51
|
Bijnsdorp IV, van Royen ME, Verhaegh GW, Martens-Uzunova ES. The Non-Coding Transcriptome of Prostate Cancer: Implications for Clinical Practice. Mol Diagn Ther 2018; 21:385-400. [PMID: 28299719 PMCID: PMC5511609 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-017-0271-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common type of cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in men. Despite extensive research, the molecular mechanisms underlying PCa initiation and progression remain unclear, and there is increasing need of better biomarkers that can distinguish indolent from aggressive and life-threatening disease. With the advent of advanced genomic technologies in the last decade, it became apparent that the human genome encodes tens of thousands non-protein-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) with yet to be discovered function. It is clear now that the majority of ncRNAs exhibit highly specific expression patterns restricted to certain tissues and organs or developmental stages and that the expression of many ncRNAs is altered in disease and cancer, including cancer of the prostate. Such ncRNAs can serve as important biomarkers for PCa diagnosis, prognosis, or prediction of therapy response. In this review, we give an overview of the different types of ncRNAs and their function, describe ncRNAs relevant for the diagnosis and prognosis of PCa, and present emerging new aspects of ncRNA research that may contribute to the future utilization of ncRNAs as clinically useful therapeutic targets.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/urine
- Early Detection of Cancer/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
- Humans
- Male
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Precision Medicine
- Prognosis
- Prostatic Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- RNA, Untranslated/blood
- RNA, Untranslated/classification
- RNA, Untranslated/genetics
- RNA, Untranslated/urine
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene V Bijnsdorp
- Department of Urology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin E van Royen
- Department of Pathology and Erasmus Optical Imaging Centre (OIC), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerald W Verhaegh
- Department of Urology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elena S Martens-Uzunova
- Department of Urology, Erasmus Medical Center, Erasmus Cancer Institute, Room Be-362b, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Chen Y, Li G, Liu ML. Microvesicles as Emerging Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Cardiometabolic Diseases. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2018; 16:50-62. [PMID: 29462670 PMCID: PMC6000161 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Microvesicles (MVs, also known as microparticles) are small vesicles that originate from plasma membrane of almost all eukaryotic cells during apoptosis or activation. MVs can serve as extracellular vehicles to transport bioactive molecules from their parental cells to recipient target cells, thereby serving as novel mediators for intercellular communication. Importantly, more and more evidence indicates that MVs could play important roles in early pathogenesis and subsequent progression of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Elevated plasma concentrations of MVs, originating from red blood cells, leukocytes, platelets, or other organs and tissues, have been reported in various cardiometabolic diseases. Circulating MVs could serve as potential biomarkers for disease diagnosis or therapeutic monitoring. In this review, we summarized recently-published studies in the field and discussed the role of MVs in the pathogenesis of cardiometabolic diseases. The emerging values of MVs that serve as biomarker for non-invasive diagnosis and prognosis, as well as their roles as novel therapeutic targets in cardiometabolic diseases, were also described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Guangping Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China.
| | - Ming-Lin Liu
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Shao H, Im H, Castro CM, Breakefield X, Weissleder R, Lee H. New Technologies for Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles. Chem Rev 2018; 118:1917-1950. [PMID: 29384376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 951] [Impact Index Per Article: 158.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are diverse, nanoscale membrane vesicles actively released by cells. Similar-sized vesicles can be further classified (e.g., exosomes, microvesicles) based on their biogenesis, size, and biophysical properties. Although initially thought to be cellular debris, and thus under-appreciated, EVs are now increasingly recognized as important vehicles of intercellular communication and circulating biomarkers for disease diagnoses and prognosis. Despite their clinical potential, the lack of sensitive preparatory and analytical technologies for EVs poses a barrier to clinical translation. New analytical platforms including molecular ones are thus actively being developed to address these challenges. Recent advances in the field are expected to have far-reaching impact in both basic and translational studies. This article aims to present a comprehensive and critical overview of emerging analytical technologies for EV detection and their clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Shao
