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Branchereau M, Reichardt F, Loubieres P, Marck P, Waget A, Azalbert V, Colom A, Padmanabhan R, Iacovoni JS, Giry A, Tercé F, Heymes C, Burcelin R, Serino M, Blasco-Baque V. Periodontal dysbiosis linked to periodontitis is associated with cardiometabolic adaptation to high-fat diet in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G1091-101. [PMID: 27033119 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00424.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis and type 2 diabetes are connected pandemic diseases, and both are risk factors for cardiovascular complications. Nevertheless, the molecular factors relating these two chronic pathologies are poorly understood. We have shown that, in response to a long-term fat-enriched diet, mice present particular gut microbiota profiles related to three metabolic phenotypes: diabetic-resistant (DR), intermediate (Inter), and diabetic-sensitive (DS). Moreover, many studies suggest that a dysbiosis of periodontal microbiota could be associated with the incidence of metabolic and cardiac diseases. We investigated whether periodontitis together with the periodontal microbiota may also be associated with these different cardiometabolic phenotypes. We report that the severity of glucose intolerance is related to the severity of periodontitis and cardiac disorders. In detail, alveolar bone loss was more accentuated in DS than Inter, DR, and normal chow-fed mice. Molecular markers of periodontal inflammation, such as TNF-α and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 mRNA levels, correlated positively with both alveolar bone loss and glycemic index. Furthermore, the periodontal microbiota of DR mice was dominated by the Streptococcaceae family of the phylum Firmicutes, whereas the periodontal microbiota of DS mice was characterized by increased Porphyromonadaceae and Prevotellaceae families. Moreover, in DS mice the periodontal microbiota was indicated by an abundance of the genera Prevotella and Tannerella, which are major periodontal pathogens. PICRUSt analysis of the periodontal microbiome highlighted that prenyltransferase pathways follow the cardiometabolic adaptation to a high-fat diet. Finally, DS mice displayed a worse cardiac phenotype, percentage of fractional shortening, heart rhythm, and left ventricle weight-to-tibia length ratio than Inter and DR mice. Together, our data show that periodontitis combined with particular periodontal microbiota and microbiome is associated with metabolic adaptation to a high-fat diet related to the severity of cardiometabolic alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Branchereau
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1048 and Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - François Reichardt
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1048 and Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Pascale Loubieres
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1048 and Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Faculté de Chirurgie-Dentaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; and
| | - Pauline Marck
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1048 and Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Aurélie Waget
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1048 and Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Vincent Azalbert
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1048 and Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - André Colom
- Equipe Intéraction Mycobactériennes avec les Cellules Hôtes, Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
| | - Roshan Padmanabhan
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1048 and Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Jason S Iacovoni
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1048 and Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Anaïs Giry
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1048 and Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - François Tercé
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1048 and Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Heymes
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1048 and Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Remy Burcelin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1048 and Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Matteo Serino
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1048 and Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Vincent Blasco-Baque
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1048 and Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Faculté de Chirurgie-Dentaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; and
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52
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Tezuka D, Suzuki JI, Kosuge H, Aoyama N, Izumi Y, Yoshikawa S, Maejima Y, Ashikaga T, Hirao K, Isobe M. Deteriorated clinical outcome in coronary artery disease patients with a high prevalence of Porphyromonas gingivalis infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcme.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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53
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Yokota T, Nomura K, Nagashima M, Kamimura N. Fucoidan alleviates high-fat diet-induced dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis in ApoE(shl) mice deficient in apolipoprotein E expression. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 32:46-54. [PMID: 27142736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide extracted from brown seaweeds, possesses many biological activities including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. We aimed to investigate the protective effects of fucoidan on dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (ApoE(shl) mice) and to elucidate its molecular targets in the liver by using a transcriptomic approach. For 12weeks, ApoE(shl) mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) supplemented with either 1% or 5% fucoidan. Fucoidan supplementation significantly reduced tissue weight (liver and white adipose tissue), blood lipid, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) and glucose levels in HFD-fed ApoE(shl) mice but increased plasma lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity and HDL-C levels. Fucoidan also reduced hepatic steatosis levels (liver size, TC and TG levels, and lipid peroxidation) and increased white adipose tissue LPL activity. DNA microarray analysis and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction demonstrated differential expression of genes encoding proteins involved in lipid metabolism, energy homeostasis and insulin sensitivity, by activating Ppara and inactivating Srebf1. Fucoidan supplementation markedly reduced the thickness of the lipid-rich plaque, lipid peroxidation and foaming macrophage accumulation in the aorta in HFD-fed ApoE(shl) mice. Thus, fucoidan supplementation appears to have anti-dyslipidemic and anti-atherosclerotic effects by inducing LPL activity and inhibiting the effects of inflammation and oxidative stress in HFD-fed ApoE(shl) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yokota
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Development and Aging Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Kawasaki 1-396, Kosugi-cho, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki 211-8533, Japan.
| | - Koichi Nomura
- Department of Neurology, Shioda Hospital, Idemizu 1221, Katsuura-Shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mikio Nagashima
- Division of Internal Medicine, Kaihin Park Clinic, 2-1-2-5 Utase, Mihama-ku, Chiba-city, Chiba, 261-0013, Japan
| | - Naomi Kamimura
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Development and Aging Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Kawasaki 1-396, Kosugi-cho, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki 211-8533, Japan
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54
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Schenkein HA, Loos BG. Inflammatory mechanisms linking periodontal diseases to cardiovascular diseases. J Clin Periodontol 2016; 40 Suppl 14:S51-69. [PMID: 23627334 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS In this article, inflammatory mechanisms that link periodontal diseases to cardiovascular diseases are reviewed. METHODS This article is a literature review. RESULTS Studies in the literature implicate a number of possible mechanisms that could be responsible for increased inflammatory responses in atheromatous lesions due to periodontal infections. These include increased systemic levels of inflammatory mediators stimulated by bacteria and their products at sites distant from the oral cavity, elevated thrombotic and hemostatic markers that promote a prothrombotic state and inflammation, cross-reactive systemic antibodies that promote inflammation and interact with the atheroma, promotion of dyslipidemia with consequent increases in pro-inflammatory lipid classes and subclasses, and common genetic susceptibility factors present in both disease leading to increased inflammatory responses. CONCLUSIONS Such mechanisms may be thought to act in concert to increase systemic inflammation in periodontal disease and to promote or exacerbate atherogenesis. However, proof that the increase in systemic inflammation attributable to periodontitis impacts inflammatory responses during atheroma development, thrombotic events or myocardial infarction or stroke is lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey A Schenkein
- Department of Periodontics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0566, USA.
