localizing, γ-adaptin ear homology domain, ADP-ribosylation factor (GGA)-binding motif affects the endosomal distribution of LR11, as well as LR11's effects on APP traffic and Aβ production. Targeted small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown studies of GGA1, GGA2, and GGA3 indicate a surprising degree of specificity toward GGA1, suggesting that GGA1 is a candidate regulator of LR11 traffic. Additional siRNA knockdown experiments reveal that GGA1 is necessary for both LR11 and β-site APP-cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE1) modulation of APP processing to Aβ. Mutagenesis of BACE1 serine 498 to alanine enhances BACE1 targeting to LR11-positive compartments and nullifies LR11-mediated reduction of Aβ. On basis of these results, we propose that GGA1 facilitates LR11 endocytic traffic and that LR11 modulates Aβ levels by promoting APP traffic to the endocytic recycling compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy H Herskowitz
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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74
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Dynamics of receptor trafficking in tumorigenicity. Trends Cell Biol 2012; 22:231-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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75
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Berger P, Tersar K, Ballmer-Hofer K, Suter U. The CMT4B disease-causing proteins MTMR2 and MTMR13/SBF2 regulate AKT signalling. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 15:307-15. [PMID: 19912440 PMCID: PMC3822797 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00967.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 4B is caused by mutations in the genes encoding either the lipid phosphatase myotubularin-related protein-2 (MTMR2) or its regulatory binding partner MTMR13/SBF2. Mtmr2 dephosphorylates PI-3-P and PI-3,5-P2 to form phosphatidylinositol and PI-5-P, respectively, while Mtmr13/Sbf2 is an enzymatically inactive member of the myotubularin protein family. We have found altered levels of the critical signalling protein AKT in mouse mutants for Mtmr2 and Mtmr13/Sbf2. Thus, we analysed the influence of Mtmr2 and Mtmr13/Sbf2 on signalling processes. We found that overexpression of Mtmr2 prevents the degradation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and leads to sustained Akt activation whereas Erk activation is not affected. Mtmr13/Sbf2 counteracts the blockage of EGFR degradation without affecting prolonged Akt activation. Our data indicate that Mtmr2 and Mtmr13/Sbf2 play critical roles in the sorting and modulation of cellular signalling which are likely to be disturbed in CMT4B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Berger
- Molecular Cell Biology, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
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76
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Chen Z, Zhang D, Yue F, Zheng M, Kovacevic Z, Richardson DR. The iron chelators Dp44mT and DFO inhibit TGF-β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition via up-regulation of N-Myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1). J Biol Chem 2012; 287:17016-17028. [PMID: 22453918 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.350470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key step for cancer cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) regulates the EMT and the metastasis suppressor gene, N-myc downstream-regulated gene-1 (NDRG1), could play a role in regulating the TGF-β pathway. NDRG1 expression is markedly increased after chelator-mediated iron depletion via hypoxia-inducible factor 1α-dependent and independent pathways (Le, N. T. and Richardson, D. R. (2004) Blood 104, 2967-2975). Moreover, novel iron chelators show marked and selective anti-tumor activity and are a potential new class of anti-metabolites. Considering this, the current study investigated the relationship between NDRG1 and the EMT to examine if iron chelators can inhibit the EMT via NDRG1 up-regulation. We demonstrated that TGF-β induces the EMT in HT29 and DU145 cells. Further, the chelators, desferrioxamine (DFO) and di-2-pyridylketone-4,4-dimethyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (Dp44mT), inhibited the TGF-β-induced EMT by maintaining E-cadherin and β-catenin, at the cell membrane. We then established stable clones with NDRG1 overexpression and knock-down in HT29 and DU145 cells. These data showed that NDRG1 overexpression maintained membrane E-cadherin and β-catenin and inhibited TGF-β-stimulated cell migration and invasion. Conversely, NDRG1 knock-down caused morphological changes from an epithelial- to fibroblastic-like phenotype and also increased migration and invasion, demonstrating NDRG1 knockdown induced the EMT and enhanced TGF-β effects. We also investigated the mechanisms involved and showed the TGF-β/SMAD and Wnt pathways were implicated in NDRG1 regulation of E-cadherin and β-catenin expression and translocation. This study demonstrates that chelators inhibit the TGF-β-induced EMT via a process consistent with NDRG1 up-regulation and elucidates the mechanism of their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Chen
