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Recurrent hypoinsulinemic hyperglycemia in neonatal rats increases PARP-1 and NF-κB expression and leads to microglial activation in the cerebral cortex. Pediatr Res 2015. [PMID: 26200703 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2015.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperglycemia is a common metabolic problem in extremely low-birth-weight preterm infants. Neonatal hyperglycemia is associated with increased mortality and brain injury. Glucose-mediated oxidative injury may be responsible. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is a nuclear enzyme involved in DNA repair and cell survival. However, PARP-1 overactivation leads to cell death. NF-κB is coactivated with PARP-1 and regulates microglial activation. The effects of recurrent hyperglycemia on PARP-1/NF-κB expression and microglial activation are not well understood. METHODS Rat pups were subjected to recurrent hypoinsulinemic hyperglycemia of 2 h duration twice daily from postnatal (P) day 3-P12 and killed on P13. mRNA and protein expression of PARP-1/NF-κB and their downstream effectors were determined in the cerebral cortex. Microgliosis was determined using CD11 immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Recurrent hyperglycemia increased PARP-1 expression confined to the nucleus and without causing PARP-1 overactivation and cell death. NF-κB mRNA expression was increased, while IκB mRNA expression was decreased. inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) mRNA expressions were decreased. Hyperglycemia significantly increased the number of microglia. CONCLUSION Recurrent hyperglycemia in neonatal rats is associated with upregulation of PARP-1 and NF-κB expression and subsequent microgliosis but not neuronal cell death in the cerebral cortex.
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Protective Effects of UCF-101 on Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion (CIR) is Depended on the MAPK/p38/ERK Signaling Pathway. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 36:907-914. [PMID: 26429193 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0275-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed to investigate the treatment mechanisms of 5-[5-(2-nitrophenyl) furfuryliodine]-1,3-diphenyl-2-thiobarbituric acid (UCF-101) in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (CIR) model rats. Total of 54 healthy male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into three groups, namely sham group, vehicle group, and UCF-101 group. The CIR-injured model was established by right middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion. Neurological function was assessed by an investigator according to the Longa neurologic deficit scores. Meanwhile, the cerebral tissue morphology and apoptotic neurons were evaluated by H&E and TUNEL staining, respectively. Additionally, the expressions of caspase 3, p-p38, and p-ERK were detected by immunohistochemistry or/and Western blotting assays. As results, neurologic deficit and pathological damage were obviously enhanced and TUNEL positive neurons were significantly increased in CIR-injured rats, as compared with those in sham group. Furthermore, the expressions of caspase 3, p-p38, and p-ERK were also significantly increased in vehicle group than those in sham group (P < 0.05). However, UCF-101 treatment could markedly weaken the neurologic deficit with lower scores and improve pathological condition. After UCF-101 treatment, TUNEL positive neurons as well as the expression of caspase 3 were significantly decreased than those in vehicle group (P < 0.05). Besides, p-p38 was decreased while p-ERK was increased in UCF-101 group than those in vehicle group (P < 0.05). Therefore, we concluded that the protective effects of UCF-101 might be associated with apoptosis process and MAPK signaling pathway in the CIR-injured model.
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PARP-1 Inhibition Is Neuroprotective in the R6/2 Mouse Model of Huntington's Disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134482. [PMID: 26252217 PMCID: PMC4529170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) is a nuclear enzyme that is involved in physiological processes as DNA repair, genomic stability, and apoptosis. Moreover, published studies demonstrated that PARP-1 mediates necrotic cell death in response to excessive DNA damage under certain pathological conditions. In Huntington’s disease brains, PARP immunoreactivity was described in neurons and in glial cells, thereby suggesting the involvement of apoptosis in HD. In this study, we sought to determine if the PARP-1 inhibitor exerts a neuroprotective effect in R6/2 mutant mice, which recapitulates, in many aspects, human HD. Transgenic mice were treated with the PARP-1 inhibitor INO-1001 mg/Kg daily starting from 4 weeks of age. After transcardial perfusion, histological and immunohistochemical studies were performed. We found that INO 1001-treated R6/2 mice survived longer and displayed less severe signs of neurological dysfunction than the vehicle treated ones. Primary outcome measures such as striatal atrophy, morphology of striatal neurons, neuronal intranuclear inclusions and microglial reaction confirmed a neuroprotective effect of the compound. INO-1001 was effective in significantly increasing activated CREB and BDNF in the striatal spiny neurons, which might account for the beneficial effects observed in this model. Our findings show that PARP-1 inhibition could be considered as a valid therapeutic approach for HD.
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Louveau A, Nerrière-Daguin V, Vanhove B, Naveilhan P, Neunlist M, Nicot A, Boudin H. Targeting the CD80/CD86 costimulatory pathway with CTLA4-Ig directs microglia toward a repair phenotype and promotes axonal outgrowth. Glia 2015. [PMID: 26212105 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Among the costimulatory factors widely studied in the immune system is the CD28/cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA4)-CD80/CD86 pathway, which critically controls the nature and duration of the T-cell response. In the brain, up-regulated expression of CD80/CD86 during inflammation has consistently been reported in microglia. However, the role of CD80/CD86 molecules has mainly been studied in a context of microglia-T cell interactions in pathological conditions, while the function of CD80/CD86 in the regulation of intrinsic brain cells remains largely unknown. In this study, we used a transgenic pig line in which neurons express releasable CTLA4-Ig, a synthetic molecule mimicking CTLA4 and binding to CD80/CD86. The effects of CTLA4-Ig on brain cells were analyzed after intracerebral transplantation of CTLA4-Ig-expressing neurons or wild-type neurons as control. This model provided in vivo evidence that CTLA4-Ig stimulated axonal outgrowth, in correlation with a shift of the nearby microglia from a compact to a ramified morphology. In a culture system, we found that the CTLA4-Ig-induced morphological change of microglia was mediated through CD86, but not CD80. This was accompanied by microglial up-regulated expression of the anti-inflammatory molecule Arginase 1 and the neurotrophic factor BDNF, in an astrocyte-dependent manner through the purinergic P2Y1 receptor pathway. Our study identifies for the first time CD86 as a key player in the modulation of microglia phenotype and suggests that CTLA4-Ig-derived compounds might represent new tools to manipulate CNS microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Louveau
- INSERM UMR 1064, ITUN, CHU Nantes, University of Nantes, France
| | | | - Bernard Vanhove
- INSERM UMR 1064, ITUN, CHU Nantes, University of Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Naveilhan
- INSERM UMR 1064, ITUN, CHU Nantes, University of Nantes, France.,INSERM UMR 913, IMAD, University of Nantes, France
| | | | - Arnaud Nicot
- INSERM UMR 1064, ITUN, CHU Nantes, University of Nantes, France
| | - Hélène Boudin
- INSERM UMR 1064, ITUN, CHU Nantes, University of Nantes, France.,INSERM UMR 913, IMAD, University of Nantes, France
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Resveratrol downregulates type-1 glutamate transporter expression and microglia activation in the hippocampus following cerebral ischemia reperfusion in rats. Brain Res 2015; 1608:203-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Choi Y, Kang SG, Kam KY. Changes in the BDNF-immunopositive cell population of neocortical layers I and II/III after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Brain Res 2015; 1605:76-82. [PMID: 25681548 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a member of the neurotrophin family and is widely distributed in the central nervous system, including the cerebral cortex. BDNF plays an important role in normal neural development, survival of existing neurons, and activity-dependent neuroplasticity. BDNF can also be neuroprotective and evoke neurogenesis in certain pathological conditions, such as cerebral ischemia. Neocortical layer I is an important region that can integrate feedforward and feedback information from other cortical areas and subcortical regions. In addition, it has recently been proposed as a possible source of neuronal progenitor cells after ischemia. Therefore, we investigated changes in the BDNF-immunoreactive cell population of neocortical layers I and II/III after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced cerebral ischemia in rats. In unaffected condition, the number of BDNF(+) cells in layer I was significantly less than in layer II/III in the cingulate cortex and in the motor and sensory areas. The increase in the number of BDNF(+) cells in layer I 8 days after MCAO was more remarkable than layer II/III, in all regions except the area of cingulate cortex farthest from the infarct core. Only BDNF(+)-Ox-42(+) cells showed a tendency to increase consistently toward the infarct core in both layers I and II/III, implying a major source of BDNF for response to ischemic injury. The present study suggests that some beneficial effects during recovery from ischemic injury, such as increased supportive microglia/macrophages, occur owing to a sensitive response of BDNF in layer I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwon Choi
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Republic of Korea; U-Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Goo Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Basic Science, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Yoon Kam
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Republic of Korea; U-Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Republic of Korea.
