51
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MA MUYUAN, BAI JIE, LING YE, CHANG WEILONG, XIE GENGCHEN, LI RUIDONG, WANG GUOBIN, TAO KAIXIONG. Monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor JZL184 regulates apoptosis and migration of colorectal cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:2850-6. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Inhibition of NADPH oxidase protects against metastasis of human lung cancer by decreasing microRNA-21. Anticancer Drugs 2015; 26:388-98. [PMID: 25563770 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to detect the effect of NADPH oxidase (NOX) inhibition on metastasis of lung cancer. Primary human lung cancer cells were isolated from surgical tissues using the Cancer Cell Isolation Kit. Invasion was detected using the BD Biocoat Matrigel Invasion Chamber assay. Expressions of microRNA-21 (miR-21), PTEN, MMP9, and p47 were detected by qPCR. Groups of nude mice were challenged with A549 cells with or without DPI and detected for tumor metastasis and survival. NOX inhibition in human lung cancer cells significantly reduced their invasive potential in vitro. NOX inhibition in vivo led to decreased metastasis of human lung cancer and prolonged the survival time of tumor-bearing nude mice. Further, NOX inhibition resulted in decreased expression of miR-21 in human lung cancer cells. Increased expression of miR-21 abrogated the effect of NOX inhibitor on metastasis of human lung cancer in vitro and in vivo. Decreased expression of miR-21 facilitated the effect of NOX inhibitor on metastasis of human lung cancer in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, increased expression of PTEN and decreased expression of MMP9 were observed in human lung cancer cells in response to NOX inhibition. Finally, close correlations of miR-21 expression levels with NADPH oxidase expression level and differentiation state of tumor cells were observed in lung cancer patients. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase protected against metastasis of human lung cancer cells by decreasing miR-21 expression, which could facilitate the understanding of lung cancer pathogenesis and provided clues for the development of novel therapeutics for lung cancer patients.
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Liu X, Ji Q, Fan Z, Li Q. Cellular signaling pathways implicated in metastasis of colorectal cancer and the associated targeted agents. Future Oncol 2015; 11:2911-22. [PMID: 26414153 DOI: 10.2217/fon.15.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cancer worldwide and CRC-related death is mainly attributed to metastasis. Many cellular signaling pathways have been demonstrated to be aberrant in colorectal tumors, and some of them lead to the acquisition of malignant phenotypes. Therefore, the evaluation of signaling pathways implicated in CRC metastasis is urgent for further understanding of CRC progression and pharmacotherapy. This review focuses on several novel cellular signaling pathways associated with CRC metastasis, including Wnt/β-catenin, p53, COX, TGF-β/Smad, NF-κB, Notch, VEGF and JAKs/STAT3 signaling pathways. Targeted agents developed based on these pathways are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qing Ji
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhongze Fan
- Interventional Cancer Institute, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
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Baboolal TG, Mastbergen SC, Jones E, Calder SJ, Lafeber FPJG, McGonagle D. Synovial fluid hyaluronan mediates MSC attachment to cartilage, a potential novel mechanism contributing to cartilage repair in osteoarthritis using knee joint distraction. Ann Rheum Dis 2015; 75:908-15. [PMID: 25948596 PMCID: PMC4853581 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-206847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Knee joint distraction (KJD) is a novel, but poorly understood, treatment for osteoarthritis (OA) associated with remarkable ‘spontaneous’ cartilage repair in which resident synovial fluid (SF) multipotential mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) may play a role. We hypothesised that SF hyaluronic acid (HA) inhibited the initial interaction between MSCs and cartilage, a key first step to integration, and postulate that KJD environment favoured MSC/cartilage interactions. Methods Attachment of dual-labelled SF-MSCs were assessed in a novel in vitro human cartilage model using OA and rheumatoid arthritic (RA) SF. SF was digested with hyaluronidase (hyase) and its effect on adhesion was observed using confocal microscopy. MRI and microscopy were used to image autologous dual-labelled MSCs in an in vivo canine model of KJD. SF-HA was investigated using gel electrophoresis and densitometry. Results Osteoarthritic-synovial fluid (OA-SF) and purified high molecular weight (MW) HA inhibited SF-MSC adhesion to plastic, while hyase treatment of OA-SF but not RA-SF significantly increased MSC adhesion to cartilage (3.7-fold, p<0.05) These differences were linked to the SF mediated HA-coat which was larger in OA-SF than in RA-SF. OA-SF contained >9 MDa HA and this correlated with increases in adhesion (r=0.880). In the canine KJD model, MSC adhesion to cartilage was evident and also dependent on HA MW. Conclusions These findings highlight an unappreciated role of SF-HA on MSC interactions and provide proof of concept that endogenous SF-MSCs are capable of adhering to cartilage in a favourable biochemical and biomechanical environment in OA distracted joints, offering novel one-stage strategies towards joint repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Baboolal
- Faculty of Medicine, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Simon C Mastbergen
- Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Jones
- Faculty of Medicine, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK NIHR-Leeds Musculoskeletal and Biomedical Research Unit, Chapel Allerton, Leeds Teaching Hospital Trust, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Stuart J Calder
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Chapel Allerton, Leeds Teaching Hospital Trust, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Floris P J G Lafeber
- Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis McGonagle
- Faculty of Medicine, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK NIHR-Leeds Musculoskeletal and Biomedical Research Unit, Chapel Allerton, Leeds Teaching Hospital Trust, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
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Anticancer effect of celastrol on human triple negative breast cancer: possible involvement of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis and PI3K/Akt pathways. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 98:313-27. [PMID: 25818165 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Signaling via the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is crucial for divergent physiological processes including transcription, translation, cell-cycle progression and apoptosis. The aim of work was to elucidate the anti-cancer effect of celastrol and the signal transduction pathways involved. Cytotoxic effect of celastrol was assessed by MTT assay on human triple negative breast cancer cells (TNBCs) and compared with that of MCF-7. Apoptosis induction was determined by AO/EtBr staining, mitochondrial membrane potential by JC-1, Annexin binding assays and modulation of apoptotic proteins and its effect on PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway by western blotting. Celastrol induced apoptosis in TNBC cells, were supported by DNA fragmentation, caspase-3 activation and PARP cleavage. Meanwhile, celastrol triggered reactive oxygen species production with collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential, down-regulation of Bcl-2 and up-regulation of Bax expression. Celastrol effectively decreased PI3K 110α/85α enzyme activity, phosphorylation of Akt(ser473) and p70S6K1 and 4E-BP1. Although insulin treatment increased the phosphorylation of Akt(ser473), p70S6K1, 4E-BP1, celastrol abolished the insulin mediated phosphorylation. It clearly indicates that celastrol acts through PI3k/Akt/mTOR axis. We also found that celastrol inhibited the Akt/GSK3β and Akt/NFkB survival pathway. PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitor, PF-04691502 and mTOR inhibitor rapamycin enhanced the apoptosis-inducing effect of celastrol. These data demonstrated that celastrol induces apoptosis in TNBC cells and indicated that apoptosis might be mediated through mitochondrial dysfunction and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Yang P, Li Z, Li H, Lu Y, Wu H, Li Z. Pyruvate kinase M2 accelerates pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and cell proliferation induced by lipopolysaccharide in colorectal cancer. Cell Signal 2015; 27:1525-32. [PMID: 25778902 