51
|
Alazem M, Lin NS. Antiviral Roles of Abscisic Acid in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1760. [PMID: 29075279 PMCID: PMC5641568 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a key hormone involved in tuning responses to several abiotic stresses and also has remarkable impacts on plant defense against various pathogens. The roles of ABA in plant defense against bacteria and fungi are multifaceted, inducing or reducing defense responses depending on its time of action. However, ABA induces different resistance mechanisms to viruses regardless of the induction time. Recent studies have linked ABA to the antiviral silencing pathway, which interferes with virus accumulation, and the micro RNA (miRNA) pathway through which ABA affects the maturation and stability of miRNAs. ABA also induces callose deposition at plasmodesmata, a mechanism that limits viral cell-to-cell movement. Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) is a member of the potexvirus group and is one of the most studied viruses in terms of the effects of ABA on its accumulation and resistance. In this review, we summarize how ABA interferes with the accumulation and movement of BaMV and other viruses. We also highlight aspects of ABA that may have an effect on other types of resistance and that require further investigation.
Collapse
|
52
|
Arena GD, Ramos-González PL, Nunes MA, Ribeiro-Alves M, Camargo LEA, Kitajima EW, Machado MA, Freitas-Astúa J. Citrus leprosis virus C Infection Results in Hypersensitive-Like Response, Suppression of the JA/ET Plant Defense Pathway and Promotion of the Colonization of Its Mite Vector. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1757. [PMID: 27933078 PMCID: PMC5122717 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Leprosis is a serious disease of citrus caused by Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C, genus Cilevirus) whose transmission is mediated by false spider mites of the genus Brevipalpus. CiLV-C infection does not systemically spread in any of its known host plants, thus remaining restricted to local lesions around the feeding sites of viruliferous mites. To get insight into this unusual pathosystem, we evaluated the expression profiles of genes involved in defense mechanisms of Arabidopsis thaliana and Citrus sinensis upon infestation with non-viruliferous and viruliferous mites by using reverse-transcription qPCR. These results were analyzed together with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the appearance of dead cells as assessed by histochemical assays. After interaction with non-viruliferous mites, plants locally accumulated ROS and triggered the salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonate/ethylene (JA/ET) pathways. ERF branch of the JA/ET pathways was highly activated. In contrast, JA pathway genes were markedly suppressed upon the CiLV-C infection mediated by viruliferous mites. Viral infection also intensified the ROS burst and cell death, and enhanced the expression of genes involved in the RNA silencing mechanism and SA pathway. After 13 days of infestation of two sets of Arabidopsis plants with non-viruliferous and viruliferous mites, the number of mites in the CiLV-C infected Arabidopsis plants was significantly higher than in those infested with the non-viruliferous ones. Oviposition of the viruliferous mites occurred preferentially in the CiLV-C infected leaves. Based on these results, we postulated the first model of plant/Brevipalpus mite/cilevirus interaction in which cells surrounding the feeding sites of viruliferous mites typify the outcome of a hypersensitive-like response, whereas viral infection induces changes in the behavior of its vector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella D. Arena
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Citros, Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de CampinasSão Paulo, Brazil
- Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual de CampinasSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro L. Ramos-González
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Citros, Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de CampinasSão Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Fitopatológica, Instituto BiológicoSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria A. Nunes
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Citros, Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de CampinasSão Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luis E. A. Camargo
- Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elliot W. Kitajima
- Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos A. Machado
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Citros, Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de CampinasSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Freitas-Astúa
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Fitopatológica, Instituto BiológicoSão Paulo, Brazil
- Embrapa Mandioca e FruticulturaCruz das Almas, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Skandalis N, Dimopoulou A, Beri D, Tzima A, Malandraki I, Theologidis I, Bitivanos S, Varveri C, Klitsinaris T, Vassilakos N. Effect of Pyraclostrobin Application on Viral and Bacterial Diseases of Tomato. PLANT DISEASE 2016; 100:1321-1330. [PMID: 30686190 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-15-1216-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Quinone outside inhibitors (QoI) are powerful fungicides, which have been reported, additionally to their fungicide activity, to increase plant capacity to activate cellular defense responses and to promote plant growth. In this work, the effect of the QoI class fungicide pyraclostrobin was examined against Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Potato virus Y (PVY) and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato in tomato plants following artificial inoculation of the plants with the pathogens. Under controlled environmental conditions, pyraclostrobin delayed viral and bacterial disease development, even if P. syringae pv. tomato internal population levels were not affected significantly. In contrast, under field conditions in commercial greenhouses, a reduced CMV disease incidence throughout the tomato cultivation period was recorded. Gene expression analysis indicated an effect of pyraclostrobin application on tomato MAPKs transcript levels and a possible interference with plant stress responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Skandalis
