51
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Wang Z, Liu Y, Xue Y, Hu H, Ye J, Li X, Lu Z, Meng F, Liang S. Berberine acts as a putative epigenetic modulator by affecting the histone code. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 36:10-17. [PMID: 27311644 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Berberine, an isoquinoline plant alkaloid, exhibits a wide range of biochemical and pharmacological effects. However, the precise mechanism of these bioactivities remains poorly understood. In this study, we found significant similarity between berberine and two epigenetic modulators (CG-1521 and TSA). Reverse-docking using berberine as a ligand identified lysine-N-methyltransferase as a putative target of berberine. These findings suggested the potential role of berberine in epigenetic modulation. The results of PCR array analysis of epigenetic chromatin modification enzymes supported our hypothesis. Furthermore, the analysis showed that enzymes involved in histone acetylation and methylation were predominantly affected by treatment with berberine. Up-regulation of histone acetyltransferase CREBBP and EP300, histone deacetylase SIRT3, histone demethylase KDM6A as well as histone methyltransferase SETD7, and down-regulation of histone acetyltransferase HDAC8, histone methyltransferase WHSC1I, WHSC1II and SMYD3, in addition to 38 genes from histone clusters 1-3 were observed in berberine-treated cells using real-time PCR. In parallel, western blotting analyses revealed that the expression of H3K4me3, H3K27me3 and H3K36me3 proteins decreased with berberine treatment. These results were further confirmed in acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) cell lines HL-60/ADR and KG1-α. Taken together, this study suggests that berberine might modulate the expression of epigenetic regulators important for many downstream pathways, resulting in the variation of its bioactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Wang
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Hematology, The Third Hospital of Nanchang City, Nanchang, China
| | - Yong Xue
- Jiangxi Science & Technology Research Center for Safety, Jiangxi, China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- Department of Oncology, 6th People's Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Jieyu Ye
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhigang Lu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fanyi Meng
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Neuroscience, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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52
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Zhu Y, Zhu MX, Zhang XD, Xu XE, Wu ZY, Liao LD, Li LY, Xie YM, Wu JY, Zou HY, Xie JJ, Li EM, Xu LY. SMYD3 stimulates EZR and LOXL2 transcription to enhance proliferation, migration, and invasion in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Hum Pathol 2016; 52:153-63. [PMID: 26980013 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic alterations, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, are involved in the regulation of cancer initiation and progression. SET and MYND domain-containing protein 3 (SMYD3), a methyltransferase, plays an important role in transcriptional regulation during human cancer progression. However, SMYD3 expression and its function in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remain unknown. In this study, SMYD3 expression was studied by immunohistochemistry in a tumor tissue microarray from 131 cases of ESCC patients. Statistical analysis showed that overall survival of patients with high SMYD3 expressing in primary tumors was significantly lower than that of patients with low SMYD3-expressing tumors (P = .008, log-rank test). Increased expression of SMYD3 was found to be associated with lymph node metastasis in ESCC (P = .036) and was an independent prognostic factor for poor overall survival (P = .025). RNAi-mediated knockdown of SMYD3 suppressed ESCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro and inhibited local tumor invasion in vivo. SMYD3 regulated transcription of EZR and LOXL2 by directly binding to the sequences of the promoter regions of these target genes, as demonstrated by a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Immunohistochemical staining of ESCC tissues also confirmed that protein levels of EZR and LOXL2 positively correlated with SMYD3 expression, and the Spearman correlation coefficients (rs) were 0.78 (n = 81; P < .01) and 0.637 (n = 103; P < .01), respectively. These results indicate that SMYD3 enhances tumorigenicity in ESCC through enhancing transcription of genes involved in proliferation, migration, and invasion.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Oxidoreductases/genetics
- Amino Acid Oxidoreductases/metabolism
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/mortality
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/secondary
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/genetics
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/metabolism
- Esophageal Neoplasms/enzymology
- Esophageal Neoplasms/genetics
- Esophageal Neoplasms/mortality
- Esophageal Neoplasms/pathology
- Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase/genetics
- Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase/metabolism
- Humans
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Male
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Proportional Hazards Models
- RNA Interference
- Retrospective Studies
- Signal Transduction
- Time Factors
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transcriptional Activation
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China; Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Meng-Xiao Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China; Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xiao-Dan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China; Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xiu-E Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China; Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Zhi-Yong Wu
- Departments of Oncology Surgery, Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Lian-Di Liao
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China; Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Li-Yan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China; Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yang-Min Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China; Experimental Animal Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jian-Yi Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Hai-Ying Zou
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jian-Jun Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China
| | - En-Min Li
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Li-Yan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China; Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China.