- General Surgery Department of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Department of Pathology, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Daohai Zhang
- Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Department of Pathology, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Fei Yue
- General Surgery Department of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Minhua Zheng
- General Surgery Department of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Zaklina Kovacevic
- Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Department of Pathology, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Des R Richardson
- General Surgery Department of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Department of Pathology, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
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77
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Bucci C, Bakke O, Progida C. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and intracellular traffic. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 99:191-225. [PMID: 22465036 PMCID: PMC3514635 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mutations of genes whose primary function is the regulation of membrane traffic are increasingly being identified as the underlying causes of various important human disorders. Intriguingly, mutations in ubiquitously expressed membrane traffic genes often lead to cell type- or organ-specific disorders. This is particularly true for neuronal diseases, identifying the nervous system as the most sensitive tissue to alterations of membrane traffic. Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is one of the most common inherited peripheral neuropathies. It is also known as hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN), which comprises a group of disorders specifically affecting peripheral nerves. This peripheral neuropathy, highly heterogeneous both clinically and genetically, is characterized by a slowly progressive degeneration of the muscle of the foot, lower leg, hand and forearm, accompanied by sensory loss in the toes, fingers and limbs. More than 30 genes have been identified as targets of mutations that cause CMT neuropathy. A number of these genes encode proteins directly or indirectly involved in the regulation of intracellular traffic. Indeed, the list of genes linked to CMT disease includes genes important for vesicle formation, phosphoinositide metabolism, lysosomal degradation, mitochondrial fission and fusion, and also genes encoding endosomal and cytoskeletal proteins. This review focuses on the link between intracellular transport and CMT disease, highlighting the molecular mechanisms that underlie the different forms of this peripheral neuropathy and discussing the pathophysiological impact of membrane transport genetic defects as well as possible future ways to counteract these defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Bucci
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Via Provinciale Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
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78
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McCaig C, Potter L, Abramczyk O, Murray JT. Phosphorylation of NDRG1 is temporally and spatially controlled during the cell cycle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 411:227-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.06.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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79
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Miyata S, Koyama Y, Takemoto K, Yoshikawa K, Ishikawa T, Taniguchi M, Inoue K, Aoki M, Hori O, Katayama T, Tohyama M. Plasma corticosterone activates SGK1 and induces morphological changes in oligodendrocytes in corpus callosum. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19859. [PMID: 21655274 PMCID: PMC3104997 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated stressful events are known to be associated with onset of depression. Further, stress activates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) system by elevating plasma cortisol levels. However, little is known about the related downstream molecular pathway. In this study, by using repeated water-immersion and restraint stress (WIRS) as a stressor for mice, we attempted to elucidate the molecular pathway induced by elevated plasma corticosterone levels. We observed the following effects both, in vivo and in vitro: (1) repeated exposure to WIRS activates the 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase (PDK1)–serum glucocorticoid regulated kinase (SGK1)–N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1)–adhesion molecule (i.e., N-cadherin, α-catenin, and β-catenin) stabilization pathway via an increase in plasma corticosterone levels; (2) the activation of this signaling pathway induces morphological changes in oligodendrocytes; and (3) after recovery from chronic stress, the abnormal arborization of oligodendrocytes and depression-like symptoms return to the control levels. Our data strongly suggest that these abnornalities of oligodendrocytes are possibly related to depression-like symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Miyata
