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Odingo JO, Early JV, Smith J, Johnson J, Bailey MA, Files M, Guzman J, Ollinger J, Korkegian A, Kumar A, Ovechkina Y, Parish T. 8-Hydroxyquinolines are bactericidal against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Drug Dev Res 2019; 80:566-572. [PMID: 30893501 PMCID: PMC6767403 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for new treatments effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis. The 8-hydroxyquinoline series is a privileged scaffold with anticancer, antifungal, and antibacterial activities. We conducted a structure-activity relationship study of the series regarding its antitubercular activity using 26 analogs. The 8-hydroxyquinolines showed good activity against M. tuberculosis, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC90) of <5 μM for some analogs. Small substitutions at C5 resulted in the most potent activity. Substitutions at C2 generally decreased potency, although a sub-family of 2-styryl-substituted analogs retained activity. Representative compounds demonstrated bactericidal activity against replicating M. tuberculosis with >4 log kill at 10× MIC over 14 days. The majority of the compounds demonstrated cytotoxicity (IC50 of <100 μM). Further development of this series as antitubercular agents should address the cytotoxicity liability. However, the 8-hydroxyquinoline series represents a useful tool for chemical genomics to identify novel targets in M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua O Odingo
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Julie V Early
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jake Smith
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - James Johnson
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mai A Bailey
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Megan Files
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Junitta Guzman
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Juliane Ollinger
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Aaron Korkegian
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Anuradha Kumar
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Yulia Ovechkina
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Tanya Parish
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
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Tükenmez H, Edström I, Kalsum S, Braian C, Ummanni R, Fick SB, Sundin C, Lerm M, Elofsson M, Larsson C. Corticosteroids protect infected cells against mycobacterial killing in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 511:117-121. [PMID: 30773257 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The effect of corticosteroids on human physiology is complex and their use in tuberculosis patients remains controversial. In a high-throughput screening approach designed to discover virulence inhibitors, several corticosteroids were found to prevent cytolysis of fibroblasts infected with mycobacteria. Further experiments with Mycobacterium tuberculosis showed anti-cytolytic activity in the 10 nM range, but no effect on bacterial growth or survival in the absence of host cells at 20 μM. The results from a panel of corticosteroids with various affinities to the glucocorticoid- and mineralocorticoid receptors indicate that the inhibition of cytolysis most likely is mediated through the glucocorticoid receptor. Using live-imaging of M. tuberculosis-infected human monocyte-derived macrophages, we also show that corticosteroids to some extent control intracellular bacteria. In vitro systems with reduced complexity are to further study and understand the interactions between bacterial infection, immune defense and cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Tükenmez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Isabel Edström
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sadaf Kalsum
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Clara Braian
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ramesh Ummanni
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Stina Berglund Fick
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden (CBCS), Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Charlotta Sundin
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Maria Lerm
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mikael Elofsson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Christer Larsson
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Umeå University Hospital, SE-901 85, Umeå, Sweden.
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Benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone derivatives against replicating and nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2019; 72:218-224. [PMID: 30662064 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-019-0140-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we report a series of benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone derivatives possessing high activity toward actively replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values in the range from 0.14 to 2.2 μM. Among them, two compounds-2-(4-phenethoxybenzylidene)hydrazine-1-carbothioamide (13) and 2-(3-isopropoxybenzylidene)hydrazine-1-carbothioamide (20) also demonstrate submicromolar antimycobacterial activity against M. tuberculosis under hypoxia with MIC values of 0.68 and 0.74 μM, respectively. The activity of compounds 13 and 20 toward five investigated isoniazid-, rifampicin-, and fluoroquinolone-resistant M. tuberculosis isolates is similar to commercially available antituberculosis drugs. The compounds 13 and 20 possess good ADME properties and have low cytotoxicity toward human liver cells (HepG2). Therefore, 2-(4-phenethoxybenzylidene)hydrazine-1-carbothioamide (13) and 2-(3-isopropoxybenzylidene)hydrazine-1-carbothioamide (20) are valuable candidates for further preclinical studies.
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Ollinger J, Kumar A, Roberts DM, Bailey MA, Casey A, Parish T. A high-throughput whole cell screen to identify inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0205479. [PMID: 30650074 PMCID: PMC6334966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a disease of global importance for which novel drugs are urgently required. We developed a whole-cell phenotypic screen which can be used to identify inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth. We used recombinant strains of virulent M. tuberculosis which express far-red fluorescent reporters and used fluorescence to monitor growth in vitro. We optimized our high throughput assays using both 96-well and 384-well plates; both formats gave assays which met stringent reproducibility and robustness tests. We screened a compound set of 1105 chemically diverse compounds previously shown to be active against M. tuberculosis and identified primary hits which showed ≥ 90% growth inhibition. We ranked hits and identified three chemical classes of interest-the phenoxyalkylbenzamidazoles, the benzothiophene 1-1 dioxides, and the piperidinamines. These new compound classes may serve as starting points for the development of new series of inhibitors that prevent the growth of M. tuberculosis. This assay can be used for further screening, or could easily be adapted to other strains of M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Ollinger
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Anuradha Kumar
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David M. Roberts
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Mai A. Bailey
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Allen Casey
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Tanya Parish
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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López-Jiménez AT, Cardenal-Muñoz E, Leuba F, Gerstenmaier L, Barisch C, Hagedorn M, King JS, Soldati T. The ESCRT and autophagy machineries cooperate to repair ESX-1-dependent damage at the Mycobacterium-containing vacuole but have opposite impact on containing the infection. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007501. [PMID: 30596802 PMCID: PMC6329560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytic cells capture and kill most invader microbes within the bactericidal phagosome, but some pathogens subvert killing by damaging the compartment and escaping to the cytosol. To prevent the leakage of pathogen virulence and host defence factors, as well as bacteria escape, host cells have to contain and repair the membrane damage, or finally eliminate the cytosolic bacteria. All eukaryotic cells engage various repair mechanisms to ensure plasma membrane integrity and proper compartmentalization of organelles, including the Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport (ESCRT) and autophagy machineries. We show that during infection of Dictyostelium discoideum with Mycobacterium marinum, the ESCRT-I component Tsg101, the ESCRT-III protein Snf7/Chmp4/Vps32 and the AAA-ATPase Vps4 are recruited to sites of damage at the Mycobacterium-containing vacuole. Interestingly, damage separately recruits the ESCRT and the autophagy machineries. In addition, the recruitment of Vps32 and Vps4 to repair sterile membrane damage depends on Tsg101 but appears independent of Ca2+. Finally, in absence of Tsg101, M. marinum accesses prematurely the cytosol, where the autophagy machinery restricts its growth. We propose that ESCRT has an evolutionary conserved function to repair small membrane damage and to contain intracellular pathogens in intact compartments. Upon uptake by a host cell, intracellular pathogens reside in a membranous compartment called phagosome. Within the phagosome, microbes are protected from the extracellular and cytosolic immune defences, whilst access to nutrients is limited. Some microbes gain access to the host cytosol by damaging the membrane of the phagosome, a step preceding egress and dissemination. Autophagy, a major catabolic pathway in eukaryotes, has been previously proposed to contribute to autonomous cell defence and to repair the membrane damage induced by intracellular pathogens. Here, we provide evidence that, in Dictyostelium discoideum, autophagy does not work alone in the containment of vacuolar mycobacteria, but it operates together with the Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport (ESCRT), a protein machinery recently shown to repair endolysosomal damage. We demonstrate that the membrane perforations induced by the ESX-1 secretion system of Mycobacterium marinum are targeted by both ESCRT and autophagy, which seal the damaged vacuole. We propose that ESCRT might mend small membrane pores, whilst autophagy patches larger cumulative wounds. Interestingly, and contrary to what has been described in mammalian cells for ESCRT-dependent endolysosomal repair, in D. discoideum, repair of sterile membrane damage appears not to require Ca2+. The evolutionary conservation of the function of ESCRT in membrane repair suggests that this machinery plays an ancestral and widespread role to contain a broad range of intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana T. López-Jiménez
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Geneva, Sciences II, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elena Cardenal-Muñoz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Geneva, Sciences II, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Florence Leuba
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Geneva, Sciences II, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lilli Gerstenmaier
- Section Parasitology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Caroline Barisch
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Geneva, Sciences II, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Monica Hagedorn
- Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, group Ribogenetics, Bremen, Germany
| | - Jason S. King
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Thierry Soldati
