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Genetic variation in the G72 gene is associated with increased frontotemporal fiber tract integrity. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2015; 265:291-301. [PMID: 25031104 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-014-0516-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
G72 (syn. DAOA, D-amino acid oxidase activator) is a susceptibility gene for both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Diffusion tensor imaging studies hint at changes in fiber tract integrity in both disorders. We aimed to investigate whether a G72 susceptibility haplotype causes changes in fiber tract integrity in young healthy subjects. We compared fractional anisotropy in 47 subjects that were either homozygous for the M23/M24 risk haplotype (n = 20) or homozygous for M23(rs3918342)/M24(rs1421292) wild type (n = 27) using diffusion tensor imaging with 3 T. Tract-based spatial statistics, a method especially developed for diffusion data analysis, was used to delineate the major fiber tracts. We found clusters of increased FA values in homozygous risk haplotype carriers in the right periinsular region and in the right inferior parietal lobe (IPL). We did not find clusters indicating decreased FA values. The insula and the IPL have been implicated in both schizophrenia and bipolar pathophysiology. Increased FA values might reflect changes in dendritic morphology as previously described by in vitro studies. These findings further corroborate the hypothesis that a shared gene pool between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder might lead to neuroanatomic changes that confer an unspecific vulnerability for both disorders.
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Dissociation of anatomical and functional alterations of the default-mode network in first-episode, drug-naive schizophrenia. Clin Neurophysiol 2015; 126:2276-81. [PMID: 25746945 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anatomical and functional alterations of the default-mode network (DMN) have been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. However, no study is engaged to explore whether structural and functional abnormalities of the DMN overlap in schizophrenia. This study was undertaken to examine whether anatomical and functional abnormalities are present in similar or different brain regions of the DMN in first-episode, drug-naive schizophrenia. METHODS Forty-nine first-episode, drug-naive schizophrenia patients and 50 age-, sex-, and education-matched healthy controls underwent structural and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning. The voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) methods were used to analyze imaging data. RESULTS The patients exhibited significantly decreased gray matter volume (GMV) in the left medial prefrontal cortex (orbital part) and increased fALFF in the left posterior cingulate cortex compared with the controls. No overlap of brain regions with anatomical and functional abnormalities was observed in the patient group. There was also no correlation between decreased GMV/increased fALFF and clinical variables in patients. CONCLUSIONS A dissociation pattern of brain regions with anatomical and functional changes within the DMN is revealed in schizophrenia patients. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings suggest that brain functional and anatomical abnormalities within the DMN might contribute independently to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Iwabuchi SJ, Krishnadas R, Li C, Auer DP, Radua J, Palaniyappan L. Localized connectivity in depression: a meta-analysis of resting state functional imaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 51:77-86. [PMID: 25597656 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Resting-state fMRI studies investigating the pathophysiology of depression have identified prominent abnormalities in large-scale brain networks. However, it is unclear if localized dysfunction of specialized brain regions contribute to network-level abnormalities. We employed a meta-analytical procedure and reviewed studies conducted in China investigating changes in regional homogeneity (ReHo), a measure of localized intraregional connectivity, from resting-state fMRI in depression. Exploiting the statistical power gained from pooled analysis, we also investigated the effects of age, gender, illness duration and treatment on ReHo. The medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) showed the most robust and reliable increase in ReHo in depression, with greater abnormality in medication-free patients with multiple episodes. Brain networks that relate to this region have been identified previously to show aberrant connectivity in depression, and we propose that the localized neuronal inefficiency of MPFC exists alongside wider network level disruptions involving this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarina J Iwabuchi
- Centre for Translational Neuroimaging, Division of Psychiatry & Applied Psychology, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Triumph Road, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK.
| | - Rajeev Krishnadas
- Psychological Medicine, Sackler Institute, Neurology Block SGH, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK.
| | - Chunbo Li
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Dorothee P Auer
- Division of Imaging and Radiological Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Joaquim Radua
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK; FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Lena Palaniyappan
- Centre for Translational Neuroimaging, Division of Psychiatry & Applied Psychology, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Triumph Road, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK; Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK.
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Guo W, Liu F, Yao D, Jiang J, Su Q, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Yu L, Zhai J, Xiao C. Decreased default-mode network homogeneity in unaffected siblings of schizophrenia patients at rest. Psychiatry Res 2014; 224:218-24. [PMID: 25242670 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The dysconnectivity hypothesis proposes that abnormal resting state connectivity within the default-mode network (DMN) plays a key role in schizophrenia. Little is known, however, about alterations of the network homogeneity (NH) of the DMN in unaffected siblings of patients with schizophrenia. Unaffected siblings have unique advantages as subjects of neuroimaging studies independent of the clinical and treatment issues that complicate studies of the patients themselves. In the present study, we investigated NH of the DMN in unaffected siblings of schizophrenia. Participants comprised 46 unaffected siblings of schizophrenia patients and 50 age-, sex-, and education-matched healthy controls who underwent resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Automated NH and group independent component analysis (ICA) approaches were used to analyze the data. Compared with healthy controls, the unaffected siblings of schizophrenia patients showed decreased DMN homogeneity in the left precuneus. No significantly increased DMN homogeneity was found in the sibling group relative to the control group. Our results suggest that there is decreased NH of the DMN in unaffected siblings of schizophrenia patients and indicate that the alternative perspective of examining the DMN NH in patients׳ siblings may improve understanding of the nature of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Guo
- Mental Health Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, Nanning 530021, China.
| | - Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dapeng Yao
- Mental Health Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Jiajing Jiang
- Mental Health Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Qinji Su
- Mental Health Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Zhikun Zhang
- Mental Health Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Mental Health Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Liuyu Yu
- Mental Health Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Jinguo Zhai
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Shandong, Jining 272067, China
| | - Changqing Xiao
- Mental Health Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, Nanning 530021, China
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Yip SW, Mackay CE, Goodwin GM. Increased temporo-insular engagement in unmedicated bipolar II disorder: an exploratory resting state study using independent component analysis. Bipolar Disord 2014; 16:748-55. [PMID: 24725219 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite numerous structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging studies, the neurobiology of bipolar disorder (BD) is still incompletely understood. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsFMRI) allows for the study of intrinsic functional connections between brain areas, which may reflect the pathophysiology of BD. Most previous rsFMRI studies conducted in BD have included a majority of medicated patients, making simple interpretation with respect to pathophysiology difficult. METHODS Participants were 15 antipsychotic agent- and mood-stabilizer-naïve young adults with bipolar II disorder (BD-II), and 20 healthy controls group-matched for gender, age, and cognitive ability. Independent component analysis (ICA) was used to identify eight commonly studied resting-state networks (RSNs). Between-group comparisons were conducted using dual regression and corrected for family-wise error (FWE) across space and the number of components (pFWE < 0.05). RESULTS In comparison to controls, participants with BD-II had increased coherence across several brain regions, including the bilateral insula and putamen, across a temporo-insular network. No between-group differences in engagement of the default mode network were found. CONCLUSIONS This was the first ICA-based rsFMRI study conducted among unmedicated individuals with BD. Given the young age (mean = 23 years) and antipsychotic agent- and mood-stabilizer-naïve status of our participants with BD-II, temporo-insular functional connectivity is a candidate vulnerability marker for BD. Further work is needed to relate resting-state differences to detailed understanding of pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah W Yip
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Singh MK, Chang KD, Kelley RG, Saggar M, Reiss A, Gotlib IH. Early signs of anomalous neural functional connectivity in healthy offspring of parents with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2014; 16:678-89. [PMID: 24938878 PMCID: PMC4213354 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bipolar disorder (BD) has been associated with dysfunctional brain connectivity and with family chaos. It is not known whether aberrant connectivity occurs before illness onset, representing vulnerability for developing BD amidst family chaos. We used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine neural network dysfunction in healthy offspring living with parents with BD and healthy comparison youth. METHODS Using two complementary methodologies [data-driven independent component analysis (ICA) and hypothesis-driven region-of-interest (ROI)-based intrinsic connectivity], we examined resting-state fMRI data in 8-17-year-old healthy offspring of a parent with BD (n = 24; high risk) and age-matched healthy youth without any personal or family psychopathology (n = 25; low risk). RESULTS ICA revealed that, relative to low-risk youth, high-risk youth showed increased connectivity in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) subregion of the left executive control network (ECN), which includes frontoparietal regions important for emotion regulation. ROI-based analyses revealed that high-risk versus low-risk youth had decreased connectivities between the left amygdala and pregenual cingulate, between the subgenual cingulate and supplementary motor cortex, and between the left VLPFC and left caudate. High-risk youth showed stronger connections in the VLPFC with age and higher functioning, which may be neuroprotective, and weaker connections between the left VLPFC and caudate with more family chaos, suggesting an environmental influence on frontostriatal connectivity. CONCLUSIONS Healthy offspring of parents with BD show atypical patterns of prefrontal and subcortical intrinsic connectivity that may be early markers of resilience to or vulnerability for developing BD. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether these patterns predict outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manpreet K Singh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Kiki D Chang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Ryan G Kelley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Manish Saggar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Allan Reiss
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Ian H Gotlib
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Pluta A, Wolak T, Czajka N, Lewandowska M, Cieśla K, Rusiniak M, Grudzień D, Skarżyński H. Reduced resting-state brain activity in the default mode network in children with (central) auditory processing disorders. Behav Brain Funct 2014; 10:33. [PMID: 25261349 PMCID: PMC4236576 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-10-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, there has been a growing interest in Central Auditory Processing Disorder (C)APD. However, the neural correlates of (C)APD are poorly understood. Previous neuroimaging experiments have shown changes in the intrinsic activity of the brain in various cognitive deficits and brain disorders. The present study investigated the spontaneous brain activity in (C)APD subjects with resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI). METHODS Thirteen children diagnosed with (C)APD and fifteen age and gender-matched controls participated in a rs-fMRI study during which they were asked to relax keeping their eyes open. Two different techniques of the rs-fMRI data analysis were used: Regional Homogeneity (ReHo) and Independent Component Analysis (ICA), which approach is rare. RESULTS Both methods of data analysis showed comparable results in the pattern of DMN activity within groups. Additionally, ReHo analysis revealed increased co-activation of the superior frontal gyrus, the posterior cingulate cortex/the precuneus in controls, compared to the (C)APD group. ICA yielded inconsistent results across groups. CONCLUSIONS Our ReHo results suggest that (C)APD children seem to present reduced regional homogeneity in brain regions considered a part of the default mode network (DMN). These findings might contribute to a better understanding of neural mechanisms of (C)APD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Pluta
- World Hearing Center of the Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Mokra 17 street, 05-830 Nadarzyn, Warsaw/Kajetany, Poland.