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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80
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Putzke AP, Ventura AP, Bailey AM, Akture C, Opoku-Ansah J, Celiktaş M, Hwang MS, Darling DS, Coleman IM, Nelson PS, Nguyen HM, Corey E, Tewari M, Morrissey C, Vessella RL, Knudsen BS. Metastatic progression of prostate cancer and e-cadherin regulation by zeb1 and SRC family kinases. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:400-10. [PMID: 21703419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 02/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Expression of E-cadherin is used to monitor the epithelial phenotype, and its loss is suggestive of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT triggers tumor metastasis. Exit from EMT is marked by increased E-cadherin expression and is considered necessary for tumor growth at sites of metastasis; however, the mechanisms associated with exit from EMT are poorly understood. Herein are analyzed 185 prostate cancer metastases, with significantly higher E-cadherin expression in bone than in lymph node and soft tissue metastases. To determine the molecular mechanisms of regulation of E-cadherin expression, three stable isogenic cell lines from DU145 were derived that differ in structure, migration, and colony formation on soft agar and Matrigel. When injected into mouse tibia, the epithelial subline grows most aggressively, whereas the mesenchymal subline does not grow. In cultured cells, ZEB1 and Src family kinases decrease E-cadherin expression. In contrast, in tibial xenografts, E-cadherin RNA levels increase eight- to 10-fold despite persistent ZEB1 expression, and in all ZEB1-positive metastases (10 of 120), ZEB1 and E-cadherin proteins were co-expressed. These data suggest that transcriptional regulation of E-cadherin differs in cultured cells versus xenografts, which more faithfully reflect E-cadherin regulation in cancers in human beings. Furthermore, the aggressive nature of xenografts positive for E-cadherin and the frequency of metastases positive for E-cadherin suggest that high E-cadherin expression in metastatic prostate cancer is associated with aggressive tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron P Putzke
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Biology, Hope College, Holland, Michigan
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81
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Kovacevic Z, Sivagurunathan S, Mangs H, Chikhani S, Zhang D, Richardson DR. The metastasis suppressor, N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1), upregulates p21 via p53-independent mechanisms. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:732-40. [PMID: 21398495 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The metastasis suppressor, N-myc downstream regulated gene-1 (NDRG1), has been shown to markedly reduce metastasis of numerous tumors. The current study was focused on further elucidating the molecular mechanisms behind the antitumor function of NDRG1. We have identified for the first time that NDRG1 upregulates the potent cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21. This effect was observed in three different cancer cell types, including PC3MM and DU145 prostate cancer cells and H1299 lung carcinoma cells, and occurred independently of p53. In addition, reducing NDRG1 expression using short hairpin RNA in PC3MM and DU145 cells resulted in significantly reduced p21 protein levels. Hence, p21 is closely correlated with NDRG1 expression in these latter cell types. Examining the mechanisms behind the effect of NDRG1 on p21 expression, we found that NDRG1 upregulated p21 via transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms in prostate cancer cells, although its effect on H1299 cells was posttranscriptional only. Further studies identified two additional NDRG1 protein targets. The dominant-negative p63 isoform, ΔNp63, which has been found to inhibit p21 transcription, was downregulated by NDRG1. On the other hand, a truncated 50 kDa MDM2 isoform (p50(MDM2)), which may protect p21 from proteasomal degradation, was upregulated by NDRG1. The downregulation of ΔNp63 and upregulation of p50(MDM2) are potential mechanisms by which NDRG1 increases p21 expression in these cells. Additional functional studies identified that NDRG1 inhibits cancer cell migration, suggesting that p21 is a molecular player in its antimetastatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaklina Kovacevic
- Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Department of Pathology, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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82
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King RHM, Chandler D, Lopaticki S, Huang D, Blake J, Muddle JR, Kilpatrick T, Nourallah M, Miyata T, Okuda T, Carter KW, Hunter M, Angelicheva D, Morahan G, Kalaydjieva L. Ndrg1 in development and maintenance of the myelin sheath. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 42:368-80. [PMID: 21303696 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