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Geneva, Sciences II, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Ferreira JDS, Souza Oliveira DA, Santos JP, Ribeiro CCDU, Baêta BA, Teixeira RC, Neumann ADS, Rosa PS, Pessolani MCV, Moraes MO, Bechara GH, de Oliveira PL, Sorgine MHF, Suffys PN, Fontes ANB, Bell-Sakyi L, Fonseca AH, Lara FA. Ticks as potential vectors of Mycobacterium leprae: Use of tick cell lines to culture the bacilli and generate transgenic strains. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0007001. [PMID: 30566440 PMCID: PMC6326517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae and frequently resulting in irreversible deformities and disabilities. Ticks play an important role in infectious disease transmission due to their low host specificity, worldwide distribution, and the biological ability to support transovarial transmission of a wide spectrum of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria and protozoa. To investigate a possible role for ticks as vectors of leprosy, we assessed transovarial transmission of M. leprae in artificially-fed adult female Amblyomma sculptum ticks, and infection and growth of M. leprae in tick cell lines. Our results revealed M. leprae RNA and antigens persisting in the midgut and present in the ovaries of adult female A. sculptum at least 2 days after oral infection, and present in their progeny (eggs and larvae), which demonstrates the occurrence of transovarial transmission of this pathogen. Infected tick larvae were able to inoculate viable bacilli during blood-feeding on a rabbit. Moreover, following inoculation with M. leprae, the Ixodes scapularis embryo-derived tick cell line IDE8 supported a detectable increase in the number of bacilli for at least 20 days, presenting a doubling time of approximately 12 days. As far as we know, this is the first in vitro cellular system able to promote growth of M. leprae. Finally, we successfully transformed a clinical M. leprae isolate by inserting the reporter plasmid pCHERRY3; transformed bacteria infected and grew in IDE8 cells over a 2-month period. Taken together, our data not only support the hypothesis that ticks may have the potential to act as a reservoir and/or vector of leprosy, but also suggest the feasibility of technological development of tick cell lines as a tool for large-scale production of M. leprae bacteria, as well as describing for the first time a method for their transformation. Leprosy is a slow-progressing and extremely debilitating disease; the armadillo is the only animal model able to mimic the symptoms observed in humans. In addition, the causative agent, Mycobacterium leprae, is not cultivable in vitro. Due to these constraints the chain of transmission is still not yet completely understood. We know, however, that at least two animals, armadillos in the Americas and red squirrels in the UK, are natural reservoirs of the bacillus, although their role in disease epidemiology is unclear. This information raised the following question: Can ticks carry leprosy from wild animals to humans? In the present study we demonstrated that artificially-infected female cayenne ticks are able to transmit the bacillus to their offspring, which were then able to transmit it to rabbits during bloodfeeding. We were able to grow M. leprae in vitro in a tick cell line for the first time. We also generated the first transgenic M. leprae strain, making the pathogen fluorescent in order to monitor its viability in real time. We believe that this new methodology will boost the screening of new drugs useful for control of leprosy, as well as improving understanding of how M. leprae causes disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica da Silva Ferreira
- Lab. de Microbiologia Celular, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - João Pedro Santos
- Lab. de Microbiologia Celular, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carla Carolina Dias Uzedo Ribeiro
- Department of Animal Parasitology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruna A. Baêta
- Department of Animal Parasitology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafaella Câmara Teixeira
- Department of Animal Parasitology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de janeiro, Brazil
| | - Arthur da Silva Neumann
- Lab. de Microbiologia Celular, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Milton Ozório Moraes
- Lab. de Hanseníase, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gervásio Henrique Bechara
- School of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Pedro L. de Oliveira
- Lab. de Bioquímica de Artrópodes Hematófagos, Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcos Henrique Ferreira Sorgine
- Lab. de Bioquímica de Artrópodes Hematófagos, Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Philip Noel Suffys
- Lab. de Biologia Molecular Aplicada a Micobactérias, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amanda Nogueira Brum Fontes
- Lab. de Biologia Molecular Aplicada a Micobactérias, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lesley Bell-Sakyi
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Adivaldo H. Fonseca
- Department of Animal Parasitology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flavio Alves Lara
- Lab. de Microbiologia Celular, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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57
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Modelling a Silent Epidemic: A Review of the In Vitro Models of Latent Tuberculosis. Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7040088. [PMID: 30445695 PMCID: PMC6313694 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7040088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the primary cause of death by a single infectious agent; responsible for around two million deaths in 2016. A major virulence factor of TB is the ability to enter a latent or Non-Replicating Persistent (NRP) state which is presumed untreatable. Approximately 1.7 billion people are latently infected with TB and on reactivation many of these infections are drug resistant. As the current treatment is ineffective and diagnosis remains poor, millions of people have the potential to reactivate into active TB disease. The immune system seeks to control the TB infection by containing the bacteria in a granuloma, where it is exposed to stressful anaerobic and nutrient deprived conditions. It is thought to be these environmental conditions that trigger the NRP state. A number of in vitro models have been developed that mimic conditions within the granuloma to a lesser or greater extent. These different models have all been utilised for the research of different characteristics of NRP Mycobacterium tuberculosis, however their disparity in approach and physiological relevance often results in inconsistencies and a lack of consensus between studies. This review provides a summation of the different NRP models and a critical analysis of their respective advantages and disadvantages relating to their physiological relevance.
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Bargen K, Scraba M, Krämer I, Ketterer M, Nehls C, Krokowski S, Repnik U, Wittlich M, Maaser A, Zapka P, Bunge M, Schlesinger M, Huth G, Klees A, Hansen P, Jeschke A, Bendas G, Utermöhlen O, Griffiths G, Gutsmann T, Wohlmann J, Haas A. Virulence‐associated protein A fromRhodococcus equiis an intercompartmental pH‐neutralising virulence factor. Cell Microbiol 2018; 21:e12958. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Bargen
- Division of Biophysics, Cell Biology InstituteUniversity of Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Mirella Scraba
- Division of Biophysics, Cell Biology InstituteUniversity of Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Ina Krämer
- Division of Biophysics, Cell Biology InstituteUniversity of Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Maren Ketterer
- Division of Biophysics, Cell Biology InstituteUniversity of Bonn Bonn Germany
| | | | - Sina Krokowski
- Division of Biophysics, Cell Biology InstituteUniversity of Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Urska Repnik
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Michaela Wittlich
- Division of Biophysics, Cell Biology InstituteUniversity of Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Anna Maaser
- Division of Biophysics, Cell Biology InstituteUniversity of Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Pia Zapka
- Division of Biophysics, Cell Biology InstituteUniversity of Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Madeleine Bunge
- Division of Biophysics, Cell Biology InstituteUniversity of Bonn Bonn Germany
| | | | - Gitta Huth
- Division of Biophysics, Cell Biology InstituteUniversity of Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Annette Klees
- Division of Biophysics, Cell Biology InstituteUniversity of Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Philipp Hansen
- Division of Biophysics, Cell Biology InstituteUniversity of Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Andreas Jeschke
- Division of Biophysics, Cell Biology InstituteUniversity of Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Gerd Bendas
- Pharmaceutical InstituteUniversity of Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Olaf Utermöhlen
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Medical Center, and Center for Molecular Medicine Köln, and German Center for Infection Research (DCIF) Cologne Germany
| | | | | | - Jens Wohlmann
- Division of Biophysics, Cell Biology InstituteUniversity of Bonn Bonn Germany
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Albert Haas
- Division of Biophysics, Cell Biology InstituteUniversity of Bonn Bonn Germany
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Delcroix M, Heydari K, Dodge R, Riley LW. Flow-cytometric analysis of human monocyte subsets targeted by Mycobacterium bovis BCG before granuloma formation. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:5185113. [PMID: 30445573 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is characterized by an inflammatory response resulting in the formation of granulomas. These tight aggregates of immune cells play an important role in bacterial containment and in the eventual outcome of infection. Monocytes are a major component of the early immune response to Mtb and contribute to the cellular matrix of the newly forming granuloma. Therefore, defining which monocyte subset is the target of mycobacterial infection is critical. Here, we describe a flow-cytometry-based assay to analyze infectivity in vitro of monocyte subsets by Mycobacterium bovis BCG before granuloma formation. We identified CD14+CD16- monocytes as the main target of infection in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from six healthy donors. CD14+CD16+ monocytes displayed the lowest infection rates and remained uninfected in some donors. We found that a longer infection time resulted in an increase of the percentage of monocytes infected and of the number of granulomas produced. We did not observe changes in monocyte cell death or subset expansion upon infection. Future experiments with our in vitro method could help define Mtb infectivity of monocyte subsets. Our study provides a platform to investigate how early infection of different monocyte subsets may alter granuloma formation and outcomes of Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melaine Delcroix
- Division of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, 530E Li Ka Shing, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 94720, USA
| | - Kartoosh Heydari
- LKS Flow Cytometry Core, Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ren Dodge
- Division of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, 530E Li Ka Shing, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 94720, USA
| | - Lee W Riley
- Division of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, 530E Li Ka Shing, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 94720, USA
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60
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Coelho-Rocha ND, de Castro CP, de Jesus LCL, Leclercq SY, de Cicco Sandes SH, Nunes AC, Azevedo V, Drumond MM, Mancha-Agresti P. Microencapsulation of Lactic Acid Bacteria Improves the Gastrointestinal Delivery and in situ Expression of Recombinant Fluorescent Protein. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2398. [PMID: 30344518 PMCID: PMC6182071 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The microencapsulation process of bacteria has been used for many years, mainly in the food industry and, among the different matrixes used, sodium alginate stands out. This matrix forms a protective wall around the encapsulated bacterial culture, increasing its viability and protecting against environmental adversities, such as low pH, for example. The aim of the present study was to evaluate both in vitro and in vivo, the capacity of the encapsulation process to maintain viable lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains for a longer period of time and to verify if they are able to reach further regions of mouse intestine. For this purpose, a recombinant strain of LAB (L. lactis ssp. cremoris MG1363) carrying the pExu vector encoding the fluorescence protein mCherry [L. lactis MG1363 (pExu:mCherry)] was constructed. The pExu was designed by our group and acts as a vector for DNA vaccines, enabling the host cell to produce the protein of interest. The functionality of the pExu:mCherry vector, was demonstrated in vitro by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry after transfection of eukaryotic cells. After this confirmation, the recombinant strain was submitted to encapsulation protocol with sodium alginate (1%). Non-encapsulated, as well as encapsulated strains were orally administered to C57BL/6 mice and the expression of mCherry protein was evaluated at different times (0-168 h) in different bowel portions. Confocal microscopy showed that the expression of mCherry was higher in animals who received the encapsulated strain in all portions of intestine analyzed. These results were confirmed by qRT-PCR assay. Therefore, this is the first study comparing encapsulated and non-encapsulated L. lactis bacteria for mucosal DNA delivery applications. Our results showed that the microencapsulation process is an effective method to improve DNA delivery, ensuring a greater number of viable bacteria are able to reach different sections of the bowel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina D Coelho-Rocha
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Camila P de Castro
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Kroton Educacional, Faculdade Pitágoras, Contagem, Brazil
| | - Luis C L de Jesus
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Sophie Y Leclercq
- Laboratório de Inovação Biotecnológica, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Savio H de Cicco Sandes
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Protozoários Parasitas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alvaro C Nunes
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Protozoários Parasitas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mariana M Drumond
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais, Coordenação de Ciências, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Pamela Mancha-Agresti
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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61
