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Šimončicová J, Kaliňáková B, Kováčik D, Medvecká V, Lakatoš B, Kryštofová S, Hoppanová L, Palušková V, Hudecová D, Ďurina P, Zahoranová A. Cold plasma treatment triggers antioxidative defense system and induces changes in hyphal surface and subcellular structures of Aspergillus flavus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:6647-6658. [PMID: 29858953 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9118-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The cold atmospheric-pressure plasma (CAPP) has become one of the recent effective decontamination technologies, but CAPP interactions with biological material remain the subject of many studies. The CAPP generates numerous types of particles and radiations that synergistically affect cells and tissues differently depending on their structure. In this study, we investigated the effect of CAPP generated by diffuse coplanar surface barrier discharge on hyphae of Aspergillus flavus. Hyphae underwent massive structural changes after plasma treatment. Scanning electron microscopy showed drying hyphae that were forming creases on the hyphal surface. ATR-FTIR analysis demonstrated an increase of signal intensity for C=O and C-O stretching vibrations indicating chemical changes in molecular structures located on hyphal surface. The increase in membrane permeability was detected by the fluorescent dye, propidium iodide. Biomass dry weight determination and increase in permeability indicated leakage of cell content and subsequent death. Disintegration of nuclei and DNA degradation confirmed cell death after plasma treatment. Damage of plasma membrane was related to lipoperoxidation that was determined by higher levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive species after plasma treatment. The CAPP treatment led to rise of intracellular ROS levels detected by fluorescent microscopy using 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate. At the same time, antioxidant enzyme activities increased, and level of reduced glutathione decreased. The results in this study indicated that the CAPP treatment in A. flavus targeted both cell surface structures, cell wall, and plasma membrane, inflicting injury on hyphal cells which led to subsequent oxidative stress and finally cell death at higher CAPP doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Šimončicová
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Barbora Kaliňáková
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Dušan Kováčik
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics, and Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Medvecká
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics, and Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Boris Lakatoš
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Svetlana Kryštofová
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Hoppanová
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Palušková
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Daniela Hudecová
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Pavol Ďurina
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics, and Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Anna Zahoranová
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics, and Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
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52
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Stratakos AC, Grant IR. Evaluation of the efficacy of multiple physical, biological and natural antimicrobial interventions for control of pathogenic Escherichia coli on beef. Food Microbiol 2018; 76:209-218. [PMID: 30166143 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial effects of multiple physical, biological and natural interventions on pathogenic Escherichia coli in raw beef were assessed. A cocktail of E. coli strains was inoculated onto gamma-irradiated beef and enumerated immediately after each intervention and during storage at 4 °C for 7 days. Of the physical interventions, silver-containing antimicrobial packaging and ozone gas treatment did not show significant antimicrobial effects, however cold plasma treatment reduced E. coli levels by 0.9 and 1.82 log10 CFU/cm2 after 2 and 5 min treatments, respectively. A phage cocktail reduced E. coli counts by 0.63 and 1.16 log10 CFU/g after 24 h storage at 4 and 12 °C, respectively. Of the natural interventions, vinegar and lactic acid (5%) washes for 5 min caused reductions of ∼1 log10 CFU/g immediately after treatment, whereas lactoferrin and nisin treatments, separately or in combination, had insignificant antimicrobial effects. Nanoemulsions containing carvacrol or thyme essential oils caused immediate E. coli reductions of 1.41 and 1.36 log10 CFU/g, respectively, plus a progressive reduction in viable numbers during storage at 4 °C. Our findings suggest that cold plasma, bacteriophages, vinegar, lactic acid, or carvacrol and thyme essential oil nanoemulsions could potentially be of use to the beef industry for controlling pathogenic E. coli contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Ch Stratakos
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Irene R Grant
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
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53
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Gilmore BF, Flynn PB, O'Brien S, Hickok N, Freeman T, Bourke P. Cold Plasmas for Biofilm Control: Opportunities and Challenges. Trends Biotechnol 2018; 36:627-638. [PMID: 29729997 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilm infections account for a major proportion of chronic and medical device associated infections in humans, yet our ability to control them is compromised by their inherent tolerance to antimicrobial agents. Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) represents a promising therapeutic option. CAP treatment of microbial biofilms represents the convergence of two complex phenomena: the production of a chemically diverse mixture of reactive species and intermediates, and their interaction with a heterogeneous 3D interface created by the biofilm extracellular polymeric matrix. Therefore, understanding these interactions and physiological responses to CAP exposure are central to effective management of infectious biofilms. We review the unique opportunities and challenges for translating CAP to the management of biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan F Gilmore
- Biofilm and Pharmaceutical Microbiology Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK. http://twitter.com/@BrendanFGilmore
| | - Padrig B Flynn
- Biofilm and Pharmaceutical Microbiology Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Séamus O'Brien
- Biofilm and Pharmaceutical Microbiology Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Noreen Hickok
- Department of Orthopaedic Research, Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Medical College, 1015 Walnut Street, Suite 501, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Theresa Freeman
- Department of Orthopaedic Research, Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Medical College, 1015 Walnut Street, Suite 501, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Paula Bourke
- Plasma Research Group, School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Marlborough Street, Dublin 1, Ireland
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54
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Liguori A, Cochis A, Stancampiano A, Laurita R, Azzimonti B, Sorrentino R, Varoni EM, Petri M, Colombo V, Gherardi M, Rimondini L. Cold atmospheric plasma treatment affects early bacterial adhesion and decontamination of soft reline palatal obturators. CLINICAL PLASMA MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpme.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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55
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Classen J, Dengler B, Klinger CJ, Bettenay SV, Rickerts V, Mueller RS. Cutaneous alternariosis in an immunocompromised dog successfully treated with cold plasma and cessation of immunosuppressive medication. TIERARZTLICHE PRAXIS. AUSGABE K, KLEINTIERE/HEIMTIERE 2017; 45:337-343. [PMID: 28905976 DOI: 10.15654/tpk-160851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A cutaneous infection with Alternaria spp. was diagnosed in a 2-year-old male intact Irish setter dog, presenting with multifocal papules, plaques and ulcerations involving all four distal limbs, shoulder blades, scrotum, pinnae and nasal mucous membranes. The dog had been treated for inflammatory bowel disease and lymphangiectasia with immunosuppressive doses of cyclosporine and prednisolone for approximately 3 months. The diagnosis was based on clinical signs, the demonstration of fungal elements within skin biopsies, deep fungal culture and fungal PCR from a formalin-fixed tissue specimen. Complete clinical remission was achieved by tapering and cessation of the immunosuppressive medication, treatment with cold atmospheric-pressure plasma (CAPP) and topical enilconazole within 8 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Classen
- Janine Classen, Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany,
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56
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Hartwig S, Preissner S, Voss JO, Hertel M, Doll C, Waluga R, Raguse JD. The feasibility of cold atmospheric plasma in the treatment of complicated wounds in cranio-maxillo-facial surgery. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2017; 45:1724-1730. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Sterilization of Biofilm on a Titanium Surface Using a Combination of Nonthermal Plasma and Chlorhexidine Digluconate. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:6085741. [PMID: 29057263 PMCID: PMC5625801 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6085741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nosocomial infections caused by opportunistic bacteria pose major healthcare problem worldwide. Out of the many microorganisms responsible for such infections, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous bacterium that accounts for 10-20% of hospital-acquired infections. These infections have mortality rates ranging from 18 to 60% and the cost of treatment ranges from $20,000 to $80,000 per infection. The formation of biofilms on medical devices and implants is responsible for the majority of those infections. Only limited progress has been made to prevent this issue in a safe and cost-effective manner. To address this, we propose employing jet plasma to break down and inactivate biofilms in vitro. Moreover, to improve the antimicrobial effect on the biofilm, a treatment method using a combination of jet plasma and a biocide known as chlorhexidine (CHX) digluconate was investigated. We found that complete sterilization of P. aeruginosa biofilms can be achieved after combinatorial treatment using plasma and CHX. A decrease in biofilm viability was also observed using confocal laser scanning electron microscopy (CLSM). This treatment method sterilized biofilm-contaminated surfaces in a short treatment time, indicating it to be a potential tool for the removal of biofilms present on medical devices and implants.