- Department of Phytopathology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 145 61 Kifissia, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Dimopoulou
- Department of Phytopathology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 145 61 Kifissia, Athens, Greece
| | - Despoina Beri
- Department of Phytopathology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 145 61 Kifissia, Athens, Greece
| | - Aliki Tzima
- Department of Phytopathology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 145 61 Kifissia, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Malandraki
- Department of Phytopathology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 145 61 Kifissia, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Theologidis
- Department of Phytopathology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 145 61 Kifissia, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Nikon Vassilakos
- Department of Phytopathology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 1 in potato (Solanum tuberosum) and its relationship to other plant RNA-dependent RNA polymerases. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23082. [PMID: 26979928 PMCID: PMC4793286 DOI: 10.1038/srep23082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RDRs) catalyze synthesis of double-stranded RNAs that can serve to initiate or amplify RNA silencing. Arabidopsis thaliana has six RDR genes; RDRs 1, 2 and 6 have roles in anti-viral RNA silencing. RDR6 is constitutively expressed but RDR1 expression is elevated following plant treatment with defensive phytohormones. RDR1 also contributes to basal virus resistance. RDR1 has been studied in several species including A. thaliana, tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), N. benthamiana, N. attenuata and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) but not to our knowledge in potato (S. tuberosum). StRDR1 was identified and shown to be salicylic acid-responsive. StRDR1 transcript accumulation decreased in transgenic potato plants constitutively expressing a hairpin construct and these plants were challenged with three viruses: potato virus Y, potato virus X, and tobacco mosaic virus. Suppression of StRDR1 gene expression did not increase the susceptibility of potato to these viruses. Phylogenetic analysis of RDR genes present in potato and in a range of other plant species identified a new RDR gene family, not present in potato and found only in Rosids (but apparently lost in the Rosid A. thaliana) for which we propose the name RDR7.
Collapse
|
55
|
Lee WS, Fu SF, Li Z, Murphy AM, Dobson EA, Garland L, Chaluvadi SR, Lewsey MG, Nelson RS, Carr JP. Salicylic acid treatment and expression of an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 1 transgene inhibit lethal symptoms and meristem invasion during tobacco mosaic virus infection in Nicotiana benthamiana. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:15. [PMID: 26757721 PMCID: PMC4710973 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0705-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Host RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RDRs) 1 and 6 contribute to antiviral RNA silencing in plants. RDR6 is constitutively expressed and was previously shown to limit invasion of Nicotiana benthamiana meristem tissue by potato virus X and thereby inhibit disease development. RDR1 is inducible by salicylic acid (SA) and several other phytohormones. But although it contributes to basal resistance to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) it is dispensable for SA-induced resistance in inoculated leaves. The laboratory accession of N. benthamiana is a natural rdr1 mutant and highly susceptible to TMV. However, TMV-induced symptoms are ameliorated in transgenic plants expressing Medicago truncatula RDR1. RESULTS In MtRDR1-transgenic N. benthamiana plants the spread of TMV expressing the green fluorescent protein (TMV.GFP) into upper, non-inoculated, leaves was not inhibited. However, in these plants exclusion of TMV.GFP from the apical meristem and adjacent stem tissue was greater than in control plants and this exclusion effect was enhanced by SA. TMV normally kills N. benthamiana plants but although MtRDR1-transgenic plants initially displayed virus-induced necrosis they subsequently recovered. Recovery from disease was markedly enhanced by SA treatment in MtRDR1-transgenic plants whereas in control plants SA delayed but did not prevent systemic necrosis and death. Following SA treatment of MtRDR1-transgenic plants, extractable RDR enzyme activity was increased and Western blot analysis of RDR extracts revealed a band cross-reacting with an antibody raised against MtRDR1. Expression of MtRDR1 in the transgenic N. benthamiana plants was driven by a constitutive 35S promoter derived from cauliflower mosaic virus, confirmed to be non-responsive to SA. This suggests that the effects of SA on MtRDR1 are exerted at a post-transcriptional level. CONCLUSIONS MtRDR1 inhibits severe symptom development by limiting spread of virus into the growing tips of infected plants. Thus, RDR1 may act in a similar fashion to RDR6. MtRDR1 and SA acted additively to further promote recovery from disease symptoms in MtRDR1-transgenic plants. Thus it is possible that SA promotes MtRDR1 activity and/or stability through post-transcriptional effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Sham Lee
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK.
