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Bajbouj K, Shafarin J, Abdalla MY, Ahmad IM, Hamad M. Estrogen-induced disruption of intracellular iron metabolism leads to oxidative stress, membrane damage, and cell cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317726184. [PMID: 29022497 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317726184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that several forms of cancer associate with significant iron overload. Recent studies have suggested that estrogen (E2) disrupts intracellular iron homeostasis by reducing hepcidin synthesis and maintaining ferroportin integrity. Here, the ability of E2 to alter intracellular iron status and cell growth potential was investigated in MCF-7 cells treated with increasing concentrations of E2. Treated cells were assessed for intracellular iron status, the expression of key proteins involved in iron metabolism, oxidative stress, cell survival, growth, and apoptosis. E2 treatment resulted in a significant reduction in hepcidin expression and a significant increase in hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha, ferroportin, transferrin receptor, and ferritin expression; a transient decrease in labile iron pool; and a significant increase in total intracellular iron content mainly at 20 nM/48 h E2 dose. Treated cells also showed increased total glutathione and oxidized glutathione levels, increased superoxide dismutase activity, and increased hemoxygenase 1 expression. Treatment with E2 at 20 nM for 48 h resulted in a significant reduction in cell growth (0.35/1 migration rate) and decreased cell survival (<80%) as compared with controls. Survivin expression significantly increased at 24 h post treatment with 5, 10, or 20 nM; however, that of γ-H2AX increased only after survivin levels dropped and only at the 20 nM E2 dose. Minimal upregulation and splitting of caspase 9 was only evident in cells treated with 20 nM E2; no changes in caspase 3 expression were evident. Although Annexin V staining studies showed that E2 treatment did not induce apoptosis, scanning electron microscopy studies showed marked membrane blebbing at 20 nM/48 h of E2. These findings suggest that estrogen treatment disrupts intracellular iron metabolism and precipitates adverse effects concerning cell viability, membrane integrity, and growth potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khuloud Bajbouj
- 1 Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jasmin Shafarin
- 1 Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Maher Y Abdalla
- 2 Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Iman M Ahmad
- 3 Department of Medical Imaging and Therapeutic Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Mawieh Hamad
- 1 Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,4 Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Maguire M, Larsen MC, Foong YH, Tanumihardjo S, Jefcoate CR. Cyp1b1 deletion and retinol deficiency coordinately suppress mouse liver lipogenic genes and hepcidin expression during post-natal development. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 454:50-68. [PMID: 28583802 PMCID: PMC5985816 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cyp1b1 deletion and gestational vitamin A deficiency (GVAD) redirect adult liver gene expression. A matched sufficient pre- and post-natal diet, which has high carbohydrate and normal iron content (LF12), increased inflammatory gene expression markers in adult livers that were suppressed by GVAD and Cyp1b1 deletion. At birth on the LF12 diet, Cyp1b1 deletion and GVAD each suppress liver expression of the iron suppressor, hepcidin (Hepc), while increasing stellate cell activation markers and suppressing post-natal increases in lipogenesis. Hepc was less suppressed in Cyp1b1-/- pups with a standard breeder diet, but was restored by iron supplementation of the LF12 diet. CONCLUSIONS The LF12 diet delivered low post-natal iron and attenuated Hepc. Hepc decreases in Cyp1b1-/- and GVAD mice resulted in stellate activation and lipogenesis suppression. Endothelial BMP6, a Hepc stimulant, is a potential coordinator and Cyp1b1 target. These neonatal changes in Cyp1b1-/- mice link to diminished adult obesity and liver inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Maguire
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Michele Campaigne Larsen
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Yee Hoon Foong
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Sherry Tanumihardjo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Colin R Jefcoate
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States.
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Ćurko-Cofek B, Grubić Kezele T, Barac-Latas V. Hepcidin and metallothioneins as molecular base for sex-dependent differences in clinical course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in chronic iron overload. Med Hypotheses 2017; 107:51-54. [PMID: 28915963 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system characterised by inflammatory and degenerative changes. It is considered that disease arises from the influence of environmental factors on genetically susceptible individuals. Recent researches, using magnetic resonance imaging, connected iron deposits in different brain regions with demyelinating process in multiple sclerosis patients. Although iron is an essential trace element important for many biological functions it could be harmful because iron excess can induce the production of reactive oxygen species, development of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation which leads to demyelination. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model, the most common experimental animal model for multiple sclerosis, we recently found that chronic iron overload influences the clinical course of disease in Dark Agouti rats. In female rats iron overload accelerated the onset of disease, while in male rats it accelerated the progression of disease and increased mortality rate. We hypothesize that those differences arise on molecular level in different expression of stress response proteins hepcidin and metallothioneins in male and female iron overloaded rats. They are both upregulated by metal ions in both sexes. Hepcidin is additionally upregulated by estrogen in female rats and therefore causes higher degradation of iron exporter ferroportin and sequestration of iron in the cells, lowering the possibility for the development of oxidative stress. Antioxidative effect of metallothioneins could be increased in female rats because of their ability to reversibly exchange metal ions with the estrogen receptor. In case of iron excess metallothioneins release zinc, which is normally bound to them. Zinc binds to estrogen receptor and leaves metallothioneins binding domains free for iron, causing at least provisional cytoprotective effect. To test this hypothesis, we propose to determine and compare serum levels of hepcidin and estrogen using ELISA essay as well as expression and distribution of acute stress response proteins hepcidin and metallothioneins, iron and estrogen receptor in the brain and spinal cord tissue using immunohistochemistry in control and chronic iron overloaded male and female rats in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model. It would be also possible to perform the same immunohistochemistry in the brain tissue of multiple sclerosis patients post mortem. The results of experiments could contribute to better understanding of cytoprotective mechanisms in chronic iron overload that could have possible therapeutic applications in iron disturbances. In order to elucidate whether common measure of systemic iron status, like ferritin, haemoglobin concentration and transferrin saturation levels, may be used to distinguish physiologic from potentially harmful iron levels in local disease, for example multiple sclerosis and Still's disease, well-designed clinical trials would be of great interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Božena Ćurko-Cofek
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51 000 Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Tanja Grubić Kezele
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51 000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Vesna Barac-Latas
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51 000 Rijeka, Croatia
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Flores-Quijano ME, Montalvo-Velarde I, Vital-Reyes VS, Rodríguez-Cruz M, Rendón-Macías ME, López-Alarcón M. Longitudinal Analysis of the Interaction Between Obesity and Pregnancy on Iron Homeostasis: Role of Hepcidin. Arch Med Res 2017; 47:550-556. [PMID: 28262197 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS When pregnancy occurs in obese women, two opposite mechanisms for iron homeostasis concur: increased need for available iron to support erythropoiesis and decreased iron mobilization from diets and stores due to obesity-related inflammation linked to overexpressed hepcidin. Few studies have examined the role of hepcidin on maternal iron homeostasis in the context of obese pregnancy. The aim of the study was to evaluate the combined effect of maternal obesity and pregnancy on hepcidin and maternal iron status while accounting for inflammation and iron supplementation. METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis of a cohort of pregnant women recruited from a referral obstetric hospital in Mexico City. Circulating biomarkers of iron status (hepcidin, ferritin [SF], transferrin receptor [sTfR], erythropoietin [EPO]), and inflammation (C-reactive protein [CRP], tumor necrosis factor-[TNF]α, and interleukin-[IL]6) were determined monthly throughout pregnancy. Repeated measures ANOVA and logistic regression models were used for statistics. RESULTS Twenty-three obese (Ob) and 25 lean (Lc) women were studied. SF and hepcidin declined, and EPO and sTfR increased throughout pregnancy in both groups. sTfR increased more in Ob than in Lc (p = 0.024). The smallest hepcidin decline occurred in iron-supplemented Ob women compared to non-supplemented Lc women (p = 0.022). The risk for iron deficiency at the end of pregnancy was higher for Ob than for Lc (OR = 4.45, 95% CI = 2.07-9.58) after adjusting for iron supplementation and hepcidin concentration. CONCLUSION Pre-gestational obesity increases the risk of maternal iron deficiency despite iron supplementation. Overexpressed hepcidin appears to be a potential mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia Flores-Quijano
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioprogramación, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Irene Montalvo-Velarde
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Nutrición, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Victor Saul Vital-Reyes
- Hospital de Obstetricia y Ginecología #3, Centro Médico La Raza, IMSS, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Maricela Rodríguez-Cruz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Nutrición, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Mardia López-Alarcón
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Nutrición, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Ciudad de México, México.