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Surgery-induced inflammation has been associated with cancer recurrence and metastasis in colorectal cancer (CRC). As a constituent of gram-negative bacteria, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is frequently abundant in the peri-operative window. However, the definite roles of LPS in tumour progression remain elusive. Here we reported that LPS treatment increased PKM expression through activation of NF-κB signalling pathway, and knockdown of PKM reversed LPS-induced TNF-α, IL-1β production and cell proliferation in CRC cells. We further showed that the PKM2 but not PKM1 mediated the pro-inflammatory and proliferative effects of LPS. Interestingly, LPS promoted PKM2 binding to the STAT3 promoter to enhance STAT3 expression and its subsequent nuclear translocation. Depletion of STAT3 decreased PKM2-induced TNF-α and IL-1β expression, indicating that STAT3 mediates the pro-inflammatory effects of PKM2. Furthermore, it is the protein kinase activity but not the pyruvate kinase activity of PKM2 that is required for inflammatory cytokine production. Collectively, our findings reveal the NF-κB-PKM2-STAT3 axis as a novel mechanism for the regulation of TNF-α and IL-1β production and suggest the importance of PKM2 as a key inflammatory mediator in inflammatory microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zongwei Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Hanqing Li
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yangxu Lu
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Haili Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zhuoyu Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
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Liu X, Pei C, Yan S, Liu G, Liu G, Chen W, Cui Y, Liu Y. NADPH oxidase 1-dependent ROS is crucial for TLR4 signaling to promote tumor metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:1493-502. [PMID: 25592377 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2639-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence demonstrated an enhanced metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, which reflected an important role of inflammation in tumor progression. However, the underlying mechanisms still remain unclear. Here, we evaluated the potential role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling enhanced NSCLC metastasis. NSCLC cells were isolated from clinical surgical tissues. We found that LPS stimulation of NSCLC cells facilitates their metastasis that was accompanied by increased ROS production and could be abrogated by ROS inhibition. NADPH oxidase was essential for TLR4 signaling-enhanced NSCLC metastasis. Elevated NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1) expression by LPS stimulation was observed. Blockade of NOX1 with ML171 alleviated enhanced NSCLC metastasis by TLR4 signaling. Enforced NOX1 expression promoted TLR4 signaling-enhanced NSCLC metastasis, while decreased NOX1 expression inhibited TLR4 signaling-enhanced NSCLC metastasis. Further, NOX1 could regulate the expression of CXCR4 and matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) in NSCLC cells. NOX1 expression in tumor tissues was correlated with TLR4 expression and clinical stages in NSCLC patients. Finally, inhibition of NOX1/ROS prevented enhanced lung tumor burdens of NSCLC by LPS-induced acute lung infection. Our findings demonstrated a crucial role of NOX1-dependent ROS for TLR4 signaling to enhance the metastasis of NSCLC, which could further the understanding of NSCLC pathogenesis and helpful for developing novel therapeutics for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyu Liu
- Department of Chest Surgery, The First Bethune Hospital, Jilin University, 71 Xinminda Street, Changchun City, 130021, Jilin, China
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Wear Particles Impair Antimicrobial Activity Via Suppression of Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and ERK1/2 Phosphorylation in Activated Macrophages. Inflammation 2015; 38:1289-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-0099-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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59
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Weaver JR, Grzesik W, Taylor-Fishwick DA. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase-1 preserves beta cell function. Diabetologia 2015; 58:113-21. [PMID: 25277953 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3398-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Upregulation of the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-producing enzyme NADPH oxidase (NOX)-1 in islets and beta cells follows acute exposure to inflammatory cytokines and is concomitant with beta cell dysfunction. NOX-1 is a candidate mediator of inflammation-induced beta cell dysfunction. This study aimed to determine whether selective inhibition of NADPH oxidase-1 presents a new strategy to preserve beta cell function. METHODS Induced beta cell dysfunction was studied in primary human donor islets, isolated mouse islets and murine beta cell lines. Islets and beta cells were stimulated with inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ). NOX-1 activity was blocked by the selective inhibitor ML171. RESULTS Cytokine induction of intracellular ROS was reduced 80% with 1 μmol/l ML171 in murine beta cell lines (p < 0.01). Cytokine-induced apoptosis, measured by caspase-3 activation or quantified fluorescence microscopy, was prevented in islets and beta cell lines up to 100% with ML171 in a concentration-dependent manner (p < 0.05). Functionally, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was abolished by cytokine exposure but preserved by ML171 in isolated mouse islets and murine beta cell lines. A feed-forward regulation of NOX-1 in islets and beta cell lines was disrupted by ML171. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Stimulation of NOX-1 activity is a major component of inflammatory cytokine-induced beta cell dysfunction. Significant protection of beta cells is conferred with selective inhibition of NOX-1. Suppression of NOX-1 activity may present a new therapeutic strategy to preserve and protect beta cell function in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Weaver
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, LH 2128, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 W. Olney Road, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA
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Li TT, Ogino S, Qian ZR. Toll-like receptor signaling in colorectal cancer: Carcinogenesis to cancer therapy. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:17699-17708. [PMID: 25548469 PMCID: PMC4273121 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i47.17699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are germ line encoded innate immune sensors that recognize conserved microbial structures and host alarmins, and signal expression of major histocompatibility complex proteins, costimulatory molecules, and inflammatory mediators by macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and other cell types. These protein receptors are characterized by their ability to respond to invading pathogens promptly by recognizing particular TLR ligands, including flagellin and lipopolysaccharide of bacteria, nucleic acids derived from viruses, and zymosan of fungi. There are 2 major TLR pathways; one is mediated by myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MYD88) adaptor proteins, and the other is independent of MYD88. The MYD88-dependent pathway involves early-phase activation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (NF-κB1) and all the TLRs, except TLR3, have been shown to activate this pathway. TLR3 and TLR4 act via MYD88-independent pathways with delayed activation of NF-κB signaling. TLRs play a vital role in activating immune responses. TLRs have been shown to mediate inflammatory responses and maintain epithelial barrier homeostasis, and are highly likely to be involved in the activation of a number of pathways following cancer therapy. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers, and accounts for almost half a million deaths annually worldwide. Inflammation is considered a risk factor for many common malignancies including cancers of the colorectum. The key molecules involved in inflammation-driven carcinogenesis include TLRs. As sensors of cell death and tissue remodeling, TLRs may have a universal role in cancer; stimulation of TLRs to activate the innate immune system has been a legitimate therapeutic strategy for some years. TLRs 3/4/7/8/9 are all validated targets for cancer therapy, and a number of companies are developing agonists and vaccine adjuvants. On the other hand, antagonists may favor inhibition of signaling responsible for autoimmune responses. In this paper, we review TLR signaling in CRC from carcinogenesis to cancer therapy.