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Carroll P, Muwanguzi-Karugaba J, Parish T. Codon-optimized DsRed fluorescent protein for use in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:685. [PMID: 30285840 PMCID: PMC6167837 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3798-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We have previously codon-optimized a number of red fluorescent proteins for use in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (mCherry, tdTomato, Turbo-635). We aimed to expand this repertoire to include DsRed, another widely used and flexible red fluorescent protein. RESULTS We generated expression constructs with a full length DsRed under the control of one of three strong, constitutive promoters (Phsp60, PrpsA or PG13) for use in mycobacteria. We confirmed that full length DsRed (225 amino acids) was expressed and fluoresced brightly. In contrast to mCherry, truncated versions of DsRed lacking several amino acids at the N-terminus were not functional. Thus, we have expanded the repertoire of optimized fluorescent proteins for mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Carroll
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | | | - Tanya Parish
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102 USA
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62
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Sattler N, Bosmani C, Barisch C, Guého A, Gopaldass N, Dias M, Leuba F, Bruckert F, Cosson P, Soldati T. Functions of the Dictyostelium LIMP-2 and CD36 homologues in bacteria uptake, phagolysosome biogenesis and host cell defence. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs218040. [PMID: 30054386 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.218040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytic cells take up, kill and digest microbes by a process called phagocytosis. To this end, these cells bind the particle, rearrange their actin cytoskeleton, and orchestrate transport of digestive factors to the particle-containing phagosome. The mammalian lysosomal membrane protein LIMP-2 (also known as SCARB2) and CD36, members of the class B of scavenger receptors, play a crucial role in lysosomal enzyme trafficking and uptake of mycobacteria, respectively, and generally in host cell defences against intracellular pathogens. Here, we show that the Dictyostelium discoideum LIMP-2 homologue LmpA regulates phagocytosis and phagolysosome biogenesis. The lmpA knockdown mutant is highly affected in actin-dependent processes, such as particle uptake, cellular spreading and motility. Additionally, the cells are severely impaired in phagosomal acidification and proteolysis, likely explaining the higher susceptibility to infection with the pathogenic bacterium Mycobacterium marinum, a close cousin of the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis Furthermore, we bring evidence that LmpB is a functional homologue of CD36 and specifically mediates uptake of mycobacteria. Altogether, these data indicate a role for LmpA and LmpB, ancestors of the family of which LIMP-2 and CD36 are members, in lysosome biogenesis and host cell defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Sattler
- Départment de Biochimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Genève, Sciences II, 30 quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Genève-4, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Bosmani
- Départment de Biochimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Genève, Sciences II, 30 quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Genève-4, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Barisch
- Départment de Biochimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Genève, Sciences II, 30 quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Genève-4, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie Guého
- Départment de Biochimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Genève, Sciences II, 30 quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Genève-4, Switzerland
| | - Navin Gopaldass
- Départment de Biochimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Genève, Sciences II, 30 quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Genève-4, Switzerland
| | - Marco Dias
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Florence Leuba
- Départment de Biochimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Genève, Sciences II, 30 quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Genève-4, Switzerland
| | - Franz Bruckert
- Laboratoire des Matériaux et du Génie Physique (LMGP), Grenoble Institute of Technology, 3 parvis Louis Néel, BP 257, 38016 Grenoble cedex 1, France
| | - Pierre Cosson
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Médical Universitaire, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Soldati
- Départment de Biochimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Genève, Sciences II, 30 quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Genève-4, Switzerland
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63
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Abramovitch RB. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Reporter Strains as Tools for Drug Discovery and Development. IUBMB Life 2018; 70:818-825. [PMID: 29707888 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Reporter strains have proven to be powerful tools to study Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) physiology. Transcriptional and translational reporter strains are engineered by fusing a readout gene, encoding a fluorescent, luminescent or enzymatic protein, downstream of a promoter or in-frame with a gene of interest. When the reporter is expressed, it generates a signal that acts as a synthetic phenotype, enabling the study of physiologies that might have otherwise been hidden. This review will discuss approaches for generating reporter strains in Mtb and how they can be used as tools for high-throughput genetic and small molecule screening and as biomarkers for examining Mtb responses to drug or immune stresses during animal infections. Fluorescent reporter strains have an added benefit in that they can be used for single-cell studies both in vitro and in vivo, thus enabling the study of mechanisms underlying phenotypic heterogeneity. Recent examples of the use of Mtb reporter strains will be presented with a focus on how they can be used as tools for drug discovery and development. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 70(9):818-825, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Abramovitch
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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64
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Identification of cyclic hexapeptides natural products with inhibitory potency against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:416. [PMID: 29954459 PMCID: PMC6022709 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3526-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Our aim was to identify natural products with anti-tubercular activity. Results A set of ~ 500 purified natural product compounds was screened for inhibition against the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A series of cyclic hexapeptides with anti-tubercular activity was identified. Five analogs from a set of sixteen closely related compounds were active, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 2.3 to 8.9 μM. Eleven structural analogs had no significant activity (MIC > 20 μM) demonstrating structure activity relationship. Sequencing of resistant mutant isolates failed to identify changes accounting for the resistance phenotype.
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65
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Trousil J, Ulmann V, Hrubý M. Fluorescence & bioluminescence in the quest for imaging, probing & analysis of mycobacterial infections. Future Microbiol 2018; 13:933-951. [PMID: 29893148 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2017-0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterioses represent a global health problem and rapid diagnostic improvements are urgently required. Mycobacteria-specific fluorescence and bioluminescence phenomena have been found to be useful for a wide range of mycobacteria-focused research. Here, we present a critical survey of the most promising techniques in this field and the potential of new methods under investigation. These approaches include acid-fast staining, intrinsic fluorescence of the coenzyme F420, fluorogenic substrates (e.g., β-lactamase-sensitive coumpounds) and recombination of mycobacteria or mycobacteriophages. Probably the most interesting and emerging host-inspecting approach is in vivo imaging. Detection of fluorescence in vivo, however, is complicated by light scattering, light absorption, and autofluorescence, caused by the tissues. Despite this, many of these systems show promise as the foundations for improved rapid analysis and imaging of mycobacterial infections, both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Trousil
- Department of Supramolecular Polymer Systems, Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovského náměstí 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Charles University, Faculty of Science, Hlavova 8, 128 43 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Vít Ulmann
- Laboratory for Mycobacterial Diagnostics and Tuberculosis, Regional Institute of Public Health in Ostrava, Partyzánské náměstí 7, 702 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hrubý
- Department of Supramolecular Polymer Systems, Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovského náměstí 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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66
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Kong Y, Cirillo JD. Fluorescence Imaging of Mycobacterial Infection in Live Mice Using Fluorescent Protein-Expressing Strains. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1790:75-85. [PMID: 29858784 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7860-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence imaging has been applied to various areas of biological research, including studies of physiological, neurological, oncological, cell biological, molecular, developmental, immunological, and infectious processes. In this chapter, we describe methods of fluorescent imaging applied to examination of subcutaneous and pulmonary mycobacterial infections in an animal model. Since slow growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) hinders development of new diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines for tuberculosis (TB), we developed fluorescent protein (FP) expressing mycobacterial strains for in vivo imaging, which can be used to track bacterial location and to quantitate bacterial load directly in living animals. After comparison of imaging data using strains expressing different fluorescent proteins, we found that strains expressing L5-tdTomato display the greatest fluorescence. Here, we describe detailed protocols for tdTomato-labeled M. bovis BCG imaging in real time for subcutaneous and pulmonary infections in living mice. These procedures allow rapid and accurate determination of bacterial numbers in live mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Kong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Jeffrey D Cirillo
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A & M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, USA
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67
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Yeware A, Sarkar D. Novel red fluorescence protein based microplate assay for drug screening against dormant Mycobacterium tuberculosis by using paraffin. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018; 110:15-19. [PMID: 29779767 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The hypoxia model of dormancy is widely used in drug screening programs to identify novel inhibitors against latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis disease. In earlier reported microplate assays, hypoxia was maintained by either sealing the microplate or shifting in an anaerobic chamber to develop dormant phenotype. In these assays, inhibitors were added during inoculation, which mainly represents the active stage inhibitors instead of the dormant ones. Herein, the culture was covered with paraffin to develop hypoxia condition and consequently providing the advantage of adding compounds at any stage during incubation of 96-well plate. The stable expression of the red fluorescent protein in the bacilli under both actively growing as well as dormant conditions also facilitate the reliable estimation of growth and inhibition kinetics of bacilli in medium. Furthermore, S/N ratio and Z' factor of this assay were found to be > 27 and 0.91-0.94 respectively, which confirm the robustness of the protocol. This newly developed drug-screening assay offers an easy, inexpensive, safe and high throughput-screening tool to search novel antitubercular inhibitors against both active and dormant bacilli. The red fluorescent H37Ra strain is a suitable surrogate for the more virulent H37Rv strain, and thus this effort will help in combating latent tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Yeware
- Academy of Sciences and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NCL Pune, India; Combi Chem Bio Resource Center, Organic Chemistry Division, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Dhiman Sarkar
- Academy of Sciences and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NCL Pune, India; Combi Chem Bio Resource Center, Organic Chemistry Division, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India.