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55
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Reyes L, Herrera D, Kozarov E, Roldán S, Progulske-Fox A. Periodontal bacterial invasion and infection: contribution to atherosclerotic pathology. J Clin Periodontol 2016; 40 Suppl 14:S30-50. [PMID: 23627333 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this review was to perform a systematic evaluation of the literature reporting current scientific evidence for periodontal bacteria as contributors to atherosclerosis. METHODS Literature from epidemiological, clinical and experimental studies concerning periodontal bacteria and atherosclerosis were reviewed. Gathered data were categorized into seven "proofs" of evidence that periodontal bacteria: 1) disseminate from the oral cavity and reach systemic vascular tissues; 2) can be found in the affected tissues; 3) live within the affected site; 4) invade affected cell types in vitro; 5) induce atherosclerosis in animal models of disease; 6) non-invasive mutants of periodontal bacteria cause significantly reduced pathology in vitro and in vivo; and 7) periodontal isolates from human atheromas can cause disease in animal models of infection. RESULTS Substantial evidence for proofs 1 to 6 was found. However, proof 7 has not yet been fulfilled. CONCLUSIONS Despite the lack of evidence that periodontal bacteria obtained from human atheromas can cause atherosclerosis in animal models of infection, attainment of proofs 1 to 6 provides support that periodontal pathogens can contribute to atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Reyes
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry and Center for Molecular Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0424, USA
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56
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Reyes L, Herrera D, Kozarov E, Roldá S, Progulske-Fox A. Periodontal bacterial invasion and infection: contribution to atherosclerotic pathology. J Periodontol 2016; 84:S30-50. [PMID: 23631583 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2013.1340012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this review was to perform a systematic evaluation of the literature reporting current scientific evidence for periodontal bacteria as contributors to atherosclerosis. METHODS Literature from epidemiological, clinical and experimental studies concerning periodontal bacteria and atherosclerosis were reviewed. Gathered data were categorized into seven "proofs" of evidence that periodontal bacteria: 1) disseminate from the oral cavity and reach systemic vascular tissues; 2) can be found in the affected tissues; 3) live within the affected site; 4) invade affected cell types in vitro; 5) induce atherosclerosis in animal models of disease; 6) non-invasive mutants of periodontal bacteria cause significantly reduced pathology in vitro and in vivo; and 7) periodontal isolates from human atheromas can cause disease in animal models of infection. RESULTS Substantial evidence for proofs 1 to 6 was found. However, proof 7 has not yet been fulfilled. CONCLUSIONS Despite the lack of evidence that periodontal bacteria obtained from human atheromas can cause atherosclerosis in animal models of infection, attainment proofs 1 to 6 provides support that periodontal pathogens can contribute to atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Reyes
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry and Center for Molecular Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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57
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Zhang R, Yang J, Wu J, Sun WB, Liu Y. Effect of deletion of the rgpA gene on selected virulence of Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Dent Sci 2016; 11:279-286. [PMID: 30894985 PMCID: PMC6395235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose The most potent virulence factors of the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis are gingipains, three cysteine proteases (RgpA, RgpB, and Kgp) that bind and cleave a wide range of host proteins. Considerable proof indicates that RgpA contributes to the entire virulence of the organism and increases the risk of periodontal disease by disrupting the host immune defense and destroying the host tissue. However, the functional significance of this proteinase is incompletely understood. It is important to analyze the effect of arginine-specific gingipain A gene (rgpA) on selected virulence and physiological properties of P. gingivalis. Materials and methods Electroporation and homologous recombination were used to construct an rgpA mutant of P. gingivalis ATCC33277. The mutant was verified by polymerase chain reaction and sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Cell structures of the mutant were examined by transmission electron microscopy and homotypic biofilm formation was examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results Gene analysis revealed that the rgpA gene was deleted and replaced by a drug resistance gene marker. The defect of the gene resulted in a complete loss of RgpA proteinase, a reduction of out membrane vesicles and hemagglutination, and an increase in homotypic biofilm formation. Conclusion Our data indicate that an rgpA gene deficient strain of P. gingivalis is successfully isolated. RgpA may have a variety of physiological and pathological roles in P. gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of Periodontology, Hospital of Stomatology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Periodontology, Hospital of Stomatology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Wu
- Department of Periodontology, Hospital of Stomatology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei-Bin Sun
- Department of Periodontology, Hospital of Stomatology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Periodontology, Hospital of Stomatology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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58
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Takedachi M, Iyama M, Sawada K, Mori K, Yamamoto S, Morimoto C, Yanagita M, Murakami S. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α inhibits interleukin-6 and -8 production in gingival epithelial cells during hypoxia. J Periodontal Res 2016; 52:127-134. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Takedachi
- Department of Periodontology; Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry; Osaka Japan
| | - M. Iyama
- Department of Periodontology; Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry; Osaka Japan
| | - K. Sawada
- Department of Periodontology; Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry; Osaka Japan
| | - K. Mori
- Department of Periodontology; Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry; Osaka Japan
| | - S. Yamamoto
- Department of Periodontology; Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry; Osaka Japan
| | - C. Morimoto
- Department of Periodontology; Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry; Osaka Japan
| | - M. Yanagita
- Department of Periodontology; Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry; Osaka Japan
| | - S. Murakami
- Department of Periodontology; Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry; Osaka Japan
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59
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Funaki S, Tokutomi F, Wada-Takahashi S, Yoshino F, Yoshida A, Maehata Y, Miyamoto C, Toyama T, Sato T, Hamada N, Lee MCI, Takahashi SS. Porphyromonas gingivalis infection modifies oral microcirculation and aortic vascular function in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHRSP). Microb Pathog 2016; 92:36-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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60
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Huang CY, Shih CM, Tsao NW, Lin YW, Shih CC, Chiang KH, Shyue SK, Chang YJ, Hsieh CK, Lin FY. The GroEL protein of Porphyromonas gingivalis regulates atherogenic phenomena in endothelial cells mediated by upregulating toll-like receptor 4 expression. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:384-404. [PMID: 27158334 PMCID: PMC4846891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is a bacterial species that causes periodontitis. GroEL from P. gingivalis may possess biological activity and may be involved in the destruction of periodontal tissues. However, it is unclear whether P. gingivalis GroEL enhances the appearance of atherogenic phenomena in endothelial cells and vessels. Here, we constructed recombinant GroEL from P. gingivalis to investigate its effects in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) in vitro and on aortas of high-cholesterol (HC)-fed B57BL/6 and B57BL/6-Tlr4(lps-del) mice in vivo. The results showed that GroEL impaired tube-formation capacity under non-cytotoxic conditions in HCAECs. GroEL increased THP-1 cell/HCAEC adhesion by increasing the expression of intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and vascular adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 in endothelial cells. Additionally, GroEL increased DiI-oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) uptake, which may be mediated by elevated lectin-like oxLDL receptor (LOX)-1 but not scavenger receptor expressed by endothelial cells (SREC) and scavenger receptor class B1 (SR-B1) expression. Furthermore, GroEL interacts with toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and plays a causal role in atherogenesis in HCAECs. Human antigen R (HuR), an RNA-binding protein with a high affinity for the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of TLR4 mRNA, contributes to the up-regulation of TLR4 induced by GroEL in HCAECs. In a GroEL animal administration study, GroEL elevated ICAM-1, VCAM-1, LOX-1 and TLR4 expression in the aortas of HC diet-fed wild C57BL/6 but not C57BL/6-Tlr4(lps-del) mice. Taken together, our findings suggest that P. gingivalis GroEL may contribute to cardiovascular disorders by affecting TLR4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yao Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University HospitalTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ming Shih
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University HospitalTaipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Wen Tsao
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Taipei Medical University HospitalTaipei
| | - Yi-Wen Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Che Shih
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Taipei Veterans General HospitalTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Hsing Chiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University HospitalTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Song-Kun Shyue
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia SinicaTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jia Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Kun Hsieh
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Yen Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University HospitalTaipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
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61
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Hansen GM, Nilsson M, Nielsen CH, Holmstrup P, Helqvist S, Tolker-Nielsen T, Givskov M, Hansen PR. Absence of Bacteria on Coronary Angioplasty Balloons from Unselected Patients: Results with Use of a High Sensitivity Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145657. [PMID: 26695491 PMCID: PMC4690592 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic, bacterially-induced inflammatory disease of the tooth-supporting tissues, which may result in transient bacteremia and a systemic inflammatory response. Periodontitis is associated with coronary artery disease independently of established cardiovascular risk factors, and translocation of bacteria from the oral cavity to the coronary arteries may play a role in the development of coronary artery disease. Very few studies have used angioplasty balloons for in vivo sampling from diseased coronary arteries, and with varying results. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess if bacterial DNA from primarily oral bacteria could be detected on coronary angioplasty balloons by use of an optimized sampling process combined with an internally validated sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Coronary angioplasty balloons and control samples from a total of 45 unselected patients with stable angina, unstable angina/non-ST elevation myocardial infarction, and ST-elevation myocardial infarction (n = 15 in each group) were collected and analyzed using a PCR assay with high sensitivity and specificity for 16S rRNA genes of the oral microbiome. Despite elimination of extraction and purification steps, and demonstration of sensitivity levels of 25–125 colony forming units (CFU), we did not detect bacterial DNA from any of the coronary angioplasty balloons. A subsequent questionnaire indicated that the prevalence of periodontitis in the study cohort was at least 39.5%. Although coronary angioplasty balloons are unlikely to be useful for detection of bacteria with current PCR techniques in unselected patients with coronary artery disease, more studies are warranted to determine the extent to which bacteria contribute to atherosclerosis and its clinical manifestations and whether the presence of bacteria in the arteries is a transient phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorm Mørk Hansen
- Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark.,Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Nilsson
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Henrik Nielsen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Department of Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Section of Periodontology, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Palle Holmstrup
- Section of Periodontology, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steffen Helqvist
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tim Tolker-Nielsen
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Givskov
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Singapore Center on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Peter Riis Hansen
- Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
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62
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Matsuda Y, Kato T, Takahashi N, Nakajima M, Arimatsu K, Minagawa T, Sato K, Ohno H, Yamazaki K. Ligature-induced periodontitis in mice induces elevated levels of circulating interleukin-6 but shows only weak effects on adipose and liver tissues. J Periodontal Res 2015; 51:639-46. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Matsuda
- Research Unit for Oral-Systemic Connection; Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
- Division of Periodontology; Department of Oral Biological Science; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
| | - T. Kato
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem; RCAI RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI); Yokohama Japan
| | - N. Takahashi
- Research Unit for Oral-Systemic Connection; Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
- Division of Periodontology; Department of Oral Biological Science; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
| | - M. Nakajima
- Research Unit for Oral-Systemic Connection; Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
- Division of Periodontology; Department of Oral Biological Science; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
| | - K. Arimatsu
- Research Unit for Oral-Systemic Connection; Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
- Division of Periodontology; Department of Oral Biological Science; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
| | - T. Minagawa
- Research Unit for Oral-Systemic Connection; Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
- Division of Periodontology; Department of Oral Biological Science; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
| | - K. Sato
- Research Unit for Oral-Systemic Connection; Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
- Division of Periodontology; Department of Oral Biological Science; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
| | - H. Ohno
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem; RCAI RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI); Yokohama Japan
| | - K. Yamazaki
- Research Unit for Oral-Systemic Connection; Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
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Olsen I, Progulske-Fox A. Invasion of Porphyromonas gingivalis strains into vascular cells and tissue. J Oral Microbiol 2015; 7:28788. [PMID: 26329158 PMCID: PMC4557090 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v7.28788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is considered a major pathogen in adult periodontitis and is also associated with multiple systemic diseases, for example, cardiovascular diseases. One of its most important virulence factors is invasion of host cells. The invasion process includes attachment, entry/internalization, trafficking, persistence, and exit. The present review discusses these processes related to P. gingivalis in cardiovascular cells and tissue. Although most P. gingivalis strains invade, the invasion capacity of strains and the mechanisms of invasion including intracellular trafficking among them differ. This is consistent with the fact that there are significant differences in the pathogenicity of P. gingivalis strains. P. gingivalis invasion mechanisms are also dependent on types of host cells. Although much is known about the invasion process of P. gingivalis, we still have little knowledge of its exit mechanisms. Nevertheless, it is intriguing that P. gingivalis can remain viable in human cardiovascular cells and atherosclerotic plaque and later exit and re-enter previously uninfected host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingar Olsen
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway;
| | - Ann Progulske-Fox
- Department of Oral Biology and Center for Molecular Microbiology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, USA
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64
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Wan M, Liu JR, Wu D, Chi XP, Ouyang XY. E-selectin expression induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis in human endothelial cells via nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors and Toll-like receptors. Mol Oral Microbiol 2015; 30:399-410. [PMID: 25939768 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, an important periodontal pathogen, has been proved to actively invade cells, induce endothelial cell activation, and promote development of atherosclerosis. Innate immune surveillance, which includes the activity of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) and Toll-like receptors (TLRs), are essential for the control of microbial infections; however, the roles of receptor families in P. gingivalis infections remain unclear. Here, we examined the roles of NLRs and TLRs in endothelial cell activation caused by P. gingivalis. Live P. gingivalis and whole cell sonicates were used to stimulate endothelial cells, and both showed upregulation of E-selectin as well as NOD1, NOD2, and TLR2. In addition, silencing of these genes in endothelial cells infected with P. gingivalis led to a reduction in E-selectin expression. Porphyromonas gingivalis also induced nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity in endothelial cells, whereas small interfering RNA targeting NOD1 significantly reduced these signals. Moreover, inhibition of either NOD2 or TLR2 inhibited NF-κB significantly, but had only a weak inhibitory effect on P38 MAPK signaling. Direct inhibition of NF-κB and P38 MAPK significantly attenuated E-selectin expression induced by P. gingivalis in endothelial cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that NOD1, NOD2, and TLR2 play important, non-redundant roles in endothelial cell activation following P. gingivalis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wan
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - J R Liu
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - D Wu
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Department of Stomatology, Bijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - X P Chi
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Department of VIP Dental Service, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - X Y Ouyang
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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65
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Huang N, Shaik-Dasthagirisaheb YB, LaValley MP, Gibson FC. Liver X receptors contribute to periodontal pathogen-elicited inflammation and oral bone loss. Mol Oral Microbiol 2015; 30:438-50. [PMID: 25946408 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal diseases are chronic oral inflammatory diseases that are polymicrobial in nature. The presence of specific bacteria in subgingival plaque such as Porphyromonas gingivalis is associated with microbial dysbiosis and the modulation of host immune response. Bacterially elicited innate immune activation and inflammation are key elements implicated in the destruction of soft and hard tissues supporting the teeth. Liver X receptors (LXRs) are nuclear hormone receptors with important function in lipid homeostasis, inflammation, and host response to infection; however, their contribution to chronic inflammatory diseases such as periodontal disease is not understood. The aim of this study was to define the contribution of LXRs in the development of immune response to P. gingivalis and to assess the roles that LXRs play in infection-elicited oral bone loss. Employing macrophages, we observed that P. gingivalis challenge led to reduced LXRα and LXRβ gene expression compared with that observed with unchallenged wild-type cells. Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88)-independent, Toll/interleukin-1 receptor-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF)-dependent signaling affected P. gingivalis-mediated reduction in LXRα expression, whereas neither pathway influenced the P. gingivalis effect on LXRβ expression. Employing LXR agonist and mice deficient in LXRs, we observed functional effects of LXRs in the development of a P. gingivalis-elicited cytokine response at the level of the macrophage, and participation of LXRs in P. gingivalis-elicited oral bone loss. These findings identify novel importance for LXRs in the pathogenesis of P. gingivalis infection-elicited inflammation and oral bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Huang
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Y B Shaik-Dasthagirisaheb
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M P LaValley
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - F C Gibson
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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66
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Tokutomi F, Wada-Takahashi S, Sugiyama S, Toyama T, Sato T, Hamada N, Tsukinoki K, Takahashi SS, Lee MCI. Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced alveolar bone loss is accelerated in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:911-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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67
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CD36/SR-B2-TLR2 Dependent Pathways Enhance Porphyromonas gingivalis Mediated Atherosclerosis in the Ldlr KO Mouse Model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125126. [PMID: 25938460 PMCID: PMC4418723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is strong epidemiological association between periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease but underlying mechanisms remain ill-defined. Because the human periodontal disease pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), interacts with innate immune receptors Toll-like Receptor (TLR) 2 and CD36/scavenger receptor-B2 (SR-B2), we studied how CD36/SR-B2 and TLR pathways promote Pg-mediated atherosclerosis. Western diet fed low density lipoprotein receptor knockout (Ldlr°) mice infected orally with Pg had a significant increase in lesion burden compared with uninfected controls. This increase was entirely CD36/SR-B2-dependent, as there was no significant change in lesion burden between infected and uninfected Ldlr° mice. Western diet feeding promoted enhanced CD36/SR-B2-dependent IL1β generation and foam cell formation as a result of Pg lipopolysaccharide (PgLPS) exposure. CD36/SR-B2 and TLR2 were necessary for inflammasome activation and optimal IL1ß generation, but also resulted in LPS induced lethality (pyroptosis). Modified forms of LDL inhibited Pg-mediated IL1ß generation in a CD36/SR-B2-dependent manner and prevented pyroptosis, but promoted foam cell formation. Our data show that Pg infection in the oral cavity can lead to significant TLR2-CD36/SR-B2 dependent IL1ß release. In the vessel wall, macrophages encountering systemic release of IL1ß, PgLPS and modified LDL have increased lipid uptake, foam cell formation, and release of IL1ß, but because pyroptosis is inhibited, this enables macrophage survival and promotes increased plaque development. These studies may explain increased lesion burden as a result of periodontal disease, and suggest strategies for development of therapeutics.