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Li D, Gu R, Yang X, Hu C, Li Y, Gao M, Yu Y. TLR3 correlated with cervical lymph node metastasis in patients with papillary thyroid cancer. Int J Clin Exp Med 2014; 7:5111-5117. [PMID: 25664012 PMCID: PMC4307459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is the most rapidly increasing endocrine malignancy worldwide. Although less aggressive than the majority malignancies, PTC exhibits extensive cervical lymph node metastasis in early stage of PTC. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of this early-metastasis remains unknown. Toll like receptors (TLRs) constitute a crucial component of the innate immune response to bacterial and viral pathogens. Emerging evidence suggests that TLRs play important roles in cancer progression, invasion and immune evasion, whereas whether TLRs have any role in PTC remains to be clarified. In this study, we found that TLR3 was present in both PTC specimen and various thyroid cancer cell lines. Further IHC analysis of 63 PTC patients revealed that TLR3 expression was associated with cervical metastasis, but not correlated with patients' TNM staging, extrathyroidal invasion. In addition, TLR3 promoted migration of K1 cells in vitro. Activation of TLR3 increased cancer stem cell marker and migration promoting CD44 expression in vitro, indicating that TLR3 might promote metastasis of PTC via modulating CD44 expression. Taken together, our data revealed that TLR3 is correlated with cervical metastasis of PTC and might be an essential prognostic indicator and target for PTC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Li
- Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for CancerTianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and TherapyTianjin, China
| | - Runxia Gu
- Leukemia Center, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeTianjin, China
| | - Xiaoyong Yang
- Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for CancerTianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and TherapyTianjin, China
| | - Chuanxiang Hu
- Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for CancerTianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and TherapyTianjin, China
| | - Yigong Li
- Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for CancerTianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and TherapyTianjin, China
| | - Ming Gao
- Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for CancerTianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and TherapyTianjin, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for CancerTianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and TherapyTianjin, China
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Graves CL, Harden SW, LaPato M, Nelson M, Amador B, Sorenson H, Frazier CJ, Wallet SM. A method for high purity intestinal epithelial cell culture from adult human and murine tissues for the investigation of innate immune function. J Immunol Methods 2014; 414:20-31. [PMID: 25193428 PMCID: PMC4384334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) serve as an important physiologic barrier between environmental antigens and the host intestinal immune system. Thus, IECs serve as a first line of defense and may act as sentinel cells during inflammatory insults. Despite recent renewed interest in IEC contributions to host immune function, the study of primary IEC has been hindered by lack of a robust culture technique, particularly for small intestinal and adult tissues. Here, a novel adaptation for culture of primary IEC is described for human duodenal organ donor tissue as well as duodenum and colon of adult mice. These epithelial cell cultures display characteristic phenotypes and are of high purity. In addition, the innate immune function of human primary IEC, specifically with regard to Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression and microbial ligand responsiveness, is contrasted with a commonly used intestinal epithelial cell line (HT-29). Specifically, TLR expression at the mRNA level and production of cytokine (IFNγ and TNFα) in response to TLR agonist stimulation is assessed. Differential expression of TLRs as well as innate immune responses to ligand stimulation is observed in human-derived cultures compared to that of HT-29. Thus, use of this adapted method to culture primary epithelial cells from adult human donors and from adult mice will allow for more appropriate studies of IECs as innate immune effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Graves
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL 32610-0434, USA.
| | - Scott W Harden
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100244, Gainesville 32610, FL, USA.
| | - Melissa LaPato
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL 32610-0434, USA.
| | - Michael Nelson
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL 32610-0434, USA.
| | - Byron Amador
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL 32610-0434, USA.
| | - Heather Sorenson
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL 32610-0434, USA.
| | - Charles J Frazier
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100244, Gainesville 32610, FL, USA; Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100244, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Shannon M Wallet
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100434, Gainesville, FL 32610-0434, USA.
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He Z, Deng R, Huang X, Ni Y, Yang X, Wang Z, Hu Q. Lipopolysaccharide enhances OSCC migration by promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Oral Pathol Med 2014; 44:685-92. [PMID: 25367215 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was performed to examine whether lipopolysaccharide can influence cell migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of oral squamous cell carcinoma. METHODS Three oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (HSC3, CAL27, and SCC4) were obtained for the study. TLR4 expression in three cell lines was analyzed by Q-PCR and Western blot. After cells treated with LPS, cell migration was analyzed by wound-healing and chemotaxis cell migration assay. Changes of E-cadherin and vimentin expression were tested by Western blot and immunofluorescence staining. To examine NF-κB activation, NF-κB nuclear translocation was investigated. RESULTS TLR4 was expressed in all three cell lines and was highest in HSC3 while lowest in SCC4. TLR4 ligand lipopolysaccharide accelerated wound healing and enhanced cell migration. Also, it stimulated epithelial-mesenchymal transition demonstrated by decreased E-cadherin and increased vimentin expression. Lipopolysaccharide also provoked NF-κB nuclear translocation. Either TLR4 or NF-κB blocking reverted these effects. CONCLUSIONS Lipopolysaccharide can induce TLR4-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cell migration in oral squamous cell carcinoma. These responses could further affect tumor progressing by inducing tumor cell metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng He
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Institute and Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Runzhi Deng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute and Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Huang
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Institute and Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanhong Ni
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Institute and Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xudong Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute and Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute and Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingang Hu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute and Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Luddy KA, Robertson-Tessi M, Tafreshi NK, Soliman H, Morse DL. The role of toll-like receptors in colorectal cancer progression: evidence for epithelial to leucocytic transition. Front Immunol 2014; 5:429. [PMID: 25368611 PMCID: PMC4202790 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed by immune cells, intestinal epithelium, and tumor cells. In the homeostatic setting, they help to regulate control over invading pathogens and maintain the epithelial lining of the large and small intestines. Aberrant expression of certain TLRs by tumor cells can induce growth inhibition while others contribute to tumorigenesis and progression. Activation of these TLRs can induce inflammation, tumor cell proliferation, immune evasion, local invasion, and distant metastasis. These TLR-influenced behaviors have similarities with properties observed in leukocytes, suggesting that tumors may be hijacking immune programs to become more aggressive. The concept of epithelial to leucocytic-transition (ELT) is proposed, akin to epithelial to mesenchymal transition, in which tumors develop the ability to activate leucocytic traits otherwise inaccessible to epithelial cells. Understanding the mechanisms of ELT could lead to novel therapeutic strategies for inhibiting tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Luddy
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, Imaging and Technology Center of Excellence, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center , Tampa, FL , USA
| | - Mark Robertson-Tessi
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center , Tampa, FL , USA
| | - Narges K Tafreshi
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, Imaging and Technology Center of Excellence, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center , Tampa, FL , USA
| | - Hatem Soliman
- Don and Erika Wallace Comprehensive Breast Program, Center for Women's Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute , Tampa, FL , USA
| | - David L Morse
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, Imaging and Technology Center of Excellence, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center , Tampa, FL , USA
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Ramonaite R, Skieceviciene J, Juzenas S, Salteniene V, Kupcinskas J, Matusevicius P, Borutaite V, Kupcinskas L. Protective action of NADPH oxidase inhibitors and role of NADPH oxidase in pathogenesis of colon inflammation in mice. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:12533-12541. [PMID: 25253955 PMCID: PMC4168088 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i35.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the role of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase in colon epithelial cells in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic colon inflammation in a mouse model of dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis.