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58
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Neuber JU, Song S, Malik MA, Heller L, Jiang C. Nanosecond Pulsed Plasma Brush for Bacterial Inactivation on Laminate. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON RADIATION AND PLASMA MEDICAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1109/trpms.2017.2697760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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59
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Innovative non-thermal plasma disinfection process inside sealed bags: Assessment of bactericidal and sporicidal effectiveness in regard to current sterilization norms. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180183. [PMID: 28662202 PMCID: PMC5491144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we developed a device capable to generate a non-thermal plasma discharge inside a sealed bag. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of the oxygen, nitrogen and argon plasma sterilization on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis spores according to the NF EN 556 Norm. Moreover the bag integrity which is a critical key to maintain the sterile state of items after the end of the process was verified by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometry (XPS) analyses. After plasma treatments, the bacterial counting showed a 6 log reduction of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus in 45 min and 120 min respectively whatever the gas used and a 4 log reduction of B. subtilis spores in 120 min with only oxygen plasma. These results were confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) observations showing altered bacteria or spores and numerous debris. Taking into account the studied microorganisms, the oxygen plasma treatment showed the highest efficiency. FTIR and XPS analyses showed that this treatment induced no significant modification of the bags. To conclude this non-thermal plasma sterilization technique could be an opportunity to sterilize heat and chemical-sensitive medical devices and to preserve their sterile state after the end of the process.
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60
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Gupta AK, Versteeg SG, Shear NH. Onychomycosis in the 21st Century: An Update on Diagnosis, Epidemiology, and Treatment. J Cutan Med Surg 2017. [PMID: 28639462 DOI: 10.1177/1203475417716362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Onychomycosis accounts for 50% of all nail disease cases and is commonly caused by dermatophytes. Diabetes, human immunodeficiency virus, immunosuppression, obesity, smoking, and advancing age are predisposing factors of this fungal infection. Potassium hydroxide and culture are considered the current standard for diagnosing onychomycosis, revealing both fungal viability and species identification. Other diagnostic tests currently available include periodic acid-Schiff staining, polymerase chain reaction techniques, and fluorescent staining. Across 6 recently published epidemiology studies, the global prevalence of onychomycosis was estimated to be 5.5%, falling within the range of previously reported estimates (2%-8%). Newly approved onychomycosis treatments include efinaconazole, tavaborole, and laser therapy with lasers only approved to temporarily increase the amount of clear nail. Additional onychomycosis treatments being investigated include iontophoresis and photodynamic therapy with small open-label studies reported thus far. Preventative strategies, to help decrease recurrence and reinfection rates, include sanitisation of footwear and prophylactic topical antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya K Gupta
- 1 Department of Medicine, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,2 Mediprobe Research, Inc, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Neil H Shear
- 3 Department of Medicine (Dermatology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology) and Department of Pharmacology, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Science Centre and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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61
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Bourke P, Ziuzina D, Han L, Cullen PJ, Gilmore BF. Microbiological interactions with cold plasma. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 123:308-324. [PMID: 28245092 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is a diverse range of microbiological challenges facing the food, healthcare and clinical sectors. The increasing and pervasive resistance to broad-spectrum antibiotics and health-related concerns with many biocidal agents drives research for novel and complementary antimicrobial approaches. Biofilms display increased mechanical and antimicrobial stability and are the subject of extensive research. Cold plasmas (CP) have rapidly evolved as a technology for microbial decontamination, wound healing and cancer treatment, owing to the chemical and bio-active radicals generated known collectively as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. This review outlines the basics of CP technology and discusses the interactions with a range of microbiological targets. Advances in mechanistic insights are presented and applications to food and clinical issues are discussed. The possibility of tailoring CP to control specific microbiological challenges is apparent. This review focuses on microbiological issues in relation to food- and healthcare-associated human infections, the role of CP in their elimination and the current status of plasma mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bourke
- Plasma Research Group, School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin 1, Ireland
| | - D Ziuzina
- Plasma Research Group, School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin 1, Ireland
| | - L Han
- Plasma Research Group, School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin 1, Ireland
| | - P J Cullen
- Plasma Research Group, School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin 1, Ireland.,School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - B F Gilmore
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, Belfast, UK
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62
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Modic M, McLeod NP, Sutton JM, Walsh JL. Cold atmospheric pressure plasma elimination of clinically important single- and mixed-species biofilms. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2017; 49:375-378. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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63
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Puligundla P, Mok C. Potential applications of nonthermal plasmas against biofilm-associated micro-organisms in vitro. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 122:1134-1148. [PMID: 28106311 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms as complex microbial communities attached to surfaces pose several challenges in different sectors, ranging from food and healthcare to desalination and power generation. The biofilm mode of growth allows microorganisms to survive in hostile environments and biofilm cells exhibit distinct physiology and behaviour in comparison with their planktonic counterparts. They are ubiquitous, resilient and difficult to eradicate due to their resistant phenotype. Several chemical-based cleaning and disinfection regimens are conventionally used against biofilm-dwelling micro-organisms in vitro. Although such approaches are generally considered to be effective, they may contribute to the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance and environmental pollution. Consequently, advanced green technologies for biofilm control are constantly emerging. Disinfection using nonthermal plasmas (NTPs) is one of the novel strategies having a great potential for control of biofilms of a broad spectrum of micro-organisms. This review discusses several aspects related to the inactivation of biofilm-associated bacteria and fungi by different types of NTPs under in vitro conditions. A brief introduction summarizes prevailing methods in biofilm inactivation, followed by introduction to gas discharge plasmas, active plasma species and their inactivating mechanism. Subsequently, significance and aspects of NTP inactivation of biofilm-associated bacteria, especially those of medical importance, including opportunistic pathogens, oral pathogenic bacteria, foodborne pathogens and implant bacteria, are discussed. The remainder of the review discusses majorly about the synergistic effect of NTPs and their activity against biofilm-associated fungi, especially Candida species.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Puligundla
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - C Mok
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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64
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Weiss M, Daeschlein G, Kramer A, Burchardt M, Brucker S, Wallwiener D, Stope MB. Virucide properties of cold atmospheric plasma for future clinical applications. J Med Virol 2017; 89:952-959. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Weiss
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; University Medicine Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
- Department of Urology; University Medicine Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