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Jolivel V, Bicker F, Binamé F, Ploen R, Keller S, Gollan R, Jurek B, Birkenstock J, Poisa-Beiro L, Bruttger J, Opitz V, Thal SC, Waisman A, Bäuerle T, Schäfer MK, Zipp F, Schmidt MHH. Perivascular microglia promote blood vessel disintegration in the ischemic penumbra. Acta Neuropathol 2015; 129:279-95. [PMID: 25500713 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1372-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of microglia to ischemic cortical stroke is of particular therapeutic interest because of the impact on the survival of brain tissue in the ischemic penumbra, a region that is potentially salvable upon a brain infarct. Whether or not tissue in the penumbra survives critically depends on blood flow and vessel perfusion. To study the role of microglia in cortical stroke and blood vessel stability, CX3CR1(+/GFP) mice were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and then microglia were investigated using time-lapse two-photon microscopy in vivo. Soon after reperfusion, microglia became activated in the stroke penumbra and started to expand cellular protrusions towards adjacent blood vessels. All microglia in the penumbra were found associated with blood vessels within 24 h post reperfusion and partially fully engulfed them. In the same time frame blood vessels became permissive for blood serum components. Migration assays in vitro showed that blood serum proteins leaking into the tissue provided molecular cues leading to the recruitment of microglia to blood vessels and to their activation. Subsequently, these perivascular microglia started to eat up endothelial cells by phagocytosis, which caused an activation of the local endothelium and contributed to the disintegration of blood vessels with an eventual break down of the blood brain barrier. Loss-of-microglia-function studies using CX3CR1(GFP/GFP) mice displayed a decrease in stroke size and a reduction in the extravasation of contrast agent into the brain penumbra as measured by MRI. Potentially, medication directed at inhibiting microglia activation within the first day after stroke could stabilize blood vessels in the penumbra, increase blood flow, and serve as a valuable treatment for patients suffering from ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Jolivel
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), Johannes Gutenberg University, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
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Detante O, Jaillard A, Moisan A, Barbieux M, Favre I, Garambois K, Barbier E, Hommel M. Fisiopatologia dell’ischemia cerebrale. Neurologia 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s1634-7072(14)69823-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Genetic variation at the BDNF locus: evidence for association with long-term outcome after ischemic stroke. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114156. [PMID: 25470006 PMCID: PMC4254920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Rates and extent of recovery after stroke vary considerably between individuals and genetic factors are thought to contribute to post-stroke outcome. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays important roles in brain plasticity and repair and has been shown to be involved in stroke severity, recovery, and outcome in animal models. Few clinical studies on BDNF genotypes in relation to ischemic stroke have been performed. The aims of the present study are therefore to investigate whether genetic variation at the BDNF locus is associated with initial stroke severity, recovery and/or short-term and long-term functional outcome after ischemic stroke. Methods Four BDNF tagSNPs were analyzed in the Sahlgrenska Academy Study on Ischemic Stroke (SAHLSIS; 600 patients and 600 controls, all aged 18–70 years). Stroke severity was assessed using the NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS). Stroke recovery was defined as the change in NIHSS over a 3-month period. Short- and long-term functional outcome post-stroke was assessed using the modified Rankin Scale at 3 months and at 2 and 7 years after stroke, respectively. Results No SNP was associated with stroke severity or recovery at 3 months and no SNP had an impact on short-term outcome. However, rs11030119 was independently associated with poor functional outcome 7-years after stroke (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.46–0.92; P = 0.006). Conclusions BDNF gene variants were not major contributors to ischemic stroke severity, recovery, or short-term functional outcome. However, this study suggests that variants in the BDNF gene may contribute to poor long-term functional outcome after ischemic stroke.
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Detante O, Jaillard A, Moisan A, Barbieux M, Favre I, Garambois K, Hommel M, Remy C. Biotherapies in stroke. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2014; 170:779-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Guanosine Protects Against Cortical Focal Ischemia. Involvement of Inflammatory Response. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 52:1791-1803. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8978-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Zhang X, Ha T, Lu C, Lam F, Liu L, Schweitzer J, Kalbfleisch J, Kao RL, Williams DL, Li C. Poly (I:C) therapy decreases cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion injury via TLR3-mediated prevention of Fas/FADD interaction. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 19:555-65. [PMID: 25351293 PMCID: PMC4369813 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated signalling plays a role in cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Modulation of TLRs has been reported to protect against cerebral I/R injury. This study examined whether modulation of TLR3 with poly (I:C) will induce protection against cerebral I/R injury. Mice were treated with or without Poly (I:C) (n = 8/group) 1 hr prior to cerebral ischaemia (60 min.) followed by reperfusion (24 hrs). Poly (I:C) pre-treatment significantly reduced the infarct volume by 57.2% compared with untreated I/R mice. Therapeutic administration of Poly (I:C), administered 30 min. after cerebral ischaemia, markedly decreased infarct volume by 34.9%. However, Poly (I:C)-induced protection was lost in TLR3 knockout mice. In poly (I:C)-treated mice, there was less neuronal damage in the hippocampus compared with untreated I/R mice. Poly (I:C) treatment induced IRF3 phosphorylation, but it inhibited NF-κB activation in the brain. Poly (I:C) also decreased I/R-induced apoptosis by attenuation of Fas/FasL-mediated apoptotic signalling. In addition, Poly (I:C) treatment decreased microglial cell caspase-3 activity. In vitro data showed that Poly (I:C) prevented hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced interaction between Fas and FADD as well as caspase-3 and -8 activation in microglial cells. Importantly, Poly (I:C) treatment induced co-association between TLR3 and Fas. Our data suggest that Poly (I:C) decreases in cerebral I/R injury via TLR3 which associates with Fas, thereby preventing the interaction of Fas and FADD, as well as microglial cell caspase-3 and -8 activities. We conclude that TLR3 modulation by Poly (I:C) could be a potential approach for protection against ischaemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
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63
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Gadd45b Mediates Axonal Plasticity and Subsequent Functional Recovery After Experimental Stroke in Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 52:1245-1256. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8909-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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64
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Turunc Bayrakdar E, Armagan G, Uyanikgil Y, Kanit L, Koylu E, Yalcin A. Ex vivoprotective effects of nicotinamide and 3-aminobenzamide on rat synaptosomes treated with Aβ(1-42). Cell Biochem Funct 2014; 32:557-64. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Turunc Bayrakdar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Ege University; Bornova Izmir Turkey
| | - Guliz Armagan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Ege University; Bornova Izmir Turkey
| | - Yigit Uyanikgil
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine; Ege University; Bornova Izmir Turkey
| | - Lutfiye Kanit
- Center for Brain Research, Faculty of Medicine; Ege University; Bornova Izmir Turkey
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences; Ege University; Bornova Izmir Turkey
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine; Ege University; Bornova Izmir Turkey
| | - Ersin Koylu
- Center for Brain Research, Faculty of Medicine; Ege University; Bornova Izmir Turkey
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences; Ege University; Bornova Izmir Turkey
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine; Ege University; Bornova Izmir Turkey
| | - Ayfer Yalcin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Ege University; Bornova Izmir Turkey
- Center for Brain Research, Faculty of Medicine; Ege University; Bornova Izmir Turkey
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences; Ege University; Bornova Izmir Turkey
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy, Biruni University; Topkapi Istanbul Turkey
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65
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Zanier ER, Pischiutta F, Riganti L, Marchesi F, Turola E, Fumagalli S, Perego C, Parotto E, Vinci P, Veglianese P, D’Amico G, Verderio C, De Simoni MG. Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells drive protective M2 microglia polarization after brain trauma. Neurotherapeutics 2014; 11:679-95. [PMID: 24965140 PMCID: PMC4121458 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-014-0277-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia/macrophages (M) are major contributors to postinjury inflammation, but they may also promote brain repair in response to specific environmental signals that drive classic (M1) or alternative (M2) polarization. We investigated the activation and functional changes of M in mice with traumatic brain injuries and receiving intracerebroventricular human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) or saline infusion. MSCs upregulated Ym1 and Arginase-1 mRNA (p < 0.001), two M2 markers of protective M polarization, at 3 and 7 d postinjury, and increased the number of Ym1(+) cells at 7 d postinjury (p < 0.05). MSCs reduced the presence of the lysosomal activity marker CD68 on the membrane surface of CD11b-positive M (p < 0.05), indicating reduced phagocytosis. MSC-mediated induction of the M2 phenotype in M was associated with early and persistent recovery of neurological functions evaluated up to 35 days postinjury (p < 0.01) and reparative changes of the lesioned microenvironment. In vitro, MSCs directly counteracted the proinflammatory response of primary murine microglia stimulated by tumor necrosis factor-α + interleukin 17 or by tumor necrosis factor-α + interferon-γ and induced M2 proregenerative traits, as indicated by the downregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and upregulation of Ym1 and CD206 mRNA (p < 0.01). In conclusion, we found evidence that MSCs can drive the M transcriptional environment and induce the acquisition of an early, persistent M2-beneficial phenotype both in vivo and in vitro. Increased Ym1 expression together with reduced in vivo phagocytosis suggests M selection by MSCs towards the M2a subpopulation, which is involved in growth stimulation and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa R. Zanier