METHODS: Balb/c mice were divided into three groups: 8 mice with acute DSS-induced colitis (3.5% DSS solution; 7 d), 8 mice with chronic DSS-induced colitis (3.5% DSS solution for 5 d + water for 6 d; 4 cycles; total: 44 d) and 12 mice without DSS supplementation as a control group. Primary colonic epithelial cells were isolated using chelation method. The cells were cultivated in the presence of mediators (lipopolysaccharide (LPS), apocynin or diphenyleneiodonium). Viability of cells was assessed by fluorescent microscopy. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the cells was measured fluorometrically using Amplex Red. Production of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) by the colonic epithelial cells was analysed by ELISA. Nox1 gene expression was assessed by real-time PCR.
RESULTS: Our study showed that TNF-α level was increased in unstimulated primary colonic cells both in the acute and chronic colitis groups, whereas decreased viability, increased ROS production, and expression of Nox1 was characteristic only for chronic DSS colitis mice when compared to the controls. The stimulation by LPS increased ROS generation via NADPH oxidase and decreased cell viability in mice with acute colitis. Treatment with NADPH oxidase inhibitors increased cell viability and decreased the levels of ROS and TNF-α in the LPS-treated cells isolated from mice of both acute and chronic colitis groups.
CONCLUSION: Our study revealed the importance of NADPH oxidase in the pathogenesis of both acute and chronic inflammation of the colon.
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Streeter J, Schickling BM, Jiang S, Stanic B, Thiel WH, Gakhar L, Houtman JCD, Miller FJ. Phosphorylation of Nox1 regulates association with NoxA1 activation domain. Circ Res 2014; 115:911-8. [PMID: 25228390 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.304267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Activation of Nox1 initiates redox-dependent signaling events crucial in the pathogenesis of vascular disease. Selective targeting of Nox1 is an attractive potential therapy, but requires a better understanding of the molecular modifications controlling its activation. OBJECTIVE To determine whether posttranslational modifications of Nox1 regulate its activity in vascular cells. METHODS AND RESULTS We first found evidence that Nox1 is phosphorylated in multiple models of vascular disease. Next, studies using mass spectroscopy and a pharmacological inhibitor demonstrated that protein kinase C-beta1 mediates phosphorylation of Nox1 in response to tumor necrosis factor-α. siRNA-mediated silencing of protein kinase C-beta1 abolished tumor necrosis factor-α-mediated reactive oxygen species production and vascular smooth muscle cell migration. Site-directed mutagenesis and isothermal titration calorimetry indicated that protein kinase C-beta1 phosphorylates Nox1 at threonine 429. Moreover, Nox1 threonine 429 phosphorylation facilitated the association of Nox1 with the NoxA1 activation domain and was necessary for NADPH oxidase complex assembly, reactive oxygen species production, and vascular smooth muscle cell migration. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that protein kinase C-beta1 phosphorylation of threonine 429 regulates activation of Nox1 NADPH oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Streeter
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (B.M.S., S.J., B.S., W.H.T., F.J.M.), Microbiology (J.C.D.H.), Anatomy and Cell Biology (J.S.), Biochemistry (L.G.), and Protein Crystallography Facility (L.G.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; and Veterans Affair Medical Center, Iowa City, IA (F.J.M.)
| | - Brandon M Schickling
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (B.M.S., S.J., B.S., W.H.T., F.J.M.), Microbiology (J.C.D.H.), Anatomy and Cell Biology (J.S.), Biochemistry (L.G.), and Protein Crystallography Facility (L.G.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; and Veterans Affair Medical Center, Iowa City, IA (F.J.M.)
| | - Shuxia Jiang
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (B.M.S., S.J., B.S., W.H.T., F.J.M.), Microbiology (J.C.D.H.), Anatomy and Cell Biology (J.S.), Biochemistry (L.G.), and Protein Crystallography Facility (L.G.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; and Veterans Affair Medical Center, Iowa City, IA (F.J.M.)
| | - Bojana Stanic
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (B.M.S., S.J., B.S., W.H.T., F.J.M.), Microbiology (J.C.D.H.), Anatomy and Cell Biology (J.S.), Biochemistry (L.G.), and Protein Crystallography Facility (L.G.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; and Veterans Affair Medical Center, Iowa City, IA (F.J.M.)
| | - William H Thiel
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (B.M.S., S.J., B.S., W.H.T., F.J.M.), Microbiology (J.C.D.H.), Anatomy and Cell Biology (J.S.), Biochemistry (L.G.), and Protein Crystallography Facility (L.G.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; and Veterans Affair Medical Center, Iowa City, IA (F.J.M.)
| | - Lokesh Gakhar
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (B.M.S., S.J., B.S., W.H.T., F.J.M.), Microbiology (J.C.D.H.), Anatomy and Cell Biology (J.S.), Biochemistry (L.G.), and Protein Crystallography Facility (L.G.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; and Veterans Affair Medical Center, Iowa City, IA (F.J.M.)
| | - Jon C D Houtman
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (B.M.S., S.J., B.S., W.H.T., F.J.M.), Microbiology (J.C.D.H.), Anatomy and Cell Biology (J.S.), Biochemistry (L.G.), and Protein Crystallography Facility (L.G.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; and Veterans Affair Medical Center, Iowa City, IA (F.J.M.)
| | - Francis J Miller
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (B.M.S., S.J., B.S., W.H.T., F.J.M.), Microbiology (J.C.D.H.), Anatomy and Cell Biology (J.S.), Biochemistry (L.G.), and Protein Crystallography Facility (L.G.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; and Veterans Affair Medical Center, Iowa City, IA (F.J.M.).
