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Sutton G, Kelsh RN, Scholpp S. Review: The Role of Wnt/β-Catenin Signalling in Neural Crest Development in Zebrafish. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:782445. [PMID: 34912811 PMCID: PMC8667473 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.782445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is a multipotent cell population in vertebrate embryos with extraordinary migratory capacity. The NC is crucial for vertebrate development and forms a myriad of cell derivatives throughout the body, including pigment cells, neuronal cells of the peripheral nervous system, cardiomyocytes and skeletogenic cells in craniofacial tissue. NC induction occurs at the end of gastrulation when the multipotent population of NC progenitors emerges in the ectodermal germ layer in the neural plate border region. In the process of NC fate specification, fate-specific markers are expressed in multipotent progenitors, which subsequently adopt a specific fate. Thus, NC cells delaminate from the neural plate border and migrate extensively throughout the embryo until they differentiate into various cell derivatives. Multiple signalling pathways regulate the processes of NC induction and specification. This review explores the ongoing role of the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway during NC development, focusing on research undertaken in the Teleost model organism, zebrafish (Danio rerio). We discuss the function of the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway in inducing the NC within the neural plate border and the specification of melanocytes from the NC. The current understanding of NC development suggests a continual role of Wnt/β-catenin signalling in activating and maintaining the gene regulatory network during NC induction and pigment cell specification. We relate this to emerging models and hypotheses on NC fate restriction. Finally, we highlight the ongoing challenges facing NC research, current gaps in knowledge, and this field's potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Sutton
- Living Systems Institute, School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Robert N. Kelsh
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Steffen Scholpp
- Living Systems Institute, School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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NRG1/ErbB signalling controls the dialogue between macrophages and neural crest-derived cells during zebrafish fin regeneration. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6336. [PMID: 34732706 PMCID: PMC8566576 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26422-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish species, such as zebrafish (Danio rerio), can regenerate their appendages after amputation through the formation of a heterogeneous cellular structure named blastema. Here, by combining live imaging of triple transgenic zebrafish embryos and single-cell RNA sequencing we established a detailed cell atlas of the regenerating caudal fin in zebrafish larvae. We confirmed the presence of macrophage subsets that govern zebrafish fin regeneration, and identified a foxd3-positive cell population within the regenerating fin. Genetic depletion of these foxd3-positive neural crest-derived cells (NCdC) showed that they are involved in blastema formation and caudal fin regeneration. Finally, chemical inhibition and transcriptomic analysis demonstrated that these foxd3-positive cells regulate macrophage recruitment and polarization through the NRG1/ErbB pathway. Here, we show the diversity of the cells required for blastema formation, identify a discrete foxd3-positive NCdC population, and reveal the critical function of the NRG1/ErbB pathway in controlling the dialogue between macrophages and NCdC. Some fish can regenerate appendages by formation of a structure called the blastema. Here, the authors use single-cell RNA sequencing to characterize the cells required for blastema formation and fin regeneration and identified neural crest cells that orchestrate regeneration via the NRG1/ErbB axis
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Rosa JT, Witten PE, Huysseune A. Cells at the Edge: The Dentin-Bone Interface in Zebrafish Teeth. Front Physiol 2021; 12:723210. [PMID: 34690799 PMCID: PMC8526719 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.723210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone-producing osteoblasts and dentin-producing odontoblasts are closely related cell types, a result from their shared evolutionary history in the ancient dermal skeleton. In mammals, the two cell types can be distinguished based on histological characters and the cells’ position in the pulp cavity or in the tripartite periodontal complex. Different from mammals, teleost fish feature a broad diversity in tooth attachment modes, ranging from fibrous attachment to firm ankylosis to the underlying bone. The connection between dentin and jaw bone is often mediated by a collar of mineralized tissue, a part of the dental unit that has been termed “bone of attachment”. Its nature (bone, dentin, or an intermediate tissue type) is still debated. Likewise, there is a debate about the nature of the cells secreting this tissue: osteoblasts, odontoblasts, or yet another (intermediate) type of scleroblast. Here, we use expression of the P/Q rich secretory calcium-binding phosphoprotein 5 (scpp5) to characterize the cells lining the so-called bone of attachment in the zebrafish dentition. scpp5 is expressed in late cytodifferentiation stage odontoblasts but not in the cells depositing the “bone of attachment”. nor in bona fide osteoblasts lining the supporting pharyngeal jaw bone. Together with the presence of the osteoblast marker Zns-5, and the absence of covering epithelium, this links the cells depositing the “bone of attachment” to osteoblasts rather than to odontoblasts. The presence of dentinal tubule-like cell extensions and the near absence of osteocytes, nevertheless distinguishes the “bone of attachment” from true bone. These results suggest that the “bone of attachment” in zebrafish has characters intermediate between bone and dentin, and, as a tissue, is better termed “dentinous bone”. In other teleosts, the tissue may adopt different properties. The data furthermore support the view that these two tissues are part of a continuum of mineralized tissues. Expression of scpp5 can be a valuable tool to investigate how differentiation pathways diverge between osteoblasts and odontoblasts in teleost models and help resolving the evolutionary history of tooth attachment structures in actinopterygians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana T Rosa
- Research Group Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Biology Department, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Comparative, Adaptive and Functional Skeletal Biology (BIOSKEL), Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Paul Eckhard Witten
- Research Group Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Biology Department, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ann Huysseune
- Research Group Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Biology Department, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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54
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The Dorsal Integument of the Southern Long-Nosed Armadillo Dasypus hybridus (Cingulata, Xenarthra), and a Possible Neural Crest Origin of the Osteoderms. Discussing Evolutive Consequences for Amniota. J MAMM EVOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-021-09538-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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55
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Alexandre-Moreno S, Bonet-Fernández JM, Atienzar-Aroca R, Aroca-Aguilar JD, Escribano J. Null cyp1b1 Activity in Zebrafish Leads to Variable Craniofacial Defects Associated with Altered Expression of Extracellular Matrix and Lipid Metabolism Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126430. [PMID: 34208498 PMCID: PMC8234340 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary CYP1B1 is a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in oxidative metabolism of different endogenous lipids and drugs. The loss of function (LoF) of this gene underlies many cases of recessive primary congenital glaucoma (PCG), an infrequent disease and a common cause of infantile loss of vision in children. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to generate a cyp1b1 knockout zebrafish model. The zebrafish line did not exhibit glaucoma-related phenotypes; however, adult mutant zebrafish presented variable craniofacial alterations, including uni- or bilateral craniofacial alterations with incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. Transcriptomic analyses of seven-dpf cyp1b1-KO zebrafish revealed differentially expressed genes related to extracellular matrix and cell adhesion, cell growth and proliferation, lipid metabolism and inflammation. Overall, this study provides evidence for the complexity of the phenotypes and molecular pathways associated with cyp1b1 LoF, as well as for the dysregulation of extracellular matrix gene expression as one of the mechanisms underlying cyp1b1 disruption-associated pathogenicity. Abstract CYP1B1 loss of function (LoF) is the main known genetic alteration present in recessive primary congenital glaucoma (PCG), an infrequent disease characterized by delayed embryonic development of the ocular iridocorneal angle; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. To model CYP1B1 LoF underlying PCG, we developed a cyp1b1 knockout (KO) zebrafish line using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. This line carries the c.535_667del frameshift mutation that results in the 72% mRNA reduction with the residual mRNA predicted to produce an inactive truncated protein (p.(His179Glyfs*6)). Microphthalmia and jaw maldevelopment were observed in 23% of F0 somatic mosaic mutant larvae (144 hpf). These early phenotypes were not detected in cyp1b1-KO F3 larvae (144 hpf), but 27% of adult (four months) zebrafish exhibited uni- or bilateral craniofacial alterations, indicating the existence of incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. These phenotypes increased to 86% in the adult offspring of inbred progenitors with craniofacial defects. No glaucoma-related phenotypes were observed in cyp1b1 mutants. Transcriptomic analyses of the offspring (seven dpf) of cyp1b1-KO progenitors with adult-onset craniofacial defects revealed functionally enriched differentially expressed genes related to extracellular matrix and cell adhesion, cell growth and proliferation, lipid metabolism (retinoids, steroids and fatty acids and oxidation–reduction processes that include several cytochrome P450 genes) and inflammation. In summary, this study shows the complexity of the phenotypes and molecular pathways associated with cyp1b1 LoF, with species dependency, and provides evidence for the dysregulation of extracellular matrix gene expression as one of the mechanisms underlying the pathogenicity associated with cyp1b1 disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Alexandre-Moreno
- Área de Genética, Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain; (S.A.-M.); (J.-M.B.-F.); (R.A.-A.)
- Cooperative Research Network on Age-Related Ocular Pathology, Visual and Life Quality (OFTARED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan-Manuel Bonet-Fernández
- Área de Genética, Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain; (S.A.-M.); (J.-M.B.-F.); (R.A.-A.)
- Cooperative Research Network on Age-Related Ocular Pathology, Visual and Life Quality (OFTARED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Atienzar-Aroca
- Área de Genética, Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain; (S.A.-M.); (J.-M.B.-F.); (R.A.-A.)
- Cooperative Research Network on Age-Related Ocular Pathology, Visual and Life Quality (OFTARED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José-Daniel Aroca-Aguilar
- Área de Genética, Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain; (S.A.-M.); (J.-M.B.-F.); (R.A.-A.)
- Cooperative Research Network on Age-Related Ocular Pathology, Visual and Life Quality (OFTARED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.-D.A.-A.); (J.E.)
| | - Julio Escribano
- Área de Genética, Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain; (S.A.-M.); (J.-M.B.-F.); (R.A.-A.)
- Cooperative Research Network on Age-Related Ocular Pathology, Visual and Life Quality (OFTARED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.-D.A.-A.); (J.E.)
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Abstract
Atonal homologue 8 (atoh8) is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor expressed in a variety of embryonic tissues. While several studies have implicated atoh8 in various developmental pathways in other species, its role in zebrafish development remains uncertain. So far, no studies have dealt with an in-depth in situ analysis of the tissue distribution of atoh8 in embryonic zebrafish. We set out to pinpoint the exact location of atoh8 expression in a detailed spatio-temporal analysis in zebrafish during the first 24 h of development (hpf). To our surprise, we observed transcription from pre-segmentation stages in the paraxial mesoderm and during the segmentation stages in the somitic sclerotome and not—as previously reported—in the myotome. With progressing maturation of the somites, the restriction of atoh8 to the sclerotomal compartment became evident. Double in situ hybridisation with atoh8 and myoD revealed that both genes are expressed in the somites at coinciding developmental stages; however, their domains do not spatially overlap. A second domain of atoh8 expression emerged in the embryonic brain in the developing cerebellum and hindbrain. Here, we observed a specific expression pattern which was again in contrast to the previously published suggestion of atoh8 transcription in neural crest cells. Our findings point towards a possible role of atoh8 in sclerotome, cerebellum and hindbrain development. More importantly, the results of this expression analysis provide new insights into early sclerotome development in zebrafish—a field of research in developmental biology which has not received much attention so far.