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68
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MacGilvary NJ, Tan S. Fluorescent Mycobacterium tuberculosis reporters: illuminating host-pathogen interactions. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:4919729. [PMID: 29718182 PMCID: PMC6086090 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is intrinsically linked to its intimate and enduring interaction with its host, and understanding Mtb-host interactions at a molecular level is critical to attempts to decrease the significant burden of tuberculosis disease. The marked heterogeneity that exists in lesion progression and outcome during Mtb infection necessitates the development of methods that enable in situ analyses of Mtb biology and host response within the spatial context of tissue structure. Fluorescent reporter Mtb strains have thus come to the forefront as an approach with broad utility for the study of the Mtb-host interface, enabling visualization of the bacteria during infection, and contributing to the discovery of several facets such as non-uniformity in microenvironments and Mtb physiology in vivo, and their relation to the host immune response or therapeutic intervention. We review here the different types of fluorescent reporters and ways in which they have been utilized in Mtb studies, and expand on how they may further be exploited in combination with novel imaging and other methodologies to illuminate key aspects of Mtb-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shumin Tan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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69
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Trofimov V, Kicka S, Mucaria S, Hanna N, Ramon-Olayo F, Del Peral LVG, Lelièvre J, Ballell L, Scapozza L, Besra GS, Cox JAG, Soldati T. Antimycobacterial drug discovery using Mycobacteria-infected amoebae identifies anti-infectives and new molecular targets. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3939. [PMID: 29500372 PMCID: PMC5834492 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22228-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a serious threat to human health world-wide, and improved efficiency of medical treatment requires a better understanding of the pathogenesis and the discovery of new drugs. In the present study, we performed a whole-cell based screen in order to complete the characterization of 168 compounds from the GlaxoSmithKline TB-set. We have established and utilized novel previously unexplored host-model systems to characterize the GSK compounds, i.e. the amoeboid organisms D. discoideum and A. castellanii, as well as a microglial phagocytic cell line, BV2. We infected these host cells with Mycobacterium marinum to monitor and characterize the anti-infective activity of the compounds with quantitative fluorescence measurements and high-content microscopy. In summary, 88.1% of the compounds were confirmed as antibiotics against M. marinum, 11.3% and 4.8% displayed strong anti-infective activity in, respectively, the mammalian and protozoan infection models. Additionally, in the two systems, 13–14% of the compounds displayed pro-infective activity. Our studies underline the relevance of using evolutionarily distant pathogen and host models in order to reveal conserved mechanisms of virulence and defence, respectively, which are potential “universal” targets for intervention. Subsequent mechanism of action studies based on generation of over-expresser M. bovis BCG strains, generation of spontaneous resistant mutants and whole genome sequencing revealed four new molecular targets, including FbpA, MurC, MmpL3 and GlpK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Trofimov
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Sébastien Kicka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Mucaria
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry/Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nabil Hanna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Joël Lelièvre
- GSK, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lluís Ballell
- GSK, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leonardo Scapozza
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry/Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gurdyal S Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jonathan A G Cox
- School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Thierry Soldati
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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70
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Olaru AM, Vasilache V, Danac R, Mangalagiu II. Antimycobacterial activity of nitrogen heterocycles derivatives: 7-(pyridine-4-yl)-indolizine derivatives. Part VII 8-12. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2018; 32:1291-1298. [PMID: 29072097 PMCID: PMC6021032 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2017.1375483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 13 compounds having a monoindolizine mono-salt skeleton was designed and synthesised in order to evaluate their antimycobacterial activity. The synthesis is efficient, involving only three steps: two alkylations and one 3 + 2 dipolar cycloaddition. The antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv grown under aerobic conditions was evaluated, eight compounds showing a very good antimycobacterial activity. SAR correlation reveals a certain influence of the R substituent from the para position of benzoyl moiety at position 3 of indolizine. The most active five compounds passed the second stage of anti-TB testing, the assay demonstrating that they are potent against both replicating and non-replicating Mtb, have a bactericidal mechanism of action, are active against drug-resistant Mtb strains, present a moderate to good activity against nontuberculous mycobacteria, a good intracellular activity, and a moderate to high cytotoxicity. For one compound showing a promising anti-TB profile, a complete ADMET study has been performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anda-Mihaela Olaru
- a Faculty of Chemistry , " Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi , Iasi , Romania
| | - Violeta Vasilache
- b "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, CERNESIM Research Centre , Iasi , Romania
| | - Ramona Danac
- a Faculty of Chemistry , " Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi , Iasi , Romania
| | - Ionel I Mangalagiu
- a Faculty of Chemistry , " Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi , Iasi , Romania
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71
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Schmok E, Abad Dar M, Behrends J, Erdmann H, Rückerl D, Endermann T, Heitmann L, Hessmann M, Yoshimura A, Rose-John S, Scheller J, Schaible UE, Ehlers S, Lang R, Hölscher C. Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 in Macrophages Prevents Exacerbated Interleukin-6-Dependent Arginase-1 Activity and Early Permissiveness to Experimental Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1537. [PMID: 29176982 PMCID: PMC5686055 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) is a feedback inhibitor of interleukin (IL)-6 signaling in macrophages. In the absence of this molecule, macrophages become extremely prone to an IL-6-dependent expression of arginase-1 (Arg1) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS)2, the prototype markers for alternative or classical macrophage activation, respectively. Because both enzymes are antipodean macrophage effector molecules in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, we assessed the relevance of SOCS3 for macrophage activation during experimental tuberculosis using macrophage-specific SOCS3-deficient (LysMcreSOCS3loxP/loxP) mice. Aerosol infection of LysMcreSOCS3loxP/loxP mice resulted in remarkably higher bacterial loads in infected lungs and exacerbated pulmonary inflammation. This increased susceptibility to Mtb infection was accompanied by enhanced levels of both classical and alternative macrophage activation. However, high Arg1 expression preceded the increased induction of NOS2 and at early time points of infection mycobacteria were mostly found in cells positive for Arg1. This sequential activation of Arg1 and NOS2 expression in LysMcreSOCS3loxP/loxP mice appears to favor the initial replication of Mtb particularly in Arg1-positive cells. Neutralization of IL-6 in Mtb-infected LysMcreSOCS3loxP/loxP mice reduced arginase activity and restored control of mycobacterial replication in LysMcreSOCS3loxP/loxP mice. Our data reveal an unexpected role of SOCS3 during experimental TB: macrophage SOCS3 restrains early expression of Arg1 and helps limit Mtb replication in resident lung macrophages, thereby limiting the growth of mycobacteria. Together, SOCS3 keeps IL-6-dependent divergent macrophage responses such as Nos2 and Arg1 expression under control and safeguard protective macrophage effector mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Schmok
- Infection Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Mahin Abad Dar
- Infection Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Jochen Behrends
- Infection Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Hanna Erdmann
- Infection Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Dominik Rückerl
- Infection Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Tanja Endermann
- Infection Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Lisa Heitmann
- Infection Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | | | - Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Department of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence Inflammation-at-Interfaces (Borstel-Kiel-Lübeck-Plön), Kiel, Germany
| | - Jürgen Scheller
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Ehlers
- Cluster of Excellence Inflammation-at-Interfaces (Borstel-Kiel-Lübeck-Plön), Kiel, Germany.,Microbial Inflammation Research, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.,Molecular Inflammation Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Roland Lang
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Hölscher
- Infection Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence Inflammation-at-Interfaces (Borstel-Kiel-Lübeck-Plön), Kiel, Germany
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72
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Kapp E, Visser H, Sampson SL, Malan SF, Streicher EM, Foka GB, Warner DF, Omoruyi SI, Enogieru AB, Ekpo OE, Zindo FT, Joubert J. Versatility of 7-Substituted Coumarin Molecules as Antimycobacterial Agents, Neuronal Enzyme Inhibitors and Neuroprotective Agents. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101644. [PMID: 28973990 PMCID: PMC6151660 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A medium-throughput screen using Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv was employed to screen an in-house library of structurally diverse compounds for antimycobacterial activity. In this initial screen, eleven 7-substituted coumarin derivatives with confirmed monoamine oxidase-B and cholinesterase inhibitory activities, demonstrated growth inhibition of more than 50% at 50 µM. This prompted further exploration of all the 7-substituted coumarins in our library. Four compounds showed promising MIC99 values of 8.31–29.70 µM and 44.15–57.17 µM on M. tuberculosis H37Rv in independent assays using GAST-Fe and 7H9+OADC media, respectively. These compounds were found to bind to albumin, which may explain the variations in MIC between the two assays. Preliminary data showed that they were able to maintain their activity in fluoroquinolone resistant mycobacteria. Structure-activity relationships indicated that structural modification on position 4 and/or 7 of the coumarin scaffold could direct the selectivity towards either the inhibition of neuronal enzymes or the antimycobacterial effect. Moderate cytotoxicities were observed for these compounds and slight selectivity towards mycobacteria was indicated. Further neuroprotective assays showed significant neuroprotection for selected compounds irrespective of their neuronal enzyme inhibitory properties. These coumarin molecules are thus interesting lead compounds that may provide insight into the design of new antimicrobacterial and neuroprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Kapp
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, Bellville 7550, South Africa.
| | - Hanri Visser
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SA MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.
| | - Samantha L Sampson
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SA MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.
| | - Sarel F Malan
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, Bellville 7550, South Africa.
| | - Elizabeth M Streicher
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SA MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.
| | - Germaine B Foka
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, Bellville 7550, South Africa.
| | - Digby F Warner
- Medical Research Council/National Health Laboratory Service/University of Cape Town Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa.
| | - Sylvester I Omoruyi
- Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, Bellville 7550, South Africa.
| | - Adaze B Enogieru
- Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, Bellville 7550, South Africa.
| | - Okobi E Ekpo
- Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, Bellville 7550, South Africa.
| | - Frank T Zindo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, Bellville 7550, South Africa.
| | - Jacques Joubert
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, Bellville 7550, South Africa.