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Surgery, National University of Singapore , Singapore 117583.,Biomedical Institute for Global Health Research and Technology, National University of Singapore , Singapore 117599.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research , Singapore 138673
| | - Hyungsoon Im
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States.,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Cesar M Castro
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States.,Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Xandra Breakefield
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States.,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States.,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Hakho Lee
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States.,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Zhang HG, Cao P, Teng Y, Hu X, Wang Q, Yeri AS, Zhuang X, Samykutty A, Mu J, Deng ZB, Zhang L, Mobley JA, Yan J, Van Keuren-Jensen K, Miller D. Isolation, identification, and characterization of novel nanovesicles. Oncotarget 2018; 7:41346-41362. [PMID: 27191656 PMCID: PMC5173064 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular microvesicles (EVs) have been recognized for many potential clinical applications including biomarkers for disease diagnosis. In this study, we identified a major population of EVs by simply screening fluid samples with a nanosizer. Unlike other EVs, this extracellular nanovesicle (named HG-NV, HG-NV stands for HomoGenous nanovesicle as well as for Huang-Ge- nanovesicle) can be detected with a nanosizer with minimal in vitro manipulation and are much more homogenous in size (8–12 nm) than other EVs. A simple filtration platform is capable of separating HG-NVs from peripheral blood or cell culture supernatants. In comparison with corresponding exosome profiles, HG-NVs released from both mouse and human breast tumor cells are enriched with RNAs. Tumor derived HG-NVs are more potent in promoting tumor progression than exosomes. In summary, we identified a major subset of EVs as a previously unrecognized nanovesicle. Tumor cell derived HG-NVs promote tumor progression. Molecules predominantly present in breast tumor HG-NVs have been identified and characterized. This discovery may have implications in advancing both microvesicle biology research and clinical management including potential used as a biomarker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huang-Ge Zhang
- Louisville Veterans Administration Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40206, USA.,James Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Pengxiao Cao
- James Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Yun Teng
- James Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Xin Hu
- Program in Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Qilong Wang
- James Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA.,Department of Clinical Oncology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, 223300, China
| | - Ashish S Yeri
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Xiaoying Zhuang
- James Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Abhilash Samykutty
- James Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Jingyao Mu
- James Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Zhong-Bin Deng
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Lifeng Zhang
- James Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - James A Mobley
- Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics Shared Facility, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | | | - Donald Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Meta-Analysis of miRNAs and Their Involvement as Biomarkers in Oral Cancers. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018. [PMID: 29516011 PMCID: PMC5817319 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8439820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Recent studies have highlighted the role of miRNA in disease pathology, indicating its potential use as an early diagnostic marker. Dysregulated expression of miRNAs is known to affect cell growth, and these may function as tumor suppressors or oncogenes in various cancers. The main objective of this study was to characterize the extracellular miRNAs involved in oral cancer (OC) that can potentially be used as biomarkers of OC. A total of 318 miRNAs involved in oral carcinoma were shortlisted. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of oral carcinoma from reported experiments were identified. Common genes between lists of DEGs of OC of each miRNA were identified. These common genes are the targets of specific miRNA, which may be used as biomarkers of OC. A list of significant biomarkers for cancer was generated like CDH2 and CDK7, and functional enrichment analysis identified the role of miRNAs in major pathways like cell adhesion molecules pathway affected by cancer. We observed that at least 25 genes like ABCF3, ALDH2, CD163L1, and so forth are regulated by a maximum number of miRNAs; thereby, they can be used as biomarkers of OC.