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Lugrin J, Rosenblatt-Velin N, Parapanov R, Liaudet L. The role of oxidative stress during inflammatory processes. Biol Chem 2014; 395:203-30. [PMID: 24127541 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2013-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The production of various reactive oxidant species in excess of endogenous antioxidant defense mechanisms promotes the development of a state of oxidative stress, with significant biological consequences. In recent years, evidence has emerged that oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the development and perpetuation of inflammation, and thus contributes to the pathophysiology of a number of debilitating illnesses, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, or neurodegenerative processes. Oxidants affect all stages of the inflammatory response, including the release by damaged tissues of molecules acting as endogenous danger signals, their sensing by innate immune receptors from the Toll-like (TLRs) and the NOD-like (NLRs) families, and the activation of signaling pathways initiating the adaptive cellular response to such signals. In this article, after summarizing the basic aspects of redox biology and inflammation, we review in detail the current knowledge on the fundamental connections between oxidative stress and inflammatory processes, with a special emphasis on the danger molecule high-mobility group box-1, the TLRs, the NLRP-3 receptor, and the inflammasome, as well as the transcription factor nuclear factor-κB.
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68
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Ko HM, Lee SH, Kim KC, Joo SH, Choi WS, Shin CY. The Role of TLR4 and Fyn Interaction on Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated PAI-1 Expression in Astrocytes. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 52:8-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8837-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Menon D, Coll R, O'Neill LAJ, Board PG. Glutathione transferase omega 1 is required for the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated induction of NADPH oxidase 1 and the production of reactive oxygen species in macrophages. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 73:318-27. [PMID: 24873723 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation of macrophages and inflammation via the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway through NF-κΒ generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα. Because glutathione transferase Omega 1-1 (GSTO1-1) can catalyze redox reactions such as the deglutathionylation of proteins and has also been implicated in the release of IL-1β we investigated its role in the development of LPS-mediated inflammation. Our data show that shRNA knockdown of GSTO1-1 in macrophage-like J774.1A cells blocks the expression of NADPH oxidase 1 and the generation of ROS after LPS stimulation. Similar results were obtained with a GSTO1-1 inhibitor. To maintain high ROS levels during an inflammatory response, LPS stimulation causes the suppression of enzymes such as catalase and glutathione peroxidase that protect against oxidative stress. The knockdown of GSTO1-1 also attenuates this response. Our data indicate that GSTO1-1 needs to be catalytically active and mediates its effects on the LPS/TLR4 inflammatory pathway upstream of NF-κΒ. These data suggest that GSTO1-1 is a novel target for anti-inflammatory intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepthi Menon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Rebecca Coll
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Luke A J O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Philip G Board
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia.
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Understanding isoform- and context-specific subcellular Nox reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase compartmentalization allows relevant functional inferences. This review addresses the interplay between Nox NADPH oxidases and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), an increasingly evident player in redox pathophysiology given its role in redox protein folding and stress responses. RECENT ADVANCES Catalytic/regulatory transmembrane subunits are synthesized in the ER and their processing includes folding, N-glycosylation, heme insertion, p22phox heterodimerization, as shown for phagocyte Nox2. Dual oxidase (Duox) maturation also involves the regulation by ER-resident Duoxa2. The ER is the activation site for some isoforms, typically Nox4, but potentially other isoforms. Such location influences redox/Nox-mediated calcium signaling regulation via ER targets, such as sarcoendoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA). Growing evidence suggests that Noxes are integral signaling elements of the unfolded protein response during ER stress, with Nox4 playing a dual prosurvival/proapoptotic role in this setting, whereas Nox2 enhances proapoptotic signaling. ER chaperones such as protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) closely interact with Noxes. PDI supports growth factor-dependent Nox1 activation and mRNA expression, as well as migration in smooth muscle cells, and PDI overexpression induces acute spontaneous Nox activation. CRITICAL ISSUES Mechanisms of PDI effects include possible support of complex formation and RhoGTPase activation. In phagocytes, PDI supports phagocytosis, Nox activation, and redox-dependent interactions with p47phox. Together, the results implicate PDI as possible Nox organizer. FUTURE DIRECTIONS We propose that convergence between Noxes and ER may have evolutive roots given ER-related functional contexts, which paved Nox evolution, namely calcium signaling and pathogen killing. Overall, the interplay between Noxes and the ER may provide relevant insights in Nox-related (patho)physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco R M Laurindo
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine , São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Adhesion and migration induced by cytokines or growth factors are well-organized processes in cellular motility. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are specifically produced by the Nox family of NADPH oxidases. RECENT ADVANCES The signal transduction of migration and adhesion depends on ROS produced by Nox enzymes and factors that initiate migration and adhesion and stimulate cellular ROS formation. CRITICAL ISSUES The identification of molecular targets of ROS formation in the signal transduction of adhesion and migration is still in its beginnings, but a site and isoform-specific contribution of Nox enzymes to this process becomes apparent. Nox-derived ROS, therefore, act as second messengers that are specifically modifying signaling proteins involved in adhesion and migration. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Individual protein targets of Nox-mediated redox signaling in different cell types and tissues will be identified. Isoform-specific Nox inhibitors will be developed to modulate the ROS-dependent component of migration and adhesion. These compounds might be suited to elicit differential effects between pathophysiologic and physiologic adhesion and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Schröder
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Fachbereich Medizin der Goethe-Universität , Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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72
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Regmi SC, Park SY, Ku SK, Kim JA. Serotonin regulates innate immune responses of colon epithelial cells through Nox2-derived reactive oxygen species. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 69:377-89. [PMID: 24524998 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Changes in serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) content in the gut of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and animal models of colitis suggest an important role of 5-HT in the pathogenesis of IBD. In this study, we examined the role and mechanism of action of 5-HT in the inflammatory response of colon epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. In colon epithelial cells (CCD 841, HT-29, Caco-2), direct application of 5-HT induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and monocyte-epithelial adhesion, an initial event of inflammation, which were blocked not only by 5-HT receptor antagonists (tropisetron, RS39604, and SB269970), antioxidants (ascorbic acid, apocynin), and various inhibitors of NADPH oxidase (DPI), CREB (KG-501), and NF-κB (PDTC), but also by transfection with Nox2 siRNA. Nox2-derived production of ROS corresponded with the rapid and brief activation of Rac. In addition, 5-HT induced Nox2, p67(phox), and Duox2 without altering the level of Nox1 or Duox1 in colon epithelial cells, and silencing of Nox2 suppressed 5-HT-induced Duox2 increase. 5-HT also induced an increase in the expression of MCP-1, IL-8, and ICAM-1 and a decrease in E-cadherin expression. Exogenous application of 5-HT to rat colon through the rectum caused a minimal level of inflammation, which was demonstrated by histological examination, MPO activity, and inflammatory cytokine induction. However, 5-HT combined with a low dose of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), the level of which caused a minimal level of colitis, exaggerated colon inflammation accompanied by much more enhanced induction of inflammatory cytokines, IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1, indicating that colon epithelial cells directly exposed to 5-HT are primed toward inflammation. In the colon at the lesion site, treatment with 5-HT resulted in an increase in the level of epithelial Nox2 but not of constitutively expressed Nox1, which is the opposite result of TNBS treatment. Furthermore, 5-HT treatment of Nox2-knockout mice did not induce colon inflammation, in contrast to 5-HT-treated wild-type mice. The results demonstrate that colon epithelial cells directly exposed to 5-HT are primed for inflammatory reactions, which is an important innate immune response, and the underlying mechanism for the priming is associated with Nox2-activated signaling pathways, including ERK/p38 MAPK, NF-κB, and CREB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Su-Young Park
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Sae Kwang Ku
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Daegu Hany University, Gyeongsan 712-715, South Korea
| | - Jung-Ae Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea.