- />Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Pischiutta
- />Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Loredana Riganti
- />CNR Institute of Neuroscience, 20129 Milan, Italy
- />Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Marchesi
- />Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Turola
- />CNR Institute of Neuroscience, 20129 Milan, Italy
- />Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Fumagalli
- />Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, 20156 Milan, Italy
- />Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, IRCCS Ca’ Granda – Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Perego
- />Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Parotto
- />Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, 20156 Milan, Italy
- />Institute of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Paola Vinci
- />Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica Università Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo/Fondazione MBBM, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Pietro Veglianese
- />Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna D’Amico
- />Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica Università Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo/Fondazione MBBM, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Claudia Verderio
- />CNR Institute of Neuroscience, 20129 Milan, Italy
- />Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan Italy
| | - Maria-Grazia De Simoni
- />Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, 20156 Milan, Italy
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Potential therapeutic effects of neurotrophins for acute and chronic neurological diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:601084. [PMID: 24818146 PMCID: PMC4000962 DOI: 10.1155/2014/601084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The neurotrophins (NTs) nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), NT-3, and NT-4/5 are proteins that regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival in both the developing and mature central nervous system (CNS) by binding to two receptor classes, Trk receptors and p75 NTR. Motivated by the broad growth- and survival-promoting effects of these proteins, numerous studies have attempted to use exogenous NTs to prevent the death of cells that are associated with neurological disease or promote the regeneration of severed axons caused by mechanical injury. Indeed, such neurotrophic effects have been repeatedly demonstrated in animal models of stroke, nerve injury, and neurodegenerative disease. However, limitations, including the short biological half-lives and poor blood-brain permeability of these proteins, prevent routine application from treating human disease. In this report, we reviewed evidence for the neuroprotective efficacy of NTs in animal models, highlighting outstanding technical challenges and discussing more recent attempts to harness the neuroprotective capacity of endogenous NTs using small molecule inducers and cell transplantation.
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Janz P, Illing RB. A role for microglial cells in reshaping neuronal circuitry of the adult rat auditory brainstem after its sensory deafferentation. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:432-45. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Janz
- Neurobiological Research Laboratory; Department of Otorhinolaryngology; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Robert-Benjamin Illing
- Neurobiological Research Laboratory; Department of Otorhinolaryngology; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
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Han Q, Liu S, Li Z, Hu F, Zhang Q, Zhou M, Chen J, Lei T, Zhang H. DCPIB, a potent volume-regulated anion channel antagonist, Attenuates microglia-mediated inflammatory response and neuronal injury following focal cerebral ischemia. Brain Res 2014; 1542:176-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Kang SK, Kadam SD. Pre-Clinical Models of Acquired Neonatal Seizures: Differential Effects of Injury on Function of Chloride Co-Transporters. AUSTIN JOURNAL OF CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE & STROKE 2014; 1:1026. [PMID: 25590049 PMCID: PMC4290373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy [HIE] represents the most common acquired pathology associated with neonatal seizures. HIE-associated neonatal seizures are often difficult to control, due to their refractoriness to traditional anti-seizure agents. Developmentally regulated chloride gradients during early development make the neonatal brain more seizure-susceptible by depolarizing GABAAR-mediated currents, and therefore hindering inhibition by conventional anti-seizure drugs such as phenobarbital [PB] and benzodiazepines. Pharmaco-modulation of chloride co-transporters has become a current field of research in treating refractory neonatal seizures, and the basis of two clinical trials [NCT01434225; NCT00380531]. However, the recent termination of NEMO study [NCT01434225] on bumetanide, an NKCC1 antagonist, suggests that clinical utilization of bumetanide as an adjunct to treat neonatal seizures with PB may not be a viable option. Hence, re-evaluation of bumetanide as an adjunct through pre-clinical studies is warranted. Additionally, the model-specific variability in the efficacy of bumetanide in the pre-clinical models of neonatal seizures highlights the differential consequences of insults used to induce seizures in each pre-clinical model as worth exploration. Injury itself can significantly alter the function of chloride co-transporters, and therefore the efficacy of anti-seizure agents that follow.
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Affiliation(s)
- SK Kang
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Hugo Moser Research Institute, USA
| | - SD Kadam
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Hugo Moser Research Institute, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, USA
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70
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Chen Y, Won SJ, Xu Y, Swanson RA. Targeting microglial activation in stroke therapy: pharmacological tools and gender effects. Curr Med Chem 2014; 21:2146-55. [PMID: 24372213 PMCID: PMC4076056 DOI: 10.2174/0929867321666131228203906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is caused by critical reductions in blood flow to brain or spinal cord. Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, and they respond to stroke by assuming an activated phenotype that releases cytotoxic cytokines, reactive oxygen species, proteases, and other factors. This acute, innate immune response may be teleologically adapted to limit infection, but in stroke this response can exacerbate injury by further damaging or killing nearby neurons and other cell types, and by recruiting infiltration of circulating cytotoxic immune cells. The microglial response requires hours to days to fully develop, and this time interval presents a clinically accessible time window for initiating therapy. Because of redundancy in cytotoxic microglial responses, the most effective therapeutic approach may be to target the global gene expression changes involved in microglial activation. Several classes of drugs can do this, including histone deacetylase inhibitors, minocycline and other PARP inhibitors, corticosteroids, and inhibitors of TNFα and scavenger receptor signaling. Here we review the pre-clinical studies in which these drugs have been used to suppress microglial activation after stroke. We also review recent advances in the understanding of sex differences in the CNS inflammatory response, as these differences are likely to influence the efficacy of drugs targeting post-stroke brain inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - R A Swanson
- Dept. of Neurology, University of California San Francisco; and Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement St, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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71
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Livingston-Thomas JM, McGuire EP, Doucette TA, Tasker RA. Voluntary forced use of the impaired limb following stroke facilitates functional recovery in the rat. Behav Brain Res 2013; 261:210-9. [PMID: 24388978 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Constraint induced movement therapy (CIMT), which forces use of the impaired arm following stroke, improves functional recovery. The mechanisms underlying recovery are not well understood, necessitating further investigation into how rehabilitation may affect neuroplasticity using animal models. Animal motivation and stress make modelling CIMT in animals challenging. We have shown that following focal ischemia, voluntary forced use therapy using pet activity balls could engage the impaired forelimb and result in a modest acceleration in recovery. In this study, we investigated the effects of a more intensive appetitively motivated regimen that included task specific reaching exercises. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to focal unilateral stroke using intracerebral injections of endothelin-1 or sham surgery. Three days later, stroke animals were assigned to daily rehabilitation or control therapy. Rehabilitation consisted of 30 min of generalized movement sessions in activity balls, followed by 30 min of voluntary task-specific movement using reaching boxes. Rats were tested weekly to measure forelimb deficit and recovery. After 30 days, animals were euthanized and tissue was examined for infarct volume, brain derived neurotrophic factor expression, and the presence of new neurons using doublecortin immunohistochemistry. Rehabilitation resulted in a significant acceleration of forelimb recovery in several tests, and a significant increase in the number of doublecortin-expressing cells. Furthermore, while the proportion of cells expressing BDNF in the peri-infarct region did not change, there was a shift in the cellular origin of expressed BDNF, resulting in significantly more non-neuronal, non-astrocytic BDNF, presumed to be of microglial origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Livingston-Thomas
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PEI, C1A4P3, Canada
| | - Emily P McGuire
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PEI, C1A4P3, Canada
| | - Tracy A Doucette
- Departments of Biology, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PEI, C1A4P3, Canada
| | - R Andrew Tasker
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PEI, C1A4P3, Canada.