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Gao W, Jiao Q, Lu S, Zhong Y, Qi R, Lu D, Xiao Q, Yang F, Lu G, Su L. Alterations of regional homogeneity in pediatric bipolar depression: a resting-state fMRI study. BMC Psychiatry 2014; 14:222. [PMID: 25095790 PMCID: PMC4149208 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-014-0222-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) has attracted increasing attentions due to its high prevalence and great influence on social functions of children and adolescents. However, the pathophysiology underlying PBD remains unclear. In the present study, the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to detect abnormalities of baseline brain functions in depressed PBD youth. METHODS Seventeen youth with PBD-depression aged 10 - 18 years old and 18 age- and sex-matched normal controls were recruited in this study. The fMRI data under resting state were obtained on a Siemens 3.0 Tesla scanner and were analyzed using the regional homogeneity (ReHo) method. Correlations between the ReHo values of each survived area and the severity of depression symptoms in patients were further analyzed. RESULTS As compared with the control group, PBD-depression patients showed decreased ReHo in the medial frontal gyrus, bilateral middle frontal gyrus and middle temporal gyrus, and the right putamen. Significant negative correlations of the mood and feelings questionnaire scores with mean ReHo values in the medial frontal gyrus and the right middle frontal gyrus in PBD-depression patients were observed. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that extensive regions with altered baseline brain activities are existed in PBD-depression and these brain regions mainly locate in the fronto-limbic circuit and associated striatal structures. Moreover, the present findings also add to our understanding that there could be unique neuropathophysiological mechanisms underlying PBD-depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Gao
- Mental Health Institute of The Second Xiangya Hospital, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Central South University, No. 139 Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011 Hunan China ,Department of Child Psychology, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Qing Jiao
- Department of Radiology, Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong China
| | - Shaojia Lu
- Department of Mental Health, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Yuan Zhong
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Medical College, Nanjing University, 305 Zhongshan East Road, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu China ,Department of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Rongfeng Qi
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Medical College, Nanjing University, 305 Zhongshan East Road, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu China
| | - Dali Lu
- Mental Health Institute of The Second Xiangya Hospital, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Central South University, No. 139 Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011 Hunan China
| | - Qian Xiao
- Mental Health Institute of The Second Xiangya Hospital, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Central South University, No. 139 Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011 Hunan China
| | - Fan Yang
- Mental Health Institute of The Second Xiangya Hospital, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Central South University, No. 139 Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011 Hunan China
| | - Guangming Lu
- Mental Health Institute of The Second Xiangya Hospital, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Central South University, No, 139 Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China.
| | - Linyan Su
- Mental Health Institute of The Second Xiangya Hospital, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Central South University, No. 139 Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011 Hunan China
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fMRI evidence for abnormal resting-state functional connectivity in euthymic bipolar patients. J Affect Disord 2014; 165:182-9. [PMID: 24882198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neural substrates of bipolar disorder (BD) have frequently been characterized by dysregulation of fronto-limbic networks that may persist during euthymic periods. Only a few studies have investigated euthymic bipolar patients (BP) functional connectivity at rest. The current study aims to assess resting-state functional connectivity in euthymic BP in order to identify trait abnormalities responsible for enduring mood dysregulation in these patients. METHODS Medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) functional connectivity was investigated in 20 euthymic BP and 20 healthy subjects (HS). The functional connectivity maps were compared across groups using a between-group random effect analysis. Additional region of interest (ROI) analysis focused on mPFC-amygdala functional connectivity as well as correlations between the clinical features in euthymic BP was also conducted. RESULTS A significant difference between euthymic BP and HS was observed in terms of connectivity between the mPFC and the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). A significant negative correlation between the activity of these regions was found in HS but not in euthymic BP. In addition, euthymic BP showed greater connectivity between mPFC and right amygdala compared to HS, which was also correlated with the duration of the disease. LIMITATIONS The BP group was heterogeneous with respect to the bipolarity subtype and the medication. The robustness of results could be improved with an increased sample size. CONCLUSIONS Compared to HS, the euthymic BP showed abnormal decoupling (decreased functional connectivity) activity between mPFC-dlPFC and hyperconnectivity (increased functional connectivity) and between mPFC and amygdala. These abnormalities could underlie the pathophysiology of BD, and may deteriorate further in accordance with disease duration.
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Phillips ML, Swartz HA. A critical appraisal of neuroimaging studies of bipolar disorder: toward a new conceptualization of underlying neural circuitry and a road map for future research. Am J Psychiatry 2014; 171:829-43. [PMID: 24626773 PMCID: PMC4119497 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13081008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this critical review, the authors appraise neuroimaging findings in bipolar disorder in emotion-processing, emotion-regulation, and reward-processing neural circuitry in order to synthesize the current knowledge of the neural underpinnings of bipolar disorder and provide a neuroimaging research road map for future studies. METHOD The authors examined findings from all major studies in bipolar disorder that used functional MRI, volumetric analysis, diffusion imaging, and resting-state techniques, integrating findings to provide a better understanding of larger-scale neural circuitry abnormalities in bipolar disorder. RESULTS Bipolar disorder can be conceptualized, in neural circuitry terms, as parallel dysfunction in prefrontal cortical (especially ventrolateral prefrontal cortical)-hippocampal-amygdala emotion-processing and emotion-regulation circuits bilaterally, together with an "overactive" left-sided ventral striatal-ventrolateral and orbitofrontal cortical reward-processing circuitry, resulting in characteristic behavioral abnormalities associated with bipolar disorder: emotional lability, emotional dysregulation, and heightened reward sensitivity. A potential structural basis for these functional abnormalities is gray matter volume decreases in the prefrontal and temporal cortices, the amygdala, and the hippocampus and fractional anisotropy decreases in white matter tracts connecting prefrontal and subcortical regions. CONCLUSIONS Neuroimaging studies of bipolar disorder clearly demonstrate abnormalities in neural circuits supporting emotion processing, emotion regulation, and reward processing, although there are several limitations to these studies. Future neuroimaging research in bipolar disorder should include studies adopting dimensional approaches; larger studies examining neurodevelopmental trajectories in youths with bipolar disorder or at risk for bipolar disorder; multimodal neuroimaging studies using integrated systems approaches; and studies using pattern recognition approaches to provide clinically useful individual-level data. Such studies will help identify clinically relevant biomarkers to guide diagnosis and treatment decision making for individuals with bipolar disorder.