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53
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Vieira FQ, Costa-Pinheiro P, Almeida-Rios D, Graça I, Monteiro-Reis S, Simões-Sousa S, Carneiro I, Sousa EJ, Godinho MI, Baltazar F, Henrique R, Jerónimo C. SMYD3 contributes to a more aggressive phenotype of prostate cancer and targets Cyclin D2 through H4K20me3. Oncotarget 2016; 6:13644-57. [PMID: 25980436 PMCID: PMC4537039 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most incident cancers worldwide but clinical and pathological parameters have limited ability to discriminate between clinically significant and indolent PCa. Altered expression of histone methyltransferases and histone methylation patterns are involved in prostate carcinogenesis. SMYD3 transcript levels have prognostic value and discriminate among PCa with different clinical aggressiveness, so we decided to investigate its putative oncogenic role on PCa. We silenced SMYD3 and assess its impact through in vitro (cell viability, cell cycle, apoptosis, migration, invasion assays) and in vivo (tumor formation, angiogenesis). We evaluated SET domain's impact in PCa cells' phenotype. Histone marks deposition on SMYD3 putative target genes was assessed by ChIP analysis. Knockdown of SMYD3 attenuated malignant phenotype of LNCaP and PC3 cell lines. Deletions affecting the SET domain showed phenotypic impact similar to SMYD3 silencing, suggesting that tumorigenic effect is mediated through its histone methyltransferase activity. Moreover, CCND2 was identified as a putative target gene for SMYD3 transcriptional regulation, through trimethylation of H4K20. Our results support a proto-oncogenic role for SMYD3 in prostate carcinogenesis, mainly due to its methyltransferase enzymatic activity. Thus, SMYD3 overexpression is a potential biomarker for clinically aggressive disease and an attractive therapeutic target in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Quintela Vieira
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Porto, Portugal.,School of Allied Health Sciences (ESTSP), Polytechnic of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Costa-Pinheiro
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diogo Almeida-Rios
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Porto, Portugal.,Departments of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Graça
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Porto, Portugal.,School of Allied Health Sciences (ESTSP), Polytechnic of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Monteiro-Reis
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Porto, Portugal.,Departments of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana Simões-Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Isa Carneiro
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Porto, Portugal.,Departments of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Porto, Portugal
| | - Elsa Joana Sousa
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Inês Godinho
- Departments of Immunology, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Baltazar
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui Henrique
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Porto, Portugal.,Departments of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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54
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Chandramouli B, Silvestri V, Scarno M, Ottini L, Chillemi G. Smyd3 open & closed lock mechanism for substrate recruitment: The hinge motion of C-terminal domain inferred from μ-second molecular dynamics simulations. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1466-74. [PMID: 27085704 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human lysine methyltransferase Smyd3, a member of the SET and MYND domain containing protein family, harbors methylation activity on both histone and non-histone targets in a tightly regulated manner. The mechanism of how Smyd3 dynamically regulates substrate recognition is still not fully unveiled. METHODS Here, we employed molecular dynamics simulations on full length human Smyd3, performed to a total of 1.2 μ-second, in the presence (holo) and absence (apo) of the S-Adenosyl methionine (AdoMet) cofactor. The dynamical features of Smyd3 in apo and holo states have been examined and compared via examining geometrical and electrostatic properties. RESULTS The results show a distinct dynamics of the C-terminal domain (CTD) in the two states. In the apo state, the CTD undergoes a large hinge like motion and samples more opened configurations, thus acting like a loosened clamp and resulting in expanded substrate binding crevice. In the holo state, the CTD exhibits a restricted motion while the overall structure remains compact, mimicking a closed clamp. This leads to a localized increase in the negative potential at the substrate binding cleft. Further, solvent accessibility of critical residues at the target lysine access channel, important for methylation activity, is increased. CONCLUSIONS We postulate that AdoMet cofactor acts like a key and locks Smyd3 in a closed conformation. In effect, the cofactor binding restricts the elasticity of the CTD, presenting a compact substrate binding cleft with high negative potential, which may have implications on substrate recruitment via long range electrostatics. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The deletion of the CTD from Smyd3 has been shown to abolish the basal histone methylation activity. Our study highlights the importance of the CTD elasticity in shaping the substrate binding site for recognition and supports the previously proposed role of the CTD in stabilizing the active site for methylation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valentina Silvestri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Scarno
- CINECA, SCAI - SuperComputing Applications and Innovation Department, Via dei Tizii 6, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Ottini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Chillemi
- CINECA, SCAI - SuperComputing Applications and Innovation Department, Via dei Tizii 6, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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55
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Sarris ME, Moulos P, Haroniti A, Giakountis A, Talianidis I. Smyd3 Is a Transcriptional Potentiator of Multiple Cancer-Promoting Genes and Required for Liver and Colon Cancer Development. Cancer Cell 2016; 29:354-366. [PMID: 26908355 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Smyd3 is a protein methyltransferase implicated in cancer development. Here we show that Smyd3 expression in mice is required for chemically induced liver and colon cancer formation. In these organs Smyd3 functions in the nucleus, stimulating the transcription of several key regulators involved in cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, the JAK/Stat3 oncogenic pathway, as well as the Myc and Ctnnb1 oncogenes. Smyd3 interacts with H3K4Me3-modified histone tails, which facilitates its recruitment to the core promoter regions of most active genes. Smyd3 binding density on target genes positively correlates with increased RNA polymerase-II density and transcriptional outputs. Despite its widespread distribution, the transcription-potentiating function of Smyd3 is restricted to a particular set of genes, whose expression is induced specifically during carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalis E Sarris
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 16672 Vari, Greece; School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Herakleion, Crete, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Moulos
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 16672 Vari, Greece
| | - Anna Haroniti
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 16672 Vari, Greece
| | - Antonis Giakountis
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 16672 Vari, Greece
| | - Iannis Talianidis
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 16672 Vari, Greece.