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Abstract
Iron is required for many biological processes but is also toxic in excess; thus, body iron balance is maintained through sophisticated regulatory mechanisms. The lack of a regulated iron excretory mechanism means that body iron balance is controlled at the level of absorption from the diet. Iron absorption is regulated by the hepatic peptide hormone hepcidin. Hepcidin also controls iron release from cells that recycle or store iron, thus regulating plasma iron concentrations. Hepcidin exerts its effects through its receptor, the cellular iron exporter ferroportin. Important regulators of hepcidin, and therefore of systemic iron homeostasis, include plasma iron concentrations, body iron stores, infection and inflammation, and erythropoiesis. Disturbances in the regulation of hepcidin contribute to the pathogenesis of many iron disorders: hepcidin deficiency causes iron overload in hereditary hemochromatosis and nontransfused β-thalassemia, whereas overproduction of hepcidin is associated with iron-restricted anemias seen in patients with chronic kidney disease, chronic inflammatory diseases, some cancers, and inherited iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia. This review summarizes our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in the control of hepcidin synthesis in the liver, a principal determinant of plasma hepcidin concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veena Sangkhae
- Center for Iron Disorders, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Elizabeta Nemeth
- Center for Iron Disorders, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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56
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Chang CW, Chen YM, Hsu YJ, Huang CC, Wu YT, Hsu MC. Protective effects of the roots of Angelica sinensis on strenuous exercise-induced sports anemia in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 193:169-178. [PMID: 27497636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Sports anemia is a persistent and severe problem in athletes owing to strenuous exercise-induced oxidative stress and hepcidin upregulation. The roots of Angelica sinensis (AS), a familiar traditional Chinese medicine, has been used for replenishing blood since antiquity. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the effects of ethanolic AS extract in a 4-week study on sports anemia in female Wistar rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS To induce anemia, a strenuous exercise protocol consisting of running and swimming was employed with increasing intensity. Animals were randomly assigned to the following groups: control group; strenuous exercise group; and strenuous exercise and AS extract-treated group (300mgkg-1d-1). After 4 weeks, rats underwent exhaustive swimming and forelimb grip strength test. The blood biochemical markers and hepatic antioxidant activities were determined. Hepatic interleukin-6 and muscle glycogen were observed through immunohistochemical and Periodic acid-Schiff staining, respectively. RESULTS AS extract (consisting of ferulic acid, Z-ligustilide, and n-butylidenephthalide) treatment improved forelimb grip strength and rescued exercise-induced anemia by significantly elevating the red blood cell counts and hemoglobin concentrations as well as hematocrit levels (p<0.05). AS modulated the iron metabolism through decreasing serum hepcidin-25 concentrations by 33.0% (p<0.05) and increasing serum iron levels by 34.3% (p<0.01). The hepatic injury marker serum alanine aminotransferase concentrations were also reduced, followed by increased antioxidant enzyme catalase expression in the liver (p<0.05). Furthermore, substantial attenuation of hepatic interleukin-6 expression and preservation of muscle glycogen content suggested the additional roles of AS acting on sports anemia and physical performance. CONCLUSION Our findings evidenced a novel and promising therapeutic approach for AS treatment for rescuing the anemic condition induced following 4 weeks of strenuous exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wei Chang
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Rd, Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Ming Chen
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, 250, Wen-Hua 1st Rd, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, 250, Wen-Hua 1st Rd, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, 250, Wen-Hua 1st Rd, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tse Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Rd, Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Chich Hsu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Rd, Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
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57
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Miller EM. The reproductive ecology of iron in women. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 159:S172-95. [PMID: 26808104 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive ecology focuses on the sensitivity of human reproduction to environmental variation. While reproductive ecology has historically focused on the relationship between energy status and reproductive outcomes, iron status is equally critical to women's reproductive health, given the wide-ranging detrimental effects of iron-deficiency anemia on maternal and infant well-being. This review interprets the vast literature on iron status and women's reproduction through an evolutionary framework. First, it will critique the evidence for iron deficiency caused by blood loss during menstruation, reinterpreting the available data as ecological variation in menses within and between populations of women. Second, it will highlight the scant but growing evidence that iron status is implicated in fertility, a relationship that has deep evolutionary roots. Third, this review proposes a new hypothesis for the transfer of iron from mother to infant via pregnancy and breastfeeding: reproductive iron withholding. In this hypothesis, mothers transfer iron to infants in a manner that helps infants avoid iron-mediated infection and oxidative stress, but trades off with potential risk of maternal and infant iron deficiency. Finally, this review explores two main factors that can modify the relationship between iron status and the gestation-lactation cycle: (1) the relationship between long-term reproductive effort (parity) and iron status and (2) supplementation schemes before and during pregnancy. The review concludes by suggesting continued research into iron homeostasis in women using evolutionary, ecological, and biocultural frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Miller
- Department of Anthropology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620
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58
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Shapiro DJ, Livezey M, Yu L, Zheng X, Andruska N. Anticipatory UPR Activation: A Protective Pathway and Target in Cancer. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:731-741. [PMID: 27354311 PMCID: PMC5035594 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (EnR) stress sensor, the unfolded protein response (UPR), plays a key role in regulating intracellular protein homeostasis. The extensively studied reactive mode of UPR activation is characterized by unfolded protein, or other EnR stress, triggering UPR activation. Here we focus on the emerging anticipatory mode of UPR activation in which mitogenic steroid and peptide hormones and other effectors preactivate the UPR and anticipate a future need for increased protein folding capacity. Mild UPR activation in breast cancer can be protective and contributes to antiestrogen resistance. Hyperactivation of the anticipatory UPR pathway in cancer cells with a small molecule converts it from cytoprotective to cytotoxic, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Shapiro
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Mara Livezey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Liqun Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Xiaobin Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Neal Andruska
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Meyer MR, Barton M. Estrogens and Coronary Artery Disease: New Clinical Perspectives. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 77:307-60. [PMID: 27451102 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In premenopausal women, endogenous estrogens are associated with reduced prevalence of arterial hypertension, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Clinical trials conducted in the 1990s such as HERS, WHI, and WISDOM have shown that postmenopausal treatment with horse hormone mixtures (so-called conjugated equine estrogens) and synthetic progestins adversely affects female cardiovascular health. Our understanding of rapid (nongenomic) and chronic (genomic) estrogen signaling has since advanced considerably, including identification of a new G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), which like the "classical" receptors ERα and ERβ is highly abundant in the cardiovascular system. Here, we discuss the role of estrogen receptors in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and review natural and synthetic ligands of estrogen receptors as well as their effects in physiology, on cardiovascular risk factors, and atherosclerotic vascular disease. Data from preclinical and clinical studies using nonselective compounds activating GPER, which include selective estrogen receptor modulators such as tamoxifen or raloxifene, selective estrogen receptor downregulators such as Faslodex™ (fulvestrant/ICI 182,780), vitamin B3 (niacin), green tea catechins, and soy flavonoids such as genistein or resveratrol, strongly suggest that activation of GPER may afford therapeutic benefit for primary and secondary prevention in patients with or at risk for coronary artery disease. Evidence from preclinical studies suggest similar efficacy profiles for selective small molecule GPER agonists such as G-1 which are devoid of uterotrophic activity. Further clinical research in this area is warranted to provide opportunities for future cardiovascular drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Meyer
- Triemli City Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - M Barton
- Molecular Internal Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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60
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Miller EM. Hormone replacement therapy affects iron status more than endometrial bleeding in older US women: A role for estrogen in iron homeostasis? Maturitas 2016; 88:46-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Ikeda Y, Imao M, Satoh A, Watanabe H, Hamano H, Horinouchi Y, Izawa-Ishizawa Y, Kihira Y, Miyamoto L, Ishizawa K, Tsuchiya K, Tamaki T. Iron-induced skeletal muscle atrophy involves an Akt-forkhead box O3-E3 ubiquitin ligase-dependent pathway. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2016; 35:66-76. [PMID: 27049128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle wasting or sarcopenia is a critical health problem. Skeletal muscle atrophy is induced by an excess of iron, which is an essential trace metal for all living organisms. Excessive amounts of iron catalyze the formation of highly toxic hydroxyl radicals via the Fenton reaction. However, the molecular mechanism of iron-induced skeletal muscle atrophy has remained unclear. In this study, 8-weeks-old C57BL6/J mice were divided into 2 groups: vehicle-treated group and the iron-injected group (10 mg iron day(-1)mouse(-1)) during 2 weeks. Mice in the iron-injected group showed an increase in the iron content of the skeletal muscle and serum and ferritin levels in the muscle, along with reduced skeletal muscle mass. The skeletal muscle showed elevated mRNA expression of the muscle atrophy-related E3 ubiquitin ligases, atrogin-1 and muscle ring finger-1(MuRF1), on days 7 and 14 of iron treatment. Moreover, iron-treated mice showed reduced phosphorylation of Akt and forkhead box O3 (FOXO3a) in skeletal muscles. Inhibition of FOXO3a using siRNA in vitro in C2C12 myotube cells inhibited iron-induced upregulation of atrogin-1 and MuRF1 and reversed the reduction in myotube diameters. Iron-load caused oxidative stress, and an oxidative stress inhibitor abrogated iron-induced muscle atrophy by reactivating the Akt-FOXO3a pathway. Iron-induced skeletal muscle atrophy is suggested to involve the E3 ubiquitin ligase mediated by the reduction of Akt-FOXO3a signaling by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasumasa Ikeda
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