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Vargas C, Pineda J, Calvo V, López-Jaramillo C. [Brain activitivation of euthymic patients with Type I bipolar disorder in resting state Default Mode Network]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 43:154-61. [PMID: 26575129 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcp.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As there are still doubts about brain connectivity in type I bipolar disorder (BID), resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS-fMRI) studies are necessary during euthymia for a better control of confounding factors. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the differences in brain activation between euthymic BID patients and control subjects using resting state- functional-magnetic resonance imaging (RS-fMRI), and to identify the lithium effect in these activations. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted on 21 BID patients (10 receiving lithium only, and 11 non-medicated) and 12 healthy control subjects, using RS fMRI and independent component analysis (ICA). RESULTS Increased activation was found in the right hippocampus (P=.049) and posterior cingulate (P=.040) within the Default Mode Network (DMN) when BID and control group were compared. No statistically significant differences were identified between BID on lithium only therapy and non-medicated BID patients. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that there are changes in brain activation and connectivity in BID even during euthymic phase and mainly within the DMN network, which could be relevant in affect regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Vargas
- Grupo de Investigación en Psiquiatría (GIPSI), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Julián Pineda
- Grupo de Investigación en Psiquiatría (GIPSI), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Instituto de Alta Tecnología Médica IATM, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Víctor Calvo
- Grupo de Investigación en Psiquiatría (GIPSI), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Instituto de Alta Tecnología Médica IATM, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Carlos López-Jaramillo
- Grupo de Investigación en Psiquiatría (GIPSI), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Instituto de Alta Tecnología Médica IATM, Medellín, Colombia; Coordinador del Programa de Trastornos del Ánimo, Hospital San Vicente Fundación; Jefe del Grupo de Investigación en Psiquiatría (GIPSI), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
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Vai B, Bollettini I, Benedetti F. Corticolimbic connectivity as a possible biomarker for bipolar disorder. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 14:631-50. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2014.915744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Correlation between the Effects of Acupuncture at Taichong (LR3) and Functional Brain Areas: A Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study Using True versus Sham Acupuncture. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:729091. [PMID: 24963329 PMCID: PMC4055001 DOI: 10.1155/2014/729091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been shown to detect the specificity of acupuncture points, as proved by numerous studies. In this study, resting-state fMRI was used to observe brain areas activated by acupuncture at the Taichong (LR3) acupoint. A total of 15 healthy subjects received brain resting-state fMRI before acupuncture and after sham and true acupuncture, respectively, at LR3. Image data processing was performed using Data Processing Assistant for Resting-State fMRI and REST software. The combination of amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) and regional homogeneity (ReHo) was used to analyze the changes in brain function during sham and true acupuncture. Acupuncture at LR3 can specifically activate or deactivate brain areas related to vision, movement, sensation, emotion, and analgesia. The specific alterations in the anterior cingulate gyrus, thalamus, and cerebellar posterior lobe have a crucial effect and provide a valuable reference. Sham acupuncture has a certain effect on psychological processes and does not affect brain areas related to function.
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Maller JJ, Thomson RHS, Rosenfeld JV, Anderson R, Daskalakis ZJ, Fitzgerald PB. Occipital bending in depression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 137:1830-7. [PMID: 24740986 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
There are reports of differences in occipital lobe asymmetry within psychiatric populations when compared with healthy control subjects. Anecdotal evidence and enlarged lateral ventricles suggests that there may also be a different pattern of curvature whereby one occipital lobe wraps around the other, termed 'occipital bending'. We investigated the prevalence of occipital bending in 51 patients with major depressive disorder (males mean age = 41.96 ± 14.00 years, females mean age = 40.71 ± 12.41 years) and 48 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects (males mean age = 40.29 ± 10.23 years, females mean age = 42.47 ± 14.25 years) and found the prevalence to be three times higher among patients with major depressive disorder (18/51, 35.3%) when compared with control subjects (6/48, 12.5%). The results suggest that occipital bending is more common among patients with major depressive disorder than healthy subjects, and that occipital asymmetry and occipital bending are separate phenomena. Incomplete neural pruning may lead to the cranial space available for brain growth being restricted, or ventricular enlargement may exacerbate the natural occipital curvature patterns, subsequently causing the brain to become squashed and forced to 'wrap' around the other occipital lobe. Although the clinical implications of these results are unclear, they provide an impetus for further research into the relevance of occipital bending in major depression disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome J Maller
- 1 Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred and Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard H S Thomson
- 1 Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred and Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeffrey V Rosenfeld
- 2 Division of Clinical Sciences and Department of Surgery, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Professor and Director, Department of Neurosurgery, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne Victoria, Australia
| | - Rodney Anderson
- 1 Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred and Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne Victoria, Australia
| | - Zafiris J Daskalakis
- 3 Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul B Fitzgerald
- 1 Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred and Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne Victoria, Australia
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Decreased regional activity of default-mode network in unaffected siblings of schizophrenia patients at rest. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 24:545-52. [PMID: 24491950 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dysconnectivity hypothesis posits that abnormal resting-state connectivity within the default-mode network (DMN) acts as a key role in schizophrenia. However, little is known about the regional alterations of the DMN in unaffected siblings of schizophrenia patients. Unaffected siblings have a unique advantage in neuroimaging studies independent of clinical and treatment issues that complicate studies on patients themselves. In the present study, we used fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) to investigate regional alterations of the DMN in unaffected siblings of schizophrenia patients at rest. Forty-six unaffected siblings of schizophrenia patients and 50 age-, sex-, and education-matched healthy controls underwent a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The fALFF and independent component analysis (ICA) approaches were used to analyze the data. The unaffected siblings of schizophrenia patients had lower fALFF than the controls in the left inferior temporal gyrus (ITG). No significantly increased fALFF was found in any brain regions in the siblings compared to that in the controls. Further receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and support vector machine (SVM) analyses showed that the fALFF values of the left ITG could be utilized to separate the siblings from the controls. Our results first suggest that there is decreased regional activity of the DMN in unaffected siblings of schizophrenia patients, and provide a clue that decreased regional activity of the left ITG could be applied as a candidate biomarker to identify the siblings from the controls.