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56
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Fu W, Liu N, Qiao Q, Wang M, Min J, Zhu B, Xu RM, Yang N. Structural Basis for Substrate Preference of SMYD3, a SET Domain-containing Protein Lysine Methyltransferase. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:9173-80. [PMID: 26929412 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.709832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
SMYD3 is a SET domain-containing N-lysine methyltransferase associated with multiple cancers. Its reported substrates include histones (H3K4 and H4K5), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1 Lys(831)) and MAP3 kinase kinase (MAP3K2 Lys(260)). To reveal the structural basis for substrate preference and the catalytic mechanism of SMYD3, we have solved its co-crystal structures with VEGFR1 and MAP3K2 peptides. Our structural and biochemical analyses show that MAP3K2 serves as a robust substrate of SMYD3 because of the presence of a phenylalanine residue at the -2 position. A shallow hydrophobic pocket on SMYD3 accommodates the binding of the phenylalanine and promotes efficient catalytic activities of SMYD3. By contrast, SMYD3 displayed a weak activity toward a VEGFR1 peptide, and the location of the acceptor lysine in the folded kinase domain of VEGFR1 requires drastic conformational rearrangements for juxtaposition of the acceptor lysine with the enzymatic active site. Our results clearly revealed structural determinants for the substrate preference of SMYD3 and provided mechanistic insights into lysine methylation of MAP3K2. The knowledge should be useful for the development of SMYD3 inhibitors in the fight against MAP3K2 and Ras-driven cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Fu
- From the National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, and
| | - Nan Liu
- From the National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qi Qiao
- From the National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, and
| | - Mingzhu Wang
- From the National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jinrong Min
- the Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Bing Zhu
- From the National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, and
| | - Rui-Ming Xu
- From the National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, and
| | - Na Yang
- From the National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, and
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57
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Boriack-Sjodin PA, Swinger KK. Protein Methyltransferases: A Distinct, Diverse, and Dynamic Family of Enzymes. Biochemistry 2015; 55:1557-69. [PMID: 26652298 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Methyltransferase proteins make up a superfamily of enzymes that add one or more methyl groups to substrates that include protein, DNA, RNA, and small molecules. The subset of proteins that act upon arginine and lysine side chains are characterized as epigenetic targets because of their activity on histone molecules and their ability to affect transcriptional regulation. However, it is now clear that these enzymes target other protein substrates, as well, greatly expanding their potential impact on normal and disease biology. Protein methyltransferases are well-characterized structurally. In addition to revealing the overall architecture of the subfamilies of enzymes, structures of complexes with substrates and ligands have permitted detailed analysis of biochemical mechanism, substrate recognition, and design of potent and selective inhibitors. This review focuses on how knowledge gained from structural studies has impacted the understanding of this large class of epigenetic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ann Boriack-Sjodin
- Epizyme, Inc. , 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kerren K Swinger
- Epizyme, Inc. , 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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58
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Liu T, Wu C, Jain MR, Nagarajan N, Yan L, Dai H, Cui C, Baykal A, Pan S, Ago T, Sadoshima J, Li H. Master redox regulator Trx1 upregulates SMYD1 & modulates lysine methylation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1854:1816-1822. [PMID: 26410624 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thioredoxin 1 (Trx1) is а antioxidant protein that regulates protein disulfide bond reduction, transnitrosylation, denitrosylation and other redox post-translational modifications. In order to better understand how Trx1 modulates downstream protective cellular signaling events following cardiac ischemia, we conducted an expression proteomics study of left ventricles (LVs) after thoracic aortic constriction stress treatment of transgenic mice with cardiac-specific over-expression of Trx1, an animal model that has been proven to withstand more stress than its non-transgenic littermates. Although previous redox post-translational modifications proteomics studies found that several cellular protein networks are regulated by Trx1-mediated disulfide reduction and transnitrosylation, we found that Trx1 regulates the expression of a limited number of proteins. Among the proteins found to be upregulated in this study was SET and MYND domain-containing protein 1 (SMYD1), a lysine methyltransferase highly expressed in cardiac and other muscle tissues and an important regulator of cardiac development. The observation of SMYD1 induction by Trx1 following thoracic aortic constriction stress is consistent with the retrograde fetal gene cardiac protection hypothesis. The results presented here suggest for the first time that, in addition to being a master redox regulator of protein disulfide bonds and nitrosation, Trx1 may also modulate lysine methylation, a non-redox post-translational modification, via the regulation of SMYD1 expression. Such crosstalk between redox signaling and a non-redox PTM regulation may provide novel insights into the functions of Trx1 that are independent from its immediate function as a protein reductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Liu
- Center for Advanced Proteomics Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
| | - Changgong Wu
- Center for Advanced Proteomics Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
| | - Mohit Raja Jain
- Center for Advanced Proteomics Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
| | - Narayani Nagarajan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
| | - Lin Yan
- Center for Advanced Proteomics Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
| | - Huacheng Dai
- Center for Advanced Proteomics Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
| | - Chuanlong Cui
- Center for Advanced Proteomics Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
| | - Ahmet Baykal
- Center for Advanced Proteomics Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
| | - Stacey Pan
- Center for Advanced Proteomics Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
| | - Tetsuro Ago
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
| | - Hong Li
- Center for Advanced Proteomics Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, NJ 07103, United States.