| | - Mizuki Imao
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Akiho Satoh
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Watanabe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Hamano
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuya Horinouchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuki Izawa-Ishizawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kihira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Licht Miyamoto
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ishizawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Koichiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Tamaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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Abstract
Iron is required for most forms of organisms, and it is the most essential element for the functions of many iron-containing proteins involved in oxygen transport, cellular respiration, DNA replication, and so on. Disorders of iron metabolism are associated with diverse diseases, including anemias (e.g., iron-deficiency anemia and anemia of chronic diseases) and iron overload diseases, such as hereditary hemochromatosis and β-thalassemia. Hepcidin (encoded by Hamp gene) is a peptide hormone synthesized by hepatocytes, and it plays an important role in regulating the systematic iron homeostasis. As the systemic iron regulator, hepcidin, not only controls dietary iron absorption and iron egress out of iron storage cells, but also induces iron redistribution in various organs. Deregulated hepcidin is often seen in a variety of iron-related diseases including anemias and iron overload disorders. In the case of iron overload disorders (e.g., hereditary hemochromatosis and β-thalassemia), hepatic hepcidin concentration is significantly reduced.Since hepcidin deregulation is responsible for iron disorder-associated diseases, the purpose of this review is to summarize the recent findings on therapeutics targeting hepcidin.Continuous efforts have been made to search for hepcidin mimics and chemical compounds that could be used to increase hepcidin level. Here, a literature search was conducted in PubMed, and research papers relevant to hepcidin regulation or hepcidin-centered therapeutic work were reviewed. On the basis of literature search, we recapitulated recent findings on therapeutic studies targeting hepcidin, including agonists and antagonists to modulate hepcidin expression or its downstream signaling. We also discussed the molecular mechanisms by which hepcidin level and iron metabolism are modulated.Elevating hepcidin concentration is an optimal strategy to ameliorate iron overload diseases, and also to relieve β-thalassemia phenotypes by improving ineffective erythropoiesis. Relative to the current conventional therapies, such as phlebotomy and blood transfusion, therapeutics targeting hepcidin would open a new avenue for treatment of iron-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology (JL, SL), Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Medicine (BS), University of California, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Cardiovascular Disease (HY), Beijing Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing; and Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (HY), Lanzhou, China
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63
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Blanchette NL, Manz DH, Torti FM, Torti SV. Modulation of hepcidin to treat iron deregulation: potential clinical applications. Expert Rev Hematol 2015; 9:169-86. [PMID: 26669208 DOI: 10.1586/17474086.2016.1124757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The secreted peptide hormone hepcidin regulates systemic and local iron homeostasis through degradation of the iron exporter ferroportin. Dysregulation of hepcidin leads to altered iron homeostasis and development of pathological disorders including hemochromatosis, and iron loading and iron restrictive anemias. Therapeutic modulation of hepcidin is a promising method to ameliorate these conditions. Several approaches have been taken to enhance or reduce the effects of hepcidin in vitro and in vivo. Based on these approaches, hepcidin modulating drugs have been developed and are undergoing clinical evaluation. In this article we review the rationale for development of these drugs, the data concerning their safety and efficacy, their therapeutic uses, and potential future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Blanchette
- a Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics , University of Connecticut Health , Farmington , CT , USA
| | - David H Manz
- a Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics , University of Connecticut Health , Farmington , CT , USA.,b School of Dental Medicine , University of Connecticut Health , Farmington , CT , USA
| | - Frank M Torti
- c Department of Medicine , University of Connecticut Health , Farmington , CT , USA
| | - Suzy V Torti
- a Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics , University of Connecticut Health , Farmington , CT , USA
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Gür-Özmen S, Karahan-Özcan R. Iron Deficiency Anemia Is Associated with Menstrual Migraine: A Case–Control Study. PAIN MEDICINE 2015; 17:596-605. [DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnv029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Li X, Rhee DK, Malhotra R, Mayeur C, Hurst LA, Ager E, Shelton G, Kramer Y, McCulloh D, Keefe D, Bloch KD, Bloch DB, Peterson RT. Progesterone receptor membrane component-1 regulates hepcidin biosynthesis. J Clin Invest 2015; 126:389-401. [PMID: 26657863 DOI: 10.1172/jci83831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron homeostasis is tightly regulated by the membrane iron exporter ferroportin and its regulatory peptide hormone hepcidin. The hepcidin/ferroportin axis is considered a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of diseases of iron overload or deficiency. Here, we conducted a chemical screen in zebrafish to identify small molecules that decrease ferroportin protein levels. The chemical screen led to the identification of 3 steroid molecules, epitiostanol, progesterone, and mifepristone, which decrease ferroportin levels by increasing the biosynthesis of hepcidin. These hepcidin-inducing steroids (HISs) did not activate known hepcidin-inducing pathways, including the BMP and JAK/STAT3 pathways. Progesterone receptor membrane component-1 (PGRMC1) was required for HIS-dependent increases in hepcidin biosynthesis, as PGRMC1 depletion in cultured hepatoma cells and zebrafish blocked the ability of HISs to increase hepcidin mRNA levels. Neutralizing antibodies directed against PGRMC1 attenuated the ability of HISs to induce hepcidin gene expression. Inhibiting the kinases of the SRC family, which are downstream of PGRMC1, blocked the ability of HISs to increase hepcidin mRNA levels. Furthermore, HIS treatment increased hepcidin biosynthesis in mice and humans. Together, these data indicate that PGRMC1 regulates hepcidin gene expression through an evolutionarily conserved mechanism. These studies have identified drug candidates and potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of diseases of abnormal iron metabolism.
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Regulation of iron homeostasis by the p53-ISCU pathway. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16497. [PMID: 26560363 PMCID: PMC4642350 DOI: 10.1038/srep16497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of iron in tissues increases the risk of cancer, but iron regulatory mechanisms in cancer tissues are largely unknown. Here, we report that p53 regulates iron metabolism through the transcriptional regulation of ISCU (iron-sulfur cluster assembly enzyme), which encodes a scaffold protein that plays a critical role in Fe-S cluster biogenesis. p53 activation induced ISCU expression through binding to an intronic p53-binding site. Knockdown of ISCU enhanced the binding of iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1), a cytosolic Fe-S protein, to an iron-responsive element in the 5′ UTR of ferritin heavy polypeptide 1 (FTH1) mRNA and subsequently reduced the translation of FTH1, a major iron storage protein. In addition, in response to DNA damage, p53 induced FTH1 and suppressed transferrin receptor, which regulates iron entry into cells. HCT116 p53+/+ cells were resistant to iron accumulation, but HCT116 p53−/− cells accumulated intracellular iron after DNA damage. Moreover, excess dietary iron caused significant elevation of serum iron levels in p53−/− mice. ISCU expression was decreased in the majority of human liver cancer tissues, and its reduced expression was significantly associated with p53 mutation. Our finding revealed a novel role of the p53-ISCU pathway in the maintenance of iron homeostasis in hepatocellular carcinogenesis.
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67
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Menon AV, Chang J, Kim J. Mechanisms of divalent metal toxicity in affective disorders. Toxicology 2015; 339:58-72. [PMID: 26551072 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Metals are required for proper brain development and play an important role in a number of neurobiological functions. The divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) is a major metal transporter involved in the absorption and metabolism of several essential metals like iron and manganese. However, non-essential divalent metals are also transported through this transporter. Therefore, altered expression of DMT1 can modify the absorption of toxic metals and metal-induced toxicity. An accumulating body of evidence has suggested that increased metal stores in the brain are associated with elevated oxidative stress promoted by the ability of metals to catalyze redox reactions, resulting in abnormal neurobehavioral function and the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Metal overload has also been implicated in impaired emotional behavior, although the underlying mechanisms are not well understood with limited information. The current review focuses on psychiatric dysfunction associated with imbalanced metabolism of metals that are transported by DMT1. The investigations with respect to the toxic effects of metal overload on behavior and their underlying mechanisms of toxicity could provide several new therapeutic targets to treat metal-associated affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - JuOae Chang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jonghan Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Pietrangelo A. Genetics, Genetic Testing, and Management of Hemochromatosis: 15 Years Since Hepcidin. Gastroenterology 2015; 149:1240-1251.e4. [PMID: 26164493 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of hepcidin in 2000 and the subsequent unprecedented explosion of research and discoveries in the iron field have dramatically changed our understanding of human disorders of iron metabolism. Today, hereditary hemochromatosis, the paradigmatic iron-loading disorder, is recognized as an endocrine disease due to the genetic loss of hepcidin, the iron hormone produced by the liver. This syndrome is due to unchecked transfer of iron into the bloodstream in the absence of increased erythropoietic needs and its toxic effects in parenchymatous organs. It is caused by mutations that affect any of the proteins that help hepcidin to monitor serum iron, including HFE and, in rarer instances, transferrin-receptor 2 and hemojuvelin, or make its receptor ferroportin, resistant to the hormone. In Caucasians, C282Y HFE homozygotes are numerous, but they are only predisposed to hemochromatosis; complete organ disease develops in a minority, due to alcohol abuse or concurrent genetic modifiers that are now being identified. HFE gene testing can be used to diagnose hemochromatosis in symptomatic patients, but analyses of liver histology and full gene sequencing are required to identify patients with rare, non-HFE forms of the disease. Due to the central pathogenic role of hepcidin, it is anticipated that nongenetic causes of hepcidin loss (eg, end-stage liver disease) can cause acquired forms of hemochromatosis. The mainstay of hemochromatosis management is still removal of iron by phlebotomy, first introduced in 1950s, but identification of hepcidin has not only shed new light on the pathogenesis of the disease and the approach to diagnosis, but etiologic therapeutic applications from these advances are now foreseen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonello Pietrangelo
- Unit of Internal Medicine 2 and Centre for Hemochromatosis, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy.