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK.
| | - Shih-Feng Fu
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK.
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, 1 Jin-De Road, Changhua City, 500, Taiwan.
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK.
| | - Alex M Murphy
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK.
| | - Elizabeth A Dobson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK.
| | - Laura Garland
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK.
| | - Srinivasa Rao Chaluvadi
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Inc, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA.
| | - Mathew G Lewsey
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK.
- Centre for AgriBioscience, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia.
| | - Richard S Nelson
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Inc, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA.
| | - John P Carr
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Bailey M, Srivastava A, Conti L, Nelis S, Zhang C, Florance H, Love A, Milner J, Napier R, Grant M, Sadanandom A. Stability of small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteases OVERLY TOLERANT TO SALT1 and -2 modulates salicylic acid signalling and SUMO1/2 conjugation in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:353-63. [PMID: 26494731 PMCID: PMC4682439 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Small ubiquitin-like modifier proteases 1 and 2 (SUMO1/2) have been linked to the regulation of salicylic acid (SA)-mediated defence signalling in Arabidopsis thaliana. In order to define the role of the SUMO proteases OVERLY TOLERANT TO SALT1 and -2 (OTS1/2) in defence and to provide insight into SUMO1/2-mediated regulation of SA signalling, we examined the status of SA-mediated defences in ots1/2 mutants. The ots1 ots2 double mutant displayed enhanced resistance to virulent Pseudomonas syringae and higher levels of SA compared with wild-type (WT) plants. Furthermore, ots1 ots2 mutants exhibited upregulated expression of the SA biosynthesis gene ICS1 in addition to enhanced SA-responsive ICS1 expression beyond that of WT. SA stimulated OTS1/2 degradation and promoted accumulation of SUMO1/2 conjugates. These results indicate that OTS1 and -2 act in a feedback loop in SA signalling and that de novo OTS1/2 synthesis works antagonistically to SA-promoted degradation, adjusting the abundance of OTS1/2 to moderate SA signalling. Accumulation of SUMO1/2 conjugates coincides with SA-promoted OTS degradation and may play a positive role in SA-mediated signalling in addition to its repressive roles reported elsewhere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Bailey
- Biological & Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK Present address: Plant proteolysis and signalling laboratory, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Anjil Srivastava
- Biological & Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Lucio Conti
- Biological & Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK Department of BioSciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Stuart Nelis
- Biological & Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Cunjin Zhang
- Biological & Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Hannah Florance
- Geoffrey Pope Building, Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Andrew Love
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Joel Milner
- Plant Science Group, School of Life Sciences, College of Medical Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Richard Napier
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7ES, UK
| | - Murray Grant
- Geoffrey Pope Building, Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Ari Sadanandom
- Biological & Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Collum TD, Culver JN. The impact of phytohormones on virus infection and disease. Curr Opin Virol 2015; 17:25-31. [PMID: 26656395 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Phytohormones play a critical role in nearly every aspect of plant biology, including development and pathogen defense. During virus infection disruption of the plant's normal developmental physiology has often been associated with alterations in phytohormone accumulation and signaling. Only recently has evidence emerged describing mechanistically how viruses modulate phytohormone levels and the impact these modulations have on plant physiology and virus biology. From these studies there is an emerging theme of virus directed manipulation of plant hormone responses to disarm defense responses and reprogram the cellular environment to enhance replication and spread. In this review we examine the impact viruses have on plant hormone systems and the effects of this phytohormone manipulation on virus biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara D Collum
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - James N Culver