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59
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Peserico A, Germani A, Sanese P, Barbosa AJ, Di Virgilio V, Fittipaldi R, Fabini E, Bertucci C, Varchi G, Moyer MP, Caretti G, Del Rio A, Simone C. A SMYD3 Small-Molecule Inhibitor Impairing Cancer Cell Growth. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:2447-2460. [PMID: 25728514 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SMYD3 is a histone lysine methyltransferase that plays an important role in transcriptional activation as a member of an RNA polymerase complex, and its oncogenic role has been described in different cancer types. We studied the expression and activity of SMYD3 in a preclinical model of colorectal cancer (CRC) and found that it is strongly upregulated throughout tumorigenesis both at the mRNA and protein level. Our results also showed that RNAi-mediated SMYD3 ablation impairs CRC cell proliferation indicating that SMYD3 is required for proper cancer cell growth. These data, together with the importance of lysine methyltransferases as a target for drug discovery, prompted us to carry out a virtual screening to identify new SMYD3 inhibitors by testing several candidate small molecules. Here we report that one of these compounds (BCI-121) induces a significant reduction in SMYD3 activity both in vitro and in CRC cells, as suggested by the analysis of global H3K4me2/3 and H4K5me levels. Of note, the extent of cell growth inhibition by BCI-121 was similar to that observed upon SMYD3 genetic ablation. Most of the results described above were obtained in CRC; however, when we extended our observations to tumor cell lines of different origin, we found that SMYD3 inhibitors are also effective in other cancer types, such as lung, pancreatic, prostate, and ovarian. These results represent the proof of principle that SMYD3 is a druggable target and suggest that new compounds capable of inhibiting its activity may prove useful as novel therapeutic agents in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Peserico
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.,National Cancer Institute, IRCCS Oncologico Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | - Aldo Germani
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Sanese
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Armenio Jorge Barbosa
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valeria Di Virgilio
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | | | - Edoardo Fabini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo Bertucci
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Greta Varchi
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council (CNR), Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Alberto Del Rio
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council (CNR), Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristiano Simone
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.,National Cancer Institute, IRCCS Oncologico Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
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60
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Kim JM, Kim K, Schmidt T, Punj V, Tucker H, Rice JC, Ulmer TS, An W. Cooperation between SMYD3 and PC4 drives a distinct transcriptional program in cancer cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:8868-83. [PMID: 26350217 PMCID: PMC4605318 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
SET and MYND domain containing protein 3 (SMYD3) is a histone methyltransferase, which has been implicated in cell growth and cancer pathogenesis. Increasing evidence suggests that SMYD3 can influence distinct oncogenic processes by acting as a gene-specific transcriptional regulator. However, the mechanistic aspects of SMYD3 transactivation and whether SMYD3 acts in concert with other transcription modulators remain unclear. Here, we show that SMYD3 interacts with the human positive coactivator 4 (PC4) and that such interaction potentiates a group of genes whose expression is linked to cell proliferation and invasion. SMYD3 cooperates functionally with PC4, because PC4 depletion results in the loss of SMYD3-mediated H3K4me3 and target gene expression. Individual depletion of SMYD3 and PC4 diminishes the recruitment of both SMYD3 and PC4, indicating that SMYD3 and PC4 localize at target genes in a mutually dependent manner. Artificial tethering of a SMYD3 mutant incapable of binding to its cognate elements and interacting with PC4 to target genes is sufficient for achieving an active transcriptional state in SMYD3-deficient cells. These observations suggest that PC4 contributes to SMYD3-mediated transactivation primarily by stabilizing SMYD3 occupancy at target genes. Together, these studies define expanded roles for SMYD3 and PC4 in gene regulation and provide an unprecedented documentation of their cooperative functions in stimulating oncogenic transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Man Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Kyunghwan Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Vasu Punj
- Department of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1450 Biggy Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Haley Tucker
- University of Texas at Austin, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Judd C Rice
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Tobias S Ulmer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Woojin An
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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61
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Kim JD, Kim E, Koun S, Ham HJ, Rhee M, Kim MJ, Huh TL. Proper Activity of Histone H3 Lysine 4 (H3K4) Methyltransferase Is Required for Morphogenesis during Zebrafish Cardiogenesis. Mol Cells 2015; 38:580-6. [PMID: 25997738 PMCID: PMC4469916 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2015.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
While increasing evidence indicates the important function of histone methylation during development, how this process influences cardiac development in vertebrates has not been explored. Here, we elucidate the functions of two histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methylation enzymes, SMYD3 and SETD7, during zebrafish heart morphogenesis using gene expression profiling by whole mount in situ hybridization and antisense morpholino oligonucleotide (MO)-based gene knockdown. We find both smyd3 and setd7 are highly expressed within developing zebrafish heart and knock-down of these genes led to severe defects in cardiac morphogenesis without altering the expressions pattern of heart markers, including cmlc2, vmhc, and amhc. Furthermore, double knock-down by coinjection of smyd3 and setd7 MOs caused the synergistic defects in heart development. As similar to knock-down effect, overexpression of these genes also caused the heart morphogenesis defect in zebrafish. These results indicate that histone modifying enzymes, SMYD3 and SETD7, appear to function synergistically during heart development and their proper functioning is essential for normal heart morphogenesis during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Dae Kim
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology (BK 21 plus program), Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701,
Korea
| | - Eunmi Kim
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology (BK 21 plus program), Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701,
Korea
| | - Soonil Koun
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology (BK 21 plus program), Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701,
Korea
| | - Hyung-Jin Ham
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology (BK 21 plus program), Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701,
Korea
| | - Myungchull Rhee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764,
Korea
| | - Myoung-Jin Kim
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology (BK 21 plus program), Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701,
Korea
| | - Tae-Lin Huh
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology (BK 21 plus program), Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701,
Korea
- Korea Basic Science Institute Daegu Center, Daegu 702-701,
Korea
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62