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Xiao W, Beibei F, Guangsi S, Yu J, Wen Z, Xi H, Youjia X. Iron overload increases osteoclastogenesis and aggravates the effects of ovariectomy on bone mass. J Endocrinol 2015; 226:121-34. [PMID: 26116610 DOI: 10.1530/joe-14-0657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a metabolic disease associated with estrogen deficiency. The results of numerous studies have revealed the positive correlation between iron accumulation and postmenopausal osteoporotic status. Although the results of previous studies have indicated that estrogen or iron alone have an effect on bone metabolism, their combined effects are not well defined. Using an in vivo mouse model, we found that bone mass was minimally affected by an excess of iron in the presence of estrogen. Once the source of estrogen was removed (ovariectomy), iron accumulation significantly decreased bone mass. These effects were accompanied by fluctuations in the level of oxidative stress. To determine whether these effects were related to bone formation or bone resorption, primary osteoblasts (OBs), RAW264.7 cells, and bone-marrow-derived macrophages were used for in vitro experiments. We found that iron accumulation did inhibit the activity of OBs. However, estrogen had little effect on this inhibition. In contrast, iron promoted osteoclast differentiation through the production of reactive oxygen species. Estrogen, a powerful reactive oxygen scavenger, suppressed this effect in osteoclasts. Our data provided direct evidence that iron affected the bone mass only in the absence of estrogen. The inhibitory effect of estrogen on iron-induced osteopenia was particularly relevant to bone resorption rather than bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Xiao
- Departments of OrthopaedicsGynaecologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, 215004 Suzhou, ChinaDepartment of Orthopaedic Research InstitutionSoochow University, 215004 Suzhou, ChinaDepartment of MedicineNew York University School of Medicine, 10016 New York, New York, USA
| | - Fei Beibei
- Departments of OrthopaedicsGynaecologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, 215004 Suzhou, ChinaDepartment of Orthopaedic Research InstitutionSoochow University, 215004 Suzhou, ChinaDepartment of MedicineNew York University School of Medicine, 10016 New York, New York, USA
| | - Shen Guangsi
- Departments of OrthopaedicsGynaecologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, 215004 Suzhou, ChinaDepartment of Orthopaedic Research InstitutionSoochow University, 215004 Suzhou, ChinaDepartment of MedicineNew York University School of Medicine, 10016 New York, New York, USA
| | - Jiang Yu
- Departments of OrthopaedicsGynaecologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, 215004 Suzhou, ChinaDepartment of Orthopaedic Research InstitutionSoochow University, 215004 Suzhou, ChinaDepartment of MedicineNew York University School of Medicine, 10016 New York, New York, USA
| | - Zhang Wen
- Departments of OrthopaedicsGynaecologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, 215004 Suzhou, ChinaDepartment of Orthopaedic Research InstitutionSoochow University, 215004 Suzhou, ChinaDepartment of MedicineNew York University School of Medicine, 10016 New York, New York, USA
| | - Huang Xi
- Departments of OrthopaedicsGynaecologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, 215004 Suzhou, ChinaDepartment of Orthopaedic Research InstitutionSoochow University, 215004 Suzhou, ChinaDepartment of MedicineNew York University School of Medicine, 10016 New York, New York, USA
| | - Xu Youjia
- Departments of OrthopaedicsGynaecologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, 215004 Suzhou, ChinaDepartment of Orthopaedic Research InstitutionSoochow University, 215004 Suzhou, ChinaDepartment of MedicineNew York University School of Medicine, 10016 New York, New York, USA
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70
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Alkhateeb AA, Buckett PD, Gardeck AM, Kim J, Byrne SL, Fraenkel PG, Wessling-Resnick M. The small molecule ferristatin II induces hepatic hepcidin expression in vivo and in vitro. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G1019-26. [PMID: 25907691 PMCID: PMC4469869 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00324.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that administration of ferristatin II to rats is associated with decreased serum iron, reduced transferrin saturation, and increased hepatic hepcidin expression. BMP and IL-6 signaling act via Smad and Stat3 transcription factors, respectively, to increase expression of hepcidin, the master regulator of iron metabolism. In this study, we aimed to explore the underlying mechanism of ferristatin II action on hepcidin production. We found that ferristatin II greatly increased hepcidin expression both in vivo and in vitro. In the rat liver, ferristatin II treatment decreased expression of Smad downstream targets Smad7 and Id1 and increased expression of Stat3 downstream targets α-2-macroglobulin, α-1-acid glycoprotein, and C-reactive peptide. Ferristatin II also increased Stat3 phosphorylation in the rat liver without affecting serum or hepatic IL-6 levels. It is unclear whether the Stat3 activation observed in vivo is a cause or a consequence to hepcidin induction. Reporter gene expression studies demonstrated that ferristatin II synergized with BMP6 and IL-6 to enhance hepcidin expression in vitro. However, this synergy was not due to activation of either Smad or Stat3 signaling, raising the possibility that ferristatin II may activate a novel pathway for hepcidin regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Alkhateeb
- 1Department of Genetic and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Peter D. Buckett
- 1Department of Genetic and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Andrew M. Gardeck
- 1Department of Genetic and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Jonghan Kim
- 2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Shaina L. Byrne
- 1Department of Genetic and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Paula G. Fraenkel
- 3Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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71
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Teng Y, Radde BN, Litchfield LM, Ivanova MM, Prough RA, Clark BJ, Doll MA, Hein DW, Klinge CM. Dehydroepiandrosterone Activation of G-protein-coupled Estrogen Receptor Rapidly Stimulates MicroRNA-21 Transcription in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:15799-15811. [PMID: 25969534 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.641167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the regulation of the oncomiR miR-21 in liver. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) regulates gene expression as a ligand for a G-protein-coupled receptor and as a precursor for steroids that activate nuclear receptor signaling. We report that 10 nm DHEA increases primary miR-21 (pri-miR-21) transcription and mature miR-21 expression in HepG2 cells in a biphasic manner with an initial peak at 1 h followed by a second, sustained response from 3-12 h. DHEA also increased miR-21 in primary human hepatocytes and Hep3B cells. siRNA, antibody, and inhibitor studies suggest that the rapid DHEA-mediated increase in miR-21 involves a G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER/GPR30), estrogen receptor α-36 (ERα36), epidermal growth factor receptor-dependent, pertussis toxin-sensitive pathway requiring activation of c-Src, ERK1/2, and PI3K. GPER antagonist G-15 attenuated DHEA- and BSA-conjugated DHEA-stimulated pri-miR-21 transcription. Like DHEA, GPER agonists G-1 and fulvestrant increased pri-miR-21 in a GPER- and ERα36-dependent manner. DHEA, like G-1, increased GPER and ERα36 mRNA and protein levels. DHEA increased ERK1/2 and c-Src phosphorylation in a GPER-responsive manner. DHEA increased c-Jun, but not c-Fos, protein expression after 2 h. DHEA increased androgen receptor, c-Fos, and c-Jun recruitment to the miR-21 promoter. These results suggest that physiological concentrations of DHEA activate a GPER intracellular signaling cascade that increases pri-miR-21 transcription mediated at least in part by AP-1 and androgen receptor miR-21 promoter interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Teng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40292
| | - Brandie N Radde
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40292
| | - Lacey M Litchfield
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40292
| | - Margarita M Ivanova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40292
| | - Russell A Prough
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40292
| | - Barbara J Clark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40292
| | - Mark A Doll
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40292
| | - David W Hein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40292
| | - Carolyn M Klinge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40292.
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Andruska ND, Zheng X, Yang X, Mao C, Cherian MM, Mahapatra L, Helferich WG, Shapiro DJ. Estrogen receptor α inhibitor activates the unfolded protein response, blocks protein synthesis, and induces tumor regression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:4737-42. [PMID: 25825714 PMCID: PMC4403155 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1403685112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent estrogen receptor α (ERα)-positive breast and ovarian cancers are often therapy resistant. Using screening and functional validation, we identified BHPI, a potent noncompetitive small molecule ERα biomodulator that selectively blocks proliferation of drug-resistant ERα-positive breast and ovarian cancer cells. In a mouse xenograft model of breast cancer, BHPI induced rapid and substantial tumor regression. Whereas BHPI potently inhibits nuclear estrogen-ERα-regulated gene expression, BHPI is effective because it elicits sustained ERα-dependent activation of the endoplasmic reticulum (EnR) stress sensor, the unfolded protein response (UPR), and persistent inhibition of protein synthesis. BHPI distorts a newly described action of estrogen-ERα: mild and transient UPR activation. In contrast, BHPI elicits massive and sustained UPR activation, converting the UPR from protective to toxic. In ERα(+) cancer cells, BHPI rapidly hyperactivates plasma membrane PLCγ, generating inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3), which opens EnR IP3R calcium channels, rapidly depleting EnR Ca(2+) stores. This leads to activation of all three arms of the UPR. Activation of the PERK arm stimulates phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), resulting in rapid inhibition of protein synthesis. The cell attempts to restore EnR Ca(2+) levels, but the open EnR IP3R calcium channel leads to an ATP-depleting futile cycle, resulting in activation of the energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase and phosphorylation of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2). eEF2 phosphorylation inhibits protein synthesis at a second site. BHPI's novel mode of action, high potency, and effectiveness in therapy-resistant tumor cells make it an exceptional candidate for further mechanistic and therapeutic exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Lily Mahapatra
- College of Medicine, and Molecular and Integrative Physiology
| | - William G Helferich
- College of Medicine, and Food Science and Human Nutrition, and University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - David J Shapiro
- Departments of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, and University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
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Abstract
Iron, an essential nutrient, is required for many diverse biological processes. The absence of a defined pathway to excrete excess iron makes it essential for the body to regulate the amount of iron absorbed; a deficiency could lead to iron deficiency and an excess to iron overload and associated disorders such as anaemia and haemochromatosis respectively. This regulation is mediated by the iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin. Hepcidin binds to the only known iron export protein, ferroportin (FPN), inducing its internalization and degradation, thus limiting the amount of iron released into the blood. The major factors that are implicated in hepcidin regulation include iron stores, hypoxia, inflammation and erythropoiesis. The present review summarizes our present knowledge about the molecular mechanisms and signalling pathways contributing to hepcidin regulation by these factors.
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Morita T, Nakano D, Kitada K, Morimoto S, Ichihara A, Hitomi H, Kobori H, Shiojima I, Nishiyama A. Chelation of dietary iron prevents iron accumulation and macrophage infiltration in the type I diabetic kidney. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 756:85-91. [PMID: 25820160 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that the functional deletion of p21, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, in mice attenuated renal cell senescence in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetic mice. In the present study, we investigated the effect of iron chelation on renal cell senescence and inflammation in the type 1 diabetic kidney. STZ-treated mice showed increase in iron accumulation, tubular cell senescence and macrophage infiltration at week 28 in the kidney. Administering deferasirox, which removes only dietary iron, significantly attenuated iron accumulation in proximal tubules and the number of infiltrating F4/80-positive cells without effecting blood glucose, hematocrit or hemoglobin levels. In contrast however, deferasirox did not influence renal cell senescence. The lack of p21 decreased the renal tubular iron accumulation and did not change tubular cell senescence. Interestingly, the STZ-treated animals showed an increase in p16, another cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. The results suggest that type 1 diabetes increases renal tubular iron accumulation and macrophage infiltration through a p21-dependent mechanism, and that the chelation of dietary iron attenuates these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuyori Morita
- Department of Pharmacology, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Miki, Kita, Kagawa, Japan; The Second Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nakano
- Department of Pharmacology, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Miki, Kita, Kagawa, Japan.