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66
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Xue SW, Li D, Weng XC, Northoff G, Li DW. Different neural manifestations of two slow frequency bands in resting functional magnetic resonance imaging: a systemic survey at regional, interregional, and network levels. Brain Connect 2014; 4:242-55. [PMID: 24456196 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2013.0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal and spectral perspectives are two fundamental facets in deciphering fluctuating signals. In resting state, the dynamics of blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signals recorded by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have been proven to be strikingly informative (0.01-0.1 Hz). The distinction between slow-4 (0.027-0.073 Hz) and slow-5 (0.01-0.027 Hz) has been described, but the pertinent data have never been systematically investigated. This study used fMRI to measure spontaneous brain activity and to explore the different spectral characteristics of slow-4 and slow-5 at regional, interregional, and network levels, respectively assessed by regional homogeneity (ReHo) and mean amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (mALFF), functional connectivity (FC) patterns, and graph theory. Results of paired t-tests supported/replicated recent research dividing low-frequency BOLD fluctuation into slow-4 and slow-5 for ReHo and mALFF. Interregional analyses showed that for brain regions reaching statistical significance, FC strengths at slow-4 were always weaker than those at slow-5. Community detection algorithm was applied to FC data and unveiled two modules sensitive to frequency effects: one comprised sensorimotor structure, and the other encompassed limbic/paralimbic system. Graph theoretical analysis verified that slow-4 and slow-5 differed in local segregation measures. Although the manifestation of frequency differences seemed complicated, the associated brain regions can be grossly categorized into limbic/paralimbic, midline, and sensorimotor systems. Our results suggest that future resting fMRI research addressing the three above systems either from neuropsychiatric or psychological perspectives may consider using spectrum-specific analytical strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Wei Xue
- 1 Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University , Hangzhou, China
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67
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Guo W, Liu F, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Yu L, Liu J, Chen H, Xiao C. Abnormal default-mode network homogeneity in first-episode, drug-naive major depressive disorder. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91102. [PMID: 24609111 PMCID: PMC3946684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Default mode network (DMN) is one of the most commonly recognized resting-state networks in major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the homogeneity of this network in MDD is poorly understood. As such, this study was conducted to determine whether or not an abnormal network homogeneity (NH) of DMN is observed in patients with first-episode and drug-naive MDD. METHODS Twenty-four first-episode drug-naive patients with MDD and twenty-four healthy control subjects participated in the study. NH and independent component analysis (ICA) methods were used to analyze data. RESULTS Depressed patients exhibited a significantly increased NH in the left dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and decreased NH in the right inferior temporal gyrus (ITG) compared with the healthy control subjects. Receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) were analyzed and results revealed that the NH values of MPFC and ITG could be applied as candidate markers with relatively high sensitivity and specificity to distinguish patients from healthy control subjects. No correlation was observed between the NH values of the two regions and clinical variables. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that an abnormal DMN homogeneity could be observed in MDD, which highlight the importance of the DMN in the pathophysiology of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Guo
- Mental Health Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Mental Health Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhikun Zhang
- Mental Health Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Liuyu Yu
- Mental Health Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jianrong Liu
- Mental Health Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Huafu Chen
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Changqing Xiao
- Mental Health Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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Guo W, Yao D, Jiang J, Su Q, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Yu L, Xiao C. Abnormal default-mode network homogeneity in first-episode, drug-naive schizophrenia at rest. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 49:16-20. [PMID: 24216538 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysconnectivity hypothesis posits that schizophrenia relates to abnormal resting-state connectivity within the default-mode network (DMN) and this aberrant connectivity is considered as contribution of difficulties in self-referential and introspective processing. However, little is known about the alterations of the network homogeneity (NH) of the DMN in schizophrenia. In the present study, we used an automatic NH method to investigate the NH of the DMN in schizophrenia patients at rest. METHODS Forty-nine first-episode, drug-naive schizophrenia patients and 50 age-, gender-, and education-matched healthy controls underwent a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). An automated NH approach was used to analyze the data. RESULTS Patients exhibited lower NH than controls in the left medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and the right middle temporal gyrus (MTG). Significantly higher NH values in the left posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and the right cerebellum Crus I were found in the patient group than in the control group. No significant correlation was found between abnormal NH values and Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS) scores, duration of untreated psychosis (DUP), age or years of education in the patient group. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that abnormal NH of the DMN exists in first-episode, drug-naive schizophrenia and further highlight the importance of the DMN in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Guo
- Mental Health Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China.