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68
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Nihei M, Okazaki T, Ebihara S, Kobayashi M, Niu K, Gui P, Tamai T, Nukiwa T, Yamaya M, Kikuchi T, Nagatomi R, Ebihara T, Ichinose M. Chronic inflammation, lymphangiogenesis, and effect of an anti-VEGFR therapy in a mouse model and in human patients with aspiration pneumonia. J Pathol 2015; 235:632-45. [PMID: 25348279 DOI: 10.1002/path.4473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation induces lymphangiogenesis and blood vessel remodelling. Since aged pneumonia patients often have repeated episodes of aspiration pneumonia, the pathogenesis may involve chronic inflammation. For lymphangiogenesis, VEGFR-3 and its ligand VEGF-C are key factors. No previous studies have examined chronic inflammation or vascular changes in aspiration pneumonia or its mouse models. In lung inflammation, little is known about the effect of blocking VEGFR-3 on lung lymphangiogenesis and, moreover, its effect on the disease condition. This study aimed to establish a mouse model of aspiration pneumonia, examine the presence of chronic inflammation and vascular changes in the model and in patients, and evaluate the effect of inhibiting VEGFR-3 on the lymphangiogenesis and disease condition in this model. To induce aspiration pneumonia, we repeated inoculation of pepsin at low pH and LPS into mice for 21-28 days, durations in which bronchioalveolar lavage and plasma leakage in the lung suggested the presence of exaggerated inflammation. Conventional and immunohistochemical analysis of tracheal whole mounts suggested the presence of chronic inflammation, lymphangiogenesis, and blood vessel remodelling in the model. Quantitative RT-PCR of the trachea and lung suggested the involvement of lymphangiogenic factor VEGF-C, VEGFR-3, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. In the lung, the aspiration model showed the presence of chronic inflammation and exaggerated lymphangiogenesis. Treatment with the VEGFR inhibitor axitinib or the VEGFR-3 specific inhibitor SAR131675 impaired lymphangiogenesis in the lung and improved oxygen saturation in the aspiration model. Since the lung is the main site of aspiration pneumonia, the changes were intensive in the lung and mild in the trachea. Human lung samples also showed the presence of chronic inflammation and exaggerated lymphangiogenesis, suggesting the relevance of the model to the disease. These results suggest lymphatics in the lung as a new target of analysis and therapy in aspiration pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Nihei
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
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69
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Kramer CD, Weinberg EO, Gower AC, He X, Mekasha S, Slocum C, Beaulieu LM, Wetzler L, Alekseyev Y, Gibson FC, Freedman JE, Ingalls RR, Genco CA. Distinct gene signatures in aortic tissue from ApoE-/- mice exposed to pathogens or Western diet. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:1176. [PMID: 25540039 PMCID: PMC4367889 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis is a progressive disease characterized by inflammation and accumulation of lipids in vascular tissue. Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cp) are associated with inflammatory atherosclerosis in humans. Similar to endogenous mediators arising from excessive dietary lipids, these Gram-negative pathogens are pro-atherogenic in animal models, although the specific inflammatory/atherogenic pathways induced by these stimuli are not well defined. In this study, we identified gene expression profiles that characterize P. gingivalis, C. pneumoniae, and Western diet (WD) at acute and chronic time points in aortas of Apolipoprotein E (ApoE-/-) mice. Results At the chronic time point, we observed that P. gingivalis was associated with a high number of unique differentially expressed genes compared to C. pneumoniae or WD. For the top 500 differentially expressed genes unique to each group, we observed a high percentage (76%) that exhibited decreased expression in P. gingivalis-treated mice in contrast to a high percentage (96%) that exhibited increased expression in WD mice. C. pneumoniae treatment resulted in approximately equal numbers of genes that exhibited increased and decreased expression. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) revealed distinct stimuli-associated phenotypes, including decreased expression of mitochondrion, glucose metabolism, and PPAR pathways in response to P. gingivalis but increased expression of mitochondrion, lipid metabolism, carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, and PPAR pathways in response to C. pneumoniae; WD was associated with increased expression of immune and inflammatory pathways. DAVID analysis of gene clusters identified by two-way ANOVA at acute and chronic time points revealed a set of core genes that exhibited altered expression during the natural progression of atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice; these changes were enhanced in P. gingivalis-treated mice but attenuated in C. pneumoniae-treated mice. Notable differences in the expression of genes associated with unstable plaques were also observed among the three pro-atherogenic stimuli. Conclusions Despite the common outcome of P. gingivalis, C. pneumoniae, and WD on the induction of vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis, distinct gene signatures and pathways unique to each pro-atherogenic stimulus were identified. Our results suggest that pathogen exposure results in dysregulated cellular responses that may impact plaque progression and regression pathways. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1176) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Caroline A Genco
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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70
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Abstract
Background. The pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease (CVD) includes inflammation in the development of atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Increasing evidence supports oral infections, and in particular the common periodontal disease, to be associated with CVD development. Periodontal infection is present in populations worldwide and in the moderate to mild form in about 35% of populations according to the World Health Organization. Objective. This review of the literature aims to present cross evidence from medical research disciplines that explore how oral infections can contribute to increase the risk for CVDs and how treatment of oral infections can reduce the risk for CVDs. Design. Review article. Results. Long-term exposure to active nontreated infections of the oral cavity presents an opportunity for bacteria, bacterial products, and viruses to enter the circulation. Toxic bacterial products enter the circulation, affecting atherosclerosis, causing platelet adhesiveness that results in clot formation, and establishing cardiac vegetation. Pathological observations have identified oral bacteria in heart valves, aortic aneurysms, and arterial walls. Clinical intervention studies on periodontal disease reduce the risk level of serological predictors for CVDs. Conclusions. This paper presents evidence across medical research disciplines for oral infections to be considered as one of the risk factors for CVDs.
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71
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Magán-Fernández A, Papay-Ramírez L, Tomás J, Marfil-Álvarez R, Rizzo M, Bravo M, Mesa F. Association of Simvastatin and Hyperlipidemia With Periodontal Status and Bone Metabolism Markers. J Periodontol 2014; 85:1408-15. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2014.130652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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72
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Yamada H, Nakajima T, Domon H, Honda T, Yamazaki K. Endoplasmic reticulum stress response and bone loss in experimental periodontitis in mice. J Periodontal Res 2014; 50:500-8. [PMID: 25223277 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is the cell response that activates the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway in a variety of conditions, such as inflammation and bone metabolism. The UPR may be associated with the pathogenesis of periodontal disease because the disease is inflammatory in nature, and alveolar bone resorption is a characteristic feature of the disease. However, the relationship between ER stress and alveolar bone resorption observed in periodontal disease remains elusive. MATERIAL AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice were orally administered Porphyromonas gingivalis, a representative periodontopathic bacterium, in the presence or absence of a chemical chaperone, 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA). The gene expression of UPR-related molecules and cytokines in gingival tissues were analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction, and alveolar bone resorption and osteoclast numbers were evaluated histologically. The in vitro effect of 4-PBA on the differentiation of mouse bone marrow cells induced by receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand in the presence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor was analyzed. RESULTS The gene expression levels of UPR-related molecules and proinflammatory cytokines and alveolar bone resorption were significantly increased in P. gingivalis-administered mice. UPR-related gene expression and alveolar bone resorption were significantly suppressed by the administration of 4-PBA. However, no effect of 4-PBA was observed for proinflammatory cytokine expression in gingival tissues. Osteoclastic differentiation of bone marrow cells was also suppressed by 4-PBA with a concomitant reduction in the gene expression of cathepsin K and tartrate-resistant alkaline phosphatase genes. CONCLUSION ER stress induced by oral administration of P. gingivalis is involved in alveolar bone resorption independent of inflammatory cytokines in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yamada
- Laboratory of Periodontology and Immunology, Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Division of Periodontology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - T Nakajima
- Laboratory of Periodontology and Immunology, Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Division of Dental Educational Research Development, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - H Domon
- Laboratory of Periodontology and Immunology, Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Division of Periodontology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - T Honda
- Laboratory of Periodontology and Immunology, Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.,Division of Periodontology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - K Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Periodontology and Immunology, Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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73
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Turunen SP, Kummu O, Wang C, Harila K, Mattila R, Sahlman M, Pussinen PJ, Hörkkö S. Immunization with malondialdehyde-modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL) reduces atherosclerosis in LDL receptor-deficient mice challenged with Porphyromonas gingivalis. Innate Immun 2014; 21:370-85. [PMID: 25134521 DOI: 10.1177/1753425914542444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal infections increase the risk of atherosclerotic vascular disease via partly unresolved mechanisms. Of the natural IgM Abs that recognize molecular mimicry on bacterial epitopes and modified lipid and protein structures, IgM directed against oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is associated with atheroprotective properties. Here, the effect of natural immune responses to malondialdehyde-modified LDL (MDA-LDL) in conferring protection against atherosclerosis, which was accelerated by the major periodontopathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis, was investigated. LDL receptor-deficient (LDLR(-/-)) mice were immunized with mouse MDA-LDL without adjuvant before topical application challenge with live P. gingivalis. Atherosclerosis was analyzed after a high-fat diet, and plasma IgG and IgM Ab levels were measured throughout the study, and the secretion of IL-5, IL-10 and IFN-γ in splenocytes stimulated with MDA-LDL was determined. LDLR(-/-) mice immunized with MDA-LDL had elevated IgM and IgG levels to MDA-LDL compared with saline-treated controls. MDA-LDL immunization diminished aortic lipid depositions after challenge with P. gingivalis compared with mice receiving only P. gingivalis challenge. Immunization of LDLR(-/-) mice with homologous MDA-LDL stimulated the production of IL-5, implicating general activation of B-1 cells. Immune responses to MDA-LDL protected from the P. gingivalis-accelerated atherosclerosis. Thus, the linkage between bacterial infectious burden and atherogenesis is suggested to be modulated via natural IgM directed against cross-reactive epitopes on bacteria and modified LDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pauliina Turunen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Diagnostics, University of Oulu, Finland and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland NordLab Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Outi Kummu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Diagnostics, University of Oulu, Finland and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland NordLab Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Chunguang Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Diagnostics, University of Oulu, Finland and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kirsi Harila
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Diagnostics, University of Oulu, Finland and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Riikka Mattila
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Diagnostics, University of Oulu, Finland and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marjo Sahlman
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Diagnostics, University of Oulu, Finland and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Sohvi Hörkkö
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Diagnostics, University of Oulu, Finland and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland NordLab Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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74
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Analysis of the relationship between periodontal disease and atherosclerosis within a local clinical system: a cross-sectional observational pilot study. Odontology 2014; 103:314-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s10266-014-0172-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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75
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Tabeta K, Yoshie H, Yamazaki K. Current evidence and biological plausibility linking periodontitis to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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76
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Periodontal pathogens and atherosclerosis: implications of inflammation and oxidative modification of LDL. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:595981. [PMID: 24949459 PMCID: PMC4052162 DOI: 10.1155/2014/595981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is well accepted to play a crucial role in the development of atherosclerotic lesions, and recent studies have demonstrated an association between periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease. Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, causative agents of destructive chronic inflammation in the periodontium, can accelerate atheroma deposition in animal models. Emerging evidence suggests that vaccination against virulence factors of these pathogens and anti-inflammatory therapy may confer disease resistance. In this review, we focus on the role of inflammatory mechanisms and oxidative modification in the formation and activation of atherosclerotic plaques accelerated by P. gingivalis or A. actinomycetemcomitans in an ApoE-deficient mouse model and high-fat-diet-fed mice. Furthermore, we examine whether mucosal vaccination with a periodontal pathogen or the anti-inflammatory activity of catechins can reduce periodontal pathogen-accelerated atherosclerosis.