| | - G. Daeschlein
- Department of Dermatology; University Medicine Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
| | - A. Kramer
- Department of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine; University Medicine Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
| | - M. Burchardt
- Department of Urology; University Medicine Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
| | - S. Brucker
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; University Medicine Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - D. Wallwiener
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; University Medicine Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - M. B. Stope
- Department of Urology; University Medicine Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
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65
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Evolutionary clade affects resistance of Clostridium difficile spores to Cold Atmospheric Plasma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41814. [PMID: 28155914 PMCID: PMC5290531 DOI: 10.1038/srep41814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is a spore forming bacterium and the leading cause of colitis and antibiotic associated diarrhoea in the developed world. Spores produced by C. difficile are robust and can remain viable for months, leading to prolonged healthcare-associated outbreaks with high mortality. Exposure of C. difficile spores to a novel, non-thermal atmospheric pressure gas plasma was assessed. Factors affecting sporicidal efficacy, including percentage of oxygen in the helium carrier gas admixture, and the effect on spores from different strains representing the five evolutionary C. difficile clades was investigated. Strains from different clades displayed varying resistance to cold plasma. Strain R20291, representing the globally epidemic ribotype 027 type, was the most resistant. However all tested strains displayed a ~3 log reduction in viable spore counts after plasma treatment for 5 minutes. Inactivation of a ribotype 078 strain, the most prevalent clinical type seen in Northern Ireland, was further assessed with respect to surface decontamination, pH, and hydrogen peroxide concentration. Environmental factors affected plasma activity, with dry spores without the presence of organic matter being most susceptible. This study demonstrates that cold atmospheric plasma can effectively inactivate C. difficile spores, and highlights factors that can affect sporicidal activity.
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66
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Flynn PB, Busetti A, Wielogorska E, Chevallier OP, Elliott CT, Laverty G, Gorman SP, Graham WG, Gilmore BF. Non-thermal Plasma Exposure Rapidly Attenuates Bacterial AHL-Dependent Quorum Sensing and Virulence. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26320. [PMID: 27242335 PMCID: PMC4886528 DOI: 10.1038/srep26320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial activity of atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasma has been exhaustively characterised, however elucidation of the interactions between biomolecules produced and utilised by bacteria and short plasma exposures are required for optimisation and clinical translation of cold plasma technology. This study characterizes the effects of non-thermal plasma exposure on acyl homoserine lactone (AHL)-dependent quorum sensing (QS). Plasma exposure of AHLs reduced the ability of such molecules to elicit a QS response in bacterial reporter strains in a dose-dependent manner. Short exposures (30-60 s) produce of a series of secondary compounds capable of eliciting a QS response, followed by the complete loss of AHL-dependent signalling following longer exposures. UPLC-MS analysis confirmed the time-dependent degradation of AHL molecules and their conversion into a series of by-products. FT-IR analysis of plasma-exposed AHLs highlighted the appearance of an OH group. In vivo assessment of the exposure of AHLs to plasma was examined using a standard in vivo model. Lettuce leaves injected with the rhlI/lasI mutant PAO-MW1 alongside plasma treated N-butyryl-homoserine lactone and n-(3-oxo-dodecanoyl)-homoserine lactone, exhibited marked attenuation of virulence. This study highlights the capacity of atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasma to modify and degrade AHL autoinducers thereby attenuating QS-dependent virulence in P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padrig B. Flynn
- Biofilm Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
- Centre for Plasma Physics, School of Maths and Physics, Queen’s University Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Alessandro Busetti
- Biofilm Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Ewa Wielogorska
- Advanced Asset Centre, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 18-30 Malone Road, Belfast, BT9 5BN, UK
| | - Olivier P. Chevallier
- Advanced Asset Centre, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 18-30 Malone Road, Belfast, BT9 5BN, UK
| | - Christopher T. Elliott
- Advanced Asset Centre, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 18-30 Malone Road, Belfast, BT9 5BN, UK
| | - Garry Laverty
- Biofilm Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Sean P. Gorman
- Biofilm Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - William G. Graham
- Centre for Plasma Physics, School of Maths and Physics, Queen’s University Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Brendan F. Gilmore
- Biofilm Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
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67
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Alshraiedeh NH, Higginbotham S, Flynn PB, Alkawareek MY, Tunney MM, Gorman SP, Graham WG, Gilmore BF. Eradication and phenotypic tolerance of Burkholderia cenocepacia biofilms exposed to atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasma. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2016; 47:446-50. [PMID: 27179816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lung infection with bacteria from the Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC), and in particular B. cenocepacia, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). B. cenocepacia can spread from person to person and exhibits intrinsic broad-spectrum antibiotic resistance. Recently, atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasmas (APNTPs) have gained increasing attention as a novel approach to the prevention and treatment of a variety of hospital-acquired infections. In this study, we evaluated an in-house-designed kHz-driven plasma source for the treatment of biofilms of a number of clinical CF B. cenocepacia isolates. The results demonstrated that APNTP is an effective and efficient tool for the eradication of B. cenocepacia biofilms but that efficacy is highly variable across different isolates. Determination of phenotypic differences between isolates in an attempt to understand variability in plasma tolerance revealed that isolates which are highly tolerant to APNTP typically produce biofilms of greater biomass than their more sensitive counterparts. This indicates a potential role for biofilm matrix components in biofilm tolerance to APNTP exposure. Furthermore, significant isolate-dependent differences in catalase activity in planktonic bacteria positively correlated with phenotypic resistance to APNTP by isolates grown in biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida H Alshraiedeh
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK; School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK; Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Sarah Higginbotham
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK; School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Padrig B Flynn
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK; School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | | | | | - Sean P Gorman
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - William G Graham
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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68
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Zabielska J, Tyfa A, Kunicka-Styczyńska A. Methods for eradication of the biofilms formed by opportunistic pathogens using novel techniques – A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/fobio-2016-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The inconvenient environmental conditions force microorganisms to colonize either abiotic surfaces or animal and plant tissues and, therefore, form more resistant structures – biofilms. The phenomenon of microbial adherence, opportunistic pathogens in particular, is of a great concern. Colonization of medical devices and biofilm formation on their surface, may lead to severe infections mainly in humans with impaired immune system. Although, current research consider various methods for prevention of microbial biofilms formation, still, once a biofilm is formed, its elimination is almost impossible. This study focuses on the overview of novel methods applied for eradication of mature opportunistic pathogens' biofilms. Among various techniques the following: cold plasma, electric field, ultrasounds, ozonated water treatment, phagotherapy, matrix targeting enzymes, bacteriocins, synthetic chemicals and natural origin compounds used for biofilm matrix disruption were briefly described.