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Lv F, Zhou J, Zeng L, Xing D. β-cyclocitral upregulates salicylic acid signalling to enhance excess light acclimation in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:4719-32. [PMID: 25998906 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
β-cyclocitral (β-CC), a volatile oxidized derivative of β-carotene, can upregulate the expression of defence genes to enhance excess light (EL) acclimation. However, the signalling cascades underlying this process remain unclear. In this study, salicylic acid (SA) is involved in alleviating damage to promote β-CC-enhanced EL acclimation. In early stages of EL illumination, β-CC pretreatment induced SA accumulation and impeded reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the chloroplast. A comparative analysis of two SA synthesis pathways in Arabidopsis revealed that SA concentration mainly increased via the isochorismate synthase 1 (ICS1)-mediated isochorismate pathway, which depended on essential regulative function of enhanced disease susceptibility 1 (EDS1). Further results showed that, in the process of β-CC-enhanced EL acclimation, nuclear localization of nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1) was regulated by SA accumulation and NPR1 induced subsequent transcriptional reprogramming of gluthathione-S-transferase 5 (GST5) and GST13 implicated in detoxification. In summary, β-CC-induced SA synthesis contributes to EL acclimation response by decreasing ROS production in the chloroplast, promoting nuclear localization of NPR1, and upregulating GST transcriptional expression. This process is a possible molecular regulative mechanism of β-CC-enhanced EL acclimation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Lv
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Lizhang Zeng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Da Xing
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Khan MIR, Fatma M, Per TS, Anjum NA, Khan NA. Salicylic acid-induced abiotic stress tolerance and underlying mechanisms in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:462. [PMID: 26175738 PMCID: PMC4485163 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stresses (such as metals/metalloids, salinity, ozone, UV-B radiation, extreme temperatures, and drought) are among the most challenging threats to agricultural system and economic yield of crop plants. These stresses (in isolation and/or combination) induce numerous adverse effects in plants, impair biochemical/physiological and molecular processes, and eventually cause severe reductions in plant growth, development and overall productivity. Phytohormones have been recognized as a strong tool for sustainably alleviating adverse effects of abiotic stresses in crop plants. In particular, the significance of salicylic acid (SA) has been increasingly recognized in improved plant abiotic stress-tolerance via SA-mediated control of major plant-metabolic processes. However, the basic biochemical/physiological and molecular mechanisms that potentially underpin SA-induced plant-tolerance to major abiotic stresses remain least discussed. Based on recent reports, this paper: (a) overviews historical background and biosynthesis of SA under both optimal and stressful environments in plants; (b) critically appraises the role of SA in plants exposed to major abiotic stresses;
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehar Fatma
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim UniversityAligarh, India
| | - Tasir S. Per
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim UniversityAligarh, India
| | - Naser A. Anjum
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of AveiroAveiro, Portugal
| | - Nafees A. Khan
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim UniversityAligarh, India
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Alazem M, Lin NS. Roles of plant hormones in the regulation of host-virus interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:529-40. [PMID: 25220680 PMCID: PMC6638471 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Hormones are tuners of plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. They are involved in various complicated networks, through which they modulate responses to different stimuli. Four hormones primarily regulate plant defence to pathogens: salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (Et) and abscisic acid (ABA). In susceptible plants, viral infections result in hormonal disruption, which manifests as the simultaneous induction of several antagonistic hormones. However, these antagonistic hormones may exhibit some sequential accumulation in resistant lines. Virus propagation is usually restricted by the activation of the small interfering RNA (siRNA) antiviral machinery and/or SA signalling pathway. Several studies have investigated these two systems, using different model viruses. However, the roles of hormones other than SA, especially those with antagonistic properties, such as ABA, have been neglected. Increasing evidence indicates that hormones control components of the small RNA system, which regulates many processes (including the siRNA antiviral machinery and the microRNA system) at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level. Consequently, cross-talk between the antagonistic SA and ABA pathways modulates plant responses at multiple levels. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the different roles of hormones in the regulation of plant-virus interactions, which are helping us to elucidate the fine tuning of viral and plant systems by hormones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mazen Alazem