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Du SJ, Tan X, Zhang J. SMYD proteins: key regulators in skeletal and cardiac muscle development and function. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 297:1650-62. [PMID: 25125178 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Muscle fibers are composed of myofibrils, one of the most highly ordered macromolecular assemblies in cells. Recent studies demonstrate that members of the Smyd family play critical roles in myofibril assembly of skeletal and cardiac muscle during development. The Smyd family consists of five members including Smyd1, Smyd2, Smyd3, Smyd4, and Smyd5. They share two highly conserved structural and functional domains, namely the SET and MYND domains involved in lysine methylation and protein-protein interaction, respectively. Smyd1 is specifically expressed in muscle cells under the regulation of myogenic transcriptional factors of the MyoD and Mef2 families and the serum responsive factor. Loss of function studies reveal that Smyd1 is required for cardiomyogenesis and sarcomere assembly in skeletal and cardiac muscles. Smyd2, on another hand, is dispensable for heart development in mice. However, Smyd2 appears to play a role in myofilament organization in both skeletal and cardiac muscles via Hsp90 methylation. A Drosophila Smyd4 homologue is a muscle-specific transcriptional modulator involved in the development or function of adult muscle. The molecular mechanisms by which Smyd family proteins function in muscle cells are not well understood. It has been suggested that members of the Smyd family may use multiple mechanisms to control muscle development and cell differentiation, including transcriptional regulation, epigenetic regulation via histone methylation, and methylation of proteins other than histones, such as molecular chaperone Hsp90.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao Jun Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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63
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Rasmussen TL, Ma Y, Park CY, Harriss J, Pierce SA, Dekker JD, Valenzuela N, Srivastava D, Schwartz RJ, Stewart MD, Tucker HO. Smyd1 facilitates heart development by antagonizing oxidative and ER stress responses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121765. [PMID: 25803368 PMCID: PMC4372598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Smyd1/Bop is an evolutionary conserved histone methyltransferase previously shown by conventional knockout to be critical for embryonic heart development. To further explore the mechanism(s) in a cell autonomous context, we conditionally ablated Smyd1 in the first and second heart fields of mice using a knock-in (KI) Nkx2.5-cre driver. Robust deletion of floxed-Smyd1 in cardiomyocytes and the outflow tract (OFT) resulted in embryonic lethality at E9.5, truncation of the OFT and right ventricle, and additional defects consistent with impaired expansion and proliferation of the second heart field (SHF). Using a transgenic (Tg) Nkx2.5-cre driver previously shown to not delete in the SHF and OFT, early embryonic lethality was bypassed and both ventricular chambers were formed; however, reduced cardiomyocyte proliferation and other heart defects resulted in later embryonic death at E11.5-12.5. Proliferative impairment prior to both early and mid-gestational lethality was accompanied by dysregulation of transcripts critical for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Mid-gestational death was also associated with impairment of oxidative stress defense—a phenotype highly similar to the previously characterized knockout of the Smyd1-interacting transcription factor, skNAC. We describe a potential feedback mechanism in which the stress response factor Tribbles3/TRB3, when directly methylated by Smyd1, acts as a co-repressor of Smyd1-mediated transcription. Our findings suggest that Smyd1 is required for maintaining cardiomyocyte proliferation at minimally two different embryonic heart developmental stages, and its loss leads to linked stress responses that signal ensuing lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara L. Rasmussen
- Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yanlin Ma
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Reproductive Medicine and Genetic Research, Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, P.R. China
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chong Yon Park
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - June Harriss
- Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Stephanie A. Pierce
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph D. Dekker
- Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Valenzuela
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Deepak Srivastava
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Schwartz
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - M. David Stewart
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MDS); (HT)
| | - Haley O. Tucker
- Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MDS); (HT)
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64
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Brown MA, Foreman K, Harriss J, Das C, Zhu L, Edwards M, Shaaban S, Tucker H. C-terminal domain of SMYD3 serves as a unique HSP90-regulated motif in oncogenesis. Oncotarget 2015; 6:4005-19. [PMID: 25738358 PMCID: PMC4414169 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The SMYD3 histone methyl transferase (HMTase) and the nuclear chaperone, HSP90, have been independently implicated as proto-oncogenes in several human malignancies. We show that a degenerate tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR)-like domain encoded in the SMYD3 C-terminal domain (CTD) mediates physical interaction with HSP90. We further demonstrate that the CTD of SMYD3 is essential for its basal HMTase activity and that the TPR-like structure is required for HSP90-enhanced enzyme activity. Loss of SMYD3-HSP90 interaction leads to SMYD3 mislocalization within the nucleus, thereby losing its chromatin association. This results in reduction of SMYD3-mediated cell proliferation and, potentially, impairment of SMYD3's oncogenic activity. These results suggest a novel approach for blocking HSP90-driven malignancy in SMYD3-overexpressing cells with a reduced toxicity profile over current HSP90 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Brown
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | | - June Harriss
- University of Texas at Austin, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Chhaya Das
- University of Texas at Austin, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Li Zhu
- University of Texas at Austin, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Melissa Edwards
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- University of Texas at Austin, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | | | - Haley Tucker
- University of Texas at Austin, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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65
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Hamamoto R, Saloura V, Nakamura Y. Critical roles of non-histone protein lysine methylation in human tumorigenesis. Nat Rev Cancer 2015; 15:110-24. [PMID: 25614009 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several protein lysine methyltransferases and demethylases have been identified to have critical roles in histone modification. A large body of evidence has indicated that their dysregulation is involved in the development and progression of various diseases, including cancer, and these enzymes are now considered to be potential therapeutic targets. Although most studies have focused on histone methylation, many reports have revealed that these enzymes also regulate the methylation dynamics of non-histone proteins such as p53, RB1 and STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3), which have important roles in human tumorigenesis. In this Review, we summarize the molecular functions of protein lysine methylation and its involvement in human cancer, with a particular focus on lysine methylation of non-histone proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Hamamoto
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 2115 Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Vassiliki Saloura
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 2115 Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Yusuke Nakamura
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 2115 Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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66