| | - Kento Kitada
- Department of Pharmacology, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Miki, Kita, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Morimoto
- Department of Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Ichihara
- Department of Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Hitomi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Miki, Kita, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kobori
- Department of Pharmacology, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Miki, Kita, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Ichiro Shiojima
- Department of Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Miki, Kita, Kagawa, Japan
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Lee JA, Hwang JS, Hwang IT, Kim DH, Seo JH, Lim JS. Low vitamin D levels are associated with both iron deficiency and anemia in children and adolescents. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2015; 32:99-108. [PMID: 25551430 DOI: 10.3109/08880018.2014.983623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to examine the association between vitamin D deficiency and anemia in a nationally representative sample of Korean children and adolescents. METHODS Cross-sectional data on 2526 children and adolescents aged 10-20 years from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey-V (2010-2012) were used. Anemia was defined according to specifications of the World Health Organization. Iron deficiency was defined as serum ferritin level of <12 ng/mL and transferrin saturation (TSAT) <16%. RESULTS The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Korean children and adolescents was high especially in female (35.7% vs. 50.9%, P < 0.001). The prevalence of anemia was also higher in female (1.1% vs. 6.8%; P < 0.001). In logistic regression, risk factors for anemia were female sex, old age, post-menarche, low household income, vitamin D deficiency, and iron deficiency. The Odds Ratio for anemia, iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in subjects with vitamin D deficiency (<15 ng/mL) were 1.81(95% CI, 1.13-2.88), 1.94(95% CI, 1.27-2.97), and 2.26 (95% CI, 1.20-4.24) after controlling for other risk factors. However, after examining the sexes separately, only female subjects showed statistical significance. After further controlling for iron deficiency, the risk of anemia was not significant (P = 0.261). CONCLUSIONS Vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased risk of anemia, especially iron deficiency anemia, in healthy female children and adolescents. However, the association is attenuated after adjustment for iron deficiency. Further studies are needed to determine whether vitamin D deficiency is the cause of anemia, or bystander of nutritional deficiency which cause iron deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ah Lee
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Korea Cancer Center Hospital , Republic of Korea, Seoul
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Qian Y, Yin C, Chen Y, Zhang S, Jiang L, Wang F, Zhao M, Liu S. Estrogen contributes to regulating iron metabolism through governing ferroportin signaling via an estrogen response element. Cell Signal 2015; 27:934-42. [PMID: 25660146 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ferroportin (FPN) is the only known iron exporter in mammalian cells, and is universally expressed in most types of cells. FPN signaling plays a crucial role in maintaining iron homeostasis through governing the level of intracellular iron. Serum iron storage is conversely related with the estrogen level in the female bodies, and women in post-menopause are possibly subjected to iron retention. However, the potential effects of estrogen on iron metabolism are not clearly understood. Here, FPN mRNA transcription in all selected estrogen receptor positive (ER+) cells was significantly reduced upon 17β-estradiol (E2) treatment; and this inhibitory effect could be attenuated by ER antagonist tamoxifen. Likewise, in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), FPN reduction with elevated intracellular iron (reflected by increased ferritin) was observed in response to E2; however, ferritin level barely responded to E2 in FPN-null BMDMs. The observation of inhibition of FPN mRNA expression was not replicated in ER(-) cells upon E2. A functional estrogen response element (ERE) was identified within the promoter of FPN, and this ERE was responsible for the suppressive effect of E2 on FPN expression. Moreover, ovariectomized (OVX) and sham-operated (SHAM) mice were used to further confirm the in vitro finding. The expression of hepatic FPN was induced in OVX mice, compared to that in the SHAM mice. Taken together, our results demonstrated that estrogen is involved in regulating FPN expression through a functional ERE on its promoter, providing additional insights into a vital role of estrogen in iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Chunyang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Shuping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Fudi Wang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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The iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin: A possible therapeutic target? Pharmacol Ther 2015; 146:35-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Maggio M, De Vita F, Fisichella A, Lauretani F, Ticinesi A, Ceresini G, Cappola A, Ferrucci L, Ceda GP. The Role of the Multiple Hormonal Dysregulation in the Onset of "Anemia of Aging": Focus on Testosterone, IGF-1, and Thyroid Hormones. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:292574. [PMID: 26779261 PMCID: PMC4686706 DOI: 10.1155/2015/292574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anemia is a multifactorial condition whose prevalence increases in both sexes after the fifth decade of life. It is a highly represented phenomenon in older adults and in one-third of cases is "unexplained." Ageing process is also characterized by a "multiple hormonal dysregulation" with disruption in gonadal, adrenal, and somatotropic axes. Experimental studies suggest that anabolic hormones such as testosterone, IGF-1, and thyroid hormones are able to increase erythroid mass, erythropoietin synthesis, and iron bioavailability, underlining a potential role of multiple hormonal changes in the anemia of aging. Epidemiological data more consistently support an association between lower testosterone and anemia in adult-older individuals. Low IGF-1 has been especially associated with anemia in the pediatric population and in a wide range of disorders. There is also evidence of an association between thyroid hormones and abnormalities in hematological parameters under overt thyroid and euthyroid conditions, with limited data on subclinical statuses. Although RCTs have shown beneficial effects, stronger for testosterone and the GH-IGF-1 axis and less evident for thyroid hormones, in improving different hematological parameters, there is no clear evidence for the usefulness of hormonal treatment in improving anemia in older subjects. Thus, more clinical and research efforts are needed to investigate the hormonal contribution to anemia in the older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Maggio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Geriatrics, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Geriatric Rehabilitation Department, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
- *Marcello Maggio:
| | - Francesca De Vita
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Geriatrics, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Alberto Fisichella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Geriatrics, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Fulvio Lauretani
- Geriatric Rehabilitation Department, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Ticinesi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Geriatrics, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Graziano Ceresini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Geriatrics, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Geriatric Rehabilitation Department, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Anne Cappola
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Gian Paolo Ceda
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Geriatrics, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Geriatric Rehabilitation Department, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
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79
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Hussain Y, Ding Q, Connelly PW, Brunt JH, Ban MR, McIntyre AD, Huff MW, Gros R, Hegele RA, Feldman RD. G-protein estrogen receptor as a regulator of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol metabolism: cellular and population genetic studies. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 35:213-21. [PMID: 25395619 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.304326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Estrogen deficiency is linked with increased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. The hormone receptor mediating this effect is unknown. G-protein estrogen receptor (GPER) is a recently recognized G-protein-coupled receptor that is activated by estrogens. We recently identified a common hypofunctional missense variant of GPER, namely P16L. However, the role of GPER in LDL metabolism is unknown. Therefore, we examined the association of the P16L genotype with plasma LDL cholesterol level. Furthermore, we studied the role of GPER in regulating expression of the LDL receptor and proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9. APPROACH AND RESULTS Our discovery cohort was a genetically isolated population of Northern European descent, and our validation cohort consisted of normal, healthy women aged 18 to 56 years from London, Ontario. In addition, we examined the effect of GPER on the regulation of proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 and LDL receptor expression by the treatment with the GPER agonist, G1. In the discovery cohort, GPER P16L genotype was associated with a significant increase in LDL cholesterol (mean±SEM): 3.18±0.05, 3.25±0.08, and 4.25±0.33 mmol/L, respectively, in subjects with CC (homozygous for P16), CT (heterozygotes), and TT (homozygous for L16) genotypes (P<0.05). In the validation cohort (n=339), the GPER P16L genotype was associated with a similar increase in LDL cholesterol: 2.17±0.05, 2.34±0.06, and 2.42±0.16 mmol/L, respectively, in subjects with CC, CT, and TT genotypes (P<0.05). In the human hepatic carcinoma cell line, the GPER agonist, G1, mediated a concentration-dependent increase in LDL receptor expression, blocked by either pretreatment with the GPER antagonist G15 or by shRNA-mediated GPER downregulation. G1 also mediated a GPER- and concentration-dependent decrease in proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 expression. CONCLUSIONS GPER activation upregulates LDL receptor expression, probably at least, in part, via proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 downregulation. Furthermore, humans carrying the hypofunctional P16L genetic variant of GPER have increased plasma LDL cholesterol. In aggregate, these data suggest an important role of GPER in the regulation of LDL receptor expression and consequently LDL metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasin Hussain
- From the Robarts Research Institute (Y.H., Q.D., M.R.B., A.D.M., M.W.H., R.G., R.A.H., R.D.F.) and Departments of Medicine (M.W.H., R.G., R.A.H., R.D.F.), Physiology and Pharmacology (R.G., R.A.H., R.D.F.), and Biochemistry (M.W.H.), Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (P.W.C.); and Department of Public Health and Social Policy, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada (J.H.B.)
| | - Qingming Ding
- From the Robarts Research Institute (Y.H., Q.D., M.R.B., A.D.M., M.W.H., R.G., R.A.H., R.D.F.) and Departments of Medicine (M.W.H., R.G., R.A.H., R.D.F.), Physiology and Pharmacology (R.G., R.A.H., R.D.F.), and Biochemistry (M.W.H.), Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (P.W.C.); and Department of Public Health and Social Policy, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada (J.H.B.)
| | - Philip W Connelly
- From the Robarts Research Institute (Y.H., Q.D., M.R.B., A.D.M., M.W.H., R.G., R.A.H., R.D.F.) and Departments of Medicine (M.W.H., R.G., R.A.H., R.D.F.), Physiology and Pharmacology (R.G., R.A.H., R.D.F.), and Biochemistry (M.W.H.), Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (P.W.C.); and Department of Public Health and Social Policy, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada (J.H.B.)
| | - J Howard Brunt
- From the Robarts Research Institute (Y.H., Q.D., M.R.B., A.D.M., M.W.H., R.G., R.A.H., R.D.F.) and Departments of Medicine (M.W.H., R.G., R.A.H., R.D.F.), Physiology and Pharmacology (R.G., R.A.H., R.D.F.), and Biochemistry (M.W.H.), Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (P.W.C.); and Department of Public Health and Social Policy, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada (J.H.B.)
| | - Matthew R Ban
- From the Robarts Research Institute (Y.H., Q.D., M.R.B., A.D.M., M.W.H., R.G., R.A.H., R.D.F.) and Departments of Medicine (M.W.H., R.G., R.A.H., R.D.F.), Physiology and Pharmacology (R.G., R.A.H., R.D.F.), and Biochemistry (M.W.H.), Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (P.W.C.); and Department of Public Health and Social Policy, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada (J.H.B.)