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2, Academia Rd, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | | |
Collapse
|
61
|
Wylie SJ, Zhang C, Long V, Roossinck MJ, Koh SH, Jones MGK, Iqbal S, Li H. Differential responses to virus challenge of laboratory and wild accessions of australian species of nicotiana, and comparative analysis of RDR1 gene sequences. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121787. [PMID: 25822508 PMCID: PMC4379023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotiana benthamiana is a model plant utilised internationally in plant virology because of its apparent hyper-susceptibility to virus infection. Previously, others showed that all laboratory accessions of N. benthamiana have a very narrow genetic basis, probably originating from a single source. It is unknown if responses to virus infection exhibited by the laboratory accession are typical of the species as a whole. To test this, 23 accessions of N. benthamiana were collected from wild populations and challenged with one to four viruses. Additionally, accessions of 21 other Nicotiana species and subspecies from Australia, one from Peru and one from Namibia were tested for susceptibility to the viruses, and for the presence of a mutated RNA-dependent RNA polymerase I allele (Nb-RDR1m) described previously from a laboratory accession of N. benthamiana. All Australian Nicotiana accessions tested were susceptible to virus infections, although there was symptom variability within and between species. The most striking difference was that plants of a laboratory accession of N. benthamiana (RA-4) exhibited hypersensitivity to Yellow tailflower mild mottle tobamovirus infection and died, whereas plants of wild N. benthamiana accessions responded with non-necrotic symptoms. Plants of certain N. occidentalis accessions also exhibited initial hypersensitivity to Yellow tailflower mild mottle virus resembling that of N. benthamiana RA-4 plants, but later recovered. The mutant Nb-RDR1m allele was identified from N. benthamiana RA-4 but not from any of 51 other Nicotiana accessions, including wild accessions of N. benthamiana, demonstrating that the accession of N. benthamiana used widely in laboratories is unusual.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Wylie
- Plant Biotechnology Research Group-Virology, Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Plant Biotechnology Research Group—Pests, Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Chao Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Vicki Long
- Astron Environmental Services, Karratha, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Marilyn J. Roossinck
- Plant Biotechnology Research Group-Virology, Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Departments of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, and Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Shu Hui Koh
- Plant Biotechnology Research Group-Virology, Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Plant Biotechnology Research Group—Pests, Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Michael G. K. Jones
- Plant Biotechnology Research Group-Virology, Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Plant Biotechnology Research Group—Pests, Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sadia Iqbal
- Plant Biotechnology Research Group—Pests, Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hua Li
- Plant Biotechnology Research Group-Virology, Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Plant Biotechnology Research Group—Pests, Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Liao YWK, Liu YR, Liang JY, Wang WP, Zhou J, Xia XJ, Zhou YH, Yu JQ, Shi K. The relationship between the plant-encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 1 and alternative oxidase in tomato basal defense against Tobacco mosaic virus. PLANTA 2015; 241:641-50. [PMID: 25408506 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2207-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) plays a critical role in plant defense against pathogen attack. The SA-induced viral defense in plants is distinct from the pathways mediating bacterial and fungal defense, which is pathogenesis-related protein-independent but involves an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 1 (RDR1)-mediated RNA silencing mechanism and/or an alternative oxidase (AOX)-associated defense pathway. However, the relationship between these two viral defense-related pathways remains unclear. In this study, Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) inoculation onto Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) leaves