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Suarez-Roca H, Quintero L, Avila R, Medina S, De Freitas M, Cárdenas R. Central immune overactivation in the presence of reduced plasma corticosterone contributes to swim stress-induced hyperalgesia. Brain Res Bull 2013; 100:61-9. [PMID: 24316519 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although it is widely known that immunological, hormonal and nociceptive mechanisms are altered by exposure to repeated stress, the interplaying roles of each function in the development of post-stress hyperalgesia are not completely clear. Thus, we wanted to establish how interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β), corticosterone and microglia interact to contribute in the development of hyperalgesia following repeated forced swim. Rats were subjected to either forced swim, sham swim or non-conditioned. Each group was then treated with minocycline, ketoconazole, or saline. Thermal nociception was measured via the hot plate test, before and after the behavioral conditioning, whereas blood and lumbar spinal cord tissue samples were obtained at the end of the protocol. Serum levels of corticosterone, spinal tissue concentration of IL-1β and spinal OX-42 labeling (microglial marker) were determined. Rats exposed to forced swim stress developed thermal hyperalgesia along with elevated spinal tissue IL-1β, increased OX-42 labeling and relatively diminished serum corticosterone. Pre-treatment with minocycline and ketoconazole prevented the development of thermal hyperalgesia and the increase in IL-1β, without significantly modifying serum corticosterone. These results suggest that the development of forced swim-induced thermal hyperalgesia requires the simultaneous presence of increased spinal IL-1β, microglial activation, and relatively decreased serum corticosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Suarez-Roca
- Sección de Neurofarmacología y Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Apartado Postal 23, Maracaibo 4001-A, Venezuela.
| | - L Quintero
- Sección de Neurofarmacología y Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Apartado Postal 23, Maracaibo 4001-A, Venezuela
| | - R Avila
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Apartado Postal 23, Maracaibo 4001-A, Venezuela
| | - S Medina
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Clínicas (IVIC), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - M De Freitas
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Apartado Postal 23, Maracaibo 4001-A, Venezuela
| | - R Cárdenas
- Sección de Neurofarmacología y Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Apartado Postal 23, Maracaibo 4001-A, Venezuela
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Abraham R, Verfaillie CM. Neural differentiation and support of neuroregeneration of non-neural adult stem cells. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2013. [PMID: 23186708 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59544-7.00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although it is well established that neural stem cells (NSCs) or neural stem/progenitor cells differentiated from pluripotent stem cells can generate neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, a number of other cell populations are also being considered for therapy of central nervous system disorders. Here, we describe the potential of (stem) cells from other postnatal tissues, including bone marrow, (umbilical cord) blood, fat tissue, or dental pulp, which themselves do not (robustly) generate neural progeny. However, these non-neuroectoderm derived cell populations appear to capable of inducing endogenous neurogenesis and angiogenesis. As these "trophic" effects are also, at least partly, responsible for some of the beneficial effects seen when NSC are grafted in the brain, these non-neuroectodermal cells may exert beneficial effects when used to treat neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rojin Abraham
- Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Onderwijs & Navorsing V, Leuven, Belgium
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Brain-derived neurotrophic factor G196A polymorphism predicts 90-day outcome of ischemic stroke in Chinese: a novel finding. Brain Res 2013; 1537:312-8. [PMID: 24035862 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Recovery after stroke varies considerably between individuals. An abundance of evidence suggests that genetic factors contribute to stroke recovery. The aim of this study was to determine whether or not the BDNF G196A polymorphism independently influences the occurrence, severity, and 90-day functional outcome in Chinese patients with ischemic stroke (IS). METHODS BDNF G196A genetic variants were investigated in 494 IS and 346 controls. Severity was assessed by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale at the time of admission. Three hundred and eight patients were assessed 90 days post-stroke using the Modified Rankin Scale to determine stroke outcome. RESULTS We showed that a significant association existed between the BDNF G196A AA genotype and the occurrence of IS (P=0.021), even after adjustment for covariates (P=0.028). The AA genotype of the BDNF G196A was associated with a poor outcome of recovery 3 months after stroke onset (P=0.008) was a novel finding, independent of other known predictors of poor outcome (P=0.012). CONCLUSIONS The BDNF G196A polymorphism was significantly associated with the occurrence and long-term outcomes of IS, thus BDNF G196A may be used as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in IS.
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Ionic transporter activity in astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes during brain ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:969-82. [PMID: 23549380 PMCID: PMC3705429 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glial cells constitute a large percentage of cells in the nervous system. During recent years, a large number of studies have critically attributed to glia a new role which no longer reflects the long-held view that glia constitute solely a silent and passive supportive scaffolding for brain cells. Indeed, it has been hypothesized that glia, partnering neurons, have a much more actively participating role in brain function. Alteration of intraglial ionic homeostasis in response to ischemic injury has a crucial role in inducing and maintaining glial responses in the ischemic brain. Therefore, glial transporters as potential candidates in stroke intervention are becoming promising targets to enhance an effective and additional therapy for brain ischemia. In this review, we will describe in detail the role played by ionic transporters in influencing astrocyte, microglia, and oligodendrocyte activity and the implications that these transporters have in the progression of ischemic lesion.
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76
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Chen CH, Huang SY, Chen NF, Feng CW, Hung HC, Sung CS, Jean YH, Wen ZH, Chen WF. Intrathecal granulocyte colony-stimulating factor modulate glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and vascular endothelial growth factor A expression in glial cells after experimental spinal cord ischemia. Neuroscience 2013; 242:39-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Halder SK, Sugimoto J, Matsunaga H, Ueda H. Therapeutic benefits of 9-amino acid peptide derived from prothymosin alpha against ischemic damages. Peptides 2013; 43:68-75. [PMID: 23499560 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Prothymosin alpha (ProTα), a nuclear protein, plays multiple functions including cell survival. Most recently, we demonstrated that the active 30-amino acid peptide sequence/P30 (amino acids 49-78) in ProTα retains its substantial activity in neuroprotection in vitro and in vivo as well as in the inhibition of cerebral blood vessel damages by the ischemic stress in retina and brain. But, it has remained to identify the minimum peptide sequence in ProTα that retains neuroprotective activity. The present study using the experiments of alanine scanning suggested that any amino acid in 9-amino acid peptide sequence/P9 (amino acids 52-60) of P30 peptide is necessary for its survival activity of cultured rat cortical neurons against the ischemic stress. In the retinal ischemia-perfusion model, intravitreous injection of P9 24h after ischemia significantly inhibited the cellular and functional damages at day 7. On the other hand, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining and electroretinogram assessment showed that systemic delivery with P9 1h after the cerebral ischemia (1h tMCAO) significantly blocks the ischemia-induced brain damages. In addition, systemic P9 delivery markedly inhibited the cerebral ischemia (tMCAO)-induced disruption of blood vessels in brain. Taken together, the present study provides a therapeutic importance of 9-amino acid peptide sequence against ischemic damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebok Kumar Halder
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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Ma W, Coon S, Zhao L, Fariss RN, Wong WT. A2E accumulation influences retinal microglial activation and complement regulation. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:943-60. [PMID: 22819137 PMCID: PMC3480997 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration is an outer retinal disease that involves aging and immune dysfunction. In the aging retina, microglia aggregate in the outer retina and acquire intracellular autofluorescent lipofuscin deposits. In this study, we investigated whether accumulation of A2E, a key bisretinoid constituent of ocular lipofuscin, alters the physiology of retinal microglia in pathologically relevant ways. Our findings show that sublethal accumulations of intracellular A2E in cultured retinal microglia increased microglial activation and decreased microglial neuroprotection of photoreceptors. Increased A2E accumulation also lowered microglial expression of chemokine receptors and suppressed microglial chemotaxis, suggesting that lipofuscin accumulation may potentiate subretinal microglial accumulation. Significantly, A2E accumulation altered microglial complement regulation by increasing complement factor B and decreasing complement factor H expression, favoring increased complement activation and deposition in the outer retina. Taken together, our findings highlight the role of microglia in the local control of complement activation in the retina and present the age-related accumulation of ocular lipofuscin in subretinal microglia as a cellular mechanism capable of driving outer retinal immune dysregulation in age-related macular degeneration pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Ma
- Unit on Neuron-Glia Interactions in Retinal Disease, National Eye institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Steven Coon
- Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lian Zhao
- Unit on Neuron-Glia Interactions in Retinal Disease, National Eye institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert N. Fariss
- Biological Imaging Core, National Eye institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wai T. Wong
- Unit on Neuron-Glia Interactions in Retinal Disease, National Eye institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Gomes C, Ferreira R, George J, Sanches R, Rodrigues DI, Gonçalves N, Cunha RA. Activation of microglial cells triggers a release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) inducing their proliferation in an adenosine A2A receptor-dependent manner: A2A receptor blockade prevents BDNF release and proliferation of microglia. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:16. [PMID: 23363775 PMCID: PMC3567964 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been shown to control microglial responses in neuropathic pain. Since adenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs) control neuroinflammation, as well as the production and function of BDNF, we tested to see if A2AR controls the microglia-dependent secretion of BDNF and the proliferation of microglial cells, a crucial event in neuroinflammation. Methods Murine N9 microglial cells were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 ng/mL) in the absence or in the presence of the A2AR antagonist, SCH58261 (50 nM), as well as other modulators of A2AR signaling. The BDNF cellular content and secretion were quantified by Western blotting and ELISA, A2AR density was probed by Western blotting and immunocytochemistry and cell proliferation was assessed by BrdU incorporation. Additionally, the A2AR modulation of LPS-driven cell proliferation was also tested in primary cultures of mouse microglia. Results LPS induced time-dependent changes of the intra- and extracellular levels of BDNF and increased microglial proliferation. The maximal LPS-induced BDNF release was time-coincident with an LPS-induced increase of the A2AR density. Notably, removing endogenous extracellular adenosine or blocking A2AR prevented the LPS-mediated increase of both BDNF secretion and proliferation, as well as exogenous BDNF-induced proliferation. Conclusions We conclude that A2AR activation plays a mandatory role controlling the release of BDNF from activated microglia, as well as the autocrine/paracrine proliferative role of BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Gomes
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal.