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73
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Li Y, Liu X, Zhou T, Kelley MR, Edwards P, Gao H, Qiao X. Inhibition of APE1/Ref-1 redox activity rescues human retinal pigment epithelial cells from oxidative stress and reduces choroidal neovascularization. Redox Biol 2014; 2:485-94. [PMID: 24624338 PMCID: PMC3949093 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of current treatment for age related macular degeneration (AMD) by targeting one molecule is limited due to its multifactorial nature and heterogeneous pathologies. Treatment strategy to target multiple signaling pathways or pathological components in AMD pathogenesis is under investigation for better clinical outcome. Inhibition of the redox function of apurinic endonuclease 1/redox factor-1 (APE1) was found to suppress endothelial angiogenesis and promote neuronal cell recovery, thereby may serve as a potential treatment for AMD. In the current study, we for the first time have found that a specific inhibitor of APE1 redox function by a small molecule compound E3330 regulates retinal pigment epithelium (RPEs) cell response to oxidative stress. E3330 significantly blocked sub-lethal doses of oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) induced proliferation decline and senescence advancement of RPEs. At the same time, E3330 remarkably decreased the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and down-regulated the productions of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), as well as attenuated the level of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 in RPEs. A panel of stress and toxicity responsive transcription factors that were significantly upregulated by oxLDL was restored by E3330, including Nrf2/Nrf1, p53, NF-κB, HIF1, CBF/NF-Y/YY1, and MTF-1. Further, a single intravitreal injection of E3330 effectively reduced the progression of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in mouse eyes. These data revealed that E3330 effectively rescued RPEs from oxidative stress induced senescence and dysfunctions in multiple aspects in vitro, and attenuated laser-induced damages to RPE–Bruch׳s membrane complex in vivo. Together with its previously established anti-angiogenic and neuroprotection benefits, E3330 is implicated for potential use for AMD treatment. Specific inhibition of APE1/Ref-1 redox function with E3330 blocked RPE proliferation decline and senescence-like phenotype advancement induced by oxLDL. E3330 suppressed intracellular ROS, down-regulated the MCP-1 and VEGF production, and reduced nuclear NF-κB p65 in RPEs. E3330 repressed the redox sensitive transcription factors Nrf2/Nrf1, p53, NF-κB, HIF1, CBF/NF-Y/YY1, and MTF-1 that stimulated by oxLDL in RPEs. Intravitreal injection of E3330 markedly reduced the laser-induced CNV in mouse eyes. E3330 holds great potential for the management of AMD.
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Key Words
- AMD, age related macular degeneration
- AP-1, activator protein 1
- APE1, apurinic endonuclease 1/redox factor-1
- APE1/Ref-1redox function
- Age-related macular degeneration.
- AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor
- ApoE, apolipoprotein E
- CBF/NF-Y/YY1, CCAAT binding factor/nuclear factor-Y/Yin Yang 1
- CECs, choroidal endothelial cells
- CNV, choroidal neovascularization
- DCFH-DA, dichlorodihydrofluorescin diacetate
- DMSO, dimethylsulphoxide
- E3330
- Fluc, firefly luciferase
- HIF-1α, hypoxia inducible factor-1α
- HSF1, heat-shock factor 1
- IκB-α, inhibitory NF-κB-α
- MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
- MTF1, metal regulatory transcription factor 1
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB
- Nox, NADPH oxidase
- Nrf, nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor
- Oxidative stress
- RNV, retinal neovascularization
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RPE, retinal pigment epithelium
- RVECs, retinal vascular endothelial cells
- Retinal pigment epithelial cell
- Rluc, renilla luciferase
- SA-β-gal, senescence associated β-gal
- SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- TUNEL, TdT mediated dUTP-fluorescein nick end-labeling
- Transcription factor
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- oxLDL, oxidized low density lipoprotein
- redox, reduction/oxidation
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Henry Ford Health System, 1 Ford Place 5D, Detroit, MI, United States ; Department of Ophthalmology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi׳an, Shanxi, People׳s Republic of China
| | - X Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Henry Ford Health System, 1 Ford Place 5D, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - T Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Henry Ford Health System, 1 Ford Place 5D, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - M R Kelley
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - P Edwards
- Department of Ophthalmology, Henry Ford Health System, 1 Ford Place 5D, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - H Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Henry Ford Health System, 1 Ford Place 5D, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - X Qiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Henry Ford Health System, 1 Ford Place 5D, Detroit, MI, United States
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Huang F, Tang J, Zhuang X, Zhuang Y, Cheng W, Chen W, Yao H, Zhang S. MiR-196a promotes pancreatic cancer progression by targeting nuclear factor kappa-B-inhibitor alpha. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87897. [PMID: 24504166 PMCID: PMC3913664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expression of miR-196a has been frequently reported in different cancers including pancreatic cancer. However, its function in pancreatic cancer has not been fully elucidated. Here, we investigated the expression pattern and the biological role of miR-196a in pancreatic cancer cell lines, as well as its interaction with a metastasis-related gene, nuclear factor-kappa-B-inhibitor alpha (NFKBIA). We demonstrated that miR-196a was up-regulated in human pancreatic cancer cell lines compared with immortalized pancreatic ductal epithelial cells by means of microRNAs microarray and qRT-PCR. Furthermore, down-regulation of miR-196a in PANC-1 suppressed its proliferation and migration with an increase in G0/G1 transition and decreased expression of Cyclin D1 and CDK4/6. Meanwhile, an increased expression in E-cadherin and decreased expression in N-cadherin and Vimentin were also observed. We identified a novel miR-196a target, NFKBIA, and down-regulation of miR-196a enhanced the expression of NFKBIA protein. Luciferase assay confirmed that NFKBIA was a direct and specific target of miR-196a. Silencing NFKBIA in PANC-1 cells enhanced its proliferation and migration. Taken together, our findings indicate that miR-196a is highly expressed in pancreatic cancer cell lines, and may play a crucial role in pancreatic cancer proliferation and migration, possibly through its downstream target, NFKBIA. Thus, miR-196a may serve as a potential therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengting Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhuang
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Hainan Provincial Nongken Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Yanyan Zhuang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbo Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Herui Yao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (SZ); (HY)
| | - Shineng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (SZ); (HY)
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NADPH oxidase 1 and its derived reactive oxygen species mediated tissue injury and repair. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:282854. [PMID: 24669283 PMCID: PMC3942082 DOI: 10.1155/2014/282854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are mostly viewed to cause oxidative damage to various cells and induce organ dysfunction after ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, they are also considered as crucial molecules for cellular signal transduction in biology. NADPH oxidase, whose only function is reactive oxygen species production, has been extensively investigated in many cell types especially phagocytes. The deficiency of NADPH oxidase extends the process of inflammation and delays tissue repair, which causes chronic granulomatous disease in patients. NADPH oxidase 1, one member of the NADPH oxidase family, is not only constitutively expressed in a variety of tissues, but also induced to increase expression in both mRNA and protein levels under many circumstances. NADPH oxidase 1 and its derived reactive oxygen species are suggested to be able to regulate inflammation reaction, cell proliferation and migration, and extracellular matrix synthesis, which contribute to the processes of tissue injury and repair.
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76
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Tchórzewski M, Lewkowicz P, Dziki A, Tchórzewski H. Expression of toll-like receptors on human rectal adenocarcinoma cells. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2014; 62:247-51. [PMID: 24390484 PMCID: PMC4024133 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-013-0260-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system uses Toll-like receptors (TLR) to detect the presence of pathogen patterns thus allowing for rapid host defense responses. Stimulation of TLR results in inflammatory response and regulatory cytokine production affecting acquired immunity. The aim of the study was an evaluation of TLR2 and TLR4 expression on the surface of human colon cancer cells in primary culture with or without autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Surgical specimens of colon cancer were processed to obtain cancer cells. Cancer cells separation was conducted first by mechanical tissue disintegration and than by gradient centrifugation to obtain 95 % cell confluence. By staining the isolated cells the pathologist determined them as adenocarcinoma. Colon cancer cells were then co-cultured in 24 h culture alone or together with autologous lymphocytes. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed for detection of TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA in colon cancer and normal colon epithelial cells using commercially available primers. Resting as well as phytohemagglutinin or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated cells were tested. Receptor proteins on cancer cells were examined by immunohistochemistry. TLR4 mRNA was detected in cancer cells. Autologous lymphocytes do not exert any effect on these receptors expression. TLR4 mRNA expression was not observed in normal colon epithelial cells. TLR2 mRNA was present on LPS stimulated cancer cells as well as on resting and stimulated lymphocytes. Expression of TLR2 and TLR4 receptor proteins on colon cancer cells were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. TLR4 may be responsible for uncontrolled tumor growth under LPS stimulation in human colon environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Tchórzewski
- Department of General and Colorectal Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland,
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77
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Combinations of TLR ligands: a promising approach in cancer immunotherapy. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:271246. [PMID: 24371445 PMCID: PMC3859257 DOI: 10.1155/2013/271246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a family of pattern recognition receptors recognizing molecules expressed by pathogens, are typically expressed by immune cells. However, several recent studies revealed functional TLR expression also on tumor cells. Their expression is a two-sided coin for tumor cells. Not only tumor-promoting effects of TLR ligands are described but also direct oncopathic and immunostimulatory effects. To clarify TLRs' role in colorectal cancer (CRC), we tested the impact of the TLR ligands LPS, Poly I:C, R848, and Taxol on primary human CRC cell lines (HROC40, HROC60, and HROC69) in vitro and in vivo (CT26). Taxol, not only a potent tumor-apoptosis-inducing, but also TLR4-activating chemotherapeutic compound, inhibited growth and viability of all cell lines, whereas the remaining TLR ligands had only marginal effects (R848 > LPS > Poly I:C). Combinations of the substances here did not improve the results, whereas antitumoral effects were dramatically boosted when human lymphocytes were added. Here, combining the TLR ligands often diminished antitumoral effects. In vivo, best tumor growth control was achieved by the combination of Taxol and R848. However, when combined with LPS, Taxol accelerated tumor growth. These data generally prove the potential of TLR ligands to control tumor growth and activate immune cells, but they also demonstrate the importance of choosing the right combinations.