| | - Adam D McIntyre
- From the Robarts Research Institute (Y.H., Q.D., M.R.B., A.D.M., M.W.H., R.G., R.A.H., R.D.F.) and Departments of Medicine (M.W.H., R.G., R.A.H., R.D.F.), Physiology and Pharmacology (R.G., R.A.H., R.D.F.), and Biochemistry (M.W.H.), Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (P.W.C.); and Department of Public Health and Social Policy, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada (J.H.B.)
| | - Murray W Huff
- From the Robarts Research Institute (Y.H., Q.D., M.R.B., A.D.M., M.W.H., R.G., R.A.H., R.D.F.) and Departments of Medicine (M.W.H., R.G., R.A.H., R.D.F.), Physiology and Pharmacology (R.G., R.A.H., R.D.F.), and Biochemistry (M.W.H.), Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (P.W.C.); and Department of Public Health and Social Policy, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada (J.H.B.)
| | - Robert Gros
- From the Robarts Research Institute (Y.H., Q.D., M.R.B., A.D.M., M.W.H., R.G., R.A.H., R.D.F.) and Departments of Medicine (M.W.H., R.G., R.A.H., R.D.F.), Physiology and Pharmacology (R.G., R.A.H., R.D.F.), and Biochemistry (M.W.H.), Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (P.W.C.); and Department of Public Health and Social Policy, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada (J.H.B.)
| | - Robert A Hegele
- From the Robarts Research Institute (Y.H., Q.D., M.R.B., A.D.M., M.W.H., R.G., R.A.H., R.D.F.) and Departments of Medicine (M.W.H., R.G., R.A.H., R.D.F.), Physiology and Pharmacology (R.G., R.A.H., R.D.F.), and Biochemistry (M.W.H.), Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (P.W.C.); and Department of Public Health and Social Policy, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada (J.H.B.)
| | - Ross D Feldman
- From the Robarts Research Institute (Y.H., Q.D., M.R.B., A.D.M., M.W.H., R.G., R.A.H., R.D.F.) and Departments of Medicine (M.W.H., R.G., R.A.H., R.D.F.), Physiology and Pharmacology (R.G., R.A.H., R.D.F.), and Biochemistry (M.W.H.), Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (P.W.C.); and Department of Public Health and Social Policy, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada (J.H.B.).
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Miller EM. Iron status and reproduction in US women: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2006. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112216. [PMID: 25375360 PMCID: PMC4223055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Women experience significant changes in iron status throughout their reproductive lifespans. While this is evident in regions with high rates of malnutrition and infectious disease, the extent of reproductive-related changes is less well known in countries with low rates of iron deficiency anemia, such as the United States. The goal of this study is determine the relationship between women's reproductive variables (pregnancy, parity, currently breastfeeding, regular menstruation, hormonal contraceptive use, and age at menarche) and iron status (hemoglobin, ferritin, transferrin receptor, and % transferrin saturation) using an anthropological framework for interpreting the results. Data from women aged 18-49 were taken from the 1999-2006 US NHANES, a nationally representative cross-sectional sample of US women. Using multiple imputation and complex survey statistics, women's reproductive variables were regressed against indicators of iron status. Pregnant women had significantly poorer iron status, by most indicators, than non-pregnant women. All biomarkers demonstrated significantly lower iron levels with increasing parity. Women who were having regular periods had iron indicators that suggested decreased iron levels, while women who used hormonal contraceptives had iron indicators that suggested increased iron levels. Despite relatively good iron status and widespread availability of iron-rich foods in the US, women still exhibit patterns of iron depletion across several reproductive variables of interest. These results contribute to an ecological approach to iron status that seeks to understand variation in iron status, with the hopes that appropriate, population-specific recommendations can be developed to improve women's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Miller
- Department of Anthropology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
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81
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Beggs LA, Yarrow JF, Conover CF, Meuleman JR, Beck DT, Morrow M, Zou B, Shuster JJ, Borst SE. Testosterone alters iron metabolism and stimulates red blood cell production independently of dihydrotestosterone. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 307:E456-61. [PMID: 25074984 PMCID: PMC4154071 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00184.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Testosterone (T) stimulates erythropoiesis and regulates iron homeostasis. However, it remains unknown whether the (type II) 5α-reduction of T to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) mediates these androgenic effects, as it does in some other tissues. Our purpose was to determine whether inhibition of type II 5α-reductase (via finasteride) alters red blood cell (RBC) production and serum markers of iron homeostasis subsequent to testosterone-enanthate (TE) administration in older hypogonadal men. Sixty men aged ≥60 yr with serum T <300 ng/dl or bioavailable T <70 ng/dl received treatment with TE (125 mg/wk) vs. vehicle paired with finasteride (5 mg/day) vs. placebo using a 2 × 2 factorial design. Over the course of 12 mo, TE increased RBC count 9%, hematocrit 4%, and hemoglobin 8% while suppressing serum hepcidin 57% (P < 0.001 for all measurements). Most of the aforementioned changes occurred in the first 3 mo of treatment, and finasteride coadministration did not significantly alter any of these effects. TE also reduced serum ferritin 32% (P = 0.002) within 3 mo of treatment initiation without altering iron, transferrin, or transferrin saturation. We conclude that TE stimulates erythropoiesis and alters iron homeostasis independently of the type II 5α-reductase enzyme. These results demonstrate that elevated DHT is not required for androgen-mediated erythropoiesis or for alterations in iron homeostasis that would appear to support iron incorporation into RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Beggs
- Research Service, Departments of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology
| | - Joshua F Yarrow
- Research Service, Departments of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology
| | | | | | - Darren T Beck
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Matthew Morrow
- Research Pharmacy, Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | | | - Jonathan J Shuster
- Health Outcomes and Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and
| | - Stephen E Borst
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, and Departments of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology,
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Tajima S, Ikeda Y, Enomoto H, Imao M, Horinouchi Y, Izawa-Ishizawa Y, Kihira Y, Miyamoto L, Ishizawa K, Tsuchiya K, Tamaki T. Angiotensin II alters the expression of duodenal iron transporters, hepatic hepcidin, and body iron distribution in mice. Eur J Nutr 2014; 54:709-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-014-0749-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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83
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Manousaki T, Tsakogiannis A, Lagnel J, Sarropoulou E, Xiang JZ, Papandroulakis N, Mylonas CC, Tsigenopoulos CS. The sex-specific transcriptome of the hermaphrodite sparid sharpsnout seabream (Diplodus puntazzo). BMC Genomics 2014; 15:655. [PMID: 25099474 PMCID: PMC4133083 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Teleosts are characterized by a remarkable breadth of sexual mechanisms including various forms of hermaphroditism. Sparidae is a fish family exhibiting gonochorism or hermaphroditism even in closely related species. The sparid Diplodus puntazzo (sharpsnout seabream), exhibits rudimentary hermaphroditism characterized by intersexual immature gonads but single-sex mature ones. Apart from the intriguing reproductive biology, it is economically important with a continuously growing aquaculture in the Mediterranean Sea, but limited available genetic resources. Our aim was to characterize the expressed transcriptome of gonads and brains through RNA-Sequencing and explore the properties of genes that exhibit sex-biased expression profiles. Results Through RNA-Sequencing we obtained an assembled transcriptome of 82,331 loci. The expression analysis uncovered remarkable differences between male and female gonads, while male and female brains were almost identical. Focused search for known targets of sex determination and differentiation in vertebrates built the sex-specific expression profile of sharpsnout seabream. Finally, a thorough genetic marker discovery pipeline led to the retrieval of 85,189 SNPs and 29,076 microsatellites enriching the available genetic markers for this species. Conclusions We obtained a nearly complete source of transcriptomic sequence as well as marker information for sharpsnout seabream, laying the ground for understanding the complex process of sex differentiation of this economically valuable species. The genes involved include known candidates from other vertebrate species, suggesting a conservation of the toolkit between gonochorists and hermaphrodites. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-655) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Costas S Tsigenopoulos
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture (I,M,B,B,C,), Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (H,C,M,R,), Heraklion, Greece.