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77
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Oral pathobiont induces systemic inflammation and metabolic changes associated with alteration of gut microbiota. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4828. [PMID: 24797416 PMCID: PMC4010932 DOI: 10.1038/srep04828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis has been implicated as a risk factor for metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes, atherosclerotic vascular diseases, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Although bacteremias from dental plaque and/or elevated circulating inflammatory cytokines emanating from the inflamed gingiva are suspected mechanisms linking periodontitis and these diseases, direct evidence is lacking. We hypothesize that disturbances of the gut microbiota by swallowed bacteria induce a metabolic endotoxemia leading metabolic disorders. To investigate this hypothesis, changes in the gut microbiota, insulin and glucose intolerance, and levels of tissue inflammation were analysed in mice after oral administration of Porphyromonas gingivalis, a representative periodontopathogens. Pyrosequencing revealed that the population belonging to Bacteroidales was significantly elevated in P. gingivalis-administered mice which coincided with increases in insulin resistance and systemic inflammation. In P. gingivalis-administered mice blood endotoxin levels tended to be higher, whereas gene expression of tight junction proteins in the ileum was significantly decreased. These results provide a new paradigm for the interrelationship between periodontitis and systemic diseases.
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78
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Lee JT, Chung WT, Lin JD, Peng GS, Muo CH, Lin CC, Wen CP, Wang IK, Tseng CH, Kao CH, Hsu CY. Increased risk of stroke after septicaemia: a population-based longitudinal study in Taiwan. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89386. [PMID: 24586739 PMCID: PMC3931764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and infection have been noted to increase stroke risk. However, the association between septicaemia and increased risk of stroke remains unclear. This population-based cohort study, using a National Health Insurance database, aimed to investigate whether patients with septicaemia are predisposed to increased stroke risk. The study included all patients hospitalised for septicaemia for the first time between 2000 and 2003 without prior stroke. Patients were followed until the end of 2010 to evaluate incidence of stroke. An age-, gender- and co-morbidities-matched cohort without prior stroke served as the control. Cox's proportional hazards regressions were used to assess differences in stroke risk between groups. Based on hazard ratios (HRs), patients with septicaemia had greater stroke risk, especially in the younger age groups (age <45: HR = 4.16, 95% CI: 2.39-7.24, p<0.001; age 45-64: HR = 1.76, 95% CI: 1.41-2.19, p<0.001; age ≥ 65: HR = 1.05, 95% CI: 0.91-1.22, p>0.05). Haemorrhagic stroke was the dominant type (ischaemic stroke: HR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.06-1.37, p<0.01; haemorrhagic stroke: HR = 1.82, 95% CI: 1.35-2.46, p<0.001) and patients without co-morbidities were at slightly higher risk (without co-morbidities: HR = 1.49, 95% CI: 1.02-2.17, p<0.05; with co-morbidities: HR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.10-1.41, p<0.001). The impact of septicaemia on stroke risk was highest within 6 months of the event and gradually declined over time. Our results suggest that septicaemia is associated with an increase in stroke risk, which is greatest in haemorrhagic stroke. Closer attention to patients with history of septicaemia may be warranted for stroke preventive measures, especially for younger patients without co-morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiunn-Tay Lee
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| | - Wen Ting Chung
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jin-Ding Lin
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Giia-Sheun Peng
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chih-Hsin Muo
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Che-Chen Lin
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chi-Pang Wen
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - I-Kuan Wang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Kidney Disease, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chun-Hung Tseng
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Hung Kao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine Science and School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chung Y. Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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79
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Lee HR, Jun HK, Choi BK. Tannerella forsythia BspA increases the risk factors for atherosclerosis in ApoE(-/-) mice. Oral Dis 2013; 20:803-8. [PMID: 24372897 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Tannerella forsythia and its major surface virulence factor, BspA, on the progression of atherosclerosis in ApoE(-/-) mice and the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes. METHODS PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells were treated with BspA to detect foam cell formation. The proximal aortas of ApoE(-/-) mice injected with T. forsythia or BspA were stained with oil red O to examine lipid deposition. The serum levels of CRP, HDL, and LDL were detected by ELISA. The liver tissue of T. forsythia- or BspA-injected ApoE(-/-) mice was examined for mRNA expression of lipid metabolism-related genes, such as liver X receptors (LXRα and LXRβ) and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1). RESULTS Tannerella forsythia and BspA induced foam cell formation in THP-1 cells and accelerated the progression of atherosclerotic lesions in ApoE(-/-) mice. Mouse serum levels of CRP and LDL were increased, and HDL was decreased by T. forsythia and BspA. The expression levels of LXRα and LXRβ, and ABCA1 in liver tissue were decreased by T. forsythia and BspA. CONCLUSIONS Tannerella forsythia and BspA augmented atherosclerotic lesion progression in ApoE(-/-) mice. This process may be associated with downregulation of lipid metabolism-related gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Lee
- Division of High-Risk Pathogen Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk, Korea
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80
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Matsumoto S, Matsuda M, Takekawa M, Okada M, Hashizume K, Wada N, Hori JI, Kita M, Iwata T, Kakizaki H. Association between Chronic Periodontal Disease and Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Both Sexes. Low Urin Tract Symptoms 2013; 7:17-21. [PMID: 26663646 DOI: 10.1111/luts.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between chronic periodontal disease (CPD) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in both sexes. METHODS The interview sheet of the CPD self-checklist and LUTS was distributed to 600 adult men and women (300 each) who visited the first dental examination at dental clinics. The International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) questionnaire/Quality Of Life (IPSS/QOL) and Overactive Bladder Symptom Score (OABSS) were used to assess LUTS. The relationship between the CPD score and LUTS or OAB was examined. RESULTS The interview sheet was collected from 88 men (50.9 ± 16.6 years old) and 97 women (51.1 ± 15.5 years old). There was no statistically significant correlation between the CPD score and age, or between the CPD score and the presence of LUTS in either men or women. However, urgency and weak stream score of IPSS were significantly correlated with the severity of CPD in both sexes. Significant correlation between the severity of CPD and the presence of OAB was only noted in men but not in women. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated for the first time that some storage and voiding symptoms were significantly associated with CPD in both sexes. Thus, although CPD and LUTS seem to have common pathophysiological factors, the interrelationship between CPD and LUTS is slightly different between men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Matsumoto
- Department of Renal and Urologic Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Matsuda
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Masanori Takekawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Masuhiko Okada
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Kazumi Hashizume
- Department of Renal and Urologic Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Naoki Wada
- Department of Renal and Urologic Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Hori
- Department of Renal and Urologic Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kita
- Department of Renal and Urologic Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Iwata
- Department of Renal and Urologic Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Kakizaki
- Department of Renal and Urologic Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
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81