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Grade S, Weng YC, Snapyan M, Kriz J, Malva JO, Saghatelyan A. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor promotes vasculature-associated migration of neuronal precursors toward the ischemic striatum. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55039. [PMID: 23383048 PMCID: PMC3558494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke induces the recruitment of neuronal precursors from the subventricular zone (SVZ) into the ischemic striatum. In injured areas, de-routed neuroblasts use blood vessels as a physical scaffold to their migration, in a process that resembles the constitutive migration seen in the rostral migratory stream (RMS). The molecular mechanism underlying injury-induced vasculature-mediated migration of neuroblasts in the post-stroke striatum remains, however, elusive. Using adult mice we now demonstrate that endothelial cells in the ischemic striatum produce brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a neurotrophin that promotes the vasculature-mediated migration of neuronal precursors in the RMS, and that recruited neuroblasts maintain expression of p75NTR, a low-affinity receptor for BDNF. Reactive astrocytes, which are widespread throughout the damaged area, ensheath blood vessels and express TrkB, a high-affinity receptor for BDNF. Despite the absence of BDNF mRNA, we observed strong BDNF immunolabeling in astrocytes, suggesting that these glial cells trap extracellular BDNF. Importantly, this pattern of expression is reminiscent of the adult RMS, where TrkB-expressing astrocytes bind and sequester vasculature-derived BDNF, leading to the entry of migrating cells into the stationary phase. Real-time imaging of cell migration in acute brain slices revealed a direct role for BDNF in promoting the migration of neuroblasts to ischemic areas. We also demonstrated that cells migrating in the ischemic striatum display higher exploratory behavior and longer stationary periods than cells migrating in the RMS. Our findings suggest that the mechanisms involved in the injury-induced vasculature-mediated migration of neuroblasts recapitulate, at least partially, those observed during constitutive migration in the RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Grade
- Cellular Neurobiology Unit, Insitut en Santé Mentale de Québec, Quebec City, Canada
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Yuan C. Weng
- Centre de Recherche du CHUL (CHUQ), Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Marina Snapyan
- Cellular Neurobiology Unit, Insitut en Santé Mentale de Québec, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Jasna Kriz
- Centre de Recherche du CHUL (CHUQ), Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - João O. Malva
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Research on Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine (polo 3), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Armen Saghatelyan
- Cellular Neurobiology Unit, Insitut en Santé Mentale de Québec, Quebec City, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
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Halder SK, Matsunaga H, Yamaguchi H, Ueda H. Novel neuroprotective action of prothymosin alpha-derived peptide against retinal and brain ischemic damages. J Neurochem 2013; 125:713-23. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebok Kumar Halder
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - Hayato Matsunaga
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - Haruka Yamaguchi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ueda
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
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Livingston-Thomas JM, Tasker RA. Animal models of post-ischemic forced use rehabilitation: methods, considerations, and limitations. EXPERIMENTAL & TRANSLATIONAL STROKE MEDICINE 2013; 5:2. [PMID: 23343500 PMCID: PMC3605246 DOI: 10.1186/2040-7378-5-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Many survivors of stroke experience arm impairments, which can severely impact their quality of life. Forcing use of the impaired arm appears to improve functional recovery in post-stroke hemiplegic patients, however the mechanisms underlying improved recovery remain unclear. Animal models of post-stroke rehabilitation could prove critical to investigating such mechanisms, however modeling forced use in animals has proven challenging. Potential problems associated with reported experimental models include variability between stroke methods, rehabilitation paradigms, and reported outcome measures. Herein, we provide an overview of commonly used stroke models, including advantages and disadvantages of each with respect to studying rehabilitation. We then review various forced use rehabilitation paradigms, and highlight potential difficulties and translational problems. Lastly, we discuss the variety of functional outcome measures described by experimental researchers. To conclude, we outline ongoing challenges faced by researchers, and the importance of translational communication. Many stroke patients rely critically on rehabilitation of post-stroke impairments, and continued effort toward progression of rehabilitative techniques is warranted to ensure best possible treatment of the devastating effects of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Livingston-Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PEI C1A4P3, Canada.
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83
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Quirié A, Demougeot C, Bertrand N, Mossiat C, Garnier P, Marie C, Prigent-Tessier A. Effect of stroke on arginase expression and localization in the rat brain. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 37:1193-202. [PMID: 23311438 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Because arginase and nitric oxide (NO) synthases (NOS) compete to degrade l-arginine, arginase plays a crucial role in the modulation of NO production. Moreover, the arginase 1 isoform is a marker of M2 phenotype macrophages that play a key role in tissue remodeling and resolution of inflammation. While NO has been extensively investigated in ischemic stroke, the effect of stroke on the arginase pathway is unknown. The present study focuses on arginase expression/activity and localization before and after (1, 8, 15 and 30 days) the photothrombotic ischemic stroke model. This model results in a cortical lesion that reaches maximal volume at day 1 post-stroke and then decreases as a result of astrocytic scar formation. Before stroke, arginase 1 and 2 expressions were restricted to neurons. Stroke resulted in up-regulation of arginase 1 and increased arginase activity in the region centered on the lesion where inflammatory cells are present. These changes were associated with an early and long-lasting arginase 1 up-regulation in activated macrophages and astrocytes and a delayed arginase 1 down-regulation in neurons at the vicinity of the lesion. A linear positive correlation was observed between expressions of arginase 1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein as a marker of activated astrocytes. Moreover, the pattern of arginase 1 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expressions in activated astrocytes was similar. Unlike arginase 1, arginase 2 expression was not changed by stroke. In conclusion, increased arginase 1 expression is not restricted to macrophages in inflammation elicited by stroke but also occurs in activated astrocytes where it may contribute to neuroplasticity through the control of BDNF production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Quirié
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Unité INSERM U1093 Cognition, Action et Plasticité Sensorimotrice, Dijon, France
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84
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Reactive Astrocytes, Astrocyte Intermediate Filament Proteins, and Their Role in the Disease Pathogenesis. THE CYTOSKELETON 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-266-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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85
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Ipsilateral versus contralateral spontaneous post-stroke neuroplastic changes: involvement of BDNF? Neuroscience 2012; 231:169-81. [PMID: 23219910 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in industrialized countries. Although surviving patients exhibit a certain degree of restoration of function attributable to brain plasticity, the majority of stroke survivors has to struggle with persisting deficits. In order to potentiate post-stroke recovery, several rehabilitation therapies have been undertaken and many experimental studies have reported that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is central to many facets of neuroplastic processes. However, although BDNF role in brain plasticity is well characterized through strategies that manipulate its content, the involvement of this neurotrophin in spontaneous post-stroke recovery remains to be clarified. Besides, while the neuroplastic role of BDNF is restricted to its mature form, most studies investigating the proper effect of ischemia on post-stroke BDNF metabolism focused on mRNA or total protein expressions. In addition, these studies are mainly performed in brain regions collected either at or around the lesion site. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate in both hemispheres, the long-term expression (up to one month) of both pro- and mature BDNF forms in rats subjected to photothrombotic ischemia. These assessments were performed in the cortex and in the hippocampus, two regions known to subserve functional recovery after stroke and were coupled to the study of synaptophysin expression, a marker of synaptogenesis. Our study reports that stroke induces an early and transient increase (4h) in mature BDNF expression in the cortex of both hemispheres that was associated with a delayed rise (30d) in synaptophysin levels ipsilateraly. In both hippocampal territories, the pattern of mature BDNF expression shows a more delayed increase (from 8 to 30d), which coincides with the evolution of synaptophysin expression. Interestingly, in these hippocampal territories, pro-BDNF levels evolve differently suggesting a differential gene regulation between the two hemispheres. While highlighting the complexity of changes in BDNF metabolism after stroke, our data suggest that BDNF involvement in spontaneous post-stroke plasticity is region-dependent.