| | - Dapeng Yao
- Mental Health Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Jiajing Jiang
- Mental Health Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Qinji Su
- Mental Health Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Zhikun Zhang
- Mental Health Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Mental Health Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Liuyu Yu
- Mental Health Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Changqing Xiao
- Mental Health Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
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Hatano K, Terao T, Hoaki N, Kohno K, Araki Y, Mizokami Y, Kodama K, Harada M, Fujiki M, Shimomura T, Hayashi T. Association between affective temperaments and regional gray matter volume in healthy subjects. J Affect Disord 2014; 155:169-73. [PMID: 24238867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Affective temperaments such as cyclothymic and hyperthymic temperaments have been regarded as potential antecedents of bipolar disorder but the neural substrates underlying these temperaments have not been identified. The aim of this study is to determine whether these temperaments are associated with specific neural substrates in regional brain morphology in healthy subjects. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional neuroimaging study of 60 healthy subjects (30 males and 30 females) with affective temperaments. All participants underwent the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) to screen for the past and present psychiatric disorder. The scores of cyclothymic and hyperthymic temperaments were measured by the Temperament Scale of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego-Autoquestionnaire. We analyzed the association between voxel-based morphometry of the brain and these affective temperaments. RESULTS Subjects classified as having high cyclothymic scores had a significantly larger gray matter volume of the left medial frontal gyrus (MFG) than low cyclothymic subjects. High hyperthymic males also had significantly larger gray matter volume of the left MFG than low hyperthymic males, but there was no difference in females. Subjects with both high cyclothymic and high hyperthymic temperaments demonstrated significantly larger gray matter volume of the left MFG than their counterparts. Region of interest analysis revealed that peaks of these clusters showed a significant positive correlation of the regional volume with temperament scores. LIMITATIONS The subjects were relatively young and the number was relatively small. Due to the nature of a cross-sectional research design, we could not determine the causal relationship between temperament and the volume changes. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that cyclothymic and hyperthymic temperaments in healthy subjects may have their morphological basis in the left MFG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Hatano
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu City, Oita Prefecture 8795593, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Terao
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu City, Oita Prefecture 8795593, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Hoaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu City, Oita Prefecture 8795593, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kohno
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu City, Oita Prefecture 8795593, Japan
| | - Yasuo Araki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu City, Oita Prefecture 8795593, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Mizokami
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu City, Oita Prefecture 8795593, Japan
| | - Kensuke Kodama
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu City, Oita Prefecture 8795593, Japan
| | - Mayu Harada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu City, Oita Prefecture 8795593, Japan
| | - Minoru Fujiki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Shimomura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan
| | - Takuya Hayashi
- Functional Architecture Imaging Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Hyogo, Japan
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Luo Y, Huang X, Yang Z, Li B, Liu J, Wei D. Regional homogeneity of intrinsic brain activity in happy and unhappy individuals. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85181. [PMID: 24454814 PMCID: PMC3893192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Why are some people happier than others? This question has intrigued many researchers. However, limited work has addressed this question within a neuroscientific framework. Methods The present study investigated the neural correlates of trait happiness using the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) approach. Specifically, regional homogeneity (ReHo) was examined on two groups of young adults: happy and unhappy individuals (N = 25 per group). Results Decreased ReHo in unhappy relative to happy individuals was observed within prefrontal cortex, medial temporal lobe, superior temporal lobe, and retrosplenial cortex. In contrast, increased ReHo in unhappy relative to happy individuals was observed within the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, middle cingulate gyrus, putamen, and thalamus. In addition, the ReHo within the left thalamus was negatively correlated with Chinese Happiness Inventory (CHI) score within the happy group. Limitations As an exploratory study, we examined how general trait happiness is reflected in the regional homogeneity of intrinsic brain activity in a relatively small sample. Examining other types of happiness in a larger sample using a multitude of intrinsic brain activity indices are warranted for future work. Conclusions The local synchronization of BOLD signal is altered in unhappy individuals. The regions implicated in this alteration partly overlapped with previously identified default mode network, emotional circuitry, and rewarding system, suggesting that these systems may be involved in happiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangmei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiting Huang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (XH); (ZY)
| | - Zhen Yang
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XH); (ZY)
| | - Baolin Li
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongtao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Philip NS, Kuras YI, Valentine TR, Sweet LH, Tyrka AR, Price LH, Carpenter LL. Regional homogeneity and resting state functional connectivity: associations with exposure to early life stress. Psychiatry Res 2013; 214:247-53. [PMID: 24090510 PMCID: PMC3849340 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS) confers risk for psychiatric illness. Previous literature suggests ELS is associated with decreased resting-state functional connectivity (rs-FC) in adulthood, but there are no studies of resting-state neuronal activity in this population. This study investigated whether ELS-exposed individuals demonstrate resting-state activity patterns similar to those found in PTSD. Twenty-seven adults (14 with at least moderate ELS), who were medication-free and without psychiatric or medical illness, underwent MRI scans during two 4-minute rest periods. Resting-state activity was examined using regional homogeneity (ReHo), which estimates regional activation patterns through indices of localized concordance. ReHo values were compared between groups, followed by rs-FC analyses utilizing ReHo-localized areas as seeds to identify other involved regions. Relative to controls, ELS subjects demonstrated diminished ReHo in the inferior parietal lobule (IPL) and superior temporal gyrus (STG). ReHo values were inversely correlated with ELS severity. Secondary analyses revealed decreased rs-FC between the IPL and right precuneus/posterior cingulate, left fusiform gyrus, cerebellum and caudate in ELS subjects. These findings indicate that ELS is associated with altered resting-state activity and connectivity in brain regions involved in trauma-related psychiatric disorders. Future studies are needed to evaluate whether these associations represent potential imaging biomarkers of stress exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah S Philip
- Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Butler Hospital, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.