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57
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Latypova X, Vincent M, Mollé A, Adebambo OA, Fourgeux C, Khan TN, Caro A, Rosello M, Orellana C, Niyazov D, Lederer D, Deprez M, Capri Y, Kannu P, Tabet AC, Levy J, Aten E, den Hollander N, Splitt M, Walia J, Immken LL, Stankiewicz P, McWalter K, Suchy S, Louie RJ, Bell S, Stevenson RE, Rousseau J, Willem C, Retiere C, Yang XJ, Campeau PM, Martinez F, Rosenfeld JA, Le Caignec C, Küry S, Mercier S, Moradkhani K, Conrad S, Besnard T, Cogné B, Katsanis N, Bézieau S, Poschmann J, Davis EE, Isidor B. Haploinsufficiency of the Sin3/HDAC corepressor complex member SIN3B causes a syndromic intellectual disability/autism spectrum disorder. Am J Hum Genet 2021; 108:929-941. [PMID: 33811806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2021.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins involved in transcriptional regulation harbor a demonstrated enrichment of mutations in neurodevelopmental disorders. The Sin3 (Swi-independent 3)/histone deacetylase (HDAC) complex plays a central role in histone deacetylation and transcriptional repression. Among the two vertebrate paralogs encoding the Sin3 complex, SIN3A variants cause syndromic intellectual disability, but the clinical consequences of SIN3B haploinsufficiency in humans are uncharacterized. Here, we describe a syndrome hallmarked by intellectual disability, developmental delay, and dysmorphic facial features with variably penetrant autism spectrum disorder, congenital malformations, corpus callosum defects, and impaired growth caused by disruptive SIN3B variants. Using chromosomal microarray or exome sequencing, and through international data sharing efforts, we identified nine individuals with heterozygous SIN3B deletion or single-nucleotide variants. Five individuals harbor heterozygous deletions encompassing SIN3B that reside within a ∼230 kb minimal region of overlap on 19p13.11, two individuals have a rare nonsynonymous substitution, and two individuals have a single-nucleotide deletion that results in a frameshift and predicted premature termination codon. To test the relevance of SIN3B impairment to measurable aspects of the human phenotype, we disrupted the orthologous zebrafish locus by genome editing and transient suppression. The mutant and morphant larvae display altered craniofacial patterning, commissural axon defects, and reduced body length supportive of an essential role for Sin3 function in growth and patterning of anterior structures. To investigate further the molecular consequences of SIN3B variants, we quantified genome-wide enhancer and promoter activity states by using H3K27ac ChIP-seq. We show that, similar to SIN3A mutations, SIN3B disruption causes hyperacetylation of a subset of enhancers and promoters in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Together, these data demonstrate that SIN3B haploinsufficiency leads to a hitherto unknown intellectual disability/autism syndrome, uncover a crucial role of SIN3B in the central nervous system, and define the epigenetic landscape associated with Sin3 complex impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia Latypova
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Nantes, 9 quai Moncousu, 44093 Nantes Cedex 1, France; Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA; L'Institut du Thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, 44007 Nantes, France
| | - Marie Vincent
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Nantes, 9 quai Moncousu, 44093 Nantes Cedex 1, France; L'Institut du Thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, 44007 Nantes, France
| | - Alice Mollé
- Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, 44000 Nantes, France
| | | | - Cynthia Fourgeux
- Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Tahir N Khan
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, 46000 Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Alfonso Caro
- Unidad de Genética, Grupo de Investigación Traslacional en Genética, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Monica Rosello
- Unidad de Genética, Grupo de Investigación Traslacional en Genética, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmen Orellana
- Unidad de Genética, Grupo de Investigación Traslacional en Genética, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Dmitriy Niyazov
- Department of Pediatrics, Ochsner Clinic, New Orleans, LA 70128, USA
| | - Damien Lederer
- Centre de Génétique Humaine, IPG, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Marie Deprez
- Service de Neuropédiatrie, Clinique Saint Elizabeth, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Yline Capri
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Robert Debré, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Peter Kannu
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | | | - Jonathan Levy
- Service de Cytogénétique, Hôpital Robert Debré, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Emmelien Aten
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Nicolette den Hollander
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Miranda Splitt
- Northern Genetics Service, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Jagdeep Walia
- Kingston General Hospital Research Institute, 76 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON K7L 2V7, Canada
| | - Ladonna L Immken
- Clinical Genetics, Dell Children's Medical Group, Austin, TX 78731, USA
| | - Pawel Stankiewicz
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Sharon Suchy
- GeneDx, 207 Perry Parkway, Gaithersburg, MD 20877, USA
| | - Raymond J Louie
- Greenwood Genetic Center, 106 Gregor Mendel Cir, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
| | - Shannon Bell
- Greenwood Genetic Center, 106 Gregor Mendel Cir, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
| | - Roger E Stevenson
- Greenwood Genetic Center, 106 Gregor Mendel Cir, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
| | - Justine Rousseau
- Sainte-Justine Hospital, 3175, Cote-Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Christelle Retiere
- Etablissement Français du Sang, 44000 Nantes, France; CRCINA, INSERM, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, 44000 Nantes, France; LabEx IGO, Nantes 44000, France
| | - Xiang-Jiao Yang
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Center and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Philippe M Campeau
- Sainte-Justine Hospital, 3175, Cote-Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Francisco Martinez
- Unidad de Genética, Grupo de Investigación Traslacional en Genética, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jill A Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cédric Le Caignec
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Nantes, 9 quai Moncousu, 44093 Nantes Cedex 1, France; L'Institut du Thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, 44007 Nantes, France
| | - Sébastien Küry
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Nantes, 9 quai Moncousu, 44093 Nantes Cedex 1, France; L'Institut du Thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, 44007 Nantes, France
| | - Sandra Mercier
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Nantes, 9 quai Moncousu, 44093 Nantes Cedex 1, France; L'Institut du Thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, 44007 Nantes, France
| | - Kamran Moradkhani
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Nantes, 9 quai Moncousu, 44093 Nantes Cedex 1, France
| | - Solène Conrad
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Nantes, 9 quai Moncousu, 44093 Nantes Cedex 1, France
| | - Thomas Besnard
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Nantes, 9 quai Moncousu, 44093 Nantes Cedex 1, France; L'Institut du Thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, 44007 Nantes, France
| | - Benjamin Cogné
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Nantes, 9 quai Moncousu, 44093 Nantes Cedex 1, France; L'Institut du Thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, 44007 Nantes, France
| | - Nicholas Katsanis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA; Advanced Center for Translational and Genetic Medicine, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Stéphane Bézieau
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Nantes, 9 quai Moncousu, 44093 Nantes Cedex 1, France; L'Institut du Thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, 44007 Nantes, France
| | - Jeremie Poschmann
- Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, 44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Erica E Davis
- Advanced Center for Translational and Genetic Medicine, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Bertrand Isidor
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Nantes, 9 quai Moncousu, 44093 Nantes Cedex 1, France; L'Institut du Thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, 44007 Nantes, France.
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Stevenson NL, Bergen DJM, Lu Y, Prada-Sanchez ME, Kadler KE, Hammond CL, Stephens DJ. Giantin is required for intracellular N-terminal processing of type I procollagen. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212045. [PMID: 33944912 PMCID: PMC8103548 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202005166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Knockout of the golgin giantin leads to skeletal and craniofacial defects driven by poorly studied changes in glycosylation and extracellular matrix deposition. Here, we sought to determine how giantin impacts the production of healthy bone tissue by focusing on the main protein component of the osteoid, type I collagen. Giantin mutant zebrafish accumulate multiple spontaneous fractures in their caudal fin, suggesting their bones may be more brittle. Inducing new experimental fractures revealed defects in the mineralization of newly deposited collagen as well as diminished procollagen reporter expression in mutant fish. Analysis of a human giantin knockout cell line expressing a GFP-tagged procollagen showed that procollagen trafficking is independent of giantin. However, our data show that intracellular N-propeptide processing of pro-α1(I) is defective in the absence of giantin. These data demonstrate a conserved role for giantin in collagen biosynthesis and extracellular matrix assembly. Our work also provides evidence of a giantin-dependent pathway for intracellular procollagen processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola L Stevenson
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Dylan J M Bergen
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Yinhui Lu
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - M Esther Prada-Sanchez
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Karl E Kadler
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Chrissy L Hammond
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - David J Stephens
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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59
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Enny A, Shanabag A, Thompson AW, Racicot B, Braasch I, Nakamura T. Cellular mechanisms of frontal bone development in spotted gar (Lepisosteus oculatus). Dev Dyn 2021; 250:1668-1682. [PMID: 33913218 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cellular and molecular mechanisms initiating vertebrate cranial dermal bone formation is a conundrum in evolutionary and developmental biology. Decades of studies have determined the developmental processes of cranial dermal bones in various vertebrates and identified possible inducers of dermal bone. However, evolutionarily derived characters of current experimental model organisms, such as non-homologous frontal bones between teleosts and sarcopterygians, hinder investigations of ancestral and conserved mechanisms of vertebrate cranial dermal bone induction. Thus, investigating such mechanisms with animals diverging at evolutionarily informative phylogenetic nodes is imperative. RESULTS We investigated the cellular foundations of skull frontal bone formation in the spotted gar Lepisosteus oculatus, a basally branching non-teleost actinopterygian. Whole-mount bone and cartilage staining and hematoxylin-eosin section staining revealed that mesenchymal cell condensations in the frontal bone of spotted gar develop in close association with the underlying cartilage. We also identified novel aspects of frontal bone formation: enrichment of F-actin, cellular membranes, and E-cadherin in condensing cells, and extension of podia-like structures from osteoblasts to the frontal bone, which may be responsible for bone mineral transport. CONCLUSION This study highlights the process of frontal bone formation with dynamic architectural changes of mesenchymal cells in spotted gar, an emerging non-teleost fish model system, illuminating supposedly ancestral and likely conserved developmental mechanisms of skull bone formation among vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Enny
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Anusha Shanabag
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Andrew W Thompson
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.,Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior (EEB), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Brett Racicot
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Ingo Braasch
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.,Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior (EEB), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Tetsuya Nakamura
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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60
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Howard AGA, Baker PA, Ibarra-García-Padilla R, Moore JA, Rivas LJ, Tallman JJ, Singleton EW, Westheimer JL, Corteguera JA, Uribe RA. An atlas of neural crest lineages along the posterior developing zebrafish at single-cell resolution. eLife 2021; 10:e60005. [PMID: 33591267 PMCID: PMC7886338 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCCs) are vertebrate stem cells that give rise to various cell types throughout the developing body in early life. Here, we utilized single-cell transcriptomic analyses to delineate NCC-derivatives along the posterior developing vertebrate, zebrafish, during the late embryonic to early larval stage, a period when NCCs are actively differentiating into distinct cellular lineages. We identified several major NCC/NCC-derived cell-types including mesenchyme, neural crest, neural, neuronal, glial, and pigment, from which we resolved over three dozen cellular subtypes. We dissected gene expression signatures of pigment progenitors delineating into chromatophore lineages, mesenchyme cells, and enteric NCCs transforming into enteric neurons. Global analysis of NCC derivatives revealed they were demarcated by combinatorial hox gene codes, with distinct profiles within neuronal cells. From these analyses, we present a comprehensive cell-type atlas that can be utilized as a valuable resource for further mechanistic and evolutionary investigations of NCC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phillip A Baker
- Department of BioSciences, Rice UniversityHoustonUnited States
| | | | - Joshua A Moore
- Department of BioSciences, Rice UniversityHoustonUnited States
| | - Lucia J Rivas
- Department of BioSciences, Rice UniversityHoustonUnited States
| | - James J Tallman
- Department of BioSciences, Rice UniversityHoustonUnited States
| | | | | | | | - Rosa A Uribe
- Department of BioSciences, Rice UniversityHoustonUnited States
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61