induced a rapid induction of the SlAOX1a transcript level as well as the total and CN-resistant respiration at 0.5 dpi, followed by an increase in SlRDR1 gene expression at 1 dpi in the upper uninoculated leaves. Silencing SlRDR1 using virus-induced gene silencing system significantly reduced SlRDR1 expression and tomato defense against TMV but had no evident effect on SlAOX1a transcription. Conversely, silencing SlAOX1a not only effectively reduced the AOX1a transcript level, but also blocked the TMV-induced SlRDR1 expression and decreased the basal defense against TMV. Furthermore, the application of an exogenous AOX activator on empty vector-silenced control plants greatly induced the accumulation of SlRDR1 and SlAOX1a transcript and reduced TMV viral RNA accumulation, but failed to have such effects on SlRDR1-silenced plants. Moreover, RDR1-overexpressed transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana plants enhanced defense against TMV than the empty vector-transformed plants, but these effects were not affected by the exogenous AOX activator or inhibitor. These results indicate that RDR1 is involved in the AOX-mediated defense pathway against TMV infection and plays a crucial role in enhancing RNA silencing to limit virus systemic spread.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Wen-Ke Liao
- Department of Horticulture Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
Bobik K, Burch-Smith TM. Chloroplast signaling within, between and beyond cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:781. [PMID: 26500659 PMCID: PMC4593955 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The most conspicuous function of plastids is the oxygenic photosynthesis of chloroplasts, yet plastids are super-factories that produce a plethora of compounds that are indispensable for proper plant physiology and development. Given their origins as free-living prokaryotes, it is not surprising that plastids possess their own genomes whose expression is essential to plastid function. This semi-autonomous character of plastids requires the existence of sophisticated regulatory mechanisms that provide reliable communication between them and other cellular compartments. Such intracellular signaling is necessary for coordinating whole-cell responses to constantly varying environmental cues and cellular metabolic needs. This is achieved by plastids acting as receivers and transmitters of specific signals that coordinate expression of the nuclear and plastid genomes according to particular needs. In this review we will consider the so-called retrograde signaling occurring between plastids and nuclei, and between plastids and other organelles. Another important role of the plastid we will discuss is the involvement of plastid signaling in biotic and abiotic stress that, in addition to influencing retrograde signaling, has direct effects on several cellular compartments including the cell wall. We will also review recent evidence pointing to an intriguing function of chloroplasts in regulating intercellular symplasmic transport. Finally, we consider an intriguing yet less widely known aspect of plant biology, chloroplast signaling from the perspective of the entire plant. Thus, accumulating evidence highlights that chloroplasts, with their complex signaling pathways, provide a mechanism for exquisite regulation of plant development, metabolism and responses to the environment. As chloroplast processes are targeted for engineering for improved productivity the effect of such modifications on chloroplast signaling will have to be carefully considered in order to avoid unintended consequences on plant growth and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tessa M. Burch-Smith
- *Correspondence: Tessa M. Burch-Smith, Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, M407 Walters Life Science, Knoxville, TN 37932, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Li Z, Liang WS, Carr JP. Effects of modifying alternative respiration on nitric oxide-induced virus resistance and PR1 protein accumulation. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:2075-2081. [PMID: 24903327 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.066662-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important defensive signal in plants but its effects on virus infection are not well understood. Administration of NO-releasing compounds immediately before inoculation of tobacco leaves with potato virus X and tobacco mosaic virus decreased the accumulation of virus, indicating that NO can induce resistance rapidly. Resistance induction was inhibited by co-administration with an NO-scavenging compound or when experiments were done in transgenic tobacco plants expressing increased alternative respiratory pathway capacity due to constitutive expression of the plant mitochondrial enzyme, alternative oxidase (AOX). These results indicate that NO, which inhibits electron transport chain activity, is triggering defensive signalling by inducing changes in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species levels