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69
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Joslin JM, McCall JR, Bzdek JP, Johnson DC, Hybertson BM. Aqueous Plasma Pharmacy: Preparation Methods, Chemistry, and Therapeutic Applications. PLASMA MEDICINE 2016; 6:135-177. [PMID: 28428835 DOI: 10.1615/plasmamed.2016018618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Plasma pharmacy is a subset of the broader field of plasma medicine. Although not strictly defined, the term aqueous plasma pharmacy (APP) is used to refer to the generation and distribution of reactive plasma-generated species in an aqueous solution followed by subsequent administration for therapeutic benefits. APP attempts to harness the therapeutic effects of plasma-generated oxidant species within aqueous solution in various applications, such as disinfectant solutions, cell proliferation related to wound healing, and cancer treatment. The subsequent use of plasma-generated solutions in the APP approach facilitates the delivery of reactive plasma species to internal locations within the body. Although significant efforts in the field of plasma medicine have concentrated on employing direct plasma plume exposure to cells or tissues, here we focus specifically on plasma discharge in aqueous solution to render the solution biologically active for subsequent application. Methods of plasma discharge in solution are reviewed, along with aqueous plasma chemistry and the applications for APP. The future of the field also is discussed regarding necessary research efforts that will enable commercialization for clinical deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Joslin
- Symbios Technologies, Inc., 3185 Rampart Road, Bldg. A, Colorado State University Research Innovation Center, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - James R McCall
- Symbios Technologies, Inc., 3185 Rampart Road, Bldg. A, Colorado State University Research Innovation Center, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Justin P Bzdek
- Symbios Technologies, Inc., 3185 Rampart Road, Bldg. A, Colorado State University Research Innovation Center, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Derek C Johnson
- Symbios Technologies, Inc., 3185 Rampart Road, Bldg. A, Colorado State University Research Innovation Center, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Brooks M Hybertson
- Symbios Technologies, Inc., 3185 Rampart Road, Bldg. A, Colorado State University Research Innovation Center, Fort Collins, CO 80523.,Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
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70
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Doria ACOC, Sorge CDPC, Santos TB, Brandão J, Gonçalves PAR, Maciel HS, Khouri S, Pessoa RS. Application of post-discharge region of atmospheric pressure argon and air plasma jet in the contamination control of Candida albicans biofilms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/2446-4740.01215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Homero Santiago Maciel
- Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, Brazil; Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, Brasil; Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, Brazil
| | - Sônia Khouri
- Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, Brazil; Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Sávio Pessoa
- Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, Brazil; Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, Brasil; Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, Brazil
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71
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Ziuzina D, Han L, Cullen PJ, Bourke P. Cold plasma inactivation of internalised bacteria and biofilms for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 210:53-61. [PMID: 26093991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Microbial biofilms and bacteria internalised in produce tissue may reduce the effectiveness of decontamination methods. In this study, the inactivation efficacy of in-package atmospheric cold plasma (ACP) afterglow was investigated against Salmonella Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli in the forms of planktonic cultures, biofilms formed on lettuce and associated bacteria internalised in lettuce tissue. Prepared lettuce broth (3%) was inoculated with bacteria resulting in a final concentration of ~7.0 log10 CFU/ml. For biofilm formation and internalisation, lettuce pieces (5 × 5 cm) were dip-inoculated in bacterial suspension of ~7.0 log10 CFU/ml for 2 h and further incubated for 0, 24 and 48 h at either 4 °C or room temperature (~22 °C) in combination with light/dark photoperiod or at 4 °C under dark conditions. Inoculated samples were sealed inside a rigid polypropylene container and indirectly exposed (i.e. placed outside plasma discharge) to a high voltage (80 kVRMS) air ACP with subsequent storage for 24 h at 4 °C. ACP treatment for 30s reduced planktonic populations of Salmonella, L. monocytogenes and E. coli suspended in lettuce broth to undetectable levels. Depending on storage conditions, bacterial type and age of biofilm, 300 s of treatment resulted in reduction of biofilm populations on lettuce by a maximum of 5 log10 CFU/sample. Scanning electron and confocal laser microscopy pointed to the incidence of bacterial internalisation and biofilm formation, which influenced the inactivation efficacy of ACP. Measured intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) revealed that the presence of organic matter in the bacterial suspension might present a protective effect against the action of ROS on bacterial cells. This study demonstrated that high voltage in-package ACP could be a potential technology to overcome bacterial challenges associated with food produce. However, the existence of biofilms and internalised bacteria should be considered for further optimisation of ACP treatment parameters in order to achieve an effective control of the realistic challenges posed by foodborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Ziuzina
- Plasma Research Group, School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin 1, Ireland
| | - Lu Han
- Plasma Research Group, School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin 1, Ireland
| | - Patrick J Cullen
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paula Bourke
- Plasma Research Group, School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin 1, Ireland.