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Lei L, Li H, Yan F, Xiao Y. Hyperlipidemia impaired innate immune response to periodontal pathogen porphyromonas gingivalis in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71849. [PMID: 23977160 PMCID: PMC3745424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A finely-tuned innate immune response plays a pivotal role in protecting host against bacterial invasion during periodontal disease progression. Hyperlipidemia has been suggested to exacerbate periodontal health condition. However, the underlying mechanism has not been addressed. In the present study, we investigated the effect of hyperlipidemia on innate immune responses to periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis infection. Apolipoprotein E-deficient and wild-type mice at the age of 20 weeks were used for the study. Peritoneal macrophages were isolated and subsequently used for the study of viable P. gingivalis infection. ApoE−/− mice demonstrated inhibited iNOS production and impaired clearance of P. gingivalis in vitro and in vivo; furthermore, ApoE−/− mice displayed disrupted cytokine production pattern in response to P. gingivalis, with a decreased production of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β and monocyte chemotactic protein-1. Microarray data demonstrated that Toll-like receptor (TLR) and NOD-like receptor (NLR) pathway were altered in ApoE−/− mice macrophages; further analysis of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) demonstrated that expression of triggering receptors on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1), an amplifier of the TLR and NLR pathway, was decreased in ApoE−/− mice macrophages, leading to decreased recruitment of NF-κB onto the promoters of the TNF-α and IL-6. Our data suggest that in ApoE−/− mice hyperlipidemia disrupts the expression of PRRs, and cripples the host’s capability to generate sufficient innate immune response to P. gingivalis, which may facilitate immune evasion, subgingival colonization and establishment of P. gingivalis in the periodontal niche.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apolipoproteins E/deficiency
- Apolipoproteins E/genetics
- Bacteroidaceae Infections/immunology
- Bacteroidaceae Infections/microbiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Hyperlipidemias/complications
- Hyperlipidemias/immunology
- Immunity, Innate
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/microbiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Periodontal Diseases/immunology
- Periodontal Diseases/microbiology
- Phagocytosis
- Porphyromonas gingivalis/immunology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Pattern Recognition/genetics
- Receptors, Pattern Recognition/metabolism
- Transcription Factor RelA/metabolism
- Transcriptome
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Lei
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Houxuan Li
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fuhua Yan
- Institute and Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail: (FY); (YX)
| | - Yin Xiao
- Bone Research Lab, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail: (FY); (YX)
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82
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Li XY, Wang C, Xiang XR, Chen FC, Yang CM, Wu J. Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide increases lipid accumulation by affecting CD36 and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 in macrophages. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:1329-36. [PMID: 23835648 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (P. gingivalis LPS) promotes macrophage-derived foam cell formation, however, the mechanisms are not well established. In macrophages, lipid uptake is mediated by scavenger receptors including SR-A and CD36, while the cholesterol efflux is mediated by ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1), ABCA1 and SR-BI. We further investigated the mechanisms underlying the dysregulation by P. gingivalis LPS of these regulators resulting in the promotion of lipid accumulation in THP-1-derived macrophages. Our results showed that P. gingivalis LPS exacerbated lipid accumulation in oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-treated macrophages. However, cholesterol efflux was inhibited by P. gingivalis LPS in THP-1-derived macrophages. In oxLDL-untreated macrophages, P. gingivalis LPS treatment caused an increase in CD36 mRNA and protein levels, and a decrease in ABCA1 mRNA and protein levels, while having no effect on SR-A, SR-BI or ABCG1 expression. Upregulation of CD36 by P. gingivalis LPS resulted from activation of c-Jun/AP-1, and this was confirmed by the inhibition of increased CD36 expression after AP-1 inhibition using SP600125. However, the decreased protein stability of ABCA1 by P. gingivalis LPS was a result of increased calpain activity. Moreover, small hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) augmented the P. gingivalis LPS-induced atherogenic effects on the expression of c-Jun/AP-1, CD36, ABCA1 and calpain activity. Accordingly, P. gingivalis LPS-regulated promotion of lipid accumulation in foam cells was also exacerbated by HO-1 shRNA. These results indicate that P. gingivalis LPS confers a exacerbation effect on the formation of foam cells by a novel HO-1-dependent mediation of cholesterol efflux and lipid accumulation in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Ying Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
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83
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Matsumoto S, Matsuda M, Takekawa M, Okada M, Hashizume K, Wada N, Hori J, Tamaki G, Kita M, Iwata T, Kakizaki H. Association of ED with chronic periodontal disease. Int J Impot Res 2013; 26:13-5. [DOI: 10.1038/ijir.2013.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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84
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van Diepen JA, Berbée JF, Havekes LM, Rensen PC. Interactions between inflammation and lipid metabolism: Relevance for efficacy of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2013; 228:306-15. [PMID: 23518178 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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85
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Shanker J, Setty P, Arvind P, Nair J, Bhasker D, Balakrishna G, Kakkar VV. Relationship between periodontal disease, Porphyromonas gingivalis, peripheral vascular resistance markers and coronary artery disease in Asian Indians. Thromb Res 2013; 132:e8-14. [PMID: 23706960 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2013.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A close association exists between oral health and cardiovascular disease. Periodontal disease induces early vascular changes while oral pathogens have been detected in sub gingival and atheromatous plaques. We examined the interrelationship between Periodontal disease, oral bacteria, surrogate sub-clinical markers and coronary artery disease (CAD) in a representative Asian Indian cohort. MATERIALS AND METHODS 532 Gingivitis cases and 282 Periodontitis cases were assessed for early peripheral vascular changes, namely pulse wave velocity (PWV), arterial stiffness index (ASI) and ankle brachial index (ABI) using computerized oscillometry method. Relative quantitation (RQ) of Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) was estimated in saliva samples of 54 Periodontitis, 25 Gingivitis and 51 CAD cases (38 also had oral disease) by Taqman assay by amplifying pathogen-specific gene targets, 16srRNA and IktA, respectively, and 16s universal bacterial rRNA as endogenous control. RESULTS PWV and ASI were elevated in Periodontitis compared to Gingivitis cases (p<0.0001) and in those with diabetes and hypertension. Cases with Periodontitis showed higher mean expression of Pg than Gingivitis (0.37±0.05 versus 0.15±0.04, p<0.0001), while CAD patients with oral disease (N=38) showed lower mean Pg expression than those without oral disease (N=13) (0.712±0.119 versus 1.526±0.257, p=0.008). Higher Pg expression was recorded in subjects with diabetes and hypertension. CONCLUSION Oral disease induces early changes in the peripheral blood vessels. Further, common presence of Pg in subjects with oral disease, in those with established cardiovascular risk factors and in patients with symptomatic CAD reflects the importance of oral hygiene in the development of Coronary Artery Disease in Asian Indians.
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86
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Level of serum antibody against a periodontal pathogen is associated with atherosclerosis and hypertension. Hypertens Res 2013; 36:829-33. [PMID: 23676848 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2013.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation has a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, which causes hypertension. Results from some studies have suggested links between periodontal disease and atherosclerosis, but links between periodontal disease and hypertension have been seldom studied. We investigated whether periodontal disease and serum antibody level were associated with hypertension. We studied 127 patients (93 men and 34 women, mean age 68±9 years) who were admitted with ischemic heart disease to our institution. A composite periodontal risk score was calculated from five periodontal vector scores. The levels of serum antibody against Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) were measured. Pulse pressure, mean blood pressure (BP) and pulse wave velocity were used as indices of atherosclerosis. We divided patients into two groups according to the levels of serum antibody against Pg: higher or equal to the median (high Pg antibody group) and lower than the median (low Pg antibody group).There was no difference in the use of antihypertensive agents between the two groups. The composite periodontal risk score (P=0.0003), systolic BP (P=0.030), diastolic BP (P=0.038), pulse pressure (P=0.050) and mean BP (P=0.055) were higher in the high Pg antibody group than in the low Pg antibody group. The composite periodontal risk score (r=0.320, P=0.0003), systolic BP (r=0.212, P=0.017), diastolic BP (r=0.188, P=0.035) and mean BP (r=0.225, P=0.011) correlated with the level of serum antibody against Pg, even after adjustment for age. An elevated antibody level against Pg indicates advanced periodontal disease and suggests advancement of atherosclerosis and hypertension.