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73
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Xiang W, Cox N, Gomer RH. Identification of compounds that decrease numbers of Mycobacteria in human macrophages in the presence of serum amyloid P. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:857-869. [PMID: 28768708 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1a0317-118rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mϕs are a heterogeneous population of cells and include classically activated Mϕs (M1) and alternatively activated Mϕs (M2). Mϕs can change from M1 to M2 and vice versa in response to environmental stimuli. Serum amyloid P (SAP) is a constitutive plasma protein that polarizes Mϕs to an M2 phenotype, and part of this effect is mediated through FcγRI receptors. In an effort to find ways to alter Mϕs phenotypes, we screened for compounds that can block the SAP-FcγRI interaction. From a screen of 3000 compounds, we found 12 compounds that reduced the ability of fluorescently labeled human SAP to bind cells expressing human FcγRI. Based on cell surface marker expression, 8 of the compounds inhibited the effect of SAP on skewing human Mϕs to an M2 phenotype and in the presence of SAP polarized Mϕs to an M1 phenotype. In diseases, such as tuberculosis, M1s are more effective at killing bacteria than M2s. SAP potentiated the numbers of the mycobacterial strains Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mϕs. When added along with SAP, 2 of the compounds reduced intracellular Mycobacterium numbers. Together, these results indicate that the blocking of SAP effects on Mϕs can skew these cells toward an M1 phenotype, and this may be useful in treating diseases, such as tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Xiang
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Nehemiah Cox
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Richard H Gomer
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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74
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Abstract
The interaction between the host and the pathogen is extremely complex and is affected by anatomical, physiological, and immunological diversity in the microenvironments, leading to phenotypic diversity of the pathogen. Phenotypic heterogeneity, defined as nongenetic variation observed in individual members of a clonal population, can have beneficial consequences especially in fluctuating stressful environmental conditions. This is all the more relevant in infections caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis wherein the pathogen is able to survive and often establish a lifelong persistent infection in the host. Recent studies in tuberculosis patients and in animal models have documented the heterogeneous and diverging trajectories of individual lesions within a single host. Since the fate of the individual lesions appears to be determined by the local tissue environment rather than systemic response of the host, studying this heterogeneity is very relevant to ensure better control and complete eradication of the pathogen from individual lesions. The heterogeneous microenvironments greatly enhance M. tuberculosis heterogeneity influencing the growth rates, metabolic potential, stress responses, drug susceptibility, and eventual lesion resolution. Single-cell approaches such as time-lapse microscopy using microfluidic devices allow us to address cell-to-cell variations that are often lost in population-average measurements. In this review, we focus on some of the factors that could be considered as drivers of phenotypic heterogeneity in M. tuberculosis as well as highlight some of the techniques that are useful in addressing this issue.
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75
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Kalsum S, Braian C, Koeken VACM, Raffetseder J, Lindroth M, van Crevel R, Lerm M. The Cording Phenotype of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Induces the Formation of Extracellular Traps in Human Macrophages. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:278. [PMID: 28695112 PMCID: PMC5483443 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The causative agent of tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, shares several characteristics with organisms that produce biofilms during infections. One of these is the ability to form tight bundles also known as cords. However, little is known of the physiological relevance of the cording phenotype. In this study, we investigated whether cord-forming M. tuberculosis induce the formation of macrophage extracellular traps (METs) in human monocyte-derived macrophages. Macrophages have previously been shown to produce extracellular traps in response to various stimuli. We optimized bacterial culturing conditions that favored the formation of the cord-forming phenotype as verified by scanning electron microscopy. Microscopy analysis of METs formation during experimental infection of macrophages with M. tuberculosis revealed that cord-forming M. tuberculosis induced significantly more METs compared to the non-cording phenotype. Deletion of early secreted antigenic target-6 which is an important virulence factor of M. tuberculosis, abrogated the ability of the bacteria to induce METs. The release of extracellular DNA from host cells during infection may represent a defense mechanism against pathogens that are difficult to internalize, including cord-forming M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Kalsum
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping UniversityLinköping, Sweden
| | - Clara Braian
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping UniversityLinköping, Sweden
| | - Valerie A C M Koeken
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping UniversityLinköping, Sweden.,Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Johanna Raffetseder
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping UniversityLinköping, Sweden
| | - Margaretha Lindroth
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping UniversityLinköping, Sweden
| | - Reinout van Crevel
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Maria Lerm
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping UniversityLinköping, Sweden
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76
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Manning AJ, Ovechkina Y, McGillivray A, Flint L, Roberts DM, Parish T. A high content microscopy assay to determine drug activity against intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Methods 2017; 127:3-11. [PMID: 28366666 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is one of the infectious diseases with the greatest global burden, affecting millions of people. The rise of multi- and extensively-drug resistant forms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis over the last few decades has highlighted the urgent need for development of new drugs to treat the disease. Many drug development pipelines are based on in vitro assays examining a compound's effect on M. tuberculosis alone. These do not account for the effect of a compound on mammalian cells nor the interaction between host and pathogen. We therefore developed a live-cell fluorescence-based screen utilizing high content microscopy of mammalian macrophages infected with M. tuberculosis to screen for compounds with both substantial inhibition of M. tuberculosis growth and low cytotoxicity. Isoniazid, a first line tuberculosis drug, and staurosporine, a compound with well documented cytotoxic activity, were used to validate the assay. These and other control compounds showed results for M. tuberculosis growth consistent with the field. Together, this method of screening allows for high throughput testing of potential tuberculosis drugs while capturing more information per compound in a physiologically relevant context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa J Manning
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Yulia Ovechkina
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Amanda McGillivray
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Lindsay Flint
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - David M Roberts
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Tanya Parish
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA.
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77
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Lau A, Singh V, Soualhine H, Hmama Z. Expression of Cathepsin S in BCG converts it into a pro-apoptotic and highly immunogenic strain. Vaccine 2017; 35:2060-2068. [PMID: 28318770 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND BCG vaccine, introduced almost 100years ago, is the only option to prevent TB disease. It effectively protects newborns from meningeal TB but fails to prevent adult pulmonary TB. TB kills 1.3million people annually in areas where BCG vaccination is widely practiced. Thus, more effective TB vaccines are urgently needed. Others and we have shown that BCG mimics features of virulent M. tuberculosis, in particular attenuation of essential macrophage functions such as phagosome maturation and antigen presentation. One of these studies revealed that defect in antigen presentation is largely due to down-regulation of the cysteine protease Cathepsin S (CatS), which prevents MHC II molecule maturation and proper antigen peptide loading. Recent studies also suggested a potential role for cysteine proteases in the regulation of apoptosis, a key cellular process used by the macrophage to (i) contain and process ingested bacteria and (ii) facilitate cross-talk antigen presentation between the macrophage and dendritic cells. METHOD To reverse the phenotype of vaccine-mediated macrophage attenuation, we engineered a novel BCG strain that expresses and secretes active CatS (rBCG-CatS) to examine its pro-apoptotic properties in vitro, and subsequently, immunogenicity in mice. RESULTS Transcriptomic profiling of macrophages infected with rBCG-CatS, but not BCG, revealed upregulation of key pro-apoptotic genes and downregulation of anti-apoptotic genes, which were further confirmed by RT-qPCR analyses of expression of selected genes. Macrophages infected with rBCG-CatS undergo apoptosis as indicated by increased levels of annexin V staining and intracellular caspase-3 cleavage. Consistent with these findings, mice vaccinated with rBCG-CatS showed increased antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell responses, as well as enhanced cytokine production and proliferation in CD4+ upon ex vivo re-stimulation. CONCLUSION Collectively, this study shows that a pro-apoptotic BCG strain alleviates adverse traits of the wild-type strain, resulting in a highly immunogenic TB vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Lau
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Vijender Singh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Hafid Soualhine
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Zakaria Hmama
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada.
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78
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A Bioengineered Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Platform Integrated with Microfluidics To Address Antimicrobial Resistance in Tuberculosis. mBio 2017; 8:mBio.02073-16. [PMID: 28174307 PMCID: PMC5296599 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02073-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance presents one of the most significant threats to human health, with the emergence of totally drug-resistant organisms. We have combined bioengineering, genetically modified bacteria, longitudinal readouts, and fluidics to develop a transformative platform to address the drug development bottleneck, utilizing Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the model organism. We generated microspheres incorporating virulent reporter bacilli, primary human cells, and an extracellular matrix by using bioelectrospray methodology. Granulomas form within the three-dimensional matrix, and mycobacterial stress genes are upregulated. Pyrazinamide, a vital first-line antibiotic for treating human tuberculosis, kills M. tuberculosis in a three-dimensional culture but not in a standard two-dimensional culture or Middlebrook 7H9 broth, demonstrating that antibiotic sensitivity within microspheres reflects conditions in patients. We then performed pharmacokinetic modeling by combining the microsphere system with a microfluidic plate and demonstrated that we can model the effect of dynamic antibiotic concentrations on mycobacterial killing. The microsphere system is highly tractable, permitting variation of cell content, the extracellular matrix, sphere size, the infectious dose, and the surrounding medium with the potential to address a wide array of human infections and the threat of antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial resistance is a major global threat, and an emerging concept is that infection should be studied in the context of host immune cells. Tuberculosis is a chronic infection that kills over a million people every year and is becoming progressively more resistant to antibiotics. Recent major studies of shorter treatment or new vaccination approaches have not been successful, demonstrating that transformative technologies are required to control tuberculosis. We have developed an entirely new system to study the infection of host cells in a three-dimensional matrix by using bioengineering. We showed that antibiotics that work in patients are effective in this microsphere system but not in standard infection systems. We then combined microspheres with microfluidics to model drug concentration changes in patients and demonstrate the effect of increasing antibiotic concentrations on bacterial survival. This system can be widely applied to address the threat of antimicrobial resistance and develop new treatments.