Collapse
|
56
|
Jiang X, Hu S, Liu Q, Qian C, Liu Z, Luo D. Exosomal microRNA remodels the tumor microenvironment. PeerJ 2017; 5:e4196. [PMID: 29302403 PMCID: PMC5742520 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor occurrence, progression and metastasis depend on the crosstalk between tumor cells and stromal cells and on extrinsic factors outside the tumor microenvironment. Exosomal microRNA (miRNA) not only is involved in communications within the tumor microenvironment but also mediates communications between the extrinsic environment and tumor microenvironment. However, most reviews have been limited to the role of endogenous exosomal miRNA in remodeling the tumor microenvironment. Hence, we herein review the role of endogenous exosomal miRNA in mediating intercellular crosstalk within the tumor microenvironment, inducing the formation of the premetastatic niche. To place our vision outside the microenvironment, we also summarize for the first time the most recent studies regarding how exogenous miRNA derived from milk, plants and microbes influences the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, to improve the value of exosomal miRNA in cancer research and clinical applications, we also provide some novel ideas for future research based on the comprehensive role of exosomal miRNA in remodeling the tumor microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Hu
- Queen Mary School, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Liu
- First Clinical Medical College, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Caiyun Qian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuoqi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Daya Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China.,Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogens and Molecular Pathology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Saliva-Exosomics in Cancer: Molecular Characterization of Cancer-Derived Exosomes in Saliva. Enzymes 2017; 42:125-151. [PMID: 29054268 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin that are secreted by most cells and detected in saliva. Pathophysiological roles for salivary exosomes are beginning to be recognized in diseases including cancer, highlighting potential biomarkers and biological functions. Since early detection of cancer is vital for successful treatment, salivary exosomes would be advantageous in achieving a better survival rate due to their ready availability and noninvasiveness. The use of salivary exosomes may therefore be promising in the accurate detection of premalignant lesions and early-stage cancers, also for better our understanding of the molecular basis of tumorigenesis. In this chapter, we review our current knowledge of salivaomics, focusing on nucleic acids and proteins in saliva as potential cancer biomarkers. Since salivaomics is a rapidly evolving field, we hope to expand frameworks toward salivary exosomes, integrate new and existing information, and bridge salivaomics with other biomedical researches. Furthermore, we would like to coin the term "saliva-exosomics" as the next-generation salivaomics. Our goal in this chapter is to provide the most updated information on cancer-derived exosomes in the saliva as natural carriers of biomarkers and signaling molecules. Major advances include definitive structure analysis and molecular characterization of salivary exosomes. We also highlight the exosome biogenesis and cargo trafficking mechanisms in which recent animal studies have expanded our understanding of exosome-mediated transfer of cancer-derived products from distal tumor to salivary gland. The potential roles of the salivary exosomes in cancer progression and immune surveillance are also addressed.
Collapse
|
58
|
Kavanagh EL, Lindsay S, Halasz M, Gubbins LC, Weiner-Gorzel K, Guang MHZ, McGoldrick A, Collins E, Henry M, Blanco-Fernández A, O Gorman P, Fitzpatrick P, Higgins MJ, Dowling P, McCann A. Protein and chemotherapy profiling of extracellular vesicles harvested from therapeutic induced senescent triple negative breast cancer cells. Oncogenesis 2017; 6:e388. [PMID: 28991260 PMCID: PMC5668881 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2017.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype with relatively poor clinical outcomes and limited treatment options. Chemotherapy, while killing cancer cells, can result in the generation of highly chemoresistant therapeutic induced senescent (TIS) cells that potentially form stem cell niches resulting in metastases. Intriguingly, senescent cells release significantly more extracellular vesicles (EVs) than non-senescent cells. Our aim was to profile EVs harvested from TIS TNBC cells compared with control cells to identify a potential mechanism by which TIS TNBC cells maintain survival in the face of chemotherapy. TIS was induced and confirmed in Cal51 TNBC cells using the chemotherapeutic paclitaxel (PTX) (Taxol). Mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of EVs harvested from TIS compared with control Cal51 cells was performed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and InnateDB programs. We demonstrate that TIS Cal51 cells treated with 75 nM PTX for 7 days became senescent (senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) positive, Ki67-negative, increased p21 and p16, G2/M cell cycle arrest) and released significantly more EVs (P=0.0002) and exosomes (P=0.0007) than non-senescent control cells. Moreover, TIS cells displayed an increased expression of the multidrug resistance protein 1/p-glycoprotein. MS analysis demonstrated that EVs derived from senescent Cal51 cells contained 142 proteins with a significant increased fold change compared with control EVs. Key proteins included ATPases, annexins, tubulins, integrins, Rabs and insoluble senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors. A fluorescent analogue of PTX (Flutax-2) allowed appreciation of the removal of chemotherapy in EVs from senescent cells. Treatment of TIS cells with the exosome biogenesis inhibitor GW4869 resulted in reduced SA-β-Gal staining (P=0.04). In summary, this study demonstrates that TIS cells release significantly more EVs compared with control cells, containing chemotherapy and key proteins involved in cell proliferation, ATP depletion, apoptosis and the SASP. These findings may partially explain why cancer senescent cells remain viable despite chemotherapeutic challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E L Kavanagh
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland.,These authors contributed equally to this manuscript
| | - S Lindsay
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland.,These authors contributed equally to this manuscript
| | - M Halasz
- Systems Biology Ireland (SBI), University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland.,UCD School of Medicine, College of Health and Agricultural Science, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - L C Gubbins
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - K Weiner-Gorzel
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - M H Z Guang
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - A McGoldrick
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