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84
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Kong WN, Niu QM, Ge L, Zhang N, Yan SF, Chen WB, Chang YZ, Zhao SE. Sex differences in iron status and hepcidin expression in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 160:258-67. [PMID: 24962641 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-0051-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that men and women exhibit significant differences regarding iron status. However, the effects of sex on iron accumulation and distribution are not well established. In this study, female and male Sprague-Dawley rats were killed at 4 months of age. Blood samples were analyzed to determine the red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, hematocrit (Hct), and mean red blood cell volume (MCV). The serum samples were analyzed to determine the concentrations of serum iron (SI), transferrin saturation (TS), ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), and erythropoietin (EPO). The tissue nonheme iron concentrations were measured in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, kidney, heart, gastrocnemius, duodenal epithelium, lung, pallium, cerebellum, hippocampus, and striatum. Hepatic hepcidin expression was detected by real-time PCR analysis. The synthesis of ferroportin 1 (FPN1) in the liver, spleen, kidney, and bone marrow was determined by Western blot analysis. The synthesis of duodenal cytochrome B561 (DcytB), divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), FPN1, hephaestin (HP) in the duodenal epithelium was also measured by Western blot analysis. The results showed that the RBC, Hb, and Hct in male rats were higher than those in female rats. The SI and plasma TS levels were lower in male rats than in female rats. The levels of serum ferritin and sTfR were higher in male rats than in female rats. The EPO levels in male rats were lower than that in female rats. The nonheme iron contents in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and kidney in male rats were also lower (56.7, 73.2, 60.6, and 61.4 % of female rats, respectively). Nonheme iron concentrations in the heart, gastrocnemius, duodenal epithelium, lung, and brain were similar in rats of both sexes. A moderate decrease in hepatic hepcidin mRNA content was also observed in male rats (to 56.0 % of female rats). The levels of FPN1 protein in the liver, spleen, and kidney were higher in male rats than in female rats. There was no significant change in FPN1 expression in bone marrow. Significant difference was also not found in DcytB, DMT1, FPN1, and HP protein levels in the duodenal epithelium between male and female rats. These data suggest that iron is distributed differently in male and female rats. This difference in iron distribution may be associated with the difference in the hepcidin level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Na Kong
- The 3rd Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
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Teng Y, Litchfield LM, Ivanova MM, Prough RA, Clark BJ, Klinge CM. Dehydroepiandrosterone-induces miR-21 transcription in HepG2 cells through estrogen receptor β and androgen receptor. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 392:23-36. [PMID: 24845419 PMCID: PMC4074919 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although oncomiR miR-21 is highly expressed in liver and overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), its regulation is uncharacterized. We examined the effect of physiologically relevant nanomolar concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA sulfate (DHEA-S) on miR-21 expression in HepG2 human hepatoma cells. 10nM DHEA and DHEA-S increase pri-miR-21 transcription in HepG2 cells. Dietary DHEA increased miR-21 in vivo in mouse liver. siRNA and inhibitor studies suggest that DHEA-S requires desulfation for activity and that DHEA-induced pri-miR-21 transcription involves metabolism to androgen and estrogen receptor (AR and ER) ligands. Activation of ERβ and AR by DHEA metabolites androst-5-ene-3,17-dione (ADIONE), androst-5-ene-3β,17β-diol (ADIOL), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and 5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol (3β-Adiol) increased miR-21 transcription. DHEA-induced miR-21 increased cell proliferation and decreased Pdcd4 protein, a bona fide miR-21. Estradiol (E2) inhibited miR-21 expression via ERα. DHEA increased ERβ and AR recruitment to the miR-21 promoter within the VMP1/TMEM49 gene, with possible significance in hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Teng
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Lacey M Litchfield
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Margarita M Ivanova
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Russell A Prough
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Barbara J Clark
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Carolyn M Klinge
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
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Pentoxifylline does not alter the concentration of hepcidin in chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis. Int J Artif Organs 2014; 37:521-8. [PMID: 25044383 DOI: 10.5301/ijao.5000340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anemia is a frequent condition in patients with chronic kidney disease due to a reduction in the production of erythropoietin. Patients with inflammation respond less well to treatment with erythropoietin, possibly because the increased production of hepcidin reduces the availability of iron for hematopoiesis. Some studies suggest that pentoxifylline has anti-inflammatory properties and could be used as adjuvant therapy in the treatment of anemia. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of pentoxifylline on serum hepcidin in chronic hemodialysis patients with inflammation. METHODS 71 adult patients on hemodialysis with C-reactive protein (CRP) ≥0.5 mg/dl in screening tests; patients were randomized to the treatment group (oral pentoxifylline 400 mg/thrice-weekly) or the control group for 3 months follow-up. RESULTS During the study, a decrease in hemoglobin, transferrin saturation, and hepcidin was observed in both groups. However, these reductions were related to the time and not to the drug. There was no difference in the concentrations of CRP, ferritin, and albumin over time in either group. CONCLUSIONS The use of this amount of pentoxifylline did not modify the serum levels of hepcidin in this population.
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87
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Lewerin C, Nilsson-Ehle H, Jacobsson S, Johansson H, Sundh V, Karlsson MK, Lorentzon M, Barrett-Connor E, Vandenput L, Ohlsson C, Mellström D. Serum estradiol associates with blood hemoglobin in elderly men: the MrOS Sweden study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:2549-56. [PMID: 24731011 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-4111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Blood hemoglobin (Hb) declines with age in healthy elderly men, in whom decreasing T has been regarded as part of normal aging. However, the association between Hb and serum estradiol is incompletely known. OBJECTIVE To determine whether estradiol is associated with anemia/Hb and established determinants of Hb in elderly men without prostate cancer. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS The MrOS (Osteoporotic Fractures in Men) is a population-based study (n = 918; median age, 75.3 y; range, 70-81 y). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We evaluated total estradiol in relation to Hb and adjusted for potential confounders (ie, age, body mass index [BMI], erythropoietin [EPO], total T, cystatin C, and iron and B-vitamin status). RESULTS Estradiol correlated negatively with age (r = -0.14; P < .001). Hb correlated (age adjusted) positively with estradiol (r = 0.21; P < .001) and T (r = 0.10; P < .01). Independent predictors for Hb in multivariate analyses were estradiol, EPO, BMI, transferrin saturation, cystatin C, and free T4, but not T. After exclusion of subjects with Hb <130 g/L and/or T < 8 nmol/L (n = 99), the correlation between Hb and T was no longer significant, whereas the associations between Hb and estradiol remained. After adjusting for age, BMI, and EPO, men with lower estradiol levels were more likely to have Hb in the lowest quartile of values (odds ratio per SD decrease in estradiol = 1.61 [95% confidence interval, 1.34-1.93]). Anemic subjects (Hb < 130 g/L) had lower mean estradiol than nonanemic subjects (67.4 vs 79.4 pmol/L; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Estradiol correlated positively and independently with Hb. Decreased estradiol might partly explain the age-related Hb decline observed in healthy elderly men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina Lewerin
- Section of Hematology and Coagulation, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine (C.L., H.N.-E.), Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine (S.J.), and Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (CBAR), Geriatric Medicine at the Institute of Medicine (H.J., V.S., M.L., D.M.), Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit (M.K.K.), Department of Clinical Sciences and Orthopaedics, Lund University, SE-20502 Malmö, Sweden; Department of Family and Preventative Medicine (E.B.-C.), University of California, San Diego, California 92093; and CBAR (L.V., C.O.), Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, at the Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-411 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
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88
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Abstract
Iron is an important mineral element used by the body in a variety of metabolic and physiologic processes. These processes are highly active when the body is undergoing physical exercises. Prevalence of exercise-induced iron deficiency anemia (also known as sports anemia) is notably high in athletic populations, particularly those with heavy training loads. The pathogenesis of sports anemia is closely related to disorders of iron metabolism, and a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of iron metabolism in the course of physical exercises could expand ways of treatment and prevention of sports anemia. In recent years, there have been remarkable research advances regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying changes of iron metabolism in response to physical exercises. This review has covered these advances, including effects of exercise on duodenum iron absorption, serum iron status, iron distribution in organs, erythropoiesis, and hepcidin’s function and its regulation. New methods for the treatment of exercise-induced iron deficiency are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Na Kong
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, Hebei Province, P. R. China ; Bioreactor and Protein Drug Research and Development Center of Hebei Universities, Hebei Chemical & Pharmaceutical College, Shijiazhuang 050026, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Guofen Gao
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Zhong Chang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, Hebei Province, P. R. China
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89
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Ikeda Y, Ozono I, Tajima S, Imao M, Horinouchi Y, Izawa-Ishizawa Y, Kihira Y, Miyamoto L, Ishizawa K, Tsuchiya K, Tamaki T. Iron chelation by deferoxamine prevents renal interstitial fibrosis in mice with unilateral ureteral obstruction. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89355. [PMID: 24586712 PMCID: PMC3929716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis plays an important role in the onset and progression of chronic kidney diseases (CKD). Although several mechanisms underlying renal fibrosis and candidate drugs for its treatment have been identified, the effect of iron chelator on renal fibrosis remains unclear. In the present study, we examined the effect of an iron chelator, deferoxamine (DFO), on renal fibrosis in mice with surgically induced unilateral ureter obstruction (UUO). Mice were divided into 4 groups: UUO with vehicle, UUO with DFO, sham with vehicle, and sham with DFO. One week after surgery, augmented renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis and the expression of collagen I, III, and IV increased in mice with UUO; these changes were suppressed by DFO treatment. Similarly, UUO-induced macrophage infiltration of renal interstitial tubules was reduced in UUO mice treated with DFO. UUO-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines and extracellular matrix proteins was abrogated by DFO treatment. DFO inhibited the activation of the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-Smad3 pathway in UUO mice. UUO-induced NADPH oxidase activity and p22phox expression were attenuated by DFO. In the kidneys of UUO mice, divalent metal transporter 1, ferroportin, and ferritin expression was higher and transferrin receptor expression was lower than in sham-operated mice. Increased renal iron content was observed in UUO mice, which was reduced by DFO treatment. These results suggest that iron reduction by DFO prevents renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis by regulating TGF-β-Smad signaling, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasumasa Ikeda
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Iori Ozono
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
- Student Lab, The University of Tokushima Faculty of Medicine, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Soichiro Tajima
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Mizuki Imao
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuya Horinouchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuki Izawa-Ishizawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kihira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Licht Miyamoto
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ishizawa
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Koichiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Tamaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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90
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Brewer C, Otto-Duessel M, Wood RI, Wood JC. Sex differences and steroid modulation of cardiac iron in a mouse model of iron overload. Transl Res 2014; 163:151-9. [PMID: 24018182 PMCID: PMC3946637 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Iron cardiomyopathy is the leading cause of death in transfusional iron overload, and men have twice the mortality of women. Because the prevalence of cardiac iron overload increases rapidly during the second decade of life, we postulated that there are steroid-dependent sex differences in cardiac iron uptake. To test this hypothesis, we manipulated sex steroids in mice with constitutive iron absorption (homozygous hemojuvelin knockout); this model mimics the myocyte iron deposition observed in humans. At 4 weeks of age, female mice were ovariectomized (OVX) and male mice were castrated (OrchX). Female mice received an estrogen implant (OVX + E) or a cholesterol control (OVX), whereas male mice received an implant containing testosterone (OrchX + T), dihydrotestosterone (OrchX + DHT), estrogen (OrchX + E), or cholesterol (OrchX). All animals received a high-iron diet for 8 weeks. OrchX, OVX, and OVX + E mice all had similar cardiac iron loads. However, OrchX + E males had a significant increase in cardiac iron concentration compared with OrchX mice (P < 0.01), whereas the OrchX + T and OrchX + DHT groups only trended higher (P < 0.06 and P < 0.15, respectively). Hormone treatments did not impact liver iron concentration in either sex. When data were pooled across hormone therapies, liver iron concentration was 25% greater in males than females (P < 0.01). In summary, we found that estrogen increased cardiac iron loading in male mice, but not in females. Male mice loaded 25% more hepatic iron than female mice regardless of the hormone treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Brewer
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Maya Otto-Duessel
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Ruth I Wood
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - John C Wood
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif.