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72
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Elkhatib W, Noreddin A. Efficacy of ciprofloxacin-clarithromycin combination against drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa mature biofilm using in vitro experimental model. Microb Drug Resist 2015; 20:575-82. [PMID: 25050970 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2014.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the main cause of mortality in cystic fibrosis patients and eradication of its biofilm represents a substantial problem clinically. In this study, biofilm of a cystic fibrosis strain P. aeruginosa PACI22 was established and confocal laser scanning microscopy was utilized for biofilm visualization. A quantitative time-kill biofilm model was implemented in vitro to assess the biocidal effect of ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, and their combination at concentration levels ranged from 0.5× to 64× minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations (MBIC) against the biofilm and the mean log bacterial densities (Log CFU/ml) retrieved from the biofilm were monitored by frequent sampling at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 hr throughout the experiment. The results revealed that none of the tested antibiotics alone could completely eradicate the biofilm-ensconced bacteria at 0.5-64× MBIC values after 24 hr of treatment. Conversely, ciprofloxacin-clarithromycin combination at 32-64× MBIC entirely exterminated the biofilm. Furthermore, a substantial in vitro synergism between ciprofloxacin and clarithromycin against the biofilm was experimentally verified. This promising synergism affords scientific rationale for further in vivo investigations to evaluate the therapeutic potential of this combination for treatment of chronic pulmonary infections caused by P. aeruginosa biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Elkhatib
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University , Cairo, Egypt
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73
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Mai-Prochnow A, Bradbury M, Ostrikov K, Murphy AB. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Response and Resistance to Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Is Linked to the Redox-Active Molecule Phenazine. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130373. [PMID: 26114428 PMCID: PMC4483161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important opportunistic pathogen displaying high antibiotic resistance. Its resistance is in part due to its outstanding ability to form biofilms on a range of biotic and abiotic surfaces leading to difficult-to-treat, often long-term infections. Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is a new, promising antibacterial treatment to combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Plasma is ionized gas that has antibacterial properties through the generation of a mix of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), excited molecules, charged particles and UV photons. Our results show the efficient removal of P. aeruginosa biofilms using a plasma jet (kINPen med), with no viable cells detected after 5 min treatment and no attached biofilm cells visible with confocal microscopy after 10 min plasma treatment. Because of its multi-factorial action, it is widely presumed that the development of bacterial resistance to plasma is unlikely. However, our results indicate that a short plasma treatment (3 min) may lead to the emergence of a small number of surviving cells exhibiting enhanced resistance to subsequent plasma exposure. Interestingly, these cells also exhibited a higher degree of resistance to hydrogen peroxide. Whole genome comparison between surviving cells and control cells revealed 10 distinct polymorphic regions, including four belonging to the redox active, antibiotic pigment phenazine. Subsequently, the interaction between phenazine production and CAP resistance was demonstrated in biofilms of transposon mutants disrupted in different phenazine pathway genes which exhibited significantly altered sensitivity to CAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Mai-Prochnow
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship, P.O. Box 218, Lindfield, NSW 2070, Australia
| | - Mark Bradbury
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, 11 Julius Ave, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Kostya Ostrikov
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship, P.O. Box 218, Lindfield, NSW 2070, Australia
- Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Anthony B. Murphy
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship, P.O. Box 218, Lindfield, NSW 2070, Australia
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74
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On the effect of serum on the transport of reactive oxygen species across phospholipid membranes. Biointerphases 2015; 10:029511. [PMID: 25910641 DOI: 10.1116/1.4918765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The transport of plasma generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) across a simple phospholipid membrane mimic of a (real) cell was investigated. Experiments were performed in cell culture media (Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, DMEM), with and without 10% serum. A (broad spectrum) ROS reporter dye, 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCFH), was used to detect the generation of ROS by a helium (He) plasma jet in DMEM using free DCFH and with DCFH encapsulated inside phospholipid membrane vesicles dispersed in DMEM. The authors focus on the concentration and on the relative rates (arbitrary units) for oxidation of DCFH [or the appearance of the oxidized product 2,7-dichlorofluorescein (DCF)] both in solution and within vesicles. In the first 1 h following plasma exposure, the concentration of free DCF in DMEM was ~15× greater in the presence of serum (cf. to the serum-free DMEM control). The DCF in vesicles was ~2× greater in DMEM containing serum compared to the serum-free DMEM control. These data show that serum enhances plasma ROS generation in DMEM. As expected, the role of the phospholipid membrane was to reduce the rate of oxidation of the encapsulated DCFH (with and without serum). And the efficiency of ROS transport into vesicles was lower in DMEM containing serum (at 4% efficiency) when compared to serum-free DMEM (at 32% efficiency). After 1 h, the rate of DCFH oxidation was found to have significantly reduced. Based upon a synthesis of these data with results from the open literature, the authors speculate on how the components of biological fluid and cellular membranes might affect the kinetics of consumption of plasma generated ROS.
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75
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Atmospheric pressure nonthermal plasmas for bacterial biofilm prevention and eradication. Biointerphases 2015; 10:029404. [PMID: 25869456 DOI: 10.1116/1.4914382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are three-dimensional structures formed by surface-attached microorganisms and their extracellular products. Biofilms formed by pathogenic microorganisms play an important role in human diseases. Higher resistance to antimicrobial agents and changes in microbial physiology make treating biofilm infections very complex. Atmospheric pressure nonthermal plasmas (NTPs) are a novel and powerful tool for antimicrobial treatment. The microbicidal activity of NTPs has an unspecific character due to the synergetic actions of bioactive components of the plasma torch, including charged particles, reactive species, and UV radiation. This review focuses on specific traits of biofilms, their role in human diseases, and those effects of NTP that are helpful for treating biofilm infections. The authors discuss NTP-based strategies for biofilm control, such as surface modifications to prevent bacterial adhesion, killing bacteria in biofilms, and biofilm destruction with NTPs. The unspecific character of microbicidal activity, proven polymer modification and destruction abilities, low toxicity for human tissues and absence of long-living toxic compounds make NTPs a very promising tool for biofilm prevention and control.
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76
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How do plasma-generated OH radicals react with biofilm components? Insights from atomic scale simulations. Biointerphases 2015. [DOI: 10.1116/1.4904339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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77
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In vitro effects of N-acetyl cysteine alone and in combination with antibiotics on Prevotella intermedia. J Microbiol 2015; 53:321-9. [PMID: 25935303 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-015-4500-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) is an antioxidant that possesses anti-inflammatory activities in tissues. In the field of dentistry, NAC was demonstrated to prevent the expression of LPS-induced inflammatory mediators in phagocytic cells and gingival fibroblasts during the inflammatory process, but the effect of NAC on oral pathogens has been rarely studied. Here, we examined the effect of NAC against planktonic and biofilm cells of Prevotella intermedia, a major oral pathogen. NAC showed antibacterial activity against the planktonic P. intermedia with MIC value of 3 mg/ml and significantly decreased biofilm formation by the bacterium even at sub MIC. NAC did not affect the antibiotic susceptibility of planktonic P. intermedia, showing indifference (fractional inhibitory concentration index of 0.5-4) results against the bacterium in combination with ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline or metronidazole. On the other hand, viability of the pre-established bacterial biofilm exposed to the antibiotics except metronidazole was increased in the presence of NAC. Collectively, NAC may be used for prevention of the biofilm formation by P. intermedia rather than eradication of the pre-established bacterial biofilm. Further studies are required to explore antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of NAC against mixed population of oral bacteria and its modulatory effect on antibiotics used for oral infectious diseases.