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87
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Aoki-Nonaka Y, Nakajima T, Miyauchi S, Miyazawa H, Yamada H, Domon H, Tabeta K, Yamazaki K. Natural killer T cells mediate alveolar bone resorption and a systemic inflammatory response in response to oral infection of mice with Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Periodontal Res 2013; 49:69-76. [PMID: 23586756 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE T and B cells are known to be involved in the disease process of periodontitis. However, the role of natural killer T cells in the pathogenesis of periodontitis has not been clarified. MATERIALS AND METHODS To examine the role of these cells, C57BL/6J (wild-type), CD1d(-/-) and α-galactosylceramide (αGC)-stimulated wild-type mice were orally infected with Porphyromonas gingivalis strain W83. RESULTS Apart from CD1d(-/-) mice, the level of alveolar bone resorption was elevated by the infection and was further accelerated in αGC-stimulated mice. The infection induced elevated levels of serum amyloid A and P. gingivalis-specific IgG in the sera, although the degree of elevation was much smaller in the CD1d(-/-) mice. Infection-induced RANKL elevation was only observed in αGC-stimulated mice. Although the cytokines produced by splenocytes were mainly T-helper 1 type in wild-type mice, those in αGC-stimulated mice were predominantly T-helper 2 type. In the liver, the infection demonstrated no effect on the gene expression for interferon-γ, interleukin-4 and RANKL except αGC-stimulated mice in which the infection upregulated the gene expressions. CONCLUSION This study is the first to show that natural killer T cells upregulated systemic and local inflammatory responses induced by oral infection with P. gingivalis, thereby contributing to the progression of alveolar bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Aoki-Nonaka
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Laboratory of Periodontology and Immunology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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88
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Brito LCW, DalBó S, Striechen TM, Farias JM, Olchanheski LR, Mendes RT, Vellosa JCR, Fávero GM, Sordi R, Assreuy J, Santos FA, Fernandes D. Experimental periodontitis promotes transient vascular inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58:1187-98. [PMID: 23583017 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the systemic inflammatory response and cardiovascular changes induced by experimental periodontitis in rats. DESIGN Experimental periodontitis was induced by placing a cotton ligature around the cervix of both sides of mandibular first molars and maxillary second molars in each male rat. Sham-operated rats had the ligature removed immediately after the procedure. Seven, 14 or 28 days after procedure, the effects of acetylcholine, sodium nitroprusside and phenylephrine were evaluated on blood pressure, aortic rings and isolated and perfused mesenteric bed. The blood was obtained for plasma Interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP) and lipid evaluation. The mesenteric vessels were obtained to evaluate superoxide production and nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS-3) expression. RESULTS Ligature induced periodontitis reduced endothelium-dependent vasodilatation, a hallmark of endothelial dysfunction. This effect was associated with an increase in systemic inflammatory markers (IL-6 and CRP), worsens on lipid profile, increased vascular superoxide production and reduced NOS-3 expression. It is interesting to note that many of these effects were transitory. CONCLUSION Periodontitis induced a transient systemic and vascular inflammation which leads to endothelial dysfunction, an initial step for cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, the animal model of periodontitis used here may represent a valuable tool for studying the relationship between periodontitis and endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena C W Brito
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
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89
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Ramadan G, El-Menshawy O. Protective effects of ginger-turmeric rhizomes mixture on joint inflammation, atherogenesis, kidney dysfunction and other complications in a rat model of human rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Rheum Dis 2013; 16:219-29. [PMID: 23773648 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.12054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM Besides joint destruction, extra-articular complications (outside the locomotor system) are frequent in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, especially cardiovascular, hematological and metabolic disorders. Here, we evaluated and compared the protective activity of two different doses of mixture of ginger and turmeric rhizomes powder (1 : 1) suspended in distilled water (GTaq) in alleviating both articular and extra-articular manifestations in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA). METHODS Arthritis was induced by a single intra-dermal injection of 0.1 mL of Complete Freund's adjuvant (containing heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis) into the palmar surface of the left hind paw after the rats were subjected to light diethyl ether anesthesia. Arthritic rats received orally and daily (for 28 consecutive days) distilled water as vehicle, indomethacin (1.0 mg/kg body weight), or GTaq (200 or 400 mg/kg body weight) from the day of arthritis induction. RESULTS The present study showed that GTaq (especially the high dose) was more effective (4.2-38.4% higher, P < 0.05-0.001) than indomethacin (a non-steroidal/anti-inflammatory drug) in alleviating the loss in body weight gain, the histopathological changes observed in ankle joints, blood leukocytosis and thrombocytosis, iron deficiency anemia, serum hypoalbuminemia and globulinemia, the impairment of kidney functions, and the risks for cardiovascular disease in arthritic rats. These protective effects of GTaq were mediated through increasing the food intake and decreasing the systemic inflammation that occur at the appearance of polyarthritis, oxidative stress and dyslipidemia. CONCLUSION Ginger-turmeric rhizomes mixture may be effective against RA severity and complications as shown in an AIA rat model.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Arthritis, Experimental/blood
- Arthritis, Experimental/complications
- Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/physiopathology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/blood
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/complications
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/physiopathology
- Atherosclerosis/blood
- Atherosclerosis/immunology
- Atherosclerosis/physiopathology
- Atherosclerosis/prevention & control
- Biomarkers/blood
- Body Weight/drug effects
- Cardiovascular Diseases/immunology
- Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control
- Curcuma
- Disease Progression
- Dyslipidemias/immunology
- Dyslipidemias/prevention & control
- Eating/drug effects
- Freund's Adjuvant
- Zingiber officinale
- Humans
- Indomethacin/pharmacology
- Joints/drug effects
- Joints/immunology
- Joints/physiopathology
- Kidney/drug effects
- Kidney/immunology
- Kidney/physiopathology
- Kidney Diseases/blood
- Kidney Diseases/immunology
- Kidney Diseases/physiopathology
- Kidney Diseases/prevention & control
- Male
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Phytotherapy
- Plant Preparations/pharmacology
- Plants, Medicinal
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Rhizome
- Severity of Illness Index
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal Ramadan
- Biological Science Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Hufof, Saudi Arabia.
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90
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Schenkein HA, Loos BG. Inflammatory mechanisms linking periodontal diseases to cardiovascular diseases. J Periodontol 2013; 84:S51-69. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2013.134006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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91
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Reichert S, Haffner M, Keyßer G, Schäfer C, Stein JM, Schaller HG, Wienke A, Strauss H, Heide S, Schulz S. Detection of oral bacterial DNA in synovial fluid. J Clin Periodontol 2013; 40:591-8. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Reichert
- University School of Dental Medicine; Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology; Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Maximilian Haffner
- University School of Dental Medicine; Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology; Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Gernot Keyßer
- Clinic of Internal Medicine II; Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle Germany
| | - Christoph Schäfer
- Clinic of Internal Medicine II; Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle Germany
| | - Jamal M. Stein
- Department of Operative Dentistry; Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry; RWTH Aachen; Aachen Germany
| | - Hans-Guenter Schaller
- University School of Dental Medicine; Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology; Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Andreas Wienke
- Institute for Medical Epidemiology; Biostatistics and Informatics; Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle Germany
| | - Heiko Strauss
- Institute for Forensic Medicine; Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle Germany
| | - Steffen Heide
- Institute for Forensic Medicine; Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle Germany
| | - Susanne Schulz
- University School of Dental Medicine; Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology; Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
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92
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Gruss A, Borezée-Durant E, Lechardeur D. Environmental heme utilization by heme-auxotrophic bacteria. Adv Microb Physiol 2013; 61:69-124. [PMID: 23046952 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394423-8.00003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Heme, an iron-containing porphyrin, is the prosthetic group for numerous key cellular enzymatic and regulatory processes. Many bacteria encode the biosynthetic enzymes needed for autonomous heme production. Remarkably, however, numerous other bacteria lack a complete heme biosynthesis pathway, yet encode heme-requiring functions. For such heme-auxotrophic bacteria (HAB), heme or porphyrins must be captured from the environment. Functional studies, aided by genomic analyses, provide insight into the HAB lifestyle, how they acquire and manage heme, and the uses of heme that make it worthwhile, and sometimes necessary, to capture this bioactive molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Gruss
- INRA, UMR1319 Micalis and AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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93
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Rodrigues PH, Reyes L, Chadda AS, Bélanger M, Wallet SM, Akin D, Dunn W, Progulske-Fox A. Porphyromonas gingivalis strain specific interactions with human coronary artery endothelial cells: a comparative study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52606. [PMID: 23300720 PMCID: PMC3530483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Both epidemiologic and experimental findings suggest that infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis exacerbates progression of atherosclerosis. As P. gingivalis exhibits significant strain variation, it is reasonable that different strains possess different capabilities and/or mechanisms by which they promote atherosclerosis. Using P. gingivalis strains that have been previously evaluated in the ApoE null atherosclerosis model, we assessed the ability of W83, A7436, 381, and 33277 to adhere, invade, and persist in human coronary artery endothelial (HCAE) cells. W83 and 381 displayed an equivalent ability to adhere to HCAE cells, which was significantly greater than both A7436 and 33277 (P<0.01). W83, 381, and 33277 were more invasive than A7436 (P<0.0001). However, only W83 and A7436 were able to remain viable up to 48 hours in HCAE cell cultures, whereas 381 was cleared by 48 hours and 33277 was cleared by 24 hours. These differences in persistence were in part due to strain specific differences in intracellular trafficking. Both W83 and 381 trafficked through the autophagic pathway, but not A7436 or 33277. Internalized 381 was the only strain that was dependent upon the autophagic pathway for its survival. Finally, we assessed the efficacy of these strains to activate HCAE cells as defined by production of IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p40, MCP-1, RANTES, TNF-α, and soluble adhesion molecules (sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, and sE-selectin). Only moderate inflammation was observed in cells infected with either W83 or A7436, whereas cells infected with 381 exhibited the most profound inflammation, followed by cells infected with 33277. These results demonstrate that virulence mechanisms among different P. gingivalis strains are varied and that pathogenic mechanisms identified for one strain are not necessarily applicable to other strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo H. Rodrigues