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86
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Quirié A, Hervieu M, Garnier P, Demougeot C, Mossiat C, Bertrand N, Martin A, Marie C, Prigent-Tessier A. Comparative effect of treadmill exercise on mature BDNF production in control versus stroke rats. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44218. [PMID: 22962604 PMCID: PMC3433479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise constitutes an innovative strategy to treat deficits associated with stroke through the promotion of BDNF-dependent neuroplasticity. However, there is no consensus on the optimal intensity/duration of exercise. In addition, whether previous stroke changes the effect of exercise on the brain is not known. Therefore, the present study compared the effects of a clinically-relevant form of exercise on cerebral BDNF levels and localization in control versus stroke rats. For this purpose, treadmill exercise (0.3 m/s, 30 min/day, for 7 consecutive days) was started in rats with a cortical ischemic stroke after complete maturation of the lesion or in control rats. Sedentary rats were run in parallel. Mature and proBDNF levels were measured on the day following the last boot of exercise using Western blotting analysis. Total BDNF levels were simultaneously measured using ELISA tests. As compared to the striatum and the hippocampus, the cortex was the most responsive region to exercise. In this region, exercise resulted in a comparable increase in the production of mature BDNF in intact and stroke rats but increased proBDNF levels only in intact rats. Importantly, levels of mature BDNF and synaptophysin were strongly correlated. These changes in BDNF metabolism coincided with the appearance of intense BDNF labeling in the endothelium of cortical vessels. Notably, ELISA tests failed to detect changes in BDNF forms. Our results suggest that control beings can be used to find conditions of exercise that will result in increased mBDNF levels in stroke beings. They also suggest cerebral endothelium as a potential source of BDNF after exercise and highlight the importance to specifically measure the mature form of BDNF to assess BDNF-dependent plasticity in relation with exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Quirié
- Unité INSERM U1093 Cognition, Action et Plasticité Sensorimotrice, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Marie Hervieu
- Unité INSERM U1093 Cognition, Action et Plasticité Sensorimotrice, Dijon, France
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Philippe Garnier
- Unité INSERM U1093 Cognition, Action et Plasticité Sensorimotrice, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Céline Demougeot
- EA 4267 Fonctions et Dysfonctions Epithéliales, Faculté de Médecine-Pharmacie, Besancon, France
| | - Claude Mossiat
- Unité INSERM U1093 Cognition, Action et Plasticité Sensorimotrice, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | | | - Alain Martin
- Unité INSERM U1093 Cognition, Action et Plasticité Sensorimotrice, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Christine Marie
- Unité INSERM U1093 Cognition, Action et Plasticité Sensorimotrice, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Anne Prigent-Tessier
- Unité INSERM U1093 Cognition, Action et Plasticité Sensorimotrice, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- * E-mail:
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87
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Shang YC, Chong ZZ, Wang S, Maiese K. Prevention of β-amyloid degeneration of microglia by erythropoietin depends on Wnt1, the PI 3-K/mTOR pathway, Bad, and Bcl-xL. Aging (Albany NY) 2012; 4:187-201. [PMID: 22388478 PMCID: PMC3348479 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system microglia promote neuronal regeneration and sequester toxic β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition during Alzheimer's disease. We show that the cytokine erythropoietin (EPO) decreases the toxic effect of Aβ on microgliain vitro. EPO up-regulates the cysteine-rich glycosylated wingless protein Wnt1 and activates the PI 3-K/Akt1/mTOR/ p70S6K pathway. This in turn increases phosphorylation and cytosol trafficking of Bad, reduces the Bad/Bcl-xL complex and increases the Bcl-xL/Bax complex, thus preventing caspase 1 and caspase 3 activation and apoptosis. Our data may foster development of novel strategies to use cytoprotectants such as EPO for Alzheimer's disease and other degenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen Shang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, New Jersey Health Sciences University, Newark, New Jersey 07101, USA
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88
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Jacobs AH, Tavitian B. Noninvasive molecular imaging of neuroinflammation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2012; 32:1393-415. [PMID: 22549622 PMCID: PMC3390799 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2012.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a highly dynamic and complex adaptive process to preserve and restore tissue homeostasis. Originally viewed as an immune-privileged organ, the central nervous system (CNS) is now recognized to have a constant interplay with the innate and the adaptive immune systems, where resident microglia and infiltrating immune cells from the periphery have important roles. Common diseases of the CNS, such as stroke, multiple sclerosis (MS), and neurodegeneration, elicit a neuroinflammatory response with the goal to limit the extent of the disease and to support repair and regeneration. However, various disease mechanisms lead to neuroinflammation (NI) contributing to the disease process itself. Molecular imaging is the method of choice to try to decipher key aspects of the dynamic interplay of various inducers, sensors, transducers, and effectors of the orchestrated inflammatory response in vivo in animal models and patients. Here, we review the basic principles of NI with emphasis on microglia and common neurologic disease mechanisms, the molecular targets which are being used and explored for imaging, and molecular imaging of NI in frequent neurologic diseases, such as stroke, MS, neurodegeneration, epilepsy, encephalitis, and gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas H Jacobs
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI) at the Westfalian Wilhelms-University of Münster (WWU), Münster, Germany.
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89
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Abstract
Cerebral palsy is caused by injury or developmental disturbances to the immature brain and leads to substantial motor, cognitive, and learning deficits. In addition to developmental disruption associated with the initial insult to the immature brain, injury processes can persist for many months or years. We suggest that these tertiary mechanisms of damage might include persistent inflammation and epigenetic changes. We propose that these processes are implicit in prevention of endogenous repair and regeneration and predispose patients to development of future cognitive dysfunction and sensitisation to further injury. We suggest that treatment of tertiary mechanisms of damage might be possible by various means, including preventing the repressive effects of microglia and astrocyte over-activation, recapitulating developmentally permissive epigenetic conditions, and using cell therapies to stimulate repair and regeneration Recognition of tertiary mechanisms of damage might be the first step in a complex translational task to tailor safe and effective therapies that can be used to treat the already developmentally disrupted brain long after an insult.