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78
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Wu Y, Antony S, Meitzler JL, Doroshow JH. Molecular mechanisms underlying chronic inflammation-associated cancers. Cancer Lett 2013; 345:164-73. [PMID: 23988267 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although it is now accepted that chronic inflammation plays an essential role in tumorigenesis, the underlying molecular mechanisms linking inflammation and cancer remain to be fully explored. Inflammatory mediators present in the tumor microenvironment, including cytokines and growth factors, as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), have been implicated in the etiology of inflammation-associated cancers. Epithelial NADPH oxidase (Nox) family proteins, which generate ROS regulated by cytokines, are upregulated during chronic inflammation and cancer. ROS serve as effector molecules participating in host defense or as chemo-attractants recruiting leukocytes to wounds, thereby influencing the inflammatory reaction in damaged tissues. ROS can alter chromosomal DNA, leading to genomic instability, and may serve as signaling molecules that affect tumor cell proliferation, survival, metabolism, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Targeting Noxs and their downstream signaling components may be a promising approach to pre-empting inflammation-related malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhong Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Smitha Antony
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jennifer L Meitzler
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - James H Doroshow
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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79
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Ceelen W, Pattyn P, Mareel M. Surgery, wound healing, and metastasis: recent insights and clinical implications. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2013; 89:16-26. [PMID: 23958676 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgery-induced acceleration of tumour growth has been observed since several centuries. METHODS We reviewed recent insights from in vitro data, animal experimentation, and clinical studies on how surgery-induced wound healing or resection of a primary cancer influences the tumour-host ecosystem in patients harbouring minimal residual or metastatic disease. RESULTS Most of the growth factors, chemokines, and cytokines orchestrating surgical wound healing promote tumour growth, invasion, or angiogenesis. In addition, resection of a primary tumour may accelerate synchronous metastatic growth. In the clinical setting, indirect evidence supports the relevance of the above findings. Randomized clinical trials are underway comparing resection versus observation in metastatic breast and colon cancer with asymptomatic primary tumours. CONCLUSIONS In depth knowledge of how surgical intervention alters the tumour-host-metastasis communicating ecosystems could have important implications for clinical decision making in patients with synchronous metastatic disease and for the design and timing of multimodality treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Ceelen
- Department of of Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Piet Pattyn
- Department of of Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marc Mareel
- Department of Radiotherapy and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University Hospital, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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80
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Vacchelli E, Eggermont A, Sautès-Fridman C, Galon J, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial Watch: Toll-like receptor agonists for cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e25238. [PMID: 24083080 PMCID: PMC3782517 DOI: 10.4161/onci.25238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have long been known for their ability to initiate innate immune responses upon exposure to conserved microbial components such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and double-stranded RNA. More recently, this family of pattern recognition receptors has been attributed a critical role in the elicitation of anticancer immune responses, raising interest in the development of immunochemotherapeutic regimens based on natural or synthetic TLR agonists. In spite of such an intense wave of preclinical and clinical investigation, only three TLR agonists are currently licensed by FDA for use in cancer patients: bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG), an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis that operates as a mixed TLR2/TLR4 agonist; monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), a derivative of Salmonella minnesota that functions as a potent agonist of TLR4; and imiquimod, a synthetic imidazoquinoline that activates TLR7. One year ago, in the August and September issues of OncoImmunology, we described the main biological features of TLRs and discussed the progress of clinical studies evaluating the safety and therapeutic potential of TLR agonists in cancer patients. Here, we summarize the latest developments in this exciting area of research, focusing on preclinical studies that have been published during the last 13 mo and clinical trials launched in the same period to investigate the antineoplastic activity of TLR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Vacchelli
- Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre; Paris, France ; INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France
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81
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Regulating surgical oncotaxis to improve the outcomes in cancer patients. Surg Today 2013; 44:804-11. [PMID: 23736890 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-013-0627-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Excessive surgical stress and postoperative complications cause a storm of perioperative cytokine release, which has been shown to enhance tumor metastasis in experimental models. We have named this phenomenon "surgical oncotaxis". The mechanisms that underpin this process are thought to be excessive corticosteroid secretion, coagulopathy in the peripheral vasculature, immune suppression and excessive production of reactive oxygen species. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NFkB) activation plays a key role in these mechanisms. Minimally invasive surgical techniques should be used, and postoperative complications should be avoided whenever possible to lessen the impact of surgical oncotaxis. Furthermore, there may be a role for a small preoperative dose of corticosteroid or the use of free radical scavengers in the perioperative period. Recently, there has been a great deal of interest in omega-3 fatty acid, because it regulates NFkB activation. The use of multimodal treatments that regulate surgical oncotaxis may be as important as chemotherapy for determining the outcome of patients with cancer undergoing surgery.
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82
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Leng Z, Tao K, Xia Q, Tan J, Yue Z, Chen J, Xi H, Li J, Zheng H. Krüppel-like factor 4 acts as an oncogene in colon cancer stem cell-enriched spheroid cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56082. [PMID: 23418515 PMCID: PMC3572033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), a rare population in any type of cancers, including colon cancer, are tumorigenic. It has been thought that CSCs are responsible for cancer recurrence, metastasis, and drug resistance. Isolating CSCs in colon cancers is challenging, and thus the molecular mechanism regulating the self-renewing and differentiation of CSCs remains unknown. We cultured DLD-1 cells, one of types of cells derived from colon cancers, in serum-free medium to obtain spheroid cells. These cells possessed the characteristics of CSCs, with the expression of CD133, CD166, Lgr5, and ALDH1, higher capacities of chemo-resistance, migration, invasion, and tumorigenicity in vitro and in vivo than the adherent DLD-1 cells. Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is essential factor for maintaining self-renewal of adult and embryonic stem cells. It has been used to induce pluripotent stem cells (iPS) from somatic cells. Since KLF4 is expressed in colon cancer cells, we investigated its role in spheroid cells isolated from DLD-1 cells and found that KLF4 was overexpressed only in spheroid cells and reducing the expression of KLF4 by short-hairpin RNA significantly decreased the capacities of these cells to resist the chemicals, migrate, invade, and generate tumors in vitro and in vivo. The spheroid cells with reduced KLF4 expression also had decreased expression of CSCs markers and mesenchymal markers. Taken together, culturing DLD-1 cells in serum-free medium enriches CSCs and the expression of KLF4 is essential for the characteristics of CSCs in DLD-1; thus KLF4 can be a potential therapeutic target for treating colon cancer.
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MESH Headings
- AC133 Antigen
- Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Family
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Colonic Neoplasms/genetics
- Colonic Neoplasms/pathology
- Female
- Fetal Proteins/genetics
- Fetal Proteins/metabolism
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- HCT116 Cells
- HT29 Cells
- Humans
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Kruppel-Like Factor 4
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Peptides/genetics
- Peptides/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Retinal Dehydrogenase/genetics
- Retinal Dehydrogenase/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Spheroids, Cellular/metabolism
- Spheroids, Cellular/pathology
- Transplantation, Heterologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwei Leng
- Department of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kaixiong Tao
- Department of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qinghua Xia
- Department of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Tan
- Department of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongyi Yue
- Department of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinhuang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hailin Xi
- Department of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Anthony DC, Pitossi FJ. Special issue commentary: the changing face of inflammation in the brain. Mol Cell Neurosci 2012; 53:1-5. [PMID: 23147112 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of inflammation in the brain has been extended to include a wide range of conditions, but there remains plenty of argument over semantics and the precise definition of what constitutes inflammation in these pathologies. In this special issue, we sought to highlight the diversity of what is considered to be inflammation in the brain, and we have accepted that the presence of microglia cells with altered morphology remains a useful starting point. However, it is clear that whatever is the molecular expression profile that accompanies an activated microglial cell, it is not static and it is influenced by factors both intrinsic and extrinsic to the brain. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration and neurodysfunction'.
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