CMT4D disease is a severe autosomal recessive demyelinating neuropathy with extensive axonal loss leading to early disability, caused by mutations in the N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1). NDRG1 is expressed at particularly high levels in the Schwann cell (SC), but its physiological function(s) are unknown. To help with their understanding, we characterise the phenotype of a new mouse model, stretcher (str), with total Ndrg1 deficiency, in comparison with the hypomorphic Ndrg1 knock-out (KO) mouse. While both models display normal initial myelination and a transition to overt pathology between weeks 3 and 5, the markedly more severe str phenotype suggests that even low Ndrg1 expression results in significant phenotype rescue. Neither model replicates fully the features of CMT4D: although axon damage is present, regenerative capacity is unimpaired and the mice do not display the early severe axonal loss typical of the human disease. The widespread large fibre demyelination coincides precisely with the period of rapid growth of the animals and the dramatic (160-500-fold) increase in myelin volume and length in large fibres. This is followed by stabilisation after week 10, while small fibres remain unaffected. Gene expression profiling of str peripheral nerve reveals non-specific secondary changes at weeks 5 and 10 and preliminary data point to normal proteasomal function. Our findings do not support the proposed roles of NDRG1 in growth arrest, terminal differentiation, gene expression regulation and proteasomal degradation. Impaired SC trafficking failing to meet the considerable demands of nerve growth, emerges as the likely pathogenetic mechanism in NDRG1 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind H M King
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, UCL, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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83
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Mitra S, Cheng KW, Mills GB. Rab GTPases implicated in inherited and acquired disorders. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2010; 22:57-68. [PMID: 21147240 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The endocytotic machinery imports, transports and exports receptors and associated molecules between the plasma membrane and various cytoplasmic chambers resulting in selective recycling, degradation, or secretion of molecules and signaling complexes. Trafficking of receptors, growth factors, nutrients, cytokines, integrins as well as pathogens dictates the kinetics and magnitude of signal transduction cascades. Understandably, alterations in the 'fate' of such cargo complexes have profound physiologic and pathophysiologic implications. Rab GTPases regulate endocytosis by decorating intracellular vesicles and targeting these vesicles along with their cargoes to appropriate subcellular compartments. In the last decade, the number of genetic diseases driven by germline mutations in Rab GTPases or their interacting proteins, has increased and there is growing evidence of aberrant Rab GTPase function in acquired pathophysiologies such as immune deficiency, infection, obesity, diabetes and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Mitra
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054-1942, USA.
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84
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N-myc downstream regulated gene-1/Cap43 may play an important role in malignant progression of prostate cancer, in its close association with E-cadherin. Hum Pathol 2010; 41:214-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2009.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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85
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86
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Reischauer S, Levesque MP, Nüsslein-Volhard C, Sonawane M. Lgl2 executes its function as a tumor suppressor by regulating ErbB signaling in the zebrafish epidermis. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000720. [PMID: 19911055 PMCID: PMC2771016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in tissue homeostasis, acquisition of invasive cell characteristics, and tumor formation can often be linked to the loss of epithelial cell polarity. In carcinogenesis, the grade of neoplasia correlates with impaired cell polarity. In Drosophila, lethal giant larvae (lgl), discs large (dlg), and scribble, which are components of the epithelial apico-basal cell polarity machinery, act as tumor suppressors, and orthologs of this evolutionary conserved pathway are lost in human carcinoma with high frequency. However, a mechanistic link between neoplasia and vertebrate orthologs of these tumor-suppressor genes remains to be fully explored at the organismal level. Here, we show that the pen/lgl2 mutant phenotype shares two key cellular and molecular features of mammalian malignancy: cell autonomous epidermal neoplasia and epithelial-to-mesenchymal-transition (EMT) of basal epidermal cells including the differential expression of several regulators of EMT. Further, we found that epidermal neoplasia and EMT in pen/lgl2 mutant epidermal cells is promoted by ErbB signalling, a pathway of high significance in human carcinomas. Intriguingly, EMT in the pen/lgl2 mutant is facilitated specifically by ErbB2 mediated E-cadherin mislocalization and not via canonical snail-dependent down-regulation of E-cadherin expression. Our data reveal that pen/lgl2 functions as a tumor suppressor gene in vertebrates, establishing zebrafish pen/lgl2 mutants as a valuable cancer model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Reischauer