that are in turn regulated by AOX. Experiments using nahG-transgenic plants, which cannot accumulate the defensive plant hormone salicylic acid (SA) showed that NO rapidly induces resistance to virus infection independently of SA. However, this initial state of resistance may be transient. Subsequently, by 5 days post-treatment, NO had caused an increase in pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1) expression (a proxy for increased SA biosynthesis), which correlated with a longer-term state of resistance to virus infection. The induction by NO of PR1 accumulation was modified in AOX-transgenic plants. This indicates that the influence of NO on defensive gene expression is in part mediated through its effects on mitochondria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Wu-Sheng Liang
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - John P Carr
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Rodriguez MC, Conti G, Zavallo D, Manacorda CA, Asurmendi S. TMV-Cg Coat Protein stabilizes DELLA proteins and in turn negatively modulates salicylic acid-mediated defense pathway during Arabidopsis thaliana viral infection. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:210. [PMID: 25084837 PMCID: PMC4422269 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0210-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant viral infections disturb defense regulatory networks during tissue invasion. Emerging evidence demonstrates that a significant proportion of these alterations are mediated by hormone imbalances. Although the DELLA proteins have been reported to be central players in hormone cross-talk, their role in the modulation of hormone signaling during virus infections remains unknown. RESULTS This work revealed that TMV-Cg coat protein (CgCP) suppresses the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway without altering defense hormone SA or jasmonic acid (JA) levels in Arabidopsis thaliana. Furthermore, it was observed that the expression of CgCP reduces plant growth and delays the timing of floral transition. Quantitative RT-qPCR analysis of DELLA target genes showed that CgCP alters relative expression of several target genes, indicating that the DELLA proteins mediate transcriptional changes produced by CgCP expression. Analyses by fluorescence confocal microscopy showed that CgCP stabilizes DELLA proteins accumulation in the presence of gibberellic acid (GA) and that the DELLA proteins are also stabilized during TMV-Cg virus infections. Moreover, DELLA proteins negatively modulated defense transcript profiles during TMV-Cg infection. As a result, TMV-Cg accumulation was significantly reduced in the quadruple-DELLA mutant Arabidopsis plants compared to wild type plants. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results demonstrate that CgCP negatively regulates the salicylic acid-mediated defense pathway by stabilizing the DELLA proteins during Arabidopsis thaliana viral infection, suggesting that CgCP alters the stability of DELLAs as a mechanism of negative modulation of antiviral defense responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cecilia Rodriguez
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA-INTA, 1686, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Gabriela Conti
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA-INTA, 1686, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Diego Zavallo
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA-INTA, 1686, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | | | - Sebastian Asurmendi
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA-INTA, 1686, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Westwood JH, Groen SC, Du Z, Murphy AM, Anggoro DT, Tungadi T, Luang-In V, Lewsey MG, Rossiter JT, Powell G, Smith AG, Carr JP. A trio of viral proteins tunes aphid-plant interactions in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83066. [PMID: 24349433 PMCID: PMC3859657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Virus-induced deterrence to aphid feeding is believed to promote plant virus transmission by encouraging migration of virus-bearing insects away from infected plants. We investigated the effects of infection by an aphid-transmitted virus, cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), on the interaction of Arabidopsis thaliana, one of the natural hosts for CMV, with Myzus persicae (common names: ‘peach-potato aphid’, ‘green peach aphid’). Methodology/Principal Findings Infection of Arabidopsis (ecotype Col-0) with CMV strain Fny (Fny-CMV) induced biosynthesis of the aphid feeding-deterrent 4-methoxy-indol-3-yl-methylglucosinolate (4MI3M). 