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McGrath J, Trojer P. Targeting histone lysine methylation in cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 150:1-22. [PMID: 25578037 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Within the vast landscape of histone modifications lysine methylation has gained increasing attention because of its profound regulatory potential. The methylation of lysine residues on histone proteins modulates chromatin structure and thereby contributes to the regulation of DNA-based nuclear processes such as transcription, replication and repair. Protein families with opposing catalytic activities, lysine methyltransferases (KMTs) and demethylases (KDMs), dynamically control levels of histone lysine methylation and individual enzymes within these families have become candidate oncology targets in recent years. A number of high quality small molecule inhibitors of these enzymes have been identified. Several of these compounds elicit selective cancer cell killing in vitro and robust efficacy in vivo, suggesting that targeting 'histone lysine methylation pathways' may be a relevant, emerging cancer therapeutic strategy. Here, we discuss individual histone lysine methylation pathway targets, the properties of currently available small molecule inhibitors and their application in the context of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- John McGrath
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215 1st Street Suite 200, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Patrick Trojer
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215 1st Street Suite 200, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
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67
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Spellmon N, Holcomb J, Trescott L, Sirinupong N, Yang Z. Structure and function of SET and MYND domain-containing proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:1406-28. [PMID: 25580534 PMCID: PMC4307310 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16011406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
SET (Suppressor of variegation, Enhancer of Zeste, Trithorax) and MYND (Myeloid-Nervy-DEAF1) domain-containing proteins (SMYD) have been found to methylate a variety of histone and non-histone targets which contribute to their various roles in cell regulation including chromatin remodeling, transcription, signal transduction, and cell cycle control. During early development, SMYD proteins are believed to act as an epigenetic regulator for myogenesis and cardiomyocyte differentiation as they are abundantly expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle. SMYD proteins are also of therapeutic interest due to the growing list of carcinomas and cardiovascular diseases linked to SMYD overexpression or dysfunction making them a putative target for drug intervention. This review will examine the biological relevance and gather all of the current structural data of SMYD proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Spellmon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Joshua Holcomb
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Laura Trescott
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Nualpun Sirinupong
- Nutraceuticals and Functional Food Research and Development Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
| | - Zhe Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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68
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Medjkane S, Cock-Rada A, Weitzman JB. Role of the SMYD3 histone methyltransferase in tumorigenesis. Cell Cycle 2014; 11:1865. [DOI: 10.4161/cc.20415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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69
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Dong S, Zhang P. [Advances of histone methyltransferase SMYD3 in tumors]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2014; 17:689-94. [PMID: 25248712 PMCID: PMC6000504 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2014.09.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shangwen Dong
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tianjin General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tianjin General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China;Tianjin Lung Cancer Research Institute, Tianjin 300052, China
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70
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Costa-Pinheiro P, Patel HRH, Henrique R, Jerónimo C. Biomarkers and personalized risk stratification for patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 14:1349-58. [PMID: 25148431 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2014.952288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common neoplasia among men in developed countries and a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality. PCa is a very heterogeneous disease, both clinically and biologically. Currently, it is difficult to stratify patients into risk groups that entail different disease management. Therefore, a personalized view of this disease is mandatory, through the development of new and more accurate biomarkers that may help clinicians to stratify patients according to threat that PCa poses for each patient. Hence, this review focuses on recent developments of molecular and immunohistochemical biomarkers for PCa risk stratification that might enable a personalized approach to PCa patients. However, despite the increasing amount of available data, there is also an urgent need to translate the most promising biomarkers for clinical use through large multicenter validation trials. Ultimately, these will contribute for an improved clinical management of PCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Costa-Pinheiro
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group - Research Center of Portuguese Oncology Institute - Porto (CI-IPOP), LAB 3, F Building, 1st floor, Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
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71
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Kudithipudi S, Jeltsch A. Role of somatic cancer mutations in human protein lysine methyltransferases. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1846:366-79. [PMID: 25123655 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Methylation of lysine residues is an important post-translational modification of histone and non-histone proteins, which is introduced by protein lysine methyltransferases (PKMTs). An increasing number of reports demonstrate that aberrant lysine methylation plays a central role in carcinogenesis that is often correlated with abnormal expression of PKMTs. Recent whole genome and whole transcriptome sequencing projects have also discovered several somatic mutations in PKMTs that frequently appear in various tumors. These include chromosomal translocations that lead to aberrant expression or mistargeting of PKMTs and nonsense or frameshift mutations, which cause the loss of the protein function. Another type of mutations are missense mutations which may lead to the loss of enzyme activity, but may also alter the properties of PKMTs either by changing the product or substrate specificity or by increasing the enzymatic activity finally leading to a gain-of-function phenotype. In this review, we provide an overview of the roles of EZH2, SETD2, NSD family, SMYD family, MLL family and DOT1L PKMTs in cancer focusing on the effects of somatic cancer mutations in these enzymes. Investigation of the effect of somatic cancer mutations in PKMTs is pivotal to understand the general role of this important class of enzymes in carcinogenesis and to improve and develop more individualized cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Kudithipudi
- Institute of Biochemistry, Stuttgart University, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Albert Jeltsch
- Institute of Biochemistry, Stuttgart University, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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72
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Abstract
Post-translational modifications provide a fine-tuned control of protein function(s) in the cell. The well-known tumour suppressor p53 is subject to many post-translational modifications, which alter its activity, localization and stability, thus ultimately modulating its response to various forms of genotoxic stress. In this review, we focus on the role of recently discovered lysine-specific modifications of p53, methylation and acetylation in particular, and their effects on p53 activity in damaged cells. We also discuss a possibility of mutual influence of covalent modifications in the p53 and histone proteins located in the vicinity of p53 binding sites in chromatin and propose important ramifications stemming from this hypothesis.