- Max-Planck Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Department of Genetics, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Mitchell P. Levesque
- Max-Planck Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Department of Genetics, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Mahendra Sonawane
- Max-Planck Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Department of Genetics, Tuebingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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87
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Mudgil Y, Uhrig JF, Zhou J, Temple B, Jiang K, Jones AM. Arabidopsis N-MYC DOWNREGULATED-LIKE1, a positive regulator of auxin transport in a G protein-mediated pathway. THE PLANT CELL 2009; 21:3591-609. [PMID: 19948787 PMCID: PMC2798320 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.065557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Revised: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Root architecture results from coordinated cell division and expansion in spatially distinct cells of the root and is established and maintained by gradients of auxin and nutrients such as sugars. Auxin is transported acropetally through the root within the central stele and then, upon reaching the root apex, auxin is transported basipetally through the outer cortical and epidermal cells. The two Gbetagamma dimers of the Arabidopsis thaliana heterotrimeric G protein complex are differentially localized to the central and cortical tissues of the Arabidopsis roots. A null mutation in either the single beta (AGB1) or the two gamma (AGG1 and AGG2) subunits confers phenotypes that disrupt the proper architecture of Arabidopsis roots and are consistent with altered auxin transport. Here, we describe an evolutionarily conserved interaction between AGB1/AGG dimers and a protein designated N-MYC DOWNREGULATED-LIKE1 (NDL1). The Arabidopsis genome encodes two homologs of NDL1 (NDL2 and NDL3), which also interact with AGB1/AGG1 and AGB1/AGG2 dimers. We show that NDL proteins act in a signaling pathway that modulates root auxin transport and auxin gradients in part by affecting the levels of at least two auxin transport facilitators. Reduction of NDL family gene expression and overexpression of NDL1 alter root architecture, auxin transport, and auxin maxima. AGB1, auxin, and sugars are required for NDL1 protein stability in regions of the root where auxin gradients are established; thus, the signaling mechanism contains feedback loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashwanti Mudgil
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Joachm F. Uhrig
- Botanical Institute III, University of Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jiping Zhou
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Brenda Temple
- The R. L. Juliano Structural Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Kun Jiang
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Alan M. Jones
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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88
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Abstract
Myelin, formed by oligodendrocytes (OLs) in the CNS, is critical for axonal functions, and its damage leads to debilitating neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of myelination and the pathogenesis of human myelin disease has been limited partly by the relative lack of identification and functional characterization of the repertoire of human myelin proteins. Here, we present a large-scale analysis of the myelin proteome, using the shotgun approach of 1-dimensional PAGE and liquid chromatography/tandem MS. Three hundred eight proteins were commonly identified from human and mouse myelin fractions. Comparative microarray analysis of human white and gray matter showed that transcripts of several of these were elevated in OL-rich white matter compared with gray matter, providing confidence in their detection in myelin. Comparison with other databases showed that 111 of the identified proteins/transcripts also were expressed in OLs, rather than in astrocytes or neurons. Comparison with 4 previous myelin proteomes further confirmed more than 50% of the identified proteins and revealed the presence of 163 additional proteins. A select group of identified proteins also were verified by immunoblotting. We classified the identified proteins into biological subgroups and discussed their relevance in myelin biogenesis and maintenance. Taken together, the study provides insights into the complexity of this metabolically active membrane and creates a valuable resource for future in-depth study of specific proteins in myelin with relevance to human demyelinating diseases.