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Identify changes of brain regional homogeneity in bipolar disorder and unipolar depression using resting-state FMRI. PLoS One 2013. [PMID: 24324588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079999.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To identify changes in brain activation patterns in bipolar disorder (BD) and unipolar depression (UD) patients. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Resting-state fMRI scans of 16 healthy controls, 17 BD and 16 UD patients were obtained. T-test of normalized regional homogeneity (ReHo) was performed in a voxel-by-voxel manner. A combined threshold of á = 0.05, minimum cluster volume of V = 10503 mm(3) (389 voxels) were used to determine ReHo differences between groups. In UD group, fMRI revealed ReHo increases in the left middle occipital lobe, right inferior parietal lobule, right precuneus and left convolution; and ReHo decreases in the left parahippocampalgyrus, right precentralgyrus, left postcentralgyrus, left precentralgyrus and left cingulated. In BD group, ReHo increases in the right insular cortex, left middle frontal gyrus, left precuneus, left occipital lobe, left parietal, left superior frontal gyrus and left thalamus; and ReHo decreases in the right anterior lobe of cerebellum, pons, right precentralgyrus, left postcentralgyrus, left inferior frontal gyrus, and right cingulate. There were some overlaps in ReHo profiles between UD and BD groups, but a marked difference was seen in the thalamus of BD. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The resting-state fMRI and ReHo mapping are a promising tool to assist the detection of functional deficits and distinguish clinical and pathophysiological signs of BD and UD.
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Liang MJ, Zhou Q, Yang KR, Yang XL, Fang J, Chen WL, Huang Z. Identify changes of brain regional homogeneity in bipolar disorder and unipolar depression using resting-state FMRI. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79999. [PMID: 24324588 PMCID: PMC3851159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To identify changes in brain activation patterns in bipolar disorder (BD) and unipolar depression (UD) patients. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Resting-state fMRI scans of 16 healthy controls, 17 BD and 16 UD patients were obtained. T-test of normalized regional homogeneity (ReHo) was performed in a voxel-by-voxel manner. A combined threshold of á = 0.05, minimum cluster volume of V = 10503 mm(3) (389 voxels) were used to determine ReHo differences between groups. In UD group, fMRI revealed ReHo increases in the left middle occipital lobe, right inferior parietal lobule, right precuneus and left convolution; and ReHo decreases in the left parahippocampalgyrus, right precentralgyrus, left postcentralgyrus, left precentralgyrus and left cingulated. In BD group, ReHo increases in the right insular cortex, left middle frontal gyrus, left precuneus, left occipital lobe, left parietal, left superior frontal gyrus and left thalamus; and ReHo decreases in the right anterior lobe of cerebellum, pons, right precentralgyrus, left postcentralgyrus, left inferior frontal gyrus, and right cingulate. There were some overlaps in ReHo profiles between UD and BD groups, but a marked difference was seen in the thalamus of BD. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The resting-state fMRI and ReHo mapping are a promising tool to assist the detection of functional deficits and distinguish clinical and pathophysiological signs of BD and UD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jie Liang
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kan-Rong Yang
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Yang
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin Fang
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen-Li Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zheng Huang
- Department of Electronic Engineering and CAPT Laboratory, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
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Altered cerebral perfusion in executive, affective, and motor networks during adolescent depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2013; 52:1076-1091.e2. [PMID: 24074474 PMCID: PMC3825460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although substantial literature has reported regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) abnormalities in adults with depression, these studies commonly necessitated the injection of radioisotopes into subjects. The recent development of arterial spin labeling (ASL), however, allows noninvasive measurements of rCBF. Currently, no published ASL studies have examined cerebral perfusion in adolescents with depression. Thus, the aim of the present study was to examine baseline cerebral perfusion in adolescent depression using a newly developed ASL technique: pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling (PCASL). METHOD A total of 25 medication-naive adolescents (13-17 years of age) diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 26 well-matched control subjects underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging. Baseline rCBF was measured via a novel PCASL method that optimizes tagging efficiency. RESULTS Voxel-based whole brain analyses revealed significant frontal, limbic, paralimbic, and cingulate hypoperfusion in the group with depression (p < .05, corrected). Hyperperfusion was also observed within the subcallosal cingulate, putamen, and fusiform gyrus (p < .05, corrected). Similarly, region-of-interest analyses revealed amygdalar and insular hypoperfusion in the group with depression, as well as hyperperfusion in the putamen and superior insula (p < .05, corrected). CONCLUSIONS Adolescents with depression and healthy adolescents appear to differ on rCBF in executive, affective, and motor networks. Dysfunction in these regions may contribute to the cognitive, emotional, and psychomotor symptoms commonly present in adolescent depression. These findings point to possible biomarkers for adolescent depression that could inform early interventions and treatments, and establishes a methodology for using PCASL to noninvasively measure rCBF in clinical and healthy adolescent populations.