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73
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Eberle CA, Zayas M, Stukalov A, Pichlmair A, Alvisi G, Müller AC, Bennett KL, Bartenschlager R, Superti-Furga G. The lysine methyltransferase SMYD3 interacts with hepatitis C virus NS5A and is a negative regulator of viral particle production. Virology 2014; 462-463:34-41. [PMID: 25092459 PMCID: PMC4139193 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a considerable global health and economic burden. The HCV nonstructural protein (NS) 5A is essential for the viral life cycle. The ability of NS5A to interact with different host and viral proteins allow it to manipulate cellular pathways and regulate viral processes, including RNA replication and virus particle assembly. As part of a proteomic screen, we identified several NS5A-binding proteins, including the lysine methyltransferase SET and MYND domain containing protein 3 (SMYD3). We confirmed the interaction in the context of viral replication by co-immunoprecipitation and co-localization studies. Mutational analyses revealed that the MYND-domain of SMYD3 and domain III of NS5A are required for the interaction. Overexpression of SMYD3 resulted in decreased intracellular and extracellular virus titers, whilst viral RNA replication remained unchanged, suggesting that SMYD3 negatively affects HCV particle production in a NS5A-dependent manner. Identification of SMYD3 as interactor of the HCV protein NS5A using a proteomic approach. Confirmation of SMYD3 as interactor of NS5A in the context of active viral replication. Identification of SMYD3 as negative regulator of HCV infectious particle assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol-Ann Eberle
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Margarita Zayas
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexey Stukalov
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Pichlmair
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Gualtiero Alvisi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Molecular Medicine, Via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - André C Müller
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Keiryn L Bennett
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Giulio Superti-Furga
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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74
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Rahman MA, Kristiansen PE, Veiseth SV, Andersen JT, Yap KL, Zhou MM, Sandlie I, Thorstensen T, Aalen RB. The arabidopsis histone methyltransferase SUVR4 binds ubiquitin via a domain with a four-helix bundle structure. Biochemistry 2014; 53:2091-100. [PMID: 24625295 DOI: 10.1021/bi401436h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, different chromatin states facilitate or repress gene expression and restrict the activity of transposable elements. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of amino acid residues on the N-terminal tails of histones are suggested to define such states. The histone lysine methyltransferase (HKMTase) SU(VAR)3-9 RELATED4 (SUVR4) of Arabidopsis thaliana functions as a repressor of transposon activity. Binding of ubiquitin by the WIYLD domain facilitates the addition of two methyl groups to monomethylated lysine 9 of histone H3. By using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, we identified SUVR4 WIYLD (S4WIYLD) as a domain with a four-helix bundle structure, in contrast to three-helix bundles of other ubiquitin binding domains. NMR titration analyses showed that residues of helix α1 (Q38, L39, and D40) and helix α4 (N68, T70, A71, V73, D74, I76, S78, and E82) of S4WIYLD and residues between the first and second β-strands (T9 and G10) and on β-strands 3 (R42, G47, K48, and Q49) and 4 (H68, R72, and L73) undergo significant chemical shift changes when the two proteins interact. A model of the complex, generated using HADDOCK, suggests that the N-terminal and C-terminal parts of S4WIYLD constitute a surface that interacts with charged residues close to the hydrophobic patch of ubiquitin. The WIYLD domains of the closely related SUVR1 and SUVR2 Arabidopsis proteins also bind ubiquitin, indicating that this is a general feature of this domain. The question of whether SUVR proteins act as both readers of monoubiquitinated H2B and writers of histone PTMs is discussed.
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75
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Vieira FQ, Costa-Pinheiro P, Ramalho-Carvalho J, Pereira A, Menezes FD, Antunes L, Carneiro I, Oliveira J, Henrique R, Jerónimo C. Deregulated expression of selected histone methylases and demethylases in prostate carcinoma. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:51-61. [PMID: 24200674 DOI: 10.1530/erc-13-0375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa), a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality, arises through the acquisition of genetic and epigenetic alterations. Deregulation of histone methyltransferases (HMTs) or demethylases (HDMs) has been associated with PCa development and progression. However, the precise influence of altered HMTs or HDMs expression and respective histone marks in PCa onset and progression remains largely unknown. To clarify the role of HMTs and HDMs in prostate carcinogenesis, expression levels of 37 HMTs and 20 HDMs were assessed in normal prostate and PCa tissue samples by RT-qPCR. SMYD3, SUV39H2, PRMT6, KDM5A, and KDM6A were upregulated, whereas KMT2A-E (MLL1-5) and KDM4B were downregulated in PCa, compared with normal prostate tissues. Remarkably, PRMT6 was the histone modifier that best discriminated normal from tumorous tissue samples. Interestingly, EZH2 and SMYD3 expression levels significantly correlated with less differentiated and more aggressive tumors. Remarkably, SMYD3 expression levels were of independent prognostic value for the prediction of disease-specific survival of PCa patients with clinically localized disease submitted to radical prostatectomy. We concluded that expression profiling of HMTs and HDMs, especially SMYD3, might be of clinical usefulness for the assessment of PCa patients and assist in pre-therapeutic decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Quintela Vieira
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Research Center, Rua Dr António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal School of Allied Health Sciences (ESTSP), Polytechnic of Porto, Portugal Department of Pathology Department of Epidemiology Department of Urology, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Porto, Portugal Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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76
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Chen Q, Liu C, Shulyak TS, Schneller SW. The metathesis reaction for side chain construction in carbocyclic sinefungin analogue synthesis. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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77
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Herz HM, Garruss A, Shilatifard A. SET for life: biochemical activities and biological functions of SET domain-containing proteins. Trends Biochem Sci 2013; 38:621-39. [PMID: 24148750 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Martin Herz
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
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78