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89
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Banz VM, Medová M, Keogh A, Furer C, Zimmer Y, Candinas D, Stroka D. Hsp90 transcriptionally and post-translationally regulates the expression of NDRG1 and maintains the stability of its modifying kinase GSK3beta. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2009; 1793:1597-603. [PMID: 19682504 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NRDG1) is a stress-induced protein whose putative function is suppression of tumor metastasis. A recent proteonomic study showed NDRG1 interacts with the molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90). From their reported association, we investigated if NDRG1 is dependent on Hsp90 for its stability and is therefore a yet unidentified Hsp90 client protein. Here, we demonstrate that endogenous NDRG1 and Hsp90 physically associate in hepatocellular cancer cell lines. However, geldanamycin (GA)-mediated inhibition of Hsp90 did not disrupt their interaction or result in NDRG1 protein destabilization. On the contrary, inhibition of Hsp90 led to a transcriptional increase of NDRG1 protein which was associated with cell growth arrest. We also observed that GA inhibited the phosphorylation of NDRG1 by targeting its regulating kinases, serum- and glucocorticoid-induced kinase 1 (SGK1) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3beta). We demonstrate that in the presence of GA, GSK3beta protein and activity were decreased thus indicating that Hsp90 is necessary for GSK3beta stability. Taken together, our data demonstrate that NDRG1 is not a classic client protein but interacts with Hsp90 and is still dually regulated by Hsp90 at a transcriptional and post-translational level. Finally, we suggest for the first time GSK3beta as a new client protein of Hsp90.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Banz
- Department of Visceral Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland
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90
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Scortegagna M, Martin RJ, Kladney RD, Neumann RG, Arbeit JM. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha suppresses squamous carcinogenic progression and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cancer Res 2009; 69:2638-46. [PMID: 19276359 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is a known cancer progression factor, promoting growth, spread, and metastasis. However, in selected contexts, HIF-1 is a tumor suppressor coordinating hypoxic cell cycle suppression and apoptosis. Prior studies focused on HIF-1 function in established malignancy; however, little is known about its role during the entire process of carcinogenesis from neoplasia induction to malignancy. Here, we tested HIF-1 gain of function during multistage murine skin chemical carcinogenesis in K14-HIF-1alpha(Pro402A564G) (K14-HIF-1alphaDPM) transgenic mice. Transgenic papillomas appeared earlier and were more numerous (6 +/- 3 transgenic versus 2 +/- 1.5 nontransgenic papillomas per mouse), yet they were more differentiated, their proliferation was lower, and their malignant conversion was profoundly inhibited (7% in transgenic versus 40% in nontransgenic mice). Moreover, transgenic cancers maintained squamous differentiation whereas epithelial-mesenchymal transformation was frequent in nontransgenic malignancies. Transgenic basal keratinocytes up-regulated the HIF-1 target N-myc downstream regulated gene-1, a known tumor suppressor gene in human malignancy, and its expression was maintained in transgenic papillomas and cancer. We also discovered a novel HIF-1 target gene, selenium binding protein-1 (Selenbp1), a gene of unknown function whose expression is lost in human cancer. Thus, HIF-1 can function as a tumor suppressor through transactivation of genes that are themselves targets for negative selection in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Scortegagna
- Urology Division, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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91
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Abstract
Once engaged by soluble or matrix-anchored ligands, cell surface proteins are commonly sorted to lysosomal degradation through several endocytic pathways. Defective vesicular trafficking of growth factor receptors, as well as unbalanced recycling of integrin- and cadherin-based adhesion complexes, has emerged in the past 5 years as a multifaceted hallmark of malignant cells. In line with the cooperative nature of endocytic machineries, multiple oncogenic alterations underlie defective endocytosis, such as altered ubiquitylation (Cbl and Nedd4 ubiquitin ligases, for example), altered cytoskeletal interactions and alterations to Rab family members. Pharmaceutical interception of the propensity of tumour cells to derail their signalling and their adhesion receptors may constitute a novel target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Mosesson
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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92
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Kovacevic Z, Fu D, Richardson DR. The iron-regulated metastasis suppressor, Ndrg-1: Identification of novel molecular targets. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2008; 1783:1981-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Revised: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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93
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