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Truong BT, Artinger KB. The power of zebrafish models for understanding the co-occurrence of craniofacial and limb disorders. Genesis 2021; 59:e23407. [PMID: 33393730 PMCID: PMC8153179 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Craniofacial and limb defects are two of the most common congenital anomalies in the general population. Interestingly, these defects are not mutually exclusive. Many patients with craniofacial phenotypes, such as orofacial clefting and craniosynostosis, also present with limb defects, including polydactyly, syndactyly, brachydactyly, or ectrodactyly. The gene regulatory networks governing craniofacial and limb development initially seem distinct from one another, and yet these birth defects frequently occur together. Both developmental processes are highly conserved among vertebrates, and zebrafish have emerged as an advantageous model due to their high fecundity, relative ease of genetic manipulation, and transparency during development. Here we summarize studies that have used zebrafish models to study human syndromes that present with both craniofacial and limb phenotypes. We discuss the highly conserved processes of craniofacial and limb/fin development and describe recent zebrafish studies that have explored the function of genes associated with human syndromes with phenotypes in both structures. We attempt to identify commonalities between the two to help explain why craniofacial and limb anomalies often occur together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany T. Truong
- Human Medical Genetics & Genomics Graduate Program, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Kristin Bruk Artinger
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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62
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Galea GL, Zein MR, Allen S, Francis-West P. Making and shaping endochondral and intramembranous bones. Dev Dyn 2020; 250:414-449. [PMID: 33314394 PMCID: PMC7986209 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal elements have a diverse range of shapes and sizes specialized to their various roles including protecting internal organs, locomotion, feeding, hearing, and vocalization. The precise positioning, size, and shape of skeletal elements is therefore critical for their function. During embryonic development, bone forms by endochondral or intramembranous ossification and can arise from the paraxial and lateral plate mesoderm or neural crest. This review describes inductive mechanisms to position and pattern bones within the developing embryo, compares and contrasts the intrinsic vs extrinsic mechanisms of endochondral and intramembranous skeletal development, and details known cellular processes that precisely determine skeletal shape and size. Key cellular mechanisms are employed at distinct stages of ossification, many of which occur in response to mechanical cues (eg, joint formation) or preempting future load‐bearing requirements. Rapid shape changes occur during cellular condensation and template establishment. Specialized cellular behaviors, such as chondrocyte hypertrophy in endochondral bone and secondary cartilage on intramembranous bones, also dramatically change template shape. Once ossification is complete, bone shape undergoes functional adaptation through (re)modeling. We also highlight how alterations in these cellular processes contribute to evolutionary change and how differences in the embryonic origin of bones can influence postnatal bone repair. Compares and contrasts Endochondral and intramembranous bone development Reviews embryonic origins of different bones Describes the cellular and molecular mechanisms of positioning skeletal elements. Describes mechanisms of skeletal growth with a focus on the generation of skeletal shape
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel L Galea
- Developmental Biology and Cancer, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Comparative Bioveterinary Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Mohamed R Zein
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Steven Allen
- Comparative Bioveterinary Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Philippa Francis-West
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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63
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Yahya I, Morosan-Puopolo G, Brand-Saberi B. The CXCR4/SDF-1 Axis in the Development of Facial Expression and Non-somitic Neck Muscles. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:615264. [PMID: 33415110 PMCID: PMC7783292 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.615264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Trunk and head muscles originate from distinct embryonic regions: while the trunk muscles derive from the paraxial mesoderm that becomes segmented into somites, the majority of head muscles develops from the unsegmented cranial paraxial mesoderm. Differences in the molecular control of trunk versus head and neck muscles have been discovered about 25 years ago; interestingly, differences in satellite cell subpopulations were also described more recently. Specifically, the satellite cells of the facial expression muscles share properties with heart muscle. In adult vertebrates, neck muscles span the transition zone between head and trunk. Mastication and facial expression muscles derive from the mesodermal progenitor cells that are located in the first and second branchial arches, respectively. The cucullaris muscle (non-somitic neck muscle) originates from the posterior-most branchial arches. Like other subclasses within the chemokines and chemokine receptors, CXCR4 and SDF-1 play essential roles in the migration of cells within a number of various tissues during development. CXCR4 as receptor together with its ligand SDF-1 have mainly been described to regulate the migration of the trunk muscle progenitor cells. This review first underlines our recent understanding of the development of the facial expression (second arch-derived) muscles, focusing on new insights into the migration event and how this embryonic process is different from the development of mastication (first arch-derived) muscles. Other muscles associated with the head, such as non-somitic neck muscles derived from muscle progenitor cells located in the posterior branchial arches, are also in the focus of this review. Implications on human muscle dystrophies affecting the muscles of face and neck are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imadeldin Yahya
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Beate Brand-Saberi
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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64
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Taste buds are not derived from neural crest in mouse, chicken, and zebrafish. Dev Biol 2020; 471:76-88. [PMID: 33326797 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Our lineage tracing studies using multiple Cre mouse lines showed a concurrent labeling of abundant taste bud cells and the underlying connective tissue with a neural crest (NC) origin, warranting a further examination on the issue of whether there is an NC derivation of taste bud cells. In this study, we mapped NC cell lineages in three different models, Sox10-iCreERT2/tdT mouse, GFP+ neural fold transplantation to GFP- chickens, and Sox10-Cre/GFP-RFP zebrafish model. We found that in mice, Sox10-iCreERT2 specifically labels NC cell lineages with a single dose of tamoxifen at E7.5 and that the labeled cells were widely distributed in the connective tissue of the tongue. No labeled cells were found in taste buds or the surrounding epithelium in the postnatal mice. In the GFP+/GFP- chicken chimera model, GFP+ cells migrated extensively to the cranial region of chicken embryos ipsilateral to the surgery side but were absent in taste buds in the base of oral cavity and palate. In zebrafish, Sox10-Cre/GFP-RFP faithfully labeled known NC-derived tissues but did not label taste buds in lower jaw or the barbel. Our data, together with previous findings in axolotl, indicate that taste buds are not derived from NC cells in rodents, birds, amphibians or teleost fish.
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65
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Narumi R, Liu S, Ikeda N, Morita O, Tasaki J. Chemical-Induced Cleft Palate Is Caused and Rescued by Pharmacological Modulation of the Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathway in a Zebrafish Model. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:592967. [PMID: 33381503 PMCID: PMC7767894 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.592967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleft palate is one of the most frequent birth defects worldwide. It causes severe problems regarding eating and speaking and requires long-term treatment. Effective prenatal treatment would contribute to reducing the risk of cleft palate. The canonical Wnt signaling pathway is critically involved in palatogenesis, and genetic or chemical disturbance of this signaling pathway leads to cleft palate. Presently, preventative treatment for cleft palate during prenatal development has limited efficacy, but we expect that zebrafish will provide a useful high-throughput chemical screening model for effective prevention. To achieve this, the zebrafish model should recapitulate cleft palate development and its rescue by chemical modulation of the Wnt pathway. Here, we provide proof of concept for a zebrafish chemical screening model. Zebrafish embryos were treated with 12 chemical reagents known to induce cleft palate in mammals, and all 12 chemicals induced cleft palate characterized by decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis of palatal cells. The cleft phenotype was enhanced by combinatorial treatment with Wnt inhibitor and teratogens. Furthermore, the expression of tcf7 and lef1 as a readout of the pathway was decreased. Conversely, cleft palate was prevented by Wnt agonist and the cellular defects were also prevented. In conclusion, we provide evidence that chemical-induced cleft palate is caused by inhibition of the canonical Wnt pathway. Our results indicate that this zebrafish model is promising for chemical screening for prevention of cleft palate as well as modulation of the Wnt pathway as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Narumi
- R&D, Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Shujie Liu
- R&D, Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, Ichikai-machi, Japan
| | - Naohiro Ikeda
- R&D, Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Osamu Morita
- R&D, Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, Ichikai-machi, Japan
| | - Junichi Tasaki
- R&D, Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, Kawasaki, Japan
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66
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Sleight VA, Gillis JA. Embryonic origin and serial homology of gill arches and paired fins in the skate, Leucoraja erinacea. eLife 2020; 9:60635. [PMID: 33198887 PMCID: PMC7671686 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Paired fins are a defining feature of the jawed vertebrate body plan, but their evolutionary origin remains unresolved. Gegenbaur proposed that paired fins evolved as gill arch serial homologues, but this hypothesis is now widely discounted, owing largely to the presumed distinct embryonic origins of these structures from mesoderm and neural crest, respectively. Here, we use cell lineage tracing to test the embryonic origin of the pharyngeal and paired fin skeleton in the skate (Leucoraja erinacea). We find that while the jaw and hyoid arch skeleton derive from neural crest, and the pectoral fin skeleton from mesoderm, the gill arches are of dual origin, receiving contributions from both germ layers. We propose that gill arches and paired fins are serially homologous as derivatives of a continuous, dual-origin mesenchyme with common skeletogenic competence, and that this serial homology accounts for their parallel anatomical organization and shared responses to axial patterning signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Sleight
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, United Kingdom
| | - J Andrew Gillis
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, United Kingdom
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67
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Zinck NW, Jeradi S, Franz-Odendaal TA. Elucidating the early signaling cues involved in zebrafish chondrogenesis and cartilage morphology. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2020; 336:18-31. [PMID: 33184938 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Across the teleost skeleton, cartilages are diverse in their composition suggesting subtle differences in their developmental mechanisms. This study aims to elucidate the regulatory role of bone morphogenetic protein (BMPs) during the morphogenesis of two cartilage elements in zebrafish: the scleral cartilage in the eye and the caudal fin endoskeleton. Zebrafish larvae were exposed to a BMP inhibitor (LDN193189) at a series of timepoints preceding the initial appearance of the scleral cartilage and caudal fin endoskeleton. Morphological assessments of the cartilages in later stages, revealed that BMP-inhibited fish harbored striking disruptions in caudal fin endoskeletal morphology, regardless of the age at which the inhibitor treatment was performed. In contrast, scleral cartilage morphology was unaffected in all age groups. Morphometric and principal component analysis, performed on the caudal fin endoskeleton, revealed differential clustering of principal components one and two in BMP-inhibited and control fish. Additionally, the expression of sox9a and sox9b were reduced in BMP-inhibited fish when compared to controls, indicating that LDN193189 acts via a Sox9-dependent pathway. Further examination of notochord flexion also revealed a disruptive effect of BMP inhibition on this process. This study provides a detailed characterization of the effects of BMP inhibition via LDN193189 on zebrafish cartilage morphogenesis and development. It highlights the specific, localized role of the BMP-signaling pathways during the development of different cartilage elements and sheds some light on the morphological characteristics of fossil teleosts that together suggest an uncoupling of the developmental processes between the upper and lower lobes of the caudal fin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W Zinck
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Biology, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Shirine Jeradi
- Department of Biology, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Tamara A Franz-Odendaal
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Biology, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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68
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Perera SN, Kerosuo L. On the road again: Establishment and maintenance of stemness in the neural crest from embryo to adulthood. STEM CELLS (DAYTON, OHIO) 2020; 39:7-25. [PMID: 33017496 PMCID: PMC7821161 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Unique to vertebrates, the neural crest (NC) is an embryonic stem cell population that contributes to a greatly expanding list of derivatives ranging from neurons and glia of the peripheral nervous system, facial cartilage and bone, pigment cells of the skin to secretory cells of the endocrine system. Here, we focus on what is specifically known about establishment and maintenance of NC stemness and ultimate fate commitment mechanisms, which could help explain its exceptionally high stem cell potential that exceeds the "rules set during gastrulation." In fact, recent discoveries have shed light on the existence of NC cells that coexpress commonly accepted pluripotency factors like Nanog, Oct4/PouV, and Klf4. The coexpression of pluripotency factors together with the exceptional array of diverse NC derivatives encouraged us to propose a new term "pleistopotent" (Greek for abundant, a substantial amount) to be used to reflect the uniqueness of the NC as compared to other post-gastrulation stem cell populations in the vertebrate body, and to differentiate them from multipotent lineage restricted stem cells. We also discuss studies related to the maintenance of NC stemness within the challenging context of being a transient and thus a constantly changing population of stem cells without a permanent niche. The discovery of the stem cell potential of Schwann cell precursors as well as multiple adult NC-derived stem cell reservoirs during the past decade has greatly increased our understanding of how NC cells contribute to tissues formed after its initial migration stage in young embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surangi N Perera