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78
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Flynn PB, Higginbotham S, Alshraiedeh NH, Gorman SP, Graham WG, Gilmore BF. Bactericidal efficacy of atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasma (APNTP) against the ESKAPE pathogens. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2015; 46:101-7. [PMID: 25963338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2015.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens within the clinical environment is presenting a mounting problem in hospitals worldwide. The 'ESKAPE' pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp.) have been highlighted as a group of causative organisms in a majority of nosocomial infections, presenting a serious health risk due to widespread antimicrobial resistance. The stagnating pipeline of new antibiotics requires alternative approaches to the control and treatment of nosocomial infections. Atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasma (APNTP) is attracting growing interest as an alternative infection control approach within the clinical setting. This study presents a comprehensive bactericidal assessment of an in-house-designed APNTP jet both against biofilms and planktonic bacteria of the ESKAPE pathogens. Standard plate counts and the XTT metabolic assay were used to evaluate the antibacterial effect of APNTP, with both methods demonstrating comparable eradication times. APNTP exhibited rapid antimicrobial activity against all of the ESKAPE pathogens in the planktonic mode of growth and provided efficient and complete eradication of ESKAPE pathogens in the biofilm mode of growth within 360s, with the exception of A. baumannii where a >4log reduction in biofilm viability was observed. This demonstrates its effectiveness as a bactericidal treatment against these pathogens and further highlights its potential application in the clinical environment for the control of highly antimicrobial-resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padrig B Flynn
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | | | - Nid'a H Alshraiedeh
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Sean P Gorman
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - William G Graham
- Centre for Plasma Physics, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Brendan F Gilmore
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
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79
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Haertel B, von Woedtke T, Weltmann KD, Lindequist U. Non-thermal atmospheric-pressure plasma possible application in wound healing. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2014; 22:477-90. [PMID: 25489414 PMCID: PMC4256026 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2014.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-thermal atmospheric-pressure plasma, also named cold plasma, is defined as a partly ionized gas. Therefore, it cannot be equated with plasma from blood; it is not biological in nature. Non-thermal atmospheric-pressure plasma is a new innovative approach in medicine not only for the treatment of wounds, but with a wide-range of other applications, as e.g. topical treatment of other skin diseases with microbial involvement or treatment of cancer diseases. This review emphasizes plasma effects on wound healing. Non-thermal atmospheric-pressure plasma can support wound healing by its antiseptic effects, by stimulation of proliferation and migration of wound relating skin cells, by activation or inhibition of integrin receptors on the cell surface or by its pro-angiogenic effect. We summarize the effects of plasma on eukaryotic cells, especially on keratinocytes in terms of viability, proliferation, DNA, adhesion molecules and angiogenesis together with the role of reactive oxygen species and other components of plasma. The outcome of first clinical trials regarding wound healing is pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Haertel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University of Greifswald, D17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas von Woedtke
- Leibniz Institute of Plasma Science and Technology Greifswald e.V (INP), Felix-Hausdorff Str. 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Klaus-Dieter Weltmann
- Leibniz Institute of Plasma Science and Technology Greifswald e.V (INP), Felix-Hausdorff Str. 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ulrike Lindequist
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University of Greifswald, D17489 Greifswald, Germany
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80
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Inactivation of microbes and macromolecules by atmospheric-pressure plasma jets. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:6205-13. [PMID: 24841116 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5781-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Plasma is ionized gas, which is found in various forms in nature and can also be generated artificially. A variety of cold atmospheric-pressure plasmas are currently being investigated for their clinical utility, and first studies reporting on the treatment of patients showed that plasma treatment may support the wound healing process. One of the benefits of plasma treatment is the effective inactivation of bacteria including tenacious pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa or multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Neither the molecular mechanisms promoting wound healing nor those underlying bacterial inactivation are fully understood yet. The review has a focus on plasma jets, a particular type of cold atmospheric-pressure plasma sources featuring an indirect treatment whereby the treated substrates do not come into contact with the plasma directly but are exposed to the plasma-emitted reactive species and photons. Such plasma jets are being employed as tools in basic research regarding the effects of plasmas on biological samples. This review provides a brief overview on the recent clinical investigations into the benefits of cold atmospheric-pressure plasmas. It then describes our current understanding of the mechanisms leading to bacterial inactivation and inactivation of biomacromolecules gained by employing plasma jets.
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81
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Niemira BA, Boyd G, Sites J. Cold Plasma Rapid Decontamination of Food Contact Surfaces Contaminated withSalmonellaBiofilms. J Food Sci 2014; 79:M917-22. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brendan A. Niemira
- Food Safety and Intervention Technologies Research Unit; Eastern Regional Research Center; U.S. Dept. of Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service; Wyndmoor PA 19038 U.S.A
| | - Glenn Boyd
- Food Safety and Intervention Technologies Research Unit; Eastern Regional Research Center; U.S. Dept. of Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service; Wyndmoor PA 19038 U.S.A
| | - Joseph Sites
- Food Safety and Intervention Technologies Research Unit; Eastern Regional Research Center; U.S. Dept. of Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service; Wyndmoor PA 19038 U.S.A
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82
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Hirst AM, Frame FM, Maitland NJ, O'Connell D. Low temperature plasma: a novel focal therapy for localized prostate cancer? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:878319. [PMID: 24738076 PMCID: PMC3971493 DOI: 10.1155/2014/878319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite considerable advances in recent years for the focal treatment of localized prostate cancer, high recurrence rates and detrimental side effects are still a cause for concern. In this review, we compare current focal therapies to a potentially novel approach for the treatment of early onset prostate cancer: low temperature plasma. The rapidly evolving plasma technology has the potential to deliver a wide range of promising medical applications via the delivery of plasma-induced reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Studies assessing the effect of low temperature plasma on cell lines and xenografts have demonstrated DNA damage leading to apoptosis and reduction in cell viability. However, there have been no studies on prostate cancer, which is an obvious candidate for this novel therapy. We present here the potential of low temperature plasma as a focal therapy for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Hirst
- Department of Physics, York Plasma Institute, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Fiona M Frame
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Norman J Maitland
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Deborah O'Connell
- Department of Physics, York Plasma Institute, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
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83
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Mai-Prochnow A, Murphy AB, McLean KM, Kong MG, Ostrikov KK. Atmospheric pressure plasmas: infection control and bacterial responses. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2014; 43:508-17. [PMID: 24637224 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cold atmospheric pressure plasma (APP) is a recent, cutting-edge antimicrobial treatment. It has the potential to be used as an alternative to traditional treatments such as antibiotics and as a promoter of wound healing, making it a promising tool in a range of biomedical applications with particular importance for combating infections. A number of studies show very promising results for APP-mediated killing of bacteria, including removal of biofilms of pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, the mode of action of APP and the resulting bacterial response are not fully understood. Use of a variety of different plasma-generating devices, different types of plasma gases and different treatment modes makes it challenging to show reproducibility and transferability of results. This review considers some important studies in which APP was used as an antibacterial agent, and specifically those that elucidate its mode of action, with the aim of identifying common bacterial responses to APP exposure. The review has a particular emphasis on mechanisms of interactions of bacterial biofilms with APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Mai-Prochnow
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, P.O. Box 218, Lindfield, NSW 2070, Australia.