4MI3M inhibited phloem ingestion by aphids and consequently discouraged aphid settling. The CMV 2b protein is a suppressor of antiviral RNA silencing, which has previously been implicated in altering plant-aphid interactions. Its presence in infected hosts enhances the accumulation of CMV and the other four viral proteins. Another viral gene product, the 2a protein (an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase), triggers defensive signaling, leading to increased 4MI3M accumulation. The 2b protein can inhibit ARGONAUTE1 (AGO1), a host factor that both positively-regulates 4MI3M biosynthesis and negatively-regulates accumulation of substance(s) toxic to aphids. However, the 1a replicase protein moderated 2b-mediated inhibition of AGO1, ensuring that aphids were deterred from feeding but not poisoned. The LS strain of CMV did not induce feeding deterrence in Arabidopsis ecotype Col-0. Conclusions/Significance Inhibition of AGO1 by the 2b protein could act as a booby trap since this will trigger antibiosis against aphids. However, for Fny-CMV the interplay of three viral proteins (1a, 2a and 2b) appears to balance the need of the virus to inhibit antiviral silencing, while inducing a mild resistance (antixenosis) that is thought to promote transmission. The strain-specific effects of CMV on Arabidopsis-aphid interactions, and differences between the effects of Fny-CMV on this plant and those seen previously in tobacco (inhibition of resistance to aphids) may have important epidemiological consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack H Westwood
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon C Groen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Zhiyou Du
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alex M Murphy
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Damar Tri Anggoro
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Trisna Tungadi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mathew G Lewsey
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Alison G Smith
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John P Carr
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Sadeghi M, Dehghan S, Fischer R, Wenzel U, Vilcinskas A, Kavousi HR, Rahnamaeian M. Isolation and characterization of isochorismate synthase and cinnamate 4-hydroxylase during salinity stress, wounding, and salicylic acid treatment in Carthamus tinctorius. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:e27335. [PMID: 24309561 PMCID: PMC4091385 DOI: 10.4161/psb.27335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a prominent signaling molecule during biotic and abiotic stresses in plants biosynthesized via cinnamate and isochorismate pathways. Cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) and isochorismate synthase (ICS) are the main enzymes in phenylpropanoid and isochorismate pathways, respectively. To investigate the actual roles of these genes in resistance mechanism to environmental stresses, here, the coding sequences of these enzymes in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), as an oilseed industrial medicinal plant, were partially isolated and their expression profiles during salinity stress, wounding, and salicylic acid treatment were monitored. As a result, safflower ICS (CtICS) and C4H (CtC4H) were induced in early time points after wounding (3-6 h). Upon salinity stress, CtICS and CtC4H were highly expressed for the periods of 6-24 h and 3-6 h after treatment, respectively. It seems evident that ICS expression level is SA concentration dependent as if safflower treatment with 1 mM SA could induce ICS much stronger than that with 0.1 mM, while C4H is less likely to be so. Based on phylogenetic analysis, safflower ICS has maximum similarity to its ortholog in Vitis vinifera up to 69%, while C4H shows the highest similarity to its ortholog in Echinacea angustifolia up to 96%. Overall, the isolated genes of CtICS and CtC4H in safflower could be considered in plant breeding programs for salinity tolerance as well as for pathogen resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Sadeghi
- Department of Plant Biotechnology; college of agriculture; shahid Bahonar University of Kerman; Kerman, Iran
| | - Sara Dehghan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology; college of agriculture; shahid Bahonar University of Kerman; Kerman, Iran
| | - Rainer Fischer
- Department of Bioresources; Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and applied ecology (IMe); Giessen, Germany
| | - Uwe Wenzel
- Molecular Nutrition Research; Interdisciplinary Research center (IFZ); Justus Liebig University of Giessen; Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Department of Bioresources; Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and applied ecology (IMe); Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Phytopathology and applied Zoology; Interdisciplinary Research center (IFZ); Justus Liebig University of Giessen; Giessen, Germany
| | - Hamid Reza Kavousi
- Department of Plant Biotechnology; college of agriculture; shahid Bahonar University of Kerman; Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rahnamaeian
- Department of Bioresources; Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and applied ecology (IMe); Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Phytopathology and applied Zoology; Interdisciplinary Research center (IFZ); Justus Liebig University of Giessen; Giessen, Germany
- Correspondence to: Mohammad Rahnamaeian,
| |
Collapse
|