- Neural Crest Development and Disease Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura Kerosuo
- Neural Crest Development and Disease Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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69
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Rocha M, Beiriger A, Kushkowski EE, Miyashita T, Singh N, Venkataraman V, Prince VE. From head to tail: regionalization of the neural crest. Development 2020; 147:dev193888. [PMID: 33106325 PMCID: PMC7648597 DOI: 10.1242/dev.193888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest is regionalized along the anteroposterior axis, as demonstrated by foundational lineage-tracing experiments that showed the restricted developmental potential of neural crest cells originating in the head. Here, we explore how recent studies of experimental embryology, genetic circuits and stem cell differentiation have shaped our understanding of the mechanisms that establish axial-specific populations of neural crest cells. Additionally, we evaluate how comparative, anatomical and genomic approaches have informed our current understanding of the evolution of the neural crest and its contribution to the vertebrate body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Rocha
- Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Anastasia Beiriger
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Elaine E Kushkowski
- Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Tetsuto Miyashita
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, ON K1P 6P4, Canada
| | - Noor Singh
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Vishruth Venkataraman
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Victoria E Prince
- Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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70
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Niu X, Subramanian A, Hwang TH, Schilling TF, Galloway JL. Tendon Cell Regeneration Is Mediated by Attachment Site-Resident Progenitors and BMP Signaling. Curr Biol 2020; 30:3277-3292.e5. [PMID: 32649909 PMCID: PMC7484193 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The musculoskeletal system is a striking example of how cell identity and position is coordinated across multiple tissues to ensure function. However, it is unclear upon tissue loss, such as complete loss of cells of a central musculoskeletal connecting tendon, whether neighboring tissues harbor progenitors capable of mediating regeneration. Here, using a zebrafish model, we genetically ablate all embryonic tendon cells and find complete regeneration of tendon structure and pattern. We identify two regenerative progenitor populations, sox10+ perichondrial cells surrounding cartilage and nkx2.5+ cells surrounding muscle. Surprisingly, laser ablation of sox10+ cells, but not nkx2.5+ cells, increases tendon progenitor number in the perichondrium, suggesting a mechanism to regulate attachment location. We find BMP signaling is active in regenerating progenitor cells and is necessary and sufficient for generating new scxa+ cells. Our work shows that muscle and cartilage connective tissues harbor progenitor cells capable of fully regenerating tendons, and this process is regulated by BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xubo Niu
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Arul Subramanian
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Tyler H Hwang
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Thomas F Schilling
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jenna L Galloway
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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71
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Dash S, Trainor PA. The development, patterning and evolution of neural crest cell differentiation into cartilage and bone. Bone 2020; 137:115409. [PMID: 32417535 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest cells are a vertebrate-specific migratory, multipotent cell population that give rise to a diverse array of cells and tissues during development. Cranial neural crest cells, in particular, generate cartilage, bone, tendons and connective tissue in the head and face as well as neurons, glia and melanocytes. In this review, we focus on the chondrogenic and osteogenic potential of cranial neural crest cells and discuss the roles of Sox9, Runx2 and Msx1/2 transcription factors and WNT, FGF and TGFβ signaling pathways in regulating neural crest cell differentiation into cartilage and bone. We also describe cranioskeletal defects and disorders arising from gain or loss-of-function of genes that are required for patterning and differentiation of cranial neural crest cells. Finally, we discuss the evolution of skeletogenic potential in neural crest cells and their function as a conduit for intraspecies and interspecies variation, and the evolution of craniofacial novelties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Dash
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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72
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Mutations in FAM50A suggest that Armfield XLID syndrome is a spliceosomopathy. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3698. [PMID: 32703943 PMCID: PMC7378245 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17452-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID) is a heterogeneous clinical entity and includes an excess of males who harbor variants on the X-chromosome (XLID). We report rare FAM50A missense variants in the original Armfield XLID syndrome family localized in Xq28 and four additional unrelated males with overlapping features. Our fam50a knockout (KO) zebrafish model exhibits abnormal neurogenesis and craniofacial patterning, and in vivo complementation assays indicate that the patient-derived variants are hypomorphic. RNA sequencing analysis from fam50a KO zebrafish show dysregulation of the transcriptome, with augmented spliceosome mRNAs and depletion of transcripts involved in neurodevelopment. Zebrafish RNA-seq datasets show a preponderance of 3′ alternative splicing events in fam50a KO, suggesting a role in the spliceosome C complex. These data are supported with transcriptomic signatures from cell lines derived from affected individuals and FAM50A protein-protein interaction data. In sum, Armfield XLID syndrome is a spliceosomopathy associated with aberrant mRNA processing during development. Armfield X-linked disability (XLID) disorder has previously been linked to a locus in Xq28. Here, the authors report rare missense variants in FAM50A at Xq28, show that FAM50A interacts with the spliceosome, and that mis-splicing is enriched in knockout zebrafish suggesting it is a spliceosomopathy.
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73
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Gebuijs IGE, Metz JR, Zethof J, Carels CEL, Wagener FADTG, Von den Hoff JW. The anti-epileptic drug valproic acid causes malformations in the developing craniofacial skeleton of zebrafish larvae. Mech Dev 2020; 163:103632. [PMID: 32668265 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2020.103632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is an anti-epileptic drug known to cause congenital craniofacial abnormalities, including orofacial clefts (OFC). The exact mechanisms by which VPA leads to craniofacial skeletal malformations are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of VPA on cartilage and bone formation in the zebrafish larval head during 1-13 hpf (early) and 25-37 hpf (late) development in which cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs) arise and then proliferate and differentiate, respectively. Double-staining for cartilage and bone at 5 dpf revealed that VPA reduced cartilage and bone formation in a dose-dependent manner after both early or late exposure. Several different CNCC-derived cartilage and bone elements were affected in both groups. In the early group (100 μM VPA), the posterior head length and the ethmoid plate were reduced in length (both p < 0.01), while mineralization of 4 out of 9 bone elements was often lacking (all p < 0.01). In the late group (100 μM VPA), also the posterior head length was reduced as well as the length of the ceratohyals (both p < 0.01). Similar to early exposure, mineralization of 3 out of 9 bone elements was often lacking (all p < 0.01). These results indicate that both CNCC formation (early) and differentiation (late) are hampered by VPA treatment, of which the consequences for bone and cartilage formation are persistent at 5 dpf. Indeed, we also found that the expression of several genes related to cartilage and bone was upregulated at 5 dpf. These data indicate a compensatory reaction to the lack of cartilage and bone. Altogether, VPA seems to induce craniofacial malformations via disturbed CNCC function leading to defects in cartilage and bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I G E Gebuijs
- Department of Dentistry - Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - J R Metz
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - J Zethof
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - C E L Carels
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - F A D T G Wagener
- Department of Dentistry - Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - J W Von den Hoff
- Department of Dentistry - Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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74
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Busse B, Galloway JL, Gray RS, Harris MP, Kwon RY. Zebrafish: An Emerging Model for Orthopedic Research. J Orthop Res 2020; 38:925-936. [PMID: 31773769 PMCID: PMC7162720 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Advances in next-generation sequencing have transformed our ability to identify genetic variants associated with clinical disorders of the musculoskeletal system. However, the means to functionally validate and analyze the physiological repercussions of genetic variation have lagged behind the rate of genetic discovery. The zebrafish provides an efficient model to leverage genetic analysis in an in vivo context. Its utility for orthopedic research is becoming evident in regard to both candidate gene validation as well as therapeutic discovery in tissues such as bone, tendon, muscle, and cartilage. With the development of new genetic and analytical tools to better assay aspects of skeletal tissue morphology, mineralization, composition, and biomechanics, researchers are emboldened to systematically approach how the skeleton develops and to identify the root causes, and potential treatments, of skeletal disease. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 38:925-936, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Busse
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 22529, Hamburg, Germany,all authors contributed equally to this work and are listed in alphabetical order
| | - Jenna L. Galloway
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street Boston, MA 02114, United States of America,all authors contributed equally to this work and are listed in alphabetical order
| | - Ryan S. Gray
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Medical School, Austin, Texas, United States of America,all authors contributed equally to this work and are listed in alphabetical order
| | - Matthew P. Harris
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; Department of Orthopedic Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, United States of America.,all authors contributed equally to this work and are listed in alphabetical order
| | - Ronald Y. Kwon
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine; Department of Mechanical Engineering; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America,all authors contributed equally to this work and are listed in alphabetical order
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75
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Watson CJ, Monstad-Rios AT, Bhimani RM, Gistelinck C, Willaert A, Coucke P, Hsu YH, Kwon RY. Phenomics-Based Quantification of CRISPR-Induced Mosaicism in Zebrafish. Cell Syst 2020; 10:275-286.e5. [PMID: 32191876 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Genetic mosaicism can manifest as spatially variable phenotypes that vary from site to site within an organism. Here, we use imaging-based phenomics to quantitate phenotypes at many sites within the axial skeleton of CRISPR-edited G0 zebrafish. Through characterization of loss-of-function cell clusters in the developing skeleton, we identify a distinctive size distribution shown to arise from clonal fragmentation and merger events. We quantitate the phenotypic mosaicism produced by somatic mutations of two genes, plod2 and bmp1a, implicated in human osteogenesis imperfecta. Comparison of somatic, CRISPR-generated G0 mutants to homozygous germline mutants reveals phenotypic convergence, suggesting that CRISPR screens of G0 animals can faithfully recapitulate the biology of inbred disease models. We describe statistical frameworks for phenomic analysis of spatial phenotypic variation present in somatic G0 mutants. In sum, this study defines an approach for decoding spatially variable phenotypes generated during CRISPR-based screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire J Watson
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Adrian T Monstad-Rios
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rehaan M Bhimani
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Charlotte Gistelinck
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andy Willaert
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Paul Coucke
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yi-Hsiang Hsu
- Hebrew SeniorLife Institute for Aging Research, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ronald Y Kwon
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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76