| | - Anthony B Murphy
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, P.O. Box 218, Lindfield, NSW 2070, Australia
| | - Keith M McLean
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Bayview Avenue, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Michael G Kong
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Suite 422, 4211 Monarch Way, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Kostya Ken Ostrikov
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, P.O. Box 218, Lindfield, NSW 2070, Australia
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84
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Suttikul T, Paosombat B, Santikunaporn M, Leethochawalit M, Chavadej S. Improvement of Ethylene Epoxidation in a Parallel Plate Dielectric Barrier Discharge System by Ethylene/Oxygen Separate Feed and Ag Catalyst. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie402659c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thitiporn Suttikul
- The
Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Soi Chula
12, Phyathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department
of Chemical Process Engineering Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Tambon Nonglalok, Amphur Bankhai, Rayong 21120 Thailand
| | - Bunphot Paosombat
- The
Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Soi Chula
12, Phyathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Malee Santikunaporn
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12121, Thailand
| | - Malinee Leethochawalit
- Srinakharinwirot University, Innovative Learning Center, Sukhumvit Rd., 10110 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sumaeth Chavadej
- The
Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Soi Chula
12, Phyathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center
of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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85
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Elkhatib W, Noreddin A. In Vitro Antibiofilm Efficacies of Different Antibiotic Combinations with Zinc Sulfate against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Recovered from Hospitalized Patients with Urinary Tract Infection. Antibiotics (Basel) 2014; 3:64-84. [PMID: 27025734 PMCID: PMC4790350 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics3010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a serious healthcare dilemma influencing millions of patients every year and represent the second most frequent type of body infection. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a multidrug-resistant pathogen causing numerous chronic biofilm-associated infections including urinary tract, nosocomial, and medical devices-related infections. In the present study, the biofilm of P. aeruginosa CCIN34519, recovered from inpatients with UTIs, was established on polystyrene substratum and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and was utilized for visualization of the biofilm. A previously described in vitro system for real-time monitoring of biofilm growth/inhibition was utilized to assess the antimicrobial effects of ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, norfloxacin, ertapenem, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, and tobramycin as single antibiotics as well as in combinations with zinc sulfate (2.5 mM) against P.aeruginosa CCIN34519 biofilm. Meanwhile, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) at 24 h and mutant prevention concentrations (MPCs) at 96 h were determined for the aforementioned antibiotics. The real-time monitoring data revealed diverse responses of P.aeruginosa CCIN34519 biofilm to the tested antibiotic-zinc sulfate combinations with potential synergisms in cases of fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and norfloxacin) and carbapenem (ertapenem) as demonstrated by reduced MIC and MPC values. Conversely, considerable antagonisms were observed with cephalosporin (ceftriaxone) and aminoglycosides (gentamicin, and tobramycin) as shown by substantially increased MICs and MPCs values. Further deliberate in vivo investigations for the promising synergisms are required to evaluate their therapeutic potentials for treatment of UTIs caused by P. aeruginosa biofilms as well as for developing preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Elkhatib
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, African Union Organization St. Abbassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt.
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, Hampton University, Kittrell Hall Hampton, Virginia 23668, USA.
| | - Ayman Noreddin
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, Hampton University, Kittrell Hall Hampton, Virginia 23668, USA.
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 825 Fairfax Ave, Norfolk, Virginia 23507, USA.
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86
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Potential cellular targets and antibacterial efficacy of atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasma. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2014; 43:154-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2013.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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87
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Matthes R, Hübner NO, Bender C, Koban I, Horn S, Bekeschus S, Weltmann KD, Kocher T, Kramer A, Assadian O. Efficacy of different carrier gases for barrier discharge plasma generation compared to chlorhexidine on the survival of Pseudomonas aeruginosa embedded in biofilm in vitro. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2014; 27:148-57. [PMID: 24434726 DOI: 10.1159/000353861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Because of its antimicrobial properties, nonthermal plasma could serve as an alternative to chemical antisepsis in wound treatment. Therefore, this study investigated the inactivation of biofilm-embedded Pseudomonas aeruginosa SG81 by a surface barrier-discharged (SBD) plasma for 30, 60, 150 and 300 s. In order to optimize the efficacy of the plasma, different carrier gases (argon, argon admixed with 1% oxygen, and argon with increased humidity up to approx. 80%) were tested and compared against 0.1% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHG) exposure for 600 s. The antimicrobial efficacy was determined by calculating the difference between the numbers of colony-forming units (CFU) of treated and untreated biofilms. Living bacteria were distinguished from dead by fluorescent staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Both SBD plasmas and CHG showed significant antimicrobial effects compared to the untreated control. However, plasma treatment led to a higher antimicrobial reduction (argon plasma 4.9 log10 CFU/cm(2), argon with admixed oxygen 3 log10 CFU/cm(2), and with increased gas humidity 2.7 log10 CFU/cm(2) after 300 s) compared to CHG. In conclusion, SBD plasma is suitable as an alternative to CHG for inactivation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa embedded in biofilm. Further development of SBD plasma sources and research on the role of carrier gases and humidity may allow their clinical application for wound management in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Matthes
- Institute for Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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88
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Duval A, Marinov I, Bousquet G, Gapihan G, Starikovskaia SM, Rousseau A, Janin A. Cell death induced on cell cultures and nude mouse skin by non-thermal, nanosecond-pulsed generated plasma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83001. [PMID: 24358244 PMCID: PMC3865311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-thermal plasmas are gaseous mixtures of molecules, radicals, and excited species with a small proportion of ions and energetic electrons. Non-thermal plasmas can be generated with any high electro-magnetic field. We studied here the pathological effects, and in particular cell death, induced by nanosecond-pulsed high voltage generated plasmas homogeneously applied on cell cultures and nude mouse skin. In vitro, Jurkat cells and HMEC exhibited apoptosis and necrosis, in dose-dependent manner. In vivo, on nude mouse skin, cell death occurred for doses above 113 J/cm2 for the epidermis, 281 J/cm2 for the dermis, and 394 J/cm2 for the hypodermis. Using electron microscopy, we characterized apoptosis for low doses and necrosis for high doses. We demonstrated that these effects were not related to thermal, photonic or pH variations, and were due to the production of free radicals. The ability of cold plasmas to generate apoptosis on cells in suspension and, without any sensitizer, on precise skin areas, opens new fields of application in dermatology for extracorporeal blood cell treatment and the eradication of superficial skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Duval
- Inserm, U 728, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Pathologie, UMR-S 728, Paris, France
- AP-HP (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris), Hôpital Saint-Louis, Department of Pathology, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Ilya Marinov
- Laboratoire de physique des plasmas, Ecole polytechnique, UPMC, Université Paris Sud 11, CNRS, Palaiseau, France
| | - Guilhem Bousquet
- Inserm, U 728, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Pathologie, UMR-S 728, Paris, France
- AP-HP (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris), Hôpital Saint-Louis, Department of Pathology, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Gapihan
- Inserm, U 728, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Pathologie, UMR-S 728, Paris, France