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Southall SM, Cronin NB, Wilson JR. A novel route to product specificity in the Suv4-20 family of histone H4K20 methyltransferases. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 42:661-71. [PMID: 24049080 PMCID: PMC3874154 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The delivery of site-specific post-translational modifications to histones generates an epigenetic regulatory network that directs fundamental DNA-mediated processes and governs key stages in development. Methylation of histone H4 lysine-20 has been implicated in DNA repair, transcriptional silencing, genomic stability and regulation of replication. We present the structure of the histone H4K20 methyltransferase Suv4-20h2 in complex with its histone H4 peptide substrate and S-adenosyl methionine cofactor. Analysis of the structure reveals that the Suv4-20h2 active site diverges from the canonical SET domain configuration and generates a high degree of both substrate and product specificity. Together with supporting biochemical data comparing Suv4-20h1 and Suv4-20h2, we demonstrate that the Suv4-20 family enzymes take a previously mono-methylated H4K20 substrate and generate an exclusively di-methylated product. We therefore predict that other enzymes are responsible for the tri-methylation of histone H4K20 that marks silenced heterochromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey M Southall
- Division of Structural Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London, SW3 6JB, UK
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79
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Voelkel T, Andresen C, Unger A, Just S, Rottbauer W, Linke WA. Lysine methyltransferase Smyd2 regulates Hsp90-mediated protection of the sarcomeric titin springs and cardiac function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:812-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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80
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Kateb F, Perrin H, Tripsianes K, Zou P, Spadaccini R, Bottomley M, Franzmann TM, Buchner J, Ansieau S, Sattler M. Structural and functional analysis of the DEAF-1 and BS69 MYND domains. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54715. [PMID: 23372760 PMCID: PMC3555993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
DEAF-1 is an important transcriptional regulator that is required for embryonic development and is linked to clinical depression and suicidal behavior in humans. It comprises various structural domains, including a SAND domain that mediates DNA binding and a MYND domain, a cysteine-rich module organized in a Cys(4)-Cys(2)-His-Cys (C4-C2HC) tandem zinc binding motif. DEAF-1 transcription regulation activity is mediated through interactions with cofactors such as NCoR and SMRT. Despite the important biological role of the DEAF-1 protein, little is known regarding the structure and binding properties of its MYND domain.Here, we report the solution structure, dynamics and ligand binding of the human DEAF-1 MYND domain encompassing residues 501-544 determined by NMR spectroscopy. The structure adopts a ββα fold that exhibits tandem zinc-binding sites with a cross-brace topology, similar to the MYND domains in AML1/ETO and other proteins. We show that the DEAF-1 MYND domain binds to peptides derived from SMRT and NCoR corepressors. The binding surface mapped by NMR titrations is similar to the one previously reported for AML1/ETO. The ligand binding and molecular functions of the related BS69 MYND domain were studied based on a homology model and mutational analysis. Interestingly, the interaction between BS69 and its binding partners (viral and cellular proteins) seems to require distinct charged residues flanking the predicted MYND domain fold, suggesting a different binding mode. Our findings demonstrate that the MYND domain is a conserved zinc binding fold that plays important roles in transcriptional regulation by mediating distinct molecular interactions with viral and cellular proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatiha Kateb
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Biomolecular NMR and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Helene Perrin
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale U590, Centre Léon Bérard, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Lyon, France
| | - Konstantinos Tripsianes
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Biomolecular NMR and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Peijian Zou
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Biomolecular NMR and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Roberta Spadaccini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Titus M. Franzmann
- Biomolecular NMR and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes Buchner
- Biomolecular NMR and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Stephane Ansieau
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale U590, Centre Léon Bérard, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Lyon, France
| | - Michael Sattler
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Biomolecular NMR and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
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81
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Stender JD, Pascual G, Liu W, Kaikkonen MU, Do K, Spann NJ, Boutros M, Perrimon N, Rosenfeld MG, Glass CK. Control of proinflammatory gene programs by regulated trimethylation and demethylation of histone H4K20. Mol Cell 2012; 48:28-38. [PMID: 22921934 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of genes that initiate and amplify inflammatory programs of gene expression is achieved by signal-dependent exchange of coregulator complexes that function to read, write, and erase specific histone modifications linked to transcriptional activation or repression. Here, we provide evidence for the role of trimethylated histone H4 lysine 20 (H4K20me3) as a repression checkpoint that restricts expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) target genes in macrophages. H4K20me3 is deposited at the promoters of a subset of these genes by the SMYD5 histone methyltransferase through its association with NCoR corepressor complexes. Signal-dependent erasure of H4K20me3 is required for effective gene activation and is achieved by NF-κB-dependent delivery of the histone demethylase PHF2. Liver X receptors antagonize TLR4-dependent gene activation by maintaining NCoR/SMYD5-mediated repression. These findings reveal a histone H4K20 trimethylation/demethylation strategy that integrates positive and negative signaling inputs that control immunity and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Stender
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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82
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Van Aller GS, Reynoird N, Barbash O, Huddleston M, Liu S, Zmoos AF, McDevitt P, Sinnamon R, Le B, Mas G, Annan R, Sage J, Garcia BA, Tummino PJ, Gozani O, Kruger RG. Smyd3 regulates cancer cell phenotypes and catalyzes histone H4 lysine 5 methylation. Epigenetics 2012; 7:340-3. [PMID: 22419068 PMCID: PMC3368817 DOI: 10.4161/epi.19506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Smyd3 is a lysine methyltransferase implicated in chromatin and cancer regulation. Here we show that Smyd3 catalyzes histone H4 methylation at lysine 5 (H4K5me). This novel histone methylation mark is detected in diverse cell types and its formation is attenuated by depletion of Smyd3 protein. Further, Smyd3-driven cancer cell phenotypes require its enzymatic activity. Thus, Smyd3, via H4K5 methylation, provides a potential new link between chromatin dynamics and neoplastic disease.
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