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Shull LC, Sen R, Menzel J, Goyama S, Kurokawa M, Artinger KB. The conserved and divergent roles of Prdm3 and Prdm16 in zebrafish and mouse craniofacial development. Dev Biol 2020; 461:132-144. [PMID: 32044379 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The formation of the craniofacial skeleton is a highly dynamic process that requires proper orchestration of various cellular processes in cranial neural crest cell (cNCC) development, including cell migration, proliferation, differentiation, polarity and cell death. Alterations that occur during cNCC development result in congenital birth defects and craniofacial abnormalities such as cleft lip with or without cleft palate. While the gene regulatory networks facilitating neural crest development have been extensively studied, the epigenetic mechanisms by which these pathways are activated or repressed in a temporal and spatially regulated manner remain largely unknown. Chromatin modifiers can precisely modify gene expression through a variety of mechanisms including histone modifications such as methylation. Here, we investigated the role of two members of the PRDM (Positive regulatory domain) histone methyltransferase family, Prdm3 and Prdm16 in craniofacial development using genetic models in zebrafish and mice. Loss of prdm3 or prdm16 in zebrafish causes craniofacial defects including hypoplasia of the craniofacial cartilage elements, undefined posterior ceratobranchials, and decreased mineralization of the parasphenoid. In mice, while conditional loss of Prdm3 in the early embryo proper causes mid-gestation lethality, loss of Prdm16 caused craniofacial defects including anterior mandibular hypoplasia, clefting in the secondary palate and severe middle ear defects. In zebrafish, prdm3 and prdm16 compensate for each other as well as a third Prdm family member, prdm1a. Combinatorial loss of prdm1a, prdm3, and prdm16 alleles results in severe hypoplasia of the anterior cartilage elements, abnormal formation of the jaw joint, complete loss of the posterior ceratobranchials, and clefting of the ethmoid plate. We further determined that loss of prdm3 and prdm16 reduces methylation of histone 3 lysine 9 (repression) and histone 3 lysine 4 (activation) in zebrafish. In mice, loss of Prdm16 significantly decreased histone 3 lysine 9 methylation in the palatal shelves but surprisingly did not change histone 3 lysine 4 methylation. Taken together, Prdm3 and Prdm16 play an important role in craniofacial development by maintaining temporal and spatial regulation of gene regulatory networks necessary for proper cNCC development and these functions are both conserved and divergent across vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lomeli Carpio Shull
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rwik Sen
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Johannes Menzel
- Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Susumu Goyama
- Division of Cellular Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mineo Kurokawa
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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77
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Adachi N, Bilio M, Baldini A, Kelly RG. Cardiopharyngeal mesoderm origins of musculoskeletal and connective tissues in the mammalian pharynx. Development 2020; 147:147/3/dev185256. [PMID: 32014863 DOI: 10.1242/dev.185256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiopharyngeal mesoderm (CPM) gives rise to muscles of the head and heart. Using genetic lineage analysis in mice, we show that CPM develops into a broad range of pharyngeal structures and cell types encompassing musculoskeletal and connective tissues. We demonstrate that CPM contributes to medial pharyngeal skeletal and connective tissues associated with both branchiomeric and somite-derived neck muscles. CPM and neural crest cells (NCC) make complementary mediolateral contributions to pharyngeal structures, in a distribution established in the early embryo. We further show that biallelic expression of the CPM regulatory gene Tbx1, haploinsufficient in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome patients, is required for the correct patterning of muscles with CPM-derived connective tissue. Our results suggest that CPM plays a patterning role during muscle development, similar to that of NCC during craniofacial myogenesis. The broad lineage contributions of CPM to pharyngeal structures provide new insights into congenital disorders and evolution of the mammalian pharynx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Adachi
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7288, IBDM, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Marchesa Bilio
- CNR Institute of Genetics and Biophysics Adriano Buzzati-Traverso, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Baldini
- CNR Institute of Genetics and Biophysics Adriano Buzzati-Traverso, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Robert G Kelly
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7288, IBDM, 13009 Marseille, France
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78
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Tonelli F, Bek JW, Besio R, De Clercq A, Leoni L, Salmon P, Coucke PJ, Willaert A, Forlino A. Zebrafish: A Resourceful Vertebrate Model to Investigate Skeletal Disorders. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:489. [PMID: 32849280 PMCID: PMC7416647 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models are essential tools for addressing fundamental scientific questions about skeletal diseases and for the development of new therapeutic approaches. Traditionally, mice have been the most common model organism in biomedical research, but their use is hampered by several limitations including complex generation, demanding investigation of early developmental stages, regulatory restrictions on breeding, and high maintenance cost. The zebrafish has been used as an efficient alternative vertebrate model for the study of human skeletal diseases, thanks to its easy genetic manipulation, high fecundity, external fertilization, transparency of rapidly developing embryos, and low maintenance cost. Furthermore, zebrafish share similar skeletal cells and ossification types with mammals. In the last decades, the use of both forward and new reverse genetics techniques has resulted in the generation of many mutant lines carrying skeletal phenotypes associated with human diseases. In addition, transgenic lines expressing fluorescent proteins under bone cell- or pathway- specific promoters enable in vivo imaging of differentiation and signaling at the cellular level. Despite the small size of the zebrafish, many traditional techniques for skeletal phenotyping, such as x-ray and microCT imaging and histological approaches, can be applied using the appropriate equipment and custom protocols. The ability of adult zebrafish to remodel skeletal tissues can be exploited as a unique tool to investigate bone formation and repair. Finally, the permeability of embryos to chemicals dissolved in water, together with the availability of large numbers of small-sized animals makes zebrafish a perfect model for high-throughput bone anabolic drug screening. This review aims to discuss the techniques that make zebrafish a powerful model to investigate the molecular and physiological basis of skeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Tonelli
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Jan Willem Bek
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center of Medical Genetics, Ghent University-University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roberta Besio
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Adelbert De Clercq
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center of Medical Genetics, Ghent University-University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laura Leoni
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Paul J. Coucke
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center of Medical Genetics, Ghent University-University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andy Willaert
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center of Medical Genetics, Ghent University-University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Antonella Forlino
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Antonella Forlino
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79
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Goldberg S, Venkatesh A, Martinez J, Dombroski C, Abesamis J, Campbell C, Mccalipp M, de Bellard ME. The development of the trunk neural crest in the turtle Trachemys scripta. Dev Dyn 2020; 249:125-140. [PMID: 31587387 PMCID: PMC7293771 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neural crest is a group of multipotent cells that give rise to a wide variety of cells, especially portion of the peripheral nervous system. Neural crest cells (NCCs) show evolutionary conserved fate restrictions based on their axial level of origin: cranial, vagal, trunk, and sacral. While much is known about these cells in mammals, birds, amphibians, and fish, relatively little is known in other types of amniotes such as snakes, lizards, and turtles. We attempt here to provide a more detailed description of the early phase of trunk neural crest cell (tNCC) development in turtle embryos. RESULTS In this study, we show, for the first time, migrating tNCC in the pharyngula embryo of Trachemys scripta by vital-labeling the NCC with DiI and through immunofluorescence. We found that (a) tNCC form a line along the sides of the trunk NT; (b) The presence of late migrating tNCC on the medial portion of the somite; (c) The presence of lateral mesodermal migrating tNCC in pharyngula embryos; (d) That turtle embryos have large/thick peripheral nerves. CONCLUSIONS The similarities and differences in tNCC migration and early PNS development that we observe across sauropsids (birds, snake, gecko, and turtle) suggests that these species evolved some distinct NCC pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Catherine Dombroski
- California State University Northridge, Biology Dept., MC 8303. 18111 Nordhoff Street. Northridge, CA 91330
| | - Jessica Abesamis
- California State University Northridge, Biology Dept., MC 8303. 18111 Nordhoff Street. Northridge, CA 91330
| | - Catherine Campbell
- California State University Northridge, Biology Dept., MC 8303. 18111 Nordhoff Street. Northridge, CA 91330
| | - Mialishia Mccalipp
- California State University Northridge, Biology Dept., MC 8303. 18111 Nordhoff Street. Northridge, CA 91330
| | - Maria Elena de Bellard
- California State University Northridge, Biology Dept., MC 8303. 18111 Nordhoff Street. Northridge, CA 91330
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80
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Teng CS, Cavin L, Maxson RE, Sánchez-Villagra MR, Crump JG. Resolving homology in the face of shifting germ layer origins: Lessons from a major skull vault boundary. eLife 2019; 8:e52814. [PMID: 31869306 PMCID: PMC6927740 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate skull varies widely in shape, accommodating diverse strategies of feeding and predation. The braincase is composed of several flat bones that meet at flexible joints called sutures. Nearly all vertebrates have a prominent 'coronal' suture that separates the front and back of the skull. This suture can develop entirely within mesoderm-derived tissue, neural crest-derived tissue, or at the boundary of the two. Recent paleontological findings and genetic insights in non-mammalian model organisms serve to revise fundamental knowledge on the development and evolution of this suture. Growing evidence supports a decoupling of the germ layer origins of the mesenchyme that forms the calvarial bones from inductive signaling that establishes discrete bone centers. Changes in these relationships facilitate skull evolution and may create susceptibility to disease. These concepts provide a general framework for approaching issues of homology in cases where germ layer origins have shifted during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla S Teng
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry, Keck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Lionel Cavin
- Department of Earth SciencesNatural History Museum of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Robert E Maxson
- Department of Biochemistry, Keck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | | | - J Gage Crump
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
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81
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Rocha M, Singh N, Ahsan K, Beiriger A, Prince VE. Neural crest development: insights from the zebrafish. Dev Dyn 2019; 249:88-111. [PMID: 31591788 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the neural crest, a key vertebrate innovation, is built upon studies of multiple model organisms. Early research on neural crest cells (NCCs) was dominated by analyses of accessible amphibian and avian embryos, with mouse genetics providing complementary insights in more recent years. The zebrafish model is a relative newcomer to the field, yet it offers unparalleled advantages for the study of NCCs. Specifically, zebrafish provide powerful genetic and transgenic tools, coupled with rapidly developing transparent embryos that are ideal for high-resolution real-time imaging of the dynamic process of neural crest development. While the broad principles of neural crest development are largely conserved across vertebrate species, there are critical differences in anatomy, morphogenesis, and genetics that must be considered before information from one model is extrapolated to another. Here, our goal is to provide the reader with a helpful primer specific to neural crest development in the zebrafish model. We focus largely on the earliest events-specification, delamination, and migration-discussing what is known about zebrafish NCC development and how it differs from NCC development in non-teleost species, as well as highlighting current gaps in knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Rocha
- Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Noor Singh
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kamil Ahsan
- Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Anastasia Beiriger
- Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Victoria E Prince
- Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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82
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Initiation and early growth of the skull vault in zebrafish. Mech Dev 2019; 160:103578. [PMID: 31644945 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2019.103578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish offers powerful advantages as a model system for examining the growth of the skull vault and the formation of cranial sutures. The zebrafish is well suited for large-scale genetic screens, available in large numbers, and continual advances in genetic engineering facilitate precise modeling of human genetic disorders. Most importantly, zebrafish are continuously accessible for imaging during critical periods of skull formation when both mouse and chick are physically inaccessible. To establish a foundation of information on the dynamics of skull formation, we performed a longitudinal study based on confocal microscopy of individual live transgenic zebrafish. Discrete events occur at stereotyped stages in overall growth, with little variation in timing among individuals. The frontal and parietal bones initiate as small clusters of cells closely associated with cartilage around the perimeter of the skull, prior to metamorphosis and the transition to juvenile fish. Over a period of ~30 days, the frontal and parietal bones grow towards the apex of the skull and meet to begin suture formation. To aid in visualization, we have generated interactive three-dimensional models based on the imaging data, with annotated cartilage and bone elements. We propose a framework to conceptualize development of bones of the skull vault in three phases: initiation in close association with cartilage; rapid planar growth towards the apex of the skull; and finally overlapping to form sutures. Our data provide an important framework for comparing the stages and timing of skull development across model organisms, and also a baseline for the examination of zebrafish mutants affecting skull development. To facilitate these comparative analyses, the raw imaging data and the models are available as an online atlas through the FaceBase consortium (facebase.org).