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79
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Barisch C, Soldati T. Mycobacterium marinum Degrades Both Triacylglycerols and Phospholipids from Its Dictyostelium Host to Synthesise Its Own Triacylglycerols and Generate Lipid Inclusions. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006095. [PMID: 28103313 PMCID: PMC5245797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During a tuberculosis infection and inside lipid-laden foamy macrophages, fatty acids (FAs) and sterols are the major energy and carbon source for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycobacteria can be found both inside a vacuole and the cytosol, but how this impacts their access to lipids is not well appreciated. Lipid droplets (LDs) store FAs in form of triacylglycerols (TAGs) and are energy reservoirs of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Using the Dictyostelium discoideum/Mycobacterium marinum infection model we showed that M. marinum accesses host LDs to build up its own intracytosolic lipid inclusions (ILIs). Here, we show that host LDs aggregate at regions of the bacteria that become exposed to the cytosol, and appear to coalesce on their hydrophobic surface leading to a transfer of diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 (Dgat2)-GFP onto the bacteria. Dictyostelium knockout mutants for both Dgat enzymes are unable to generate LDs. Instead, the excess of exogenous FAs is esterified predominantly into phospholipids, inducing uncontrolled proliferation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Strikingly, in absence of host LDs, M. marinum alternatively exploits these phospholipids, resulting in rapid reversal of ER-proliferation. In addition, the bacteria are unable to restrict their acquisition of lipids from the dgat1&2 double knockout leading to vast accumulation of ILIs. Recent data indicate that the presence of ILIs is one of the characteristics of dormant mycobacteria. During Dictyostelium infection, ILI formation in M. marinum is not accompanied by a significant change in intracellular growth and a reduction in metabolic activity, thus providing evidence that storage of neutral lipids does not necessarily induce dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Barisch
- Department of Biochemistry, Science II, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Thierry Soldati
- Department of Biochemistry, Science II, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, Geneva, Switzerland
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80
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Tezera LB, Bielecka MK, Chancellor A, Reichmann MT, Shammari BA, Brace P, Batty A, Tocheva A, Jogai S, Marshall BG, Tebruegge M, Jayasinghe SN, Mansour S, Elkington PT. Dissection of the host-pathogen interaction in human tuberculosis using a bioengineered 3-dimensional model. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28063256 PMCID: PMC5238961 DOI: 10.7554/elife.21283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell biology differs between traditional cell culture and 3-dimensional (3-D) systems, and is modulated by the extracellular matrix. Experimentation in 3-D presents challenges, especially with virulent pathogens. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) kills more humans than any other infection and is characterised by a spatially organised immune response and extracellular matrix remodelling. We developed a 3-D system incorporating virulent mycobacteria, primary human blood mononuclear cells and collagen–alginate matrix to dissect the host-pathogen interaction. Infection in 3-D led to greater cellular survival and permitted longitudinal analysis over 21 days. Key features of human tuberculosis develop, and extracellular matrix integrity favours the host over the pathogen. We optimised multiparameter readouts to study emerging therapeutic interventions: cytokine supplementation, host-directed therapy and immunoaugmentation. Each intervention modulates the host-pathogen interaction, but has both beneficial and harmful effects. This methodology has wide applicability to investigate infectious, inflammatory and neoplastic diseases and develop novel drug regimes and vaccination approaches. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.21283.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Liku B Tezera
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalena K Bielecka
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Chancellor
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Michaela T Reichmann
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Basim Al Shammari
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center/King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases, MNGHA, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Patience Brace
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Batty
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Annie Tocheva
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjay Jogai
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ben G Marshall
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Tebruegge
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Suwan N Jayasinghe
- BioPhysics Group, UCL Institute of Biomedical Engineering, UCL Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and UCL Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Salah Mansour
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Paul T Elkington
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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81
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Genetic Techniques for Manipulation of the Phytosterol Biotransformation Strain Mycobacterium neoaurum NRRL B-3805. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1645:93-108. [PMID: 28710623 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7183-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium neoaurum is a saprophytic, soil-dwelling bacterium. The strain NRRL B-3805 converts phytosterols to androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (androstenedione; AD), a precursor of multiple C19 steroids of importance to industry. NRRL B-3805 itself is able to convert AD to other steroid products, including testosterone (Ts) and androst-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (androstadienedione; ADD). However to improve this strain for industrial use, genetic modification is a priority. In this chapter, we describe a range of genetic techniques that can be used for M. neoaurum NRRL B-3805. Methods for transformation, expression, and gene knockouts are presented as well as plasmid maintenance and stability.
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82
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Tan S, Yates RM, Russell DG. Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Readouts of Bacterial Fitness and the Environment Within the Phagosome. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1519:333-347. [PMID: 27815891 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6581-6_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages fulfill most of their microbicidal duties in their phagosomes following uptake of microbes. However, some microbes, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, have evolved mechanisms to subvert the normal maturation process of their phagocytic compartment to limit the hostility of this environment. The experimental analysis of this process and its subsequent impact on bacterial fitness is technically demanding and has required the development of a broad range of readouts to correlate function and outcome. In this chapter we detail two technically divergent platforms to measure the environment within the phagosomal compartment that contains Mtb in the short term, and more long-term readouts of bacterial fitness and Mtb's reaction to host-derived stresses. The readouts are all fluorescence-based and are adaptable to measurement by a range of platforms, including spectrofluorometry, confocal microscopy, and flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Tan
- Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Robin M Yates
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - David G Russell
- Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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83
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Yang D, Ding F, Mitachi K, Kurosu M, Lee RE, Kong Y. A Fluorescent Probe for Detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Identifying Genes Critical for Cell Entry. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:2021. [PMID: 28066347 PMCID: PMC5168438 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The conventional method for quantitating Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in vitro and in vivo relies on bacterial colony forming unit (CFU) enumeration on agar plates. Due to the slow growth rate of Mtb, it takes 3-6 weeks to observe visible colonies on agar plates. Imaging technologies that are capable of quickly quantitating both active and dormant tubercle bacilli in vitro and in vivo would accelerate research toward the development of anti-TB chemotherapies and vaccines. We have developed a fluorescent probe that can directly label the Mtb cell wall components. The fluorescent probe, designated as DLF-1, has a strong affinity to the D-Ala-D-Ala unit of the late peptidoglycan intermediates in the bacterial cell wall. We demonstrate that DLF-1 is capable of detecting Mtb in both the actively replicating and dormant states in vitro at 100 nM without inhibiting bacterial growth. The DLF-1 fluorescence signal correlated well with CFU of the labeled bacteria (R2 = 1 and 0.99 for actively replicating and dormant Mtb, respectively). DLF-1 can also quantitate labeled Mtb inside of cells. The utility of DLF-1 probe to quantitate Mtb was successfully applied to identify genes critical for cell invasion. In conclusion, this novel near infrared imaging probe provides a powerful new tool for enumerating Mtb with potential future use in bacterial virulence study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Feng Ding
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Katsuhiko Mitachi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Michio Kurosu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Richard E Lee
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ying Kong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, TN, USA
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84
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Bonnett SA, Ollinger J, Chandrasekera S, Florio S, O’Malley T, Files M, Jee JA, Ahn J, Casey A, Ovechkina Y, Roberts D, Korkegian A, Parish T. A Target-Based Whole Cell Screen Approach To Identify Potential Inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Signal Peptidase. ACS Infect Dis 2016; 2:893-902. [PMID: 27642770 PMCID: PMC5215716 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The general secretion (Sec) pathway is a conserved essential pathway in bacteria and is the primary route of protein export across the cytoplasmic membrane. During protein export, the signal peptidase LepB catalyzes the cleavage of the signal peptide and subsequent release of mature proteins into the extracellular space. We developed a target-based whole cell assay to screen for potential inhibitors of LepB, the sole signal peptidase in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, using a strain engineered to underexpress LepB (LepB-UE). We screened 72,000 compounds against both the Lep-UE and wild-type (wt) strains. We identified the phenylhydrazone (PHY) series as having higher activity against the LepB-UE strain. We conducted a limited structure-activity relationship determination around a representative PHY compound with differential activity (MICs of 3.0 μM against the LepB-UE strain and 18 μM against the wt); several analogues were less potent against the LepB overexpressing strain. A number of chemical modifications around the hydrazone moiety resulted in improved potency. Inhibition of LepB activity was observed for a number of compounds in a biochemical assay using cell membrane fraction derived from M. tuberculosis. Compounds did not increase cell permeability, dissipate membrane potential, or inhibit an unrelated mycobacterial enzyme, suggesting a specific mode of action related to the LepB secretory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilah A. Bonnett
- TB Discovery
Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite
400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Juliane Ollinger
- TB Discovery
Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite
400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Susantha Chandrasekera
- TB Discovery
Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite
400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Stephanie Florio
- TB Discovery
Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite
400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Theresa O’Malley
- TB Discovery
Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite
400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Megan Files
- TB Discovery
Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite
400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Jo-Ann Jee
- TB Discovery
Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite
400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - James Ahn
- TB Discovery
Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite
400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Allen Casey
- TB Discovery
Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite
400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Yulia Ovechkina
- TB Discovery
Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite
400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - David Roberts
- TB Discovery
Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite
400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Aaron Korkegian
- TB Discovery
Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite
400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Tanya Parish
- TB Discovery
Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite
400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
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85
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Thanna S, Knudson SE, Grzegorzewicz A, Kapil S, Goins CM, Ronning DR, Jackson M, Slayden RA, Sucheck SJ. Synthesis and evaluation of new 2-aminothiophenes against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:6119-6133. [PMID: 27251120 PMCID: PMC4918453 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00821f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) and its drug resistant forms kills more people than any other infectious disease. This fact emphasizes the need to identify new drugs to treat TB. 2-Aminothiophenes (2AT) have been reported to inhibit Pks13, a validated anti-TB drug target. We synthesized a library of 42 2AT compounds. Among these, compound 33 showed remarkable potency against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) H37RV (MIC = 0.23 μM) and showed an impressive potency (MIC = 0.20-0.44 μM) against Mtb strains resistant to isoniazid, rifampicin and fluoroquinolones. The site of action for the compound 33 is presumed to be Pks13 or an earlier enzyme in the mycolic acid biosynthetic pathway. This inference is based on structural similarity of the compound 33 with known Pks13 inhibitors, which is corroborated by mycolic acid biosynthesis studies showing that the compound strongly inhibits the biosynthesis of all forms of mycolic acid in Mtb. In summary, these studies suggest 33 represents a promising anti-TB lead that exhibits activity well below toxicity to human monocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Thanna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH, USA 43606
| | - Susan E. Knudson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Anna Grzegorzewicz
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Sunayana Kapil
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH, USA 43606
| | - Christopher M. Goins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH, USA 43606
| | - Donald R. Ronning
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH, USA 43606
| | - Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Richard A. Slayden
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Steven J. Sucheck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH, USA 43606
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86
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A Flow Cytometry Method for Rapidly Assessing Mycobacterium tuberculosis Responses to Antibiotics with Different Modes of Action. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:3869-83. [PMID: 26902767 PMCID: PMC4914659 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02712-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Current methods for assessing the drug susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are lengthy and do not capture information about viable organisms that are not immediately culturable under standard laboratory conditions as a result of antibiotic exposure. We have developed a rapid dual-fluorescence flow cytometry method using markers for cell viability and death. We show that the fluorescent marker calcein violet with an acetoxy-methyl ester group (CV-AM) can differentiate between populations of M. tuberculosis growing at different rates, while Sytox green (SG) can differentiate between live and dead mycobacteria. M. tuberculosis was exposed to isoniazid or rifampin at different concentrations over time and either dual stained with CV-AM and SG and analyzed by flow cytometry or plated to determine the viability of the cells. Although similar trends in the loss of viability were observed when the results of flow cytometry and the plate counting methods were compared, there was a lack of correlation between these two approaches, as the flow cytometry analysis potentially captured information about cell populations that were unable to grow under standard conditions. The flow cytometry approach had an additional advantage in that it could provide insights into the mode of action of the drug: antibiotics targeting the cell wall gave a flow cytometry profile distinct from those inhibiting intracellular processes. This rapid drug susceptibility testing method could identify more effective antimycobacterials, provide information about their potential mode of action, and accelerate their progress to the clinic.