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90
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Loncarevic-Vasiljkovic N, Pesic V, Todorovic S, Popic J, Smiljanic K, Milanovic D, Ruzdijic S, Kanazir S. Caloric restriction suppresses microglial activation and prevents neuroapoptosis following cortical injury in rats. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37215. [PMID: 22615943 PMCID: PMC3352891 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a widespread cause of death and a major source of adult disability. Subsequent pathological events occurring in the brain after TBI, referred to as secondary injury, continue to damage surrounding tissue resulting in substantial neuronal loss. One of the hallmarks of the secondary injury process is microglial activation resulting in increased cytokine production. Notwithstanding that recent studies demonstrated that caloric restriction (CR) lasting several months prior to an acute TBI exhibits neuroprotective properties, understanding how exactly CR influences secondary injury is still unclear. The goal of the present study was to examine whether CR (50% of daily food intake for 3 months) alleviates the effects of secondary injury on neuronal loss following cortical stab injury (CSI). To this end, we examined the effects of CR on the microglial activation, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and caspase-3 expression in the ipsilateral (injured) cortex of the adult rats during the recovery period (from 2 to 28 days) after injury. Our results demonstrate that CR prior to CSI suppresses microglial activation, induction of TNF-α and caspase-3, as well as neurodegeneration following injury. These results indicate that CR strongly attenuates the effects of secondary injury, thus suggesting that CR may increase the successful outcome following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vesna Pesic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Smilja Todorovic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Jelena Popic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Kosara Smiljanic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Desanka Milanovic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Sabera Ruzdijic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Selma Kanazir
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
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91
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Michalski D, Heindl M, Kacza J, Laignel F, Küppers-Tiedt L, Schneider D, Grosche J, Boltze J, Löhr M, Hobohm C, Härtig W. Spatio-temporal course of macrophage-like cell accumulation after experimental embolic stroke depending on treatment with tissue plasminogen activator and its combination with hyperbaric oxygenation. Eur J Histochem 2012; 56:e14. [PMID: 22688295 PMCID: PMC3428963 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2012.e14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation following ischaemic stroke attracts high priority in current research, particularly using human-like models and long-term observation periods considering translational aspects. The present study aimed on the spatio-temporal course of macrophage-like cell accumulation after experimental thromboembolic stroke and addressed microglial and astroglial reactions in the ischaemic border zone. Further, effects of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) as currently best treatment for stroke and the potentially neuroprotective co-administration of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) were investigated. Rats underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion and were assigned to control, tPA or tPA+HBO. Twenty-four hours, 7, 14 and 28 days were determined as observation time points. The accumulation of macrophage-like cells was semiquantitatively assessed by CD68 staining in the ischaemic area and ischaemic border zone, and linked to the clinical course. CD11b, ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Neuronal Nuclei (NeuN) were applied to reveal delayed glial and neuronal alterations. In all groups, the accumulation of macrophage-like cells increased distinctly from 24 hours to 7 days post ischaemia. tPA+HBO tended to decrease macrophage-like cell accumulation at day 14 and 28. Overall, a trend towards an association of increased accumulation and pronounced reduction of the neurological deficit was found. Concerning delayed inflammatory reactions, an activation of microglia and astrocytes with co-occurring neuronal loss was observed on day 28. Thereby, astrogliosis was found circularly in contrast to microglial activation directly in the ischaemic area. This study supports previous data on long-lasting inflammatory processes following experimental stroke, and additionally provides region-specific details on glial reactions. The tendency towards a decreasing macrophage-like cell accumulation after tPA+HBO needs to be discussed critically since neuroprotective properties were recently ascribed to long-term inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Heindl
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig;,Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig
| | - J. Kacza
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig
| | - F. Laignel
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig;,Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig
| | | | | | - J. Grosche
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig
| | - J. Boltze
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig;,Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig
| | - M. Löhr
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - C. Hobohm
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig
| | - W. Härtig
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig
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92
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Michalski D, Heindl M, Kacza J, Laignel F, Küppers-Tiedt L, Schneider D, Grosche J, Boltze J, Löhr M, Hobohm C, Härtig W. Spatio-temporal course of macrophage-like cell accumulation after experimental embolic stroke depending on treatment with tissue plasminogen activator and its combination with hyperbaric oxygenation. Eur J Histochem 2012; 56:e14. [PMID: 22688295 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2012.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation following ischaemic stroke attracts high priority in current research, particularly using human-like models and long-term observation periods considering translational aspects. The present study aimed on the spatio-temporal course of macrophage-like cell accumulation after experimental thromboembolic stroke and addressed microglial and astroglial reactions in the ischaemic border zone. Further, effects of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) as currently best treatment for stroke and the potentially neuroprotective co-administration of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) were investigated. Rats underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion and were assigned to control, tPA or tPA+HBO. Twenty-four hours, 7, 14 and 28 days were determined as observation time points. The accumulation of macrophage-like cells was semiquantitatively assessed by CD68 staining in the ischaemic area and ischaemic border zone, and linked to the clinical course. CD11b, ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Neuronal Nuclei (NeuN) were applied to reveal delayed glial and neuronal alterations. In all groups, the accumulation of macrophage-like cells increased distinctly from 24 hours to 7 days post ischaemia. tPA+HBO tended to decrease macrophage-like cell accumulation at day 14 and 28. Overall, a trend towards an association of increased accumulation and pronounced reduction of the neurological deficit was found. Concerning delayed inflammatory reactions, an activation of microglia and astrocytes with co-occurring neuronal loss was observed on day 28. Thereby, astrogliosis was found circularly in contrast to microglial activation directly in the ischaemic area. This study supports previous data on long-lasting inflammatory processes following experimental stroke, and additionally provides region-specific details on glial reactions. The tendency towards a decreasing macrophage-like cell accumulation after tPA+HBO needs to be discussed critically since neuroprotective properties were recently ascribed to long-term inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Michalski
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Germany.
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93
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Gusain A, Hatcher JF, Adibhatla RM, Wesley UV, Dempsey RJ. Anti-proliferative effects of tricyclodecan-9-yl-xanthogenate (D609) involve ceramide and cell cycle inhibition. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 45:455-64. [PMID: 22415444 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8254-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tricyclodecan-9-yl-xanthogenate (D609) inhibits phosphatidylcholine (PC)-phospholipase C (PLC) and/or sphingomyelin (SM) synthase (SMS). Inhibiting SMS can increase ceramide levels, which can inhibit cell proliferation. Here, we examined how individual inflammatory and glia cell proliferation is altered by D609. Treatment with 100-μM D609 significantly attenuated the proliferation of RAW 264.7 macrophages, N9 and BV-2 microglia, and DITNC(1) astrocytes, without affecting cell viability. D609 significantly inhibited BrdU incorporation in BV-2 microglia and caused accumulation of cells in G(1) phase with decreased number of cells in the S phase. D609 treatment for 2 h significantly increased ceramide levels in BV-2 microglia, which, following a media change, returned to control levels 22 h later. This suggests that the effect of D609 may be mediated, at least in part, through ceramide increase via SMS inhibition. Western blots demonstrated that 2-h treatment of BV-2 microglia with D609 increased expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p21 and down-regulated phospho-retinoblastoma (Rb), both of which returned to basal levels 22 h after removal of D609. Exogenous C8-ceramide also inhibited BV-2 microglia proliferation without loss of viability and decreased BrdU incorporation, supporting the involvement of ceramide in D609-mediated cell cycle arrest. Our current data suggest that D609 may offer benefit after stroke (Adibhatla and Hatcher, Mol Neurobiol 41:206-217, 2010) through ceramide-mediated cell cycle arrest, thus restricting glial cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchal Gusain
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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94
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Molecular mechanisms of neonatal brain injury. Neurol Res Int 2012; 2012:506320. [PMID: 22363841 PMCID: PMC3272851 DOI: 10.1155/2012/506320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal/neonatal brain injury is an important cause of neurological disability. Hypoxia-ischemia and excitotoxicity are considered important insults, and, in spite of their acute nature, brain injury develops over a protracted time period during the primary, secondary, and tertiary phases. The concept that most of the injury develops with a delay after the insult makes it possible to provide effective neuroprotective treatment after the insult. Indeed, hypothermia applied within 6 hours after birth in neonatal encephalopathy reduces neurological disability in clinical trials. In order to develop the next generation of treatment, we need to know more about the pathophysiological mechanism during the secondary and tertiary phases of injury. We review some of the critical molecular events related to mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis during the secondary phase and report some recent evidence that intervention may be feasible also days-weeks after the insult.