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83
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Qiu Y, Arbogast T, Lorenzo SM, Li H, Tang SC, Richardson E, Hong O, Cho S, Shanta O, Pang T, Corsello C, Deutsch CK, Chevalier C, Davis EE, Iakoucheva LM, Herault Y, Katsanis N, Messer K, Sebat J. Oligogenic Effects of 16p11.2 Copy-Number Variation on Craniofacial Development. Cell Rep 2019; 28:3320-3328.e4. [PMID: 31553903 PMCID: PMC6988705 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A copy-number variant (CNV) of 16p11.2 encompassing 30 genes is associated with developmental and psychiatric disorders, head size, and body mass. The genetic mechanisms that underlie these associations are not understood. To determine the influence of 16p11.2 genes on development, we investigated the effects of CNV on craniofacial structure in humans and model organisms. We show that deletion and duplication of 16p11.2 have "mirror" effects on specific craniofacial features that are conserved between human and rodent models of the CNV. By testing dosage effects of individual genes on the shape of the mandible in zebrafish, we identify seven genes with significant effects individually and find evidence for others when genes were tested in combination. The craniofacial phenotypes of 16p11.2 CNVs represent a model for studying the effects of genes on development, and our results suggest that the associated facial gestalts are attributable to the combined effects of multiple genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Qiu
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Thomas Arbogast
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Sandra Martin Lorenzo
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France
| | - Hongying Li
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shih C Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ellen Richardson
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Oanh Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shawn Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Omar Shanta
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Timothy Pang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christina Corsello
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - Curtis K Deutsch
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver Center UMMS, Charlestown and Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Claire Chevalier
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France
| | - Erica E Davis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Lilia M Iakoucheva
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yann Herault
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France
| | - Nicholas Katsanis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Karen Messer
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jonathan Sebat
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Beyster Center for Genomics of Psychiatric Diseases, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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84
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Kwon RY, Watson CJ, Karasik D. Using zebrafish to study skeletal genomics. Bone 2019; 126:37-50. [PMID: 30763636 PMCID: PMC6626559 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
While genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revolutionized our understanding of the genetic architecture of skeletal diseases, animal models are required to identify causal mechanisms and to translate underlying biology into new therapies. Despite large-scale knockout mouse phenotyping efforts, the skeletal functions of most genes residing at GWAS-identified loci remain unknown, highlighting a need for complementary model systems to accelerate gene discovery. Over the past several decades, zebrafish (Danio rerio) has emerged as a powerful system for modeling the genetics of human diseases. In this review, our goal is to outline evidence supporting the utility of zebrafish for accelerating our understanding of human skeletal genomics, as well as gaps in knowledge that need to be filled for this purpose. We do this by providing a basic foundation of the zebrafish skeletal morphophysiology and phenotypes, and surveying evidence of skeletal gene homology and the use of zebrafish for post-GWAS analysis in other tissues and organs. We also outline challenges in translating zebrafish mutant phenotypes. Finally, we conclude with recommendations of future directions and how to leverage the large body of tools and knowledge of skeletal genetics in zebrafish for the needs of human skeletal genomic exploration. Due to their amenability to rapid genetic approaches, as well as the large number of conserved genetic and phenotypic features, there is a strong rationale supporting the use of zebrafish for human skeletal genomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Y Kwon
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Claire J Watson
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David Karasik
- The Musculoskeletal Genetics Laboratory, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel; Hebrew SeniorLife, Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Boston, MA, USA.
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85
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On the traces of tcf12: Investigation of the gene expression pattern during development and cranial suture patterning in zebrafish (Danio rerio). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218286. [PMID: 31188878 PMCID: PMC6561585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor 12 (tcf12) is a basic Helix-Loop-Helix protein (bHLH) of the E-protein family, proven to play an important role in developmental processes like neurogenesis, mesoderm formation, and cranial vault development. In humans, mutations in TCF12 lead to craniosynostosis, a congenital birth disorder characterized by the premature fusion of one or several of the cranial sutures. Current research has been primarily focused on functional studies of TCF12, hence the cellular expression profile of this gene during embryonic development and early stages of ossification remains poorly understood. Here we present the establishment and detailed analysis of two transgenic tcf12:EGFP fluorescent zebrafish (Danio rerio) reporter lines. Using these transgenic lines, we analyzed the general spatiotemporal expression pattern of tcf12 during different developmental stages and put emphasis on skeletal development and cranial suture patterning. We identified robust tcf12 promoter-driven EGFP expression in the central nervous system (CNS), the heart, the pronephros, and the somites of zebrafish embryos. Additionally, expression was observed inside the muscles and bones of the viscerocranium in juvenile and adult fish. During cranial vault development, the transgenic fish show a high amount of tcf12 expressing cells at the growth fronts of the ossifying frontal and parietal bones and inside the emerging cranial sutures. Subsequently, we tested the transcriptional activity of three evolutionary conserved non-coding elements (CNEs) located in the tcf12 locus by transient transgenic assays and compared their in vivo activity to the expression pattern determined in the transgenic tcf12:EGFP lines. We could validate two of them as tcf12 enhancer elements driving specific gene expression in the CNS during embryogenesis. Our newly established transgenic lines enhance the understanding of tcf12 gene regulation and open up the possibilities for further functional investigation of these novel tcf12 enhancer elements in zebrafish.
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86
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Ansar M, Ullah F, Paracha SA, Adams DJ, Lai A, Pais L, Iwaszkiewicz J, Millan F, Sarwar MT, Agha Z, Shah SF, Qaisar AA, Falconnet E, Zoete V, Ranza E, Makrythanasis P, Santoni FA, Ahmed J, Katsanis N, Walsh C, Davis EE, Antonarakis SE. Bi-allelic Variants in DYNC1I2 Cause Syndromic Microcephaly with Intellectual Disability, Cerebral Malformations, and Dysmorphic Facial Features. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 104:1073-1087. [PMID: 31079899 PMCID: PMC6556908 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cargo transport along the cytoplasmic microtubular network is essential for neuronal function, and cytoplasmic dynein-1 is an established molecular motor that is critical for neurogenesis and homeostasis. We performed whole-exome sequencing, homozygosity mapping, and chromosomal microarray studies in five individuals from three independent pedigrees and identified likely-pathogenic variants in DYNC1I2 (Dynein Cytoplasmic 1 Intermediate Chain 2), encoding a component of the cytoplasmic dynein 1 complex. In a consanguineous Pakistani family with three affected individuals presenting with microcephaly, severe intellectual disability, simplification of cerebral gyration, corpus callosum hypoplasia, and dysmorphic facial features, we identified a homozygous splice donor site variant (GenBank: NM_001378.2:c.607+1G>A). We report two additional individuals who have similar neurodevelopmental deficits and craniofacial features and harbor deleterious variants; one individual bears a c.740A>G (p.Tyr247Cys) change in trans with a 374 kb deletion encompassing DYNC1I2, and an unrelated individual harbors the compound-heterozygous variants c.868C>T (p.Gln290∗) and c.740A>G (p.Tyr247Cys). Zebrafish larvae subjected to CRISPR-Cas9 gene disruption or transient suppression of dync1i2a displayed significantly altered craniofacial patterning with concomitant reduction in head size. We monitored cell death and cell cycle progression in dync1i2a zebrafish models and observed significantly increased apoptosis, likely due to prolonged mitosis caused by abnormal spindle morphology, and this finding offers initial insights into the cellular basis of microcephaly. Additionally, complementation studies in zebrafish demonstrate that p.Tyr247Cys attenuates gene function, consistent with protein structural analysis. Our genetic and functional data indicate that DYNC1I2 dysfunction probably causes an autosomal-recessive microcephaly syndrome and highlight further the critical roles of the dynein-1 complex in neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ansar
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Farid Ullah
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA; Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, 38000 Faisalabad, Pakistan; Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 45650 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sohail A Paracha
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, 25100 Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Darius J Adams
- Atlantic Health System, Goryeb Children's Hospital, Morristown, NJ 07960, USA
| | - Abbe Lai
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Center for Life Sciences, Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lynn Pais
- Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute of MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Center for Mendelian Genomics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Justyna Iwaszkiewicz
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Molecular Modeling Group, Batiment Genopode, Unil Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Muhammad T Sarwar
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, 25100 Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Zehra Agha
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, 45500 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sayyed Fahim Shah
- Department of Medicine, KMU Institute of Medical Sciences, 26000 Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Azhar Ali Qaisar
- Radiology Department, Lady Reading Hospital, 25000 Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Emilie Falconnet
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Zoete
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Molecular Modeling Group, Batiment Genopode, Unil Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Fundamental Oncology, Lausanne University, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Route de la Corniche 9A, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuelle Ranza
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland; Service of Genetic Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Periklis Makrythanasis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland; Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Federico A Santoni
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jawad Ahmed
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, 25100 Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Nicholas Katsanis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Christopher Walsh
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Center for Life Sciences, Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute of MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Center for Mendelian Genomics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Erica E Davis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA.