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87
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Mantu D, Antoci V, Moldoveanu C, Zbancioc G, Mangalagiu II. Hybrid imidazole (benzimidazole)/pyridine (quinoline) derivatives and evaluation of their anticancer and antimycobacterial activity. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2016; 31:96-103. [PMID: 27250919 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1190711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The design, synthesis, structure, and in vitro anticancer and antimycobacterial activity of new hybrid imidazole (benzimidazole)/pyridine (quinoline) derivatives are described. The strategy adopted for synthesis is straight and efficient, involving a three-step setup procedure: N-acylation, N-alkylation, and quaternization of nitrogen heterocycle. The solubility in microbiological medium and anticancer and antimycobacterial activity of a selection of new synthesized compounds were evaluated. The hybrid derivatives have an excellent solubility in microbiological medium, which make them promising from the pharmacological properties point of view. One of the hybrid compounds, 9 (with a benzimidazole and 8-aminoquinoline skeleton), exhibits a very good and selective antitumor activity against Renal Cancer A498 and Breast Cancer MDA-MB-468. Moreover, the anticancer assay suggests that the hybrid Imz (Bimz)/2-AP (8-AQ) compounds present a specific affinity to Renal Cancer A498. Concerning the antimycobacterial activity, only the hybrid compound, 9, has a significant activity. SAR correlations have been performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorina Mantu
- a Faculty of Chemistry , "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi , Iasi , Romania
| | - Vasilichia Antoci
- a Faculty of Chemistry , "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi , Iasi , Romania
| | - Costel Moldoveanu
- a Faculty of Chemistry , "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi , Iasi , Romania
| | - Gheorghita Zbancioc
- a Faculty of Chemistry , "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi , Iasi , Romania
| | - Ionel I Mangalagiu
- a Faculty of Chemistry , "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi , Iasi , Romania
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88
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Oxadiazoles Have Butyrate-Specific Conditional Activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:3608-16. [PMID: 27044545 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02896-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a global pathogen of huge importance which can adapt to several host niche environments in which carbon source availability is likely to vary. We developed and ran a phenotypic screen using butyrate as the sole carbon source to be more reflective of the host lung environment. We screened a library of ∼87,000 small compounds and identified compounds which demonstrated good antitubercular activity against M. tuberculosis grown with butyrate but not with glucose as the carbon source. Among the hits, we identified an oxadiazole series (six compounds) which had specific activity against M. tuberculosis but which lacked cytotoxicity against mammalian cells.
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89
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Wang Y, Wang H, Li J, Entenberg D, Xue A, Wang W, Condeelis J. Direct visualization of the phenotype of hypoxic tumor cells at single cell resolution in vivo using a new hypoxia probe. INTRAVITAL 2016; 5. [PMID: 27790387 DOI: 10.1080/21659087.2016.1187803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumor hypoxia is linked to tumor progression, metastasis, and therapy resistance. However, the underlying mechanisms behind this linkage are not fully understood. Here we present a novel fluorescent mCherry hypoxia-responsive marker that can be used in real time imaging to specifically and sensitively identify hypoxic cells in vivo at single cell resolution. Tumors derived from triple negative tumor cells expressing the hypoxia marker reveal that the hypoxic tumor cells congregate near flowing blood vessels. Using multiphoton microscopy, hypoxic MDA-MB-231 cells were directly visualized and showed a more persistent slow migration phenotype as compared to normoxic cells in the same field in vivo. Hypoxic tumor cells are enriched in the cell population that migrates toward human epithelial growth factor gradients in vivo, and has increased collagen degradation and intravasation activity, characteristics of dissemination and metastasis competent tumor cells. The hypoxia probe introduced in this study provides a specific reporter of hypoxic cell phenotypes in vivo which reveals new insights into the mechanisms by which hypoxia is linked to metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarong Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx, NY USA; Integrated Imaging Program; Albert Einstein College of Medicine,Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Haoxuan Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx, NY USA
| | - Jiufeng Li
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - David Entenberg
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx, NY USA; Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx, NY USA; Integrated Imaging Program; Albert Einstein College of Medicine,Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Alice Xue
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx, NY USA
| | - Weigang Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx, NY USA
| | - John Condeelis
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx, NY USA; Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx, NY USA; Integrated Imaging Program; Albert Einstein College of Medicine,Bronx, New York, USA
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90
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Khara JS, Priestman M, Uhía I, Hamilton MS, Krishnan N, Wang Y, Yang YY, Langford PR, Newton SM, Robertson BD, Ee PLR. Unnatural amino acid analogues of membrane-active helical peptides with anti-mycobacterial activity and improved stability. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71:2181-91. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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91
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Mouton JM, Helaine S, Holden DW, Sampson SL. Elucidating population-wide mycobacterial replication dynamics at the single-cell level. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2016; 162:966-978. [PMID: 27027532 PMCID: PMC5042079 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections result in a spectrum of clinical outcomes, and frequently the infection persists in a latent, clinically asymptomatic state. The within-host bacterial population is likely to be heterogeneous, and it is thought that persistent mycobacteria arise from a small population of viable, but non-replicating (VBNR) cells. These are likely to be antibiotic tolerant and necessitate prolonged treatment. Little is known about these persistent mycobacteria, since they are very difficult to isolate. To address this, we have successfully developed a replication reporter system for use in M. tuberculosis. This approach, termed fluorescence dilution, exploits two fluorescent reporters; a constitutive reporter allows the tracking of bacteria, while an inducible reporter enables the measurement of bacterial replication. The application of fluorescence single-cell analysis to characterize intracellular M. tuberculosis identified a distinct subpopulation of non-growing mycobacteria in murine macrophages. The presence of VBNR and actively replicating mycobacteria was observed within the same macrophage after 48 h of infection. Furthermore, our results suggest that macrophage uptake resulted in enrichment of non- or slowly replicating bacteria (as revealed by d-cycloserine treatment); this population is likely to be highly enriched for persisters, based on its drug-tolerant phenotype. These results demonstrate the successful application of the novel dual fluorescence reporter system both in vitro and in macrophage infection models to provide a window into mycobacterial population heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacoba M Mouton
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/SA MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sophie Helaine
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David W Holden
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Samantha L Sampson
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK.,DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/SA MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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92
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Kong Y, Yang D, Cirillo SLG, Li S, Akin A, Francis KP, Maloney T, Cirillo JD. Application of Fluorescent Protein Expressing Strains to Evaluation of Anti-Tuberculosis Therapeutic Efficacy In Vitro and In Vivo. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149972. [PMID: 26934495 PMCID: PMC4774912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The slow growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), hinders development of new diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines. Using non-invasive real-time imaging technologies to monitor the disease process in live animals would facilitate TB research in all areas. We developed fluorescent protein (FP) expressing Mycobacterium bovis BCG strains for in vivo imaging, which can be used to track bacterial location, and to quantify bacterial load in live animals. We selected an optimal FP for in vivo imaging, by first cloning six FPs: tdTomato, mCherry, mPlum, mKate, Katushka and mKeima, into mycobacteria under either a mycobacterial Hsp60 or L5 promoter, and compared their fluorescent signals in vitro and in vivo. Fluorescence from each FP-expressing strain was measured with a multimode reader using the optimal excitation and emission wavelengths for the FP. After normalizing bacterial numbers with optical density, the strain expressing L5-tdTomato displayed the highest fluorescence. We used the tdTomato-labeled M. bovis BCG to obtain real-time images of pulmonary infections in living mice and rapidly determined the number of bacteria present. Further comparison between L5-tdTomato and Hsp60-tdTomato revealed that L5-tdTomato carried four-fold more tdTomato gene copies than Hsp60-tdTomato, which eventually led to higher protein expression of tdTomato. Evaluating anti-TB efficacy of rifampicin and isoniazid therapy in vitro and in vivo using the L5-tdTomato strain demonstrated that this strain can be used to identify anti-TB therapeutic efficacy as quickly as 24 h post-treatment. These M. bovis BCG reporter strains represent a valuable new tool for evaluation of therapeutics, vaccines and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Kong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Dong Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Suat L. G. Cirillo
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shaoji Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ali Akin
- Caliper Life Sciences, PerkinElmer, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kevin P. Francis
- Caliper Life Sciences, PerkinElmer, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Taylor Maloney
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Cirillo
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, United States of America
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93
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Guzmán-Beltrán S, Rubio-Badillo MÁ, Juárez E, Hernández-Sánchez F, Torres M. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) and α-mangostin inhibit the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by inducing autophagy. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 31:149-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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94
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Sood S, Kaur S, Shrivastava R. A lacZ Reporter-Based Strategy for Rapid Expression Analysis and Target Validation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Latent Infection Genes. Curr Microbiol 2015; 72:213-219. [PMID: 26597215 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-015-0942-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel lacZ fusion vector and demonstrate its utility for expression analysis of genes associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis latent infection. The vector contains E. coli (oriE) and mycobacterial (oriM) origins of replication, a kanamycin resistance gene (Km(r)) as selection marker, and a lacZ reporter gene in fusion with MCS for cloning of upstream regulatory sequence of the desired genes. β-galactosidase activity of the vector was standardized for expression analysis under latent mycobacterial conditions using Phsp60, a constitutive mycobacterial promoter, utilizing Mycobacterium smegmatis as model organism. Validation of the vector was done by cloning and expression analysis of PhspX (alpha crystalline) and Picl (isocitrate lyase), promoters from two of the genes shown to be involved in M. tuberculosis persistence. Both genes showed appreciable levels of β-galactosidase expression under hypoxia-induced persistent conditions in comparison to their actively replicating state. Expression analysis of a set of hypothetical genes was also done, of which Rv0628c showed increased expression under persistent conditions. The reported fusion vector and the strategy can be effectively used for short listing and validation of drug targets deduced from various non-conclusive approaches such as bioinformatics and microarray analysis against latent/persistent form of mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Sood
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173234, India
| | - Satinder Kaur
- Division of Microbiology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India
| | - Rahul Shrivastava
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173234, India.