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry and Center for Molecular Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Leticia Reyes
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry and Center for Molecular Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Amandeep S. Chadda
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry and Center for Molecular Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Myriam Bélanger
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry and Center for Molecular Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Shannon M. Wallet
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry and Center for Molecular Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Debra Akin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - William Dunn
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ann Progulske-Fox
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry and Center for Molecular Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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94
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Blasco-Baque V, Serino M, Vergnes JN, Riant E, Loubieres P, Arnal JF, Gourdy P, Sixou M, Burcelin R, Kemoun P. High-fat diet induces periodontitis in mice through lipopolysaccharides (LPS) receptor signaling: protective action of estrogens. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48220. [PMID: 23133617 PMCID: PMC3487901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A fat-enriched diet favors the development of gram negative bacteria in the intestine which is linked to the occurrence of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Interestingly, some pathogenic gram negative bacteria are commonly associated with the development of periodontitis which, like T2D, is characterized by a chronic low-grade inflammation. Moreover, estrogens have been shown to regulate glucose homeostasis via an LPS receptor dependent immune-modulation. In this study, we evaluated whether diet-induced metabolic disease would favor the development of periodontitis in mice. In addition, the regulatory role of estrogens in this process was assessed. Methods Four-week-old C57BL6/J WT and CD14 (part of the TLR-4 machinery for LPS-recognition) knock-out female mice were ovariectomised and subcutaneously implanted with pellets releasing either placebo or 17β-estradiol (E2). Mice were then fed with either a normal chow or a high-fat diet for four weeks. The development of diabetes was monitored by an intraperitoneal glucose-tolerance test and plasma insulin concentration while periodontitis was assessed by identification of pathogens, quantification of periodontal soft tissue inflammation and alveolar bone loss. Results The fat-enriched diet increased the prevalence of periodontal pathogenic microbiota like Fusobacterium nucleatum and Prevotella intermedia, gingival inflammation and alveolar bone loss. E2 treatment prevented this effect and CD14 knock-out mice resisted high-fat diet-induced periodontal defects. Conclusions/Significance Our data show that mice fed with a diabetogenic diet developed defects and microflora of tooth supporting-tissues typically associated with periodontitis. Moreover, our results suggest a causal link between the activation of the LPS pathway on innate immunity by periodontal microbiota and HFD-induced periodontitis, a pathophysiological mechanism that could be targeted by estrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Blasco-Baque
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1048, Institut de Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Toulouse, France
- L.U. 51, Parodontites et Maladies Générales, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, 3, Chemin des Maraîchers, Toulouse, France
| | - Matteo Serino
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1048, Institut de Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Noël Vergnes
- L.U. 51, Parodontites et Maladies Générales, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, 3, Chemin des Maraîchers, Toulouse, France
| | - Elodie Riant
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1048, Institut de Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Toulouse, France
| | - Pascale Loubieres
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1048, Institut de Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Toulouse, France
- L.U. 51, Parodontites et Maladies Générales, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, 3, Chemin des Maraîchers, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-François Arnal
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1048, Institut de Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Gourdy
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1048, Institut de Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Toulouse, France
| | - Michel Sixou
- L.U. 51, Parodontites et Maladies Générales, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, 3, Chemin des Maraîchers, Toulouse, France
| | - Rémy Burcelin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1048, Institut de Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Toulouse, France
- * E-mail: (RB); (PK)
| | - Philippe Kemoun
- L.U. 51, Parodontites et Maladies Générales, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, 3, Chemin des Maraîchers, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail: (RB); (PK)
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95
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Miyazawa H, Tabeta K, Miyauchi S, Aoki-Nonaka Y, Domon H, Honda T, Nakajima T, Yamazaki K. Effect of Porphyromonas gingivalis infection on post-transcriptional regulation of the low-density lipoprotein receptor in mice. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:121. [PMID: 22992388 PMCID: PMC3503659 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Periodontal disease is suggested to increase the risk of atherothrombotic disease by inducing dyslipidemia. Recently, we demonstrated that proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), which is known to play a critical role in the regulation of circulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels, is elevated in periodontitis patients. However, the underlying mechanisms of elevation of PCSK9 in periodontitis patients are largely unknown. Here, we explored whether Porphyromonas gingivalis, a representative periodontopathic bacterium, -induced inflammatory response regulates serum PCSK9 and cholesterol levels using animal models. Methods We infected C57BL/6 mice intraperitoneally with Porphyromonas gingivalis, a representative strain of periodontopathic bacteria, and evaluated serum PCSK9 levels and the serum lipid profile. PCSK9 and LDL receptor (LDLR) gene and protein expression, as well as liver X receptors (Lxrs), inducible degrader of the LDLR (Idol), and sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor (Srebf)2 gene expression, were examined in the liver. Results P. gingivalis infection induced a significant elevation of serum PCSK9 levels and a concomitant elevation of total and LDL cholesterol compared with sham-infected mice. The LDL cholesterol levels were significantly correlated with PCSK9 levels. Expression of the Pcsk9, Ldlr, and Srebf2 genes was upregulated in the livers of the P. gingivalis-infected mice compared with the sham-infected mice. Although Pcsk9 gene expression is known to be positively regulated by sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)2 (human homologue of Srebf2), whereas Srebf2 is negatively regulated by cholesterol, the elevated expression of Srebf2 found in the infected mice is thought to be mediated by P. gingivalis infection. Conclusions P. gingivalis infection upregulates PCSK9 production via upregulation of Srebf2, independent of cholesterol levels. Further studies are required to elucidate how infection regulates Srebf2 expression and subsequently influences lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Miyazawa
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, 5274 Gakkocho 2-ban-cho, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
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96
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Andoh Y, Ogura H, Satoh M, Shimano K, Okuno H, Fujii S, Ishimori N, Eshima K, Tamauchi H, Otani T, Nakai Y, Van Kaer L, Tsutsui H, Onoé K, Iwabuchi K. Natural killer T cells are required for lipopolysaccharide-mediated enhancement of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Immunobiology 2012; 218:561-9. [PMID: 22954709 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been shown to accelerate atherosclerosis and to increase the prevalence of IL-4-producing natural killer T (NKT) cells in various tissues. However, the role of NKT cells in the development of LPS-induced atherosclerotic lesions has not been fully tested in NKT cell-deficient mice. Here, we examined the lesion development in apolipoprotein E knockout (apoE-KO) mice and apoE-KO mice on an NKT cell-deficient, CD1d knockout (CD1d-KO) background (apoE-CD1d double knockout; DKO). LPS (0.5 μg/g body weight/wk) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was intraperitoneally administered to apoE-KO and DKO mice (8-wk old) for 5 wk and atherosclerotic lesion areas were quantified thereafter. Consistent with prior reports, NKT cell-deficient DKO mice showed milder atherosclerotic lesions than apoE-KO mice. Notably, LPS administration significantly increased the lesion size in apoE-KO, but not in DKO mice, compared to PBS controls. Our findings suggest that LPS, and possibly LPS-producing bacteria, aggravate the development of atherosclerosis primarily through NKT cell activation and subsequent collaboration with NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Andoh
- Division of Immunobiology, Research Section of Pathophysiology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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97
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Bostanci N, Belibasakis GN. Doxycycline inhibits TREM-1 induction by Porphyromonas gingivalis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 66:37-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2012.00982.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nagihan Bostanci
- Oral Translational Research; Institute of Oral Biology; Center of Dental Medicine; University of Zürich; Zürich; Switzerland
| | - Georgios N. Belibasakis
- Oral Microbiology and Immunology; Institute of Oral Biology; Center of Dental Medicine; University of Zürich; Zürich; Switzerland
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98
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Recognition of Porphyromonas gingivalis gingipain epitopes by natural IgM binding to malondialdehyde modified low-density lipoprotein. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34910. [PMID: 22496875 PMCID: PMC3320647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Increased risk for atherosclerosis is associated with infectious diseases including periodontitis. Natural IgM antibodies recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns on bacteria, and oxidized lipid and protein epitopes on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and apoptotic cells. We aimed to identify epitopes on periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis recognized by natural IgM binding to malondialdehyde (MDA) modified LDL. Methods and Results Mouse monoclonal IgM (MDmAb) specific for MDA-LDL recognized epitopes on P. gingivalis on flow cytometry and chemiluminescence immunoassays. Immunization of C57BL/6 mice with P. gingivalis induced IgM, but not IgG, immune response to MDA-LDL and apoptotic cells. Immunization of LDLR−/− mice with P. gingivalis induced IgM, but not IgG, immune response to MDA-LDL and diminished aortic lipid deposition. On Western blot MDmAb bound to P. gingivalis fragments identified as arginine-specific gingipain (Rgp) by mass spectrometry. Recombinant domains of Rgp produced in E. coli were devoid of phosphocholine epitopes but contained epitopes recognized by MDmAb and human serum IgM. Serum IgM levels to P. gingivalis were associated with anti-MDA-LDL levels in humans. Conclusion Gingipain of P. gingivalis is recognized by natural IgM and shares molecular identity with epitopes on MDA-LDL. These findings suggest a role for natural antibodies in the pathogenesis of two related inflammatory diseases, atherosclerosis and periodontitis.
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Miyazawa H, Honda T, Miyauchi S, Domon H, Okui T, Nakajima T, Tabeta K, Yamazaki K. Increased serum PCSK9 concentrations are associated with periodontal infection but do not correlate with LDL cholesterol concentration. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 413:154-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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100
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Miyauchi S, Maekawa T, Aoki Y, Miyazawa H, Tabeta K, Nakajima T, Yamazaki K. Oral infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis and systemic cytokine profile in C57BL/6.KOR-ApoEshl mice. J Periodontal Res 2011; 47:402-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2011.01441.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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