| | - Stylianos E Antonarakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland; Service of Genetic Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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87
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Saunders LM, Mishra AK, Aman AJ, Lewis VM, Toomey MB, Packer JS, Qiu X, McFaline-Figueroa JL, Corbo JC, Trapnell C, Parichy DM. Thyroid hormone regulates distinct paths to maturation in pigment cell lineages. eLife 2019; 8:e45181. [PMID: 31140974 PMCID: PMC6588384 DOI: 10.7554/elife.45181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) regulates diverse developmental events and can drive disparate cellular outcomes. In zebrafish, TH has opposite effects on neural crest derived pigment cells of the adult stripe pattern, limiting melanophore population expansion, yet increasing yellow/orange xanthophore numbers. To learn how TH elicits seemingly opposite responses in cells having a common embryological origin, we analyzed individual transcriptomes from thousands of neural crest-derived cells, reconstructed developmental trajectories, identified pigment cell-lineage specific responses to TH, and assessed roles for TH receptors. We show that TH promotes maturation of both cell types but in distinct ways. In melanophores, TH drives terminal differentiation, limiting final cell numbers. In xanthophores, TH promotes accumulation of orange carotenoids, making the cells visible. TH receptors act primarily to repress these programs when TH is limiting. Our findings show how a single endocrine factor integrates very different cellular activities during the generation of adult form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Saunders
- Department of Genome SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Department of BiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
- Department of Cell BiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Abhishek K Mishra
- Department of BiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
- Department of Cell BiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Andrew J Aman
- Department of BiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
- Department of Cell BiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Victor M Lewis
- Department of Genome SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Department of BiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
- Department of Cell BiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Matthew B Toomey
- Department of Pathology and ImmunologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Jonathan S Packer
- Department of Genome SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Xiaojie Qiu
- Department of Genome SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | | | - Joseph C Corbo
- Department of Pathology and ImmunologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Cole Trapnell
- Department of Genome SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - David M Parichy
- Department of BiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
- Department of Cell BiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
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88
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Giovannone D, Paul S, Schindler S, Arata C, Farmer DT, Patel P, Smeeton J, Crump JG. Programmed conversion of hypertrophic chondrocytes into osteoblasts and marrow adipocytes within zebrafish bones. eLife 2019; 8:42736. [PMID: 30785394 PMCID: PMC6398980 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Much of the vertebrate skeleton develops from cartilage templates that are progressively remodeled into bone. Lineage tracing studies in mouse suggest that chondrocytes within these templates persist and become osteoblasts, yet the underlying mechanisms of this process and whether chondrocytes can generate other derivatives remain unclear. We find that zebrafish cartilages undergo extensive remodeling and vascularization during juvenile stages to generate fat-filled bones. Growth plate chondrocytes marked by sox10 and col2a1a contribute to osteoblasts, marrow adipocytes, and mesenchymal cells within adult bones. At the edge of the hypertrophic zone, chondrocytes re-enter the cell cycle and express leptin receptor (lepr), suggesting conversion into progenitors. Further, mutation of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (mmp9) results in delayed growth plate remodeling and fewer marrow adipocytes. Our data support Mmp9-dependent growth plate remodeling and conversion of chondrocytes into osteoblasts and marrow adipocytes as conserved features of bony vertebrates. Our adult bones are made of a fatty tissue, called marrow, wrapped inside a hard outer layer produced by bone cells. They may appear stiff and unyielding, but our bones are actually dynamic structures. Early in life, most bones start as small ‘templates’ made of another, flexible tissue called cartilage. As the templates grow into adult bones, the cartilage is gradually replaced by bone and fat, but this process is still poorly understood. For example, it is not clear whether cartilage cells simply die and make way for new cells, or instead if they turn into bone and fat cells. To investigate this question, Giovannone, Paul et al. set out to follow the fate of early cartilage cells in zebrafish, and to compare this with what happens in mammals. Zebrafish were chosen because their skeleton and ours develop in similar ways; yet, these animals are much easier to study, in particular because their embryos are transparent. Young cartilage cells were ‘tagged’ with a long-lasting fluorescent protein in genetically engineered zebrafish embryos, and then followed over time. As the embryos started to form bones, the cartilage cells gave rise to bone cells, fat cells, and also potentially adult stem cells within the marrow, which can become other types of cells. This process required a protein called Mmp9, which also helps shape bone development in other organisms, including humans. Defects in how early cartilage templates morph into bone and fat may contribute to dwarfism and other severe conditions. Fully grasping the molecular mechanisms that preside over this complex transition may one day help design drugs to treat skeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dion Giovannone
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Sandeep Paul
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Simone Schindler
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Claire Arata
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - D'Juan T Farmer
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Punam Patel
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Joanna Smeeton
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
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89
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Poopalasundaram S, Richardson J, Scott A, Donovan A, Liu K, Graham A. Diminution of pharyngeal segmentation and the evolution of the amniotes. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2019; 5:6. [PMID: 30788138 PMCID: PMC6369561 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-019-0123-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pharyngeal arches are a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head of vertebrate embryos, and it is within these segments that components of the later anatomy are laid down. In most vertebrates, the post-otic pharyngeal arches will form the branchial apparatus, while in amniotes these segments are believed to generate the larynx. It has been unclear how the development of these segments has been altered with the emergence of the amniotes. RESULTS In this study, we examined the development of pharyngeal arches in amniotes and show that the post-otic pharyngeal arches in this clade are greatly diminished. We find that the post-otic segments do not undergo myogenesis or skeletogenesis, but are remodelled before these processes occur. We also find that nested DLX expression, which is a feature of all the pharyngeal arches in anamniotes, is associated with the anterior segments but less so with the posterior arches in amniotes. We further show that the posterior arches of the mouse embryo fail to properly delineate, which demonstrates the lack of function of these posterior segments in later development. CONCLUSION In amniotes, there has been a loss of the ancestral "branchial" developmental programme that is a general feature of gnathostomes; myogenesis and skeletogenesis This is likely to have facilitated the emergence of the larynx as a new structure not constrained by the segmental organisation of the posterior pharyngeal region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jo Richardson
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Annabelle Scott
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Alex Donovan
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London, SE1 1UL UK
| | - Karen Liu
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London, SE1 1UL UK
| | - Anthony Graham
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King’s College London, London, UK
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90
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Kindberg AA, Bush JO. Cellular organization and boundary formation in craniofacial development. Genesis 2019; 57:e23271. [PMID: 30548771 PMCID: PMC6503678 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Craniofacial morphogenesis is a highly dynamic process that requires changes in the behaviors and physical properties of cells in order to achieve the proper organization of different craniofacial structures. Boundary formation is a critical process in cellular organization, patterning, and ultimately tissue separation. There are several recurring cellular mechanisms through which boundary formation and cellular organization occur including, transcriptional patterning, cell segregation, cell adhesion and migratory guidance. Disruption of normal boundary formation has dramatic morphological consequences, and can result in human craniofacial congenital anomalies. In this review we discuss boundary formation during craniofacial development, specifically focusing on the cellular behaviors and mechanisms underlying the self-organizing properties that are critical for craniofacial morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail A. Kindberg
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Program in Craniofacial Biology, and Institute of Human Genetics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeffrey O. Bush
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Program in Craniofacial Biology, and Institute of Human Genetics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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91
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Conith AJ, Lam DT, Albertson RC. Muscle-induced loading as an important source of variation in craniofacial skeletal shape. Genesis 2018; 57:e23263. [PMID: 30418689 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The shape of the craniofacial skeleton is constantly changing through ontogeny and reflects a balance between developmental patterning and mechanical-load-induced remodeling. Muscles are a major contributor to producing the mechanical environment that is crucial for "normal" skull development. Here, we use an F5 hybrid population of Lake Malawi cichlids to characterize the strength and types of associations between craniofacial bones and muscles. We focus on four bones/bone complexes, with different developmental origins, alongside four muscles with distinct functions. We used micro-computed tomography to extract 3D information on bones and muscles. 3D geometric morphometrics and volumetric measurements were used to characterize bone and muscle shape, respectively. Linear regressions were performed to test for associations between bone shape and muscle volume. We identified three types of associations between muscles and bones: weak, strong direct (i.e., muscles insert directly onto bone), and strong indirect (i.e., bone is influenced by muscles without a direct connection). In addition, we show that although the shape of some bones is relatively robust to muscle-induced mechanical stimulus, others appear to be highly sensitive to muscular input. Our results imply that the roles for muscular input on skeletal shape extend beyond specific points of origin or insertion and hold significant potential to influence broader patterns of craniofacial geometry. Thus, changes in the loading environment, either as a normal course of ontogeny or if an organism is exposed to a novel environment, may have pronounced effects on skeletal shape via near and far-ranging effects of muscular loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Conith
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel T Lam
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - R Craig Albertson
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
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92
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Dupin E, Calloni GW, Coelho-Aguiar JM, Le Douarin NM. The issue of the multipotency of the neural crest cells. Dev Biol 2018; 444 Suppl 1:S47-S59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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93
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Heude E, Tesarova M, Sefton EM, Jullian E, Adachi N, Grimaldi A, Zikmund T, Kaiser J, Kardon G, Kelly RG, Tajbakhsh S. Unique morphogenetic signatures define mammalian neck muscles and associated connective tissues. eLife 2018; 7:40179. [PMID: 30451684 PMCID: PMC6310459 DOI: 10.7554/elife.40179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, head and trunk muscles develop from different mesodermal populations and are regulated by distinct genetic networks. Neck muscles at the head-trunk interface remain poorly defined due to their complex morphogenesis and dual mesodermal origins. Here, we use genetically modified mice to establish a 3D model that integrates regulatory genes, cell populations and morphogenetic events that define this transition zone. We show that the evolutionary conserved cucullaris-derived muscles originate from posterior cardiopharyngeal mesoderm, not lateral plate mesoderm, and we define new boundaries for neural crest and mesodermal contributions to neck connective tissue. Furthermore, lineage studies and functional analysis of Tbx1- and Pax3-null mice reveal a unique developmental program for somitic neck muscles that is distinct from that of somitic trunk muscles. Our findings unveil the embryological and developmental requirements underlying tetrapod neck myogenesis and provide a blueprint to investigate how muscle subsets are selectively affected in some human myopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eglantine Heude