- AP-HP (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris), Hôpital Saint-Louis, Department of Pathology, Paris, France
| | - Svetlana M. Starikovskaia
- Laboratoire de physique des plasmas, Ecole polytechnique, UPMC, Université Paris Sud 11, CNRS, Palaiseau, France
| | - Antoine Rousseau
- Laboratoire de physique des plasmas, Ecole polytechnique, UPMC, Université Paris Sud 11, CNRS, Palaiseau, France
| | - Anne Janin
- Inserm, U 728, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Pathologie, UMR-S 728, Paris, France
- AP-HP (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris), Hôpital Saint-Louis, Department of Pathology, Paris, France
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89
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Alshraiedeh N, Alkawareek M, Gorman S, Graham W, Gilmore B. Atmospheric pressure, nonthermal plasma inactivation of MS2 bacteriophage: effect of oxygen concentration on virucidal activity. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 115:1420-6. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - S.P. Gorman
- School of Pharmacy; Queen's University Belfast; Belfast UK
| | - W.G. Graham
- Centre for Plasma Physics; Queen's University Belfast; Belfast UK
| | - B.F. Gilmore
- School of Pharmacy; Queen's University Belfast; Belfast UK
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90
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Hosseinzadeh Colagar A, Memariani H, Sohbatzadeh F, Valinataj Omran A. Nonthermal Atmospheric Argon Plasma Jet Effects on Escherichia coli Biomacromolecules. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 171:1617-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0430-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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91
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Zhang W, McLamore ES, Garland NT, Leon JVC, Banks MK. A simple method for quantifying biomass cell and polymer distribution in biofilms. J Microbiol Methods 2013; 94:367-74. [PMID: 23916866 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2013.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Biofilms are ubiquitous and play an essential role in both environmental processes and hospital infections. Standard methods are not capable of quantifying biomass concentration in dilute suspensions. Furthermore, standard techniques cannot differentiate biomass composition. In this study, a user-friendly technique was developed for measuring biomass cell and polymer content in detached biofilms using a standard coulter counter. The method was demonstrated for an environmentally relevant strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Schroeter) Migula grown in a bioreactor and also for a medically relevant strain of P. aeruginosa (PAO1) grown on standard growth pegs. Results were compared and validated by standard assays, including EPA method 1684 for measuring biomass, microscopic direct counts, and a crystal violet staining assay. The minimum detection limit for the coulter counter method (0.07 mg-biomass L(-1)) was significantly lower than the EPA method 1684 (1.9 ± 0.4 mg/L) and the crystal violet assay (1.1 ± 0.2 mg L(-1)). However, the coulter counter method is limited to dilute biomass samples (below 204 ± 16 mg L(-1)) due to clogging of the aperture tube. While biomass measurements are useful, the major advantage of the coulter counter method is the ability to directly determine EPS, cell, and aggregate fractions after mild chemical treatment. The rapid technique (4-5 min per sample) was used to measure biomass fractions in dispersed P. aeruginosa (Schroeter) and PAO1 biofilms. This technique will be critical for understanding biofilm formation/dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Arkansas, 4190 Bell Engineering Center, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
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92
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Vatansever F, de Melo WCMA, Avci P, Vecchio D, Sadasivam M, Gupta A, Chandran R, Karimi M, Parizotto NA, Yin R, Tegos GP, Hamblin MR. Antimicrobial strategies centered around reactive oxygen species--bactericidal antibiotics, photodynamic therapy, and beyond. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2013; 37:955-89. [PMID: 23802986 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 578] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can attack a diverse range of targets to exert antimicrobial activity, which accounts for their versatility in mediating host defense against a broad range of pathogens. Most ROS are formed by the partial reduction in molecular oxygen. Four major ROS are recognized comprising superoxide (O2•-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical (•OH), and singlet oxygen ((1)O2), but they display very different kinetics and levels of activity. The effects of O2•- and H2O2 are less acute than those of •OH and (1)O2, because the former are much less reactive and can be detoxified by endogenous antioxidants (both enzymatic and nonenzymatic) that are induced by oxidative stress. In contrast, no enzyme can detoxify •OH or (1)O2, making them extremely toxic and acutely lethal. The present review will highlight the various methods of ROS formation and their mechanism of action. Antioxidant defenses against ROS in microbial cells and the use of ROS by antimicrobial host defense systems are covered. Antimicrobial approaches primarily utilizing ROS comprise both bactericidal antibiotics and nonpharmacological methods such as photodynamic therapy, titanium dioxide photocatalysis, cold plasma, and medicinal honey. A brief final section covers reactive nitrogen species and related therapeutics, such as acidified nitrite and nitric oxide-releasing nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Vatansever
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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93
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Antimicrobial efficacy of two surface barrier discharges with air plasma against in vitro biofilms. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70462. [PMID: 23894661 PMCID: PMC3722131 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of infected wounds is one possible therapeutic aspect of plasma medicine. Chronic wounds are often associated with microbial biofilms which limit the efficacy of antiseptics. The present study investigates two different surface barrier discharges with air plasma to compare their efficacy against microbial biofilms with chlorhexidine digluconate solution (CHX) as representative of an important antibiofilm antiseptic. Pseudomonas aeruginosa SG81 and Staphylococcus epidermidis RP62A were cultivated on polycarbonate discs. The biofilms were treated for 30, 60, 150, 300 or 600 s with plasma or for 600 s with 0.1% CHX, respectively. After treatment, biofilms were dispensed by ultrasound and the antimicrobial effects were determined as difference in the number of the colony forming units by microbial culture. A high antimicrobial efficacy on biofilms of both plasma sources in comparison to CHX treatment was shown. The efficacy differs between the used strains and plasma sources. For illustration, the biofilms were examined under a scanning electron microscope before and after treatment. Additionally, cytotoxicity was determined by the MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay with L929 mouse fibroblast cell line. The cell toxicity of the used plasma limits its applicability on human tissue to maximally 150 s. The emitted UV irradiance was measured to estimate whether UV could limit the application on human tissue at the given parameters. It was found that the UV emission is negligibly low. In conclusion, the results support the assumption that air plasma could be an option for therapy of chronic wounds.
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94
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Differential influence of components resulting from atmospheric-pressure plasma on integrin expression of human HaCaT keratinocytes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:761451. [PMID: 23936843 PMCID: PMC3712198 DOI: 10.1155/2013/761451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Adequate chronic wound healing is a major problem in medicine. A new solution might be non-thermal atmospheric-pressure plasma effectively inactivating microorganisms and influencing cells in wound healing. Plasma components as, for example, radicals can affect cells differently. HaCaT keratinocytes were treated with Dielectric Barrier Discharge plasma (DBD/air, DBD/argon), ozone or hydrogen peroxide to find the components responsible for changes in integrin expression, intracellular ROS formation or apoptosis induction. Dependent on plasma treatment time reduction of recovered cells was observed with no increase of apoptotic cells, but breakdown of mitochondrial membrane potential. DBD/air plasma increased integrins and intracellular ROS. DBD/argon caused minor changes. About 100 ppm ozone did not influence integrins. Hydrogen peroxide caused similar effects compared to DBD/air plasma. In conclusion, effects depended on working gas and exposure time to plasma. Short treatment cycles did neither change integrins nor induce apoptosis or ROS. Longer treatments changed integrins as important for influencing wound healing. Plasma effects on integrins are rather attributed to induction of other ROS than to generation of ozone. Changes of integrins by plasma may provide new solutions of improving wound healing, however, conditions are needed which allow initiating the relevant influence on integrins without being cytotoxic to cells.
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