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Vargas C, López-Jaramillo C, Vieta E. A systematic literature review of resting state network--functional MRI in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2013; 150:727-35. [PMID: 23830141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in bipolar disorder (BD) have been performed in the last decade. Some of them have applied novel neuroimaging techniques such as resting-state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fcMRI). METHODS We reviewed the top-quality rs-fcMRI studies in BD available in the PubMed and Embase databases up to November, 2012 to identify brain activation networks and research techniques that may benefit future research. RESULTS We present and discuss the methods and findings of eight articles. Most of these studies used the regions-of-interest (ROI) and independent component analysis (ICA) methods, and some used approaches such as amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF), restricted global brain connectivity (rGBC) and regional homogeneity (ReHO). The largest differences in their results were found in the connectivity of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the anterior cingulated cortex with limbic-striatal structures, and in spatial extent in ReHo when studying the default mode network (DMN). LIMITATIONS The heterogeneity of the analytical methods used to explore the resting-state network (RSN) and the characteristics of the sample of each study limit the conclusions. CONCLUSIONS Despite the variation among the results of the reviewed papers, they all support the cortico-limbic hypothesis and suggest that connectivity can be more complex and that intra-regional disturbances should also be studied. Recommendations for future studies include consideration of intra-regional disturbances, better control of confounding factors, use of larger scale methods, and a consensus regarding how to approach the study of resting-state networks and interpret the results obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Vargas
- Mood Disorders Program, Hospital San Vicente Fundación, Research Group in Psychiatry (GIPSI), Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
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Gurvich C, Maller JJ, Lithgow B, Haghgooie S, Kulkarni J. Vestibular insights into cognition and psychiatry. Brain Res 2013; 1537:244-59. [PMID: 24012768 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The vestibular system has traditionally been thought of as a balance apparatus; however, accumulating research suggests an association between vestibular function and psychiatric and cognitive symptoms, even when balance is measurably unaffected. There are several brain regions that are implicated in both vestibular pathways and psychiatric disorders. The present review examines the anatomical associations between the vestibular system and various psychiatric disorders. Despite the lack of direct evidence for vestibular pathology in the key psychiatric disorders selected for this review, there is a substantial body of literature implicating the vestibular system in each of the selected psychiatric disorders. The second part of this review provides complimentary evidence showing the link between vestibular dysfunction and vestibular stimulation upon cognitive and psychiatric symptoms. In summary, emerging research suggests the vestibular system can be considered a potential window for exploring brain function beyond that of maintenance of balance, and into areas of cognitive, affective and psychiatric symptomology. Given the paucity of biological and diagnostic markers in psychiatry, novel avenues to explore brain function in psychiatric disorders are of particular interest and warrant further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Gurvich
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred Hospital and Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
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77
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Resting state brain function analysis using concurrent BOLD in ASL perfusion fMRI. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65884. [PMID: 23750275 PMCID: PMC3672100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The past decade has seen astounding discoveries about resting-state brain activity patterns in normal brain as well as their alterations in brain diseases. While the vast majority of resting-state studies are based on the blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) functional MRI (fMRI), arterial spin labeling (ASL) perfusion fMRI can simultaneously capture BOLD and cerebral blood flow (CBF) signals, providing a unique opportunity for assessing resting brain functions with concurrent BOLD (ccBOLD) and CBF signals. Before taking that benefit, it is necessary to validate the utility of ccBOLD signal for resting-state analysis using conventional BOLD (cvBOLD) signal acquired without ASL modulations. To address this technical issue, resting cvBOLD and ASL perfusion MRI were acquired from a large cohort (n = 89) of healthy subjects. Four widely used resting-state brain function analyses were conducted and compared between the two types of BOLD signal, including the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) seed-based functional connectivity (FC) analysis, independent component analysis (ICA), analysis of amplitude of low frequency fluctuation (ALFF), and analysis of regional homogeneity (ReHo). Consistent default mode network (DMN) as well as other resting-state networks (RSNs) were observed from cvBOLD and ccBOLD using PCC-FC analysis and ICA. ALFF from both modalities were the same for most of brain regions but were different in peripheral regions suffering from the susceptibility gradients induced signal drop. ReHo showed difference in many brain regions, likely reflecting the SNR and resolution differences between the two BOLD modalities. The DMN and auditory networks showed highest CBF values among all RSNs. These results demonstrated the feasibility of ASL perfusion MRI for assessing resting brain functions using its concurrent BOLD in addition to CBF signal, which provides a potentially useful way to maximize the utility of ASL perfusion MRI.
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78
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Liao Y, Miao D, Huan Y, Yin H, Xi Y, Liu X. Altered regional homogeneity with short-term simulated microgravity and its relationship with changed performance in mental transformation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64931. [PMID: 23755162 PMCID: PMC3670926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to further the insight into the explanation of changed performance in mental transformation under microgravity, we discuss the change of performance in mental transformation and its relationship with altered regional homogeneity (ReHo) in resting-state brain by using simulated weightlessness model. Twelve male subjects with age between 24 and 31 received resting-state fMRI scan and mental transformation test both in normal condition and immediately after 72 hours -6° head down tilt (HDT). A paired sample t-test was used to test the difference of behavior performance and brain activity between these two conditions. Compare with normal condition, subjects showed a changed performance in mental transformation with short term simulated microgravity and appeared to be falling. Meanwhile, decreased ReHo were found in right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and left inferior parietal lobule (IPL) after 72 hours -6° HDT, while increased ReHo were found in bilateral medial frontal gyrus (MFG) and left superior frontal gyrus (SFG) (P<0.05, corrected). Particularly, there was a significant correlation between ReHo values in left IPL and velocity index of mental transformation. Our findings indicate that gravity change may disrupt the function of right IFG and left IPL in the resting-state, among of which functional change in left IPL may contribute to changed abilities of mental transformation. In addition, the enhanced activity of the bilateral MFG and decreased activity of right IFG found in the current study maybe reflect a complementation effect on inhibitory control process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liao
- Department of Psychology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an Shaanxi, China
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