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3738, Paris, France
| | - Marketa Tesarova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Elizabeth M Sefton
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Estelle Jullian
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7288, IBDM, Marseille, France
| | - Noritaka Adachi
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7288, IBDM, Marseille, France
| | - Alexandre Grimaldi
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3738, Paris, France
| | - Tomas Zikmund
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Kaiser
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Gabrielle Kardon
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Robert G Kelly
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7288, IBDM, Marseille, France
| | - Shahragim Tajbakhsh
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3738, Paris, France
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94
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Sen R, Pezoa SA, Carpio Shull L, Hernandez-Lagunas L, Niswander LA, Artinger KB. Kat2a and Kat2b Acetyltransferase Activity Regulates Craniofacial Cartilage and Bone Differentiation in Zebrafish and Mice. J Dev Biol 2018; 6:jdb6040027. [PMID: 30424580 PMCID: PMC6315545 DOI: 10.3390/jdb6040027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cranial neural crest cells undergo cellular growth, patterning, and differentiation within the branchial arches to form cartilage and bone, resulting in a precise pattern of skeletal elements forming the craniofacial skeleton. However, it is unclear how cranial neural crest cells are regulated to give rise to the different shapes and sizes of the bone and cartilage. Epigenetic regulators are good candidates to be involved in this regulation, since they can exert both broad as well as precise control on pattern formation. Here, we investigated the role of the histone acetyltransferases Kat2a and Kat2b in craniofacial development using TALEN/CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis in zebrafish and the Kat2ahat/hat (also called Gcn5) allele in mice. kat2a and kat2b are broadly expressed during embryogenesis within the central nervous system and craniofacial region. Single and double kat2a and kat2b zebrafish mutants have an overall shortening and hypoplastic nature of the cartilage elements and disruption of the posterior ceratobranchial cartilages, likely due to smaller domains of expression of both cartilage- and bone-specific markers, including sox9a and col2a1, and runx2a and runx2b, respectively. Similarly, in mice we observe defects in the craniofacial skeleton, including hypoplastic bone and cartilage and altered expression of Runx2 and cartilage markers (Sox9, Col2a1). In addition, we determined that following the loss of Kat2a activity, overall histone 3 lysine 9 (H3K9) acetylation, the main epigenetic target of Kat2a/Kat2b, was decreased. These results suggest that Kat2a and Kat2b are required for growth and differentiation of craniofacial cartilage and bone in both zebrafish and mice by regulating H3K9 acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rwik Sen
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Sofia A Pezoa
- Cell Biology, Stem Cells, and Development Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
- Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Lomeli Carpio Shull
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Laura Hernandez-Lagunas
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Lee A Niswander
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
- Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Kristin Bruk Artinger
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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95
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McGonnell IM, Akbareian SE. Like a hole in the head: Development, evolutionary implications and diseases of the cranial foramina. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 91:23-30. [PMID: 30385045 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cranial foramina are holes in the skull through which nerves and blood vessels pass to reach both deep and superficial tissues. They are often overlooked in the literature; however they are complex structures that form within the developing cranial bones during embryogenesis and then remain open throughout life, despite the bone surrounding them undergoing constant remodelling. They are invaluable in assigning phylogeny in the fossil record and their size has been used, by some, to imply function of the nerve and/or blood vessel that they contained. Despite this, there are very few studies investigating the development or normal function of the cranial foramina. In this review, we will discuss the development of the cranial foramina and their subsequent maintenance, highlighting key gaps in the knowledge. We consider whether functional interpretations can be made from fossil material given a lack of knowledge regarding their contents and maintenance. Finally, we examine the significant role of malformation of foramina in congenital diseases such as craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imelda M McGonnell
- Dept. Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College St, London, NW1 0TU, United Kingdom.
| | - Sophia E Akbareian
- Dept. Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College St, London, NW1 0TU, United Kingdom
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96
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Teng CS, Ting MC, Farmer DT, Brockop M, Maxson RE, Crump JG. Altered bone growth dynamics prefigure craniosynostosis in a zebrafish model of Saethre-Chotzen syndrome. eLife 2018; 7:37024. [PMID: 30375332 PMCID: PMC6207424 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cranial sutures separate the skull bones and house stem cells for bone growth and repair. In Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, mutations in TCF12 or TWIST1 ablate a specific suture, the coronal. This suture forms at a neural-crest/mesoderm interface in mammals and a mesoderm/mesoderm interface in zebrafish. Despite this difference, we show that combinatorial loss of TCF12 and TWIST1 homologs in zebrafish also results in specific loss of the coronal suture. Sequential bone staining reveals an initial, directional acceleration of bone production in the mutant skull, with subsequent localized stalling of bone growth prefiguring coronal suture loss. Mouse genetics further reveal requirements for Twist1 and Tcf12 in both the frontal and parietal bones for suture patency, and to maintain putative progenitors in the coronal region. These findings reveal conservation of coronal suture formation despite evolutionary shifts in embryonic origins, and suggest that the coronal suture might be especially susceptible to imbalances in progenitor maintenance and osteoblast differentiation. Some of the most common birth defects involve improper development of the head and face. One such birth defect is called craniosynostosis. Normally, an infant’s skull bones are not fully fused together. Instead, they are held together by soft tissue that allows the baby’s skull to more easily pass through the birth canal. This tissue also houses specialized cells called stem cells that allow the brain and skull to grow with the child. But in craniosynostosis these stem cells behave abnormally, which fuses the skull bones together and prevents the skull and brain from growing properly during childhood. One form of craniosynostosis called Saethre-Chotzen syndrome is caused by mutations in one of two genes that ensure the proper separation of two bones in the roof of the skull. Mice with mutations in the mouse versions of these genes develop the same problem and are used to study this condition. Mouse studies have looked mostly at what happens after birth. Studies looking at what happens in embryos with these mutations could help scientists learn more. One way to do so would be to genetically engineer zebrafish with the equivalent mutations. This is because zebrafish embryos are transparent and grow outside their mother’s body, making it easier for scientists to watch them develop. Now, Teng et al. have grown zebrafish with mutations in the zebrafish versions of the genes that cause Saethre-Chotzen syndrome. In the experiments, imaging tools were used to observe the live fish as they developed. This showed that the stem cells in their skulls become abnormal much earlier than previous studies had suggested. Teng et al. also showed that similar stem cells are responsible for growth of the skull in zebrafish and mice. Babies with craniosynostosis often need multiple, risky surgeries to separate their skull bones and allow their brain and head to grow. Unfortunately, these bones often fuse again because they have abnormal stem cells. Teng et al. provide new information on what goes wrong in these stem cells. Hopefully, this new information will help scientists to one day correct the defective stem cells in babies with craniosynostosis, thus reducing the number of surgeries needed to correct the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla S Teng
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Man-Chun Ting
- Department of Biochemistry, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - D'Juan T Farmer
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Mia Brockop
- Department of Biochemistry, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Robert E Maxson
- Department of Biochemistry, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - J Gage Crump
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
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97
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Franz-Odendaal TA, Edsall SC. Long-Term Effects of Simulated Microgravity and Vibration Exposure on Skeletal Development in Zebrafish. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:1278-1286. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara C. Edsall
- Department of Biology, Mount Saint Vincent University, Nova Scotia, Canada
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98
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Rothstein M, Bhattacharya D, Simoes-Costa M. The molecular basis of neural crest axial identity. Dev Biol 2018; 444 Suppl 1:S170-S180. [PMID: 30071217 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest is a migratory cell population that contributes to multiple tissues and organs during vertebrate embryonic development. It is remarkable in its ability to differentiate into an array of different cell types, including melanocytes, cartilage, bone, smooth muscle, and peripheral nerves. Although neural crest cells are formed along the entire anterior-posterior axis of the developing embryo, they can be divided into distinct subpopulations based on their axial level of origin. These groups of cells, which include the cranial, vagal, trunk, and sacral neural crest, display varied migratory patterns and contribute to multiple derivatives. While these subpopulations have been shown to be mostly plastic and to differentiate according to environmental cues, differences in their intrinsic potentials have also been identified. For instance, the cranial neural crest is unique in its ability to give rise to cartilage and bone. Here, we examine the molecular features that underlie such developmental restrictions and discuss the hypothesis that distinct gene regulatory networks operate in these subpopulations. We also consider how reconstructing the phylogeny of the trunk and cranial neural crest cells impacts our understanding of vertebrate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Rothstein
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Marcos Simoes-Costa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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99
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Naert T, Vleminckx K. CRISPR/Cas9 disease models in zebrafish and Xenopus: The genetic renaissance of fish and frogs. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2018; 28:41-52. [PMID: 30205880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The speed by which clinical genomics is currently identifying novel potentially pathogenic variants is outperforming the speed by which these can be functionally (genotype-phenotype) annotated in animal disease models. However, over the past few years the emergence of CRISPR/Cas9 as a straight-forward genome editing technology has revolutionized disease modeling in vertebrate non-mammalian model organisms such as zebrafish, medaka and Xenopus. It is now finally possible, by CRISPR/Cas9, to rapidly establish clinically relevant disease models in these organisms. Interestingly, these can provide both cost-effective genotype-phenotype correlations for gene-(variants) and genomic rearrangements obtained from clinical practice, as well as be exploited to perform translational research to improve prospects of disease afflicted patients. In this review, we show an extensive overview of these new CRISPR/Cas9-mediated disease models and provide future prospects that will allow increasingly accurate modeling of human disease in zebrafish, medaka and Xenopus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Naert
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Vleminckx
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Belgium; Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Belgium.
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100
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Fish Scales Dictate the Pattern of Adult Skin Innervation and Vascularization. Dev Cell 2018; 46:344-359.e4. [PMID: 30032992 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
As animals mature from embryonic to adult stages, the skin grows and acquires specialized appendages, like hairs, feathers, and scales. How cutaneous blood vessels and sensory axons adapt to these dramatic changes is poorly understood. By characterizing skin maturation in zebrafish, we discovered that sensory axons are delivered to the adult epidermis in organized nerves patterned by features in bony scales. These nerves associate with blood vessels and osteoblasts above scales. Osteoblasts create paths in scales that independently guide nerves and blood vessels during both development and regeneration. By preventing scale regeneration and examining mutants lacking scales, we found that scales recruit, organize, and polarize axons and blood vessels to evenly distribute them in the skin. These studies uncover mechanisms for achieving comprehensive innervation and vascularization of the adult skin and suggest that scales coordinate a metamorphosis-like transformation of the skin with sensory axon and vascular remodeling.
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