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91
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Ishizawa K, Izawa-Ishizawa Y, Yamano N, Urushihara M, Sakurada T, Imanishi M, Fujii S, Nuno A, Miyamoto L, Kihira Y, Ikeda Y, Kagami S, Kobori H, Tsuchiya K, Tamaki T. Nitrosonifedipine ameliorates the progression of type 2 diabetic nephropathy by exerting antioxidative effects. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86335. [PMID: 24489716 PMCID: PMC3904885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the major cause of end-stage renal failure. Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of DN. Nitrosonifedipine (NO-NIF) is a weak calcium channel blocker that is converted from nifedipine under light exposure. Recently, we reported that NO-NIF has potential as a novel antioxidant with radical scavenging abilities and has the capacity to treat vascular dysfunction by exerting an endothelial protective effect. In the present study, we extended these findings by evaluating the efficacy of NO-NIF against DN and by clarifying the mechanisms of its antioxidative effect. In a model of type 2 DN (established in KKAy mice), NO-NIF administration reduced albuminuria and proteinuria as well as glomerular expansion without affecting glucose metabolism or systolic blood pressure. NO-NIF also suppressed renal and systemic oxidative stress and decreased the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, a marker of endothelial cell injury, in the glomeruli of the KKAy mice. Similarly, NO-NIF reduced albuminuria, oxidative stress, and ICAM-1 expression in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) knockout mice. Moreover, NO-NIF suppressed urinary angiotensinogen (AGT) excretion and intrarenal AGT protein expression in proximal tubular cells in the KKAy mice. On the other hand, hyperglycemia-induced mitochondrial superoxide production was not attenuated by NO-NIF in cultured endothelial cells. These findings suggest that NO-NIF prevents the progression of type 2 DN associated with endothelial dysfunction through selective antioxidative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ishizawa
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yuki Izawa-Ishizawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Noriko Yamano
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Maki Urushihara
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takumi Sakurada
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masaki Imanishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shoko Fujii
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Asami Nuno
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Licht Miyamoto
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kihira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Ikeda
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shoji Kagami
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kobori
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Koichiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Tamaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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92
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Bachman E, Travison TG, Basaria S, Davda MN, Guo W, Li M, Connor Westfall J, Bae H, Gordeuk V, Bhasin S. Testosterone induces erythrocytosis via increased erythropoietin and suppressed hepcidin: evidence for a new erythropoietin/hemoglobin set point. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2013; 69:725-35. [PMID: 24158761 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glt154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms by which testosterone increases hemoglobin and hematocrit remain unclear. METHODS We assessed the hormonal and hematologic responses to testosterone administration in a clinical trial in which older men with mobility limitation were randomized to either placebo or testosterone gel daily for 6 months. RESULTS The 7%-10% increase in hemoglobin and hematocrit, respectively, with testosterone administration was associated with significantly increased erythropoietin (EPO) levels and decreased ferritin and hepcidin levels at 1 and 3 months. At 6 months, EPO and hepcidin levels returned toward baseline in spite of continued testosterone administration, but EPO levels remained nonsuppressed even though elevated hemoglobin and hematocrit higher than at baseline, suggesting a new set point. Consistent with increased iron utilization, soluble transferrin receptor (sTR) levels and ratio of sTR/log ferritin increased significantly in testosterone-treated men. Hormonal and hematologic responses were similar in anemic participants. The majority of testosterone-treated anemic participants increased their hemoglobin into normal range. CONCLUSIONS Testosterone-induced increase in hemoglobin and hematocrit is associated with stimulation of EPO and reduced ferritin and hepcidin concentrations. We propose that testosterone stimulates erythropoiesis by stimulating EPO and recalibrating the set point of EPO in relation to hemoglobin and by increasing iron utilization for erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Bachman
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center for Function Promoting Therapies, Boston Medical Center, Massachusetts.
| | - Thomas G Travison
- Section of Hematology/Oncology Sickle Cell Center, MC 712, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Shehzad Basaria
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center for Function Promoting Therapies, Boston Medical Center, Massachusetts
| | - Maithili N Davda
- Section of Hematology/Oncology Sickle Cell Center, MC 712, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Wen Guo
- Section of Hematology/Oncology Sickle Cell Center, MC 712, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Michelle Li
- Section of Hematology/Oncology Sickle Cell Center, MC 712, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - John Connor Westfall
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center for Function Promoting Therapies, Boston Medical Center, Massachusetts
| | - Harold Bae
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center for Function Promoting Therapies, Boston Medical Center, Massachusetts
| | - Victor Gordeuk
- Section of Hematology/Oncology Sickle Cell Center, MC 712, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Shalender Bhasin
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Section on Men's Health, Aging and Metabolism, Boston, Massachusetts
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93
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The circulating peptide hepcidin modulates systemic iron balance by limiting the absorption of dietary iron and the release of iron from macrophage stores. Recent studies conducted in humans, animal models, and tissue culture systems have enhanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which hepcidin levels are altered in response to iron stores, inflammation, and erythropoietic activity. RECENT FINDINGS The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptors ALK2 and ALK3 play key, nonredundant roles in mediating hepcidin synthesis through the BMP signaling pathway. Actions of the hereditary hemochromatosis proteins HFE and transferrin receptor 2 may intersect with the BMP pathway. Hepcidin induction in response to inflammation requires cooperative BMP signaling. A variety of innate immune and infectious stimuli induce hepcidin expression. The hypoxia inducible factor pathway appears to suppress hepcidin indirectly through the capacity of erythropoietin to stimulate erythropoiesis. SUMMARY Study of the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of hepcidin synthesis has revealed complex biology. Improved understanding of the signaling pathways involved in hepcidin regulation may contribute to improved therapeutic outcomes for patients with genetic and acquired disorders that impact systemic iron balance.
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94
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Out of balance--systemic iron homeostasis in iron-related disorders. Nutrients 2013; 5:3034-61. [PMID: 23917168 PMCID: PMC3775241 DOI: 10.3390/nu5083034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential element in our daily diet. Most iron is required for the de novo synthesis of red blood cells, where it plays a critical role in oxygen binding to hemoglobin. Thus, iron deficiency causes anemia, a major public health burden worldwide. On the other extreme, iron accumulation in critical organs such as liver, heart, and pancreas causes organ dysfunction due to the generation of oxidative stress. Therefore, systemic iron levels must be tightly balanced. Here we focus on the regulatory role of the hepcidin/ferroportin circuitry as the major regulator of systemic iron homeostasis. We discuss how regulatory cues (e.g., iron, inflammation, or hypoxia) affect the hepcidin response and how impairment of the hepcidin/ferroportin regulatory system causes disorders of iron metabolism.
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95
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Ikeda Y, Enomoto H, Tajima S, Izawa-Ishizawa Y, Kihira Y, Ishizawa K, Tomita S, Tsuchiya K, Tamaki T. Dietary iron restriction inhibits progression of diabetic nephropathy in db/db mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 304:F1028-36. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00473.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess iron causes oxidative stress through hydroxyl-radical production via Fenton/Haber-Weiss reactions. Recently, body iron reduction has been found to ameliorate diabetes. In the present study, we examined the protective effect of dietary iron restriction against diabetic nephropathy in the db/db mouse model of diabetic nephropathy using db/m mice as controls. The db/db mice were divided into two groups and fed a normal diet (ND) or a low-iron diet (LID). Increasing urinary albumin excretion was observed in the ND db/db mice, but this was suppressed in db/db mice with LID. Histologically, the db/db mice in the ND group had increased glomerular volume and mesangial area compared with the LID group. Augmented deposition of extracellular matrixes was decreased in db/db mice with LID. In terms of oxidative stress, increased superoxide production observed in the kidneys of the ND db/db mice was diminished in the LID group. NADPH oxidase activity and renal expression of NADPH oxidase components p22phox and NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) were augmented in the ND group, and this was abolished by LID. There were no differences in expression of renal iron importers, transferrin receptor, or divalent metal transporter-1 between db/m mice and db/db mice. The level of ferroportin, an iron exporter, increased in the kidneys of the db/db mice. Urinary iron excretion was significantly higher in ND db/db mice and was reduced in the LID group. These findings suggest that dietary iron restriction exerts a preventive effect on the progression of diabetic nephropathy partly due to the reduction of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasumasa Ikeda
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hideaki Enomoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
- Student Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Soichiro Tajima
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuki Izawa-Ishizawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kihira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ishizawa
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan; and
| | - Shuhei Tomita
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Koichiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan; and
| | - Toshiaki Tamaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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96
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Estrogen regulates iron homeostasis through governing hepatic hepcidin expression via an estrogen response element. Gene 2012; 511:398-403. [PMID: 23041085 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Iron is essential for the human being, involving in oxygen transport, energy metabolism and DNA synthesis. Iron homeostasis is tightly governed by the hepcidin-ferroportin axis, of which hepcidin is the master regulator. Excess iron is associated with various diseases including osteopenia and osteoporosis, which are closely related to the alternation of the endogenous estrogen level. To verify the biological effect of estrogen on iron metabolism, we established a mouse model of estrogen deficiency by ovariectomy. We demonstrated that the hemoglobin content and serum iron level decreased, whereas the tissue iron level in liver and spleen increased in the ovariectomized mice. Moreover, the transcription of hepatic hepcidin was elevated in ovariectomized mice compared to the control mice. We further demonstrated that there was an estrogen response element (ERE) in the promoter region of the hepcidin gene. The assay using the luciferase reporter system confirmed the existence of a functional ERE in the hepcidin promoter, as the estradiol treatment reduced hepcidin expression in cells transfected with ERE-intact construct, with no response to estradiol in cells transfected with ERE-devoid construct. In conclusion, estrogen greatly contributes to iron homeostasis by regulating hepatic hepcidin expression directly through a functional ERE in the promoter region of hepcidin gene. These findings might help build a better understanding towards the etiology of postmenopausal osteoporosis accompanied by excess tissue iron (such as iron retention of osteoclasts in bone) under estrogen deficiency.
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