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95
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van Zyl WF, Deane SM, Dicks LMT. Reporter systems for in vivo tracking of lactic acid bacteria in animal model studies. Gut Microbes 2015; 6:291-9. [PMID: 26516656 PMCID: PMC4826117 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2015.1086058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioluminescence (BLI) and fluorescence imaging (FI) allow for non-invasive detection of viable microorganisms from within living tissue and are thus ideally suited for in vivo probiotic studies. Highly sensitive optical imaging techniques detect signals from the excitation of fluorescent proteins, or luciferase-catalyzed oxidation reactions. The excellent relation between microbial numbers and photon emission allow for quantification of tagged bacteria in vivo with extreme accuracy. More information is gained over a shorter period compared to traditional pre-clinical animal studies. The review summarizes the latest advances in in vivo bioluminescence and fluorescence imaging and points out the advantages and limitations of different techniques. The practical application of BLI and FI in the tracking of lactic acid bacteria in animal models is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winschau F van Zyl
- Department of Microbiology; Stellenbosch University; Matieland, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Shelly M Deane
- Department of Microbiology; Stellenbosch University; Matieland, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Leon M T Dicks
- Department of Microbiology; Stellenbosch University; Matieland, Stellenbosch, South Africa,Correspondence to: Leon M T Dicks;
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96
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van Zyl WF, Deane SM, Dicks LMT. Use of the mCherry Fluorescent Protein To Study Intestinal Colonization by Enterococcus mundtii ST4SA and Lactobacillus plantarum 423 in Mice. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:5993-6002. [PMID: 26116681 PMCID: PMC4551250 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01247-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are natural inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of humans and animals, and some LAB species receive considerable attention due to their health benefits. Although many papers have been published on probiotic LAB, only a few reports have been published on the migration and colonization of the cells in the GIT. This is due mostly to the lack of efficient reporter systems. In this study, we report on the application of the fluorescent mCherry protein in the in vivo tagging of the probiotic strains Enterococcus mundtii ST4SA and Lactobacillus plantarum 423. The mCherry gene, encoding a red fluorescent protein (RFP), was integrated into a nonfunctional region on the genome of L. plantarum 423 by homologous recombination. In the case of E. mundtii ST4SA, the mCherry gene was cloned into the pGKV223D LAB/Escherichia coli expression vector. Expression of the mCherry gene did not alter the growth rate of the two strains and had no effect on bacteriocin production. Both strains colonized the cecum and colon of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winschau F van Zyl
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Shelly M Deane
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Leon M T Dicks
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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97
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Rudra P, Prajapati RK, Banerjee R, Sengupta S, Mukhopadhyay J. Novel mechanism of gene regulation: the protein Rv1222 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis inhibits transcription by anchoring the RNA polymerase onto DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:5855-67. [PMID: 25999340 PMCID: PMC4499140 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose a novel mechanism of gene regulation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis where the protein Rv1222 inhibits transcription by anchoring RNA polymerase (RNAP) onto DNA. In contrast to our existing knowledge that transcriptional repressors function either by binding to DNA at specific sequences or by binding to RNAP, we show that Rv1222-mediated transcription inhibition requires simultaneous binding of the protein to both RNAP and DNA. We demonstrate that the positively charged C-terminus tail of Rv1222 is responsible for anchoring RNAP on DNA, hence the protein slows down the movement of RNAP along the DNA during transcription elongation. The interaction between Rv1222 and DNA is electrostatic, thus the protein could inhibit transcription from any gene. As Rv1222 slows down the RNA synthesis, upon expression of the protein in Mycobacterium smegmatis or Escherichia coli, the growth rate of the bacteria is severely impaired. The protein does not possess any significant affinity for DNA polymerase, thus, is unable to inhibit DNA synthesis. The proposed mechanism by which Rv1222 inhibits transcription reveals a new repertoire of prokaryotic gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulami Rudra
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, 93/1 APC Road, Kolkata-700009, India
| | | | - Rajdeep Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, 93/1 APC Road, Kolkata-700009, India
| | - Shreya Sengupta
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, 93/1 APC Road, Kolkata-700009, India
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98
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Gupta S, Banerjee SK, Chatterjee A, Sharma AK, Kundu M, Basu J. Essential protein SepF of mycobacteria interacts with FtsZ and MurG to regulate cell growth and division. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2015; 161:1627-1638. [PMID: 25971440 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Coordinated bacterial cell septation and cell wall biosynthesis require formation of protein complexes at the sites of division and elongation, in a temporally controlled manner. The protein players in these complexes remain incompletely understood in mycobacteria. Using in vitro and in vivo assays, we showed that Rv2147c (or SepF) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis interacts with the principal driver of cytokinesis, FtsZ. SepF also interacts with itself both in vitro and in vivo. Amino acid residues 189A, 190K and 215F are required for FtsZ-SepF interaction, and are conserved across Gram-positive bacteria. Using Mycobacterium smegmatis as a surrogate system, we confirmed that sepFMSMEG is essential. Knockdown of SepF led to cell elongation, defective growth and failure of FtsZ to localize to the site of division, suggesting that SepF assists FtsZ localization at the site of division. Furthermore, SepF interacted with MurG, a peptidoglycan-synthesizing enzyme, both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that SepF could serve as a link between cell division and peptidoglycan synthesis. SepF emerges as a newly identified essential component of the cell division complex in mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamba Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, 93/1 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Srijon Kaushik Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, 93/1 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Ayan Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, 93/1 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Arun Kumar Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, 93/1 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Manikuntala Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, 93/1 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Joyoti Basu
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, 93/1 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata 700009, India
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99
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Al Matarneh CM, Mangalagiu II, Shova S, Danac R. Synthesis, structure, antimycobacterial and anticancer evaluation of new pyrrolo-phenanthroline derivatives. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015; 31:470-80. [PMID: 25945747 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2015.1039530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A study concerning design, synthesis, structure and in vitro antimycobacterial and anticancer evaluation of new fused derivatives with pyrrolo[2,1-c][4,7]phenanthroline skeleton is described. The strategy adopted for synthesis involves a [3 + 2] dipolar cycloaddition of several in situ generated 4,7-phenanthrolin-4-ium ylides to different substituted alkynes and alkenes. Stereo- and regiochemistry of cycloaddition reactions were discussed. The structure of the new compounds was proven unambiguously, single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies including. The antimycobacterial and anticancer activity of a selection of new synthesized compounds was evaluated against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv under aerobic conditions and 60 human tumour cell line panel, respectively. Five of the tested compounds possess a moderate antimycobacterial activity, while two of the compounds have a significant antitumor activity against renal cancer and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ionel I Mangalagiu
- a Chemistry Department , Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi , Iasi , Romania and
| | - Sergiu Shova
- b Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Iasi , Romania
| | - Ramona Danac
- a Chemistry Department , Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi , Iasi , Romania and
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100
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Alwan WS, Karpoormath R, Palkar MB, Patel HM, Rane RA, Shaikh MS, Kajee A, Mlisana KP. Novel imidazo[2,1-b]-1,3,4-thiadiazoles as promising antifungal agents against clinical isolate of Cryptococcus neoformans. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 95:514-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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