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95
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Herz J, Reitmeir R, Hagen SI, Reinboth BS, Guo Z, Zechariah A, ElAli A, Doeppner TR, Bacigaluppi M, Pluchino S, Kilic U, Kilic E, Hermann DM. Intracerebroventricularly delivered VEGF promotes contralesional corticorubral plasticity after focal cerebral ischemia via mechanisms involving anti-inflammatory actions. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 45:1077-85. [PMID: 22198574 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has potent angiogenic and neuroprotective effects in the ischemic brain. Its effect on axonal plasticity and neurological recovery in the post-acute stroke phase was unknown. Using behavioral tests combined with anterograde tract tracing studies and with immunohistochemical and molecular biological experiments, we examined effects of a delayed i.c.v. delivery of recombinant human VEGF(165), starting 3 days after stroke, on functional neurological recovery, corticorubral plasticity and inflammatory brain responses in mice submitted to 30 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion. We herein show that the slowly progressive functional improvements of motor grip strength and coordination, which are induced by VEGF, are accompanied by enhanced sprouting of contralesional corticorubral fibres that branched off the pyramidal tract in order to cross the midline and innervate the ipsilesional parvocellular red nucleus. Infiltrates of CD45+ leukocytes were noticed in the ischemic striatum of vehicle-treated mice that closely corresponded to areas exhibiting Iba-1+ activated microglia. VEGF attenuated the CD45+ leukocyte infiltrates at 14 but not 30 days post ischemia and diminished the microglial activation. Notably, the VEGF-induced anti-inflammatory effect of VEGF was associated with a downregulation of a broad set of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in both brain hemispheres. These data suggest a link between VEGF's immunosuppressive and plasticity-promoting actions that may be important for successful brain remodeling. Accordingly, growth factors with anti-inflammatory action may be promising therapeutics in the post-acute stroke phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Herz
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Essen, Germany
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96
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Schuette-Nuetgen K, Strecker JK, Minnerup J, Ringelstein EB, Schilling M. MCP-1/CCR-2-double-deficiency severely impairs the migration of hematogenous inflammatory cells following transient cerebral ischemia in mice. Exp Neurol 2011; 233:849-58. [PMID: 22197827 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and its receptor CCR-2 are known to play a major role in inflammatory responses after cerebral ischemia. Mice deficient in either MCP-1 or CCR-2 have been reported to develop smaller infarct sizes and show decreased numbers of infiltrating inflammatory cells. In the present study we used green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic mice to investigate the effect of MCP-1/CCR-2-double deficiency on the recruitment of inflammatory cells in a model of both, mild and severe cerebral ischemia. We show that MCP-1/CCR-2-double deficiency virtually entirely abrogates the recruitment of hematogenous macrophages and significantly reduces neutrophil migration to the ischemic brain 4 and 7 days following focal cerebral ischemia. This argues for a predominant role of the MCP-1/CCR-2 axis in chemotaxis of monocytes despite a wide redundancy in the chemokine-receptor-system. Chemokine analysis revealed that even candidates known to be involved in monocyte and neutrophil recruitment like MIP-1α, CXCL-1, C5a, G-CSF and GM-CSF showed a reduced and delayed or even a lack of relevant compensatory response in MCP-1(-/-)/CCR-2(-/-)-mice. Solely, chemokine receptor 5 (CCR-5) increased early in both, but rose above wildtype levels at day 7 in MCP-1(-/-)/CCR-2(-/-)-animals, which might explain the higher number of activated microglial cells compared to control mice. Our study was, however, not powered to investigate infarct volumes. Further studies are needed to clarify whether these mechanisms of inflammatory cell recruitment might be essential for early infarct development and final infarct size and to evaluate potential therapeutic implications.
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97
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Béjot Y, Mossiat C, Giroud M, Prigent-Tessier A, Marie C. Circulating and brain BDNF levels in stroke rats. Relevance to clinical studies. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29405. [PMID: 22195050 PMCID: PMC3241711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Whereas brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels are measured in the brain in animal models of stroke, neurotrophin levels in stroke patients are measured in plasma or serum samples. The present study was designed to investigate the meaning of circulating BDNF levels in stroke patients. Methods and Results Unilateral ischemic stroke was induced in rats by the injection of various numbers of microspheres into the carotid circulation in order to mimic the different degrees of stroke severity observed in stroke patients. Blood was serially collected from the jugular vein before and after (4 h, 24 h and 8 d) embolization and the whole brains were collected at 4, 24 h and 8 d post-embolization. Rats were then selected from their degree of embolization, so that the distribution of stroke severity in the rats at the different time points was large but similar. Using ELISA tests, BDNF levels were measured in plasma, serum and brain of selected rats. Whereas plasma and serum BDNF levels were not changed by stroke, stroke induced an increase in brain BDNF levels at 4 h and 24 h post-embolization, which was not correlated with stroke severity. Individual plasma BDNF levels did not correlate with brain levels at any time point after stroke but a positive correlation (r = 0.67) was observed between individual plasma BDNF levels and stroke severity at 4 h post-embolization. Conclusion Circulating BDNF levels do not mirror brain BDNF levels after stroke, and severe stroke is associated with high plasma BDNF in the very acute stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Béjot
- U887 Motricité-Plasticité, Dijon, France
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Dijon, France
- Dijon Stroke Registry, EA 4184, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- * E-mail: (YB); (C. Marie)
| | - Claude Mossiat
- U887 Motricité-Plasticité, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Maurice Giroud
- U887 Motricité-Plasticité, Dijon, France
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Dijon, France
- Dijon Stroke Registry, EA 4184, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | | | - Christine Marie
- U887 Motricité-Plasticité, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- * E-mail: (YB); (C. Marie)
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Adibhatla RM, Hatcher JF, Gusain A. Tricyclodecan-9-yl-xanthogenate (D609) mechanism of actions: a mini-review of literature. Neurochem Res 2011; 37:671-9. [PMID: 22101393 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0659-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tricyclodecan-9-yl-xanthogenate (D609) is known for its antiviral and antitumor properties. D609 actions are widely attributed to inhibiting phosphatidylcholine (PC)-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC). D609 also inhibits sphingomyelin synthase (SMS). PC-PLC and/or SMS inhibition will affect lipid second messengers 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG) and/or ceramide. Evidence indicates either PC-PLC and/or SMS inhibition affected the cell cycle and arrested proliferation, and stimulated differentiation in various in vitro and in vivo studies. Xanthogenate compounds are also potent antioxidants and D609 reduced Aß-induced toxicity, attributed to its antioxidant properties. Zn²⁺ is necessary for PC-PLC enzymatic activity; inhibition by D609 might be attributed to its Zn²⁺ chelation. D609 has also been proposed to inhibit acidic sphingomyelinase or down-regulate hypoxia inducible factor-1α; however these are down-stream events related to PC-PLC inhibition. Characterization of the mammalian PC-PLC is limited to inhibition of enzymatic activity (frequently measured using Amplex red assay with bacterial PC-PLC as a standard). The mammalian PC-PLC has not been cloned; sequenced and structural information is unavailable. D609 showed promise in cancer studies, reduced atherosclerotic plaques (inhibition of PC-PLC) and cerebral infarction after stroke (PC-PLC or SMS). D609 actions as an antagonist to pro-inflammatory cytokines have been attributed to PC-PLC. The purpose of this review is to comprehensively evaluate the literature and summarize the findings and relevance to cell cycle and CNS pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rao Muralikrishna Adibhatla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Clinical Science Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792-3232, USA.
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Shang YC, Chong ZZ, Wang S, Maiese K. Erythropoietin and Wnt1 govern pathways of mTOR, Apaf-1, and XIAP in inflammatory microglia. Curr Neurovasc Res 2011; 8:270-85. [PMID: 22023617 PMCID: PMC3254854 DOI: 10.2174/156720211798120990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory microglia modulate a host of cellular processes in the central nervous system that include neuronal survival, metabolic fluxes, foreign body exclusion, and cellular regeneration. Elucidation of the pathways that oversee microglial survival and integrity may offer new avenues for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Here we demonstrate that erythropoietin (EPO), an emerging strategy for immune system modulation, prevents microglial early and late apoptotic injury during oxidant stress through Wnt1, a cysteine-rich glycosylated protein that modulates cellular development and survival. Loss of Wnt1 through blockade of Wnt1 signaling or through the gene silencing of Wnt1 eliminates the protective capacity of EPO. Furthermore, endogenous Wnt1 in microglia is vital to preserve microglial survival since loss of Wnt1 alone increases microglial injury during oxidative stress. Cellular protection by EPO and Wnt1 intersects at the level of protein kinase B (Akt1), the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and p70S6K, which are necessary to foster cytoprotection for microglia. Downstream from these pathways, EPO and Wnt1 control "anti-apoptotic" pathways of microglia through the modulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability, the release of cytochrome c, and the expression of apoptotic protease activating factor-1 (Apaf-1) and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP). These studies offer new insights for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative disorders that focus upon inflammatory microglia and novel signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen Shang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, University of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, 07101 New Jersey
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, University of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, 07101 New Jersey
- Cancer Center - New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, 07101 New Jersey
| | - Zhao Zhong Chong
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, University of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, 07101 New Jersey
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, University of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, 07101 New Jersey
- Cancer Center - New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, 07101 New Jersey
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, University of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, 07101 New Jersey
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, University of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, 07101 New Jersey
- Cancer Center - New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, 07101 New Jersey
| | - Kenneth Maiese
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, University of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, 07101 New Jersey
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, University of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, 07101 New Jersey
- Cancer Center - New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, 07101 New Jersey
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Hobohm C, Laignel F, Kacza J, Küppers-Tiedt L, Heindl M, Schneider D, Grosche J, Härtig W, Michalski D. Long-lasting neuronal loss following experimental focal cerebral ischemia is not affected by combined administration of tissue plasminogen activator and hyperbaric oxygen. Brain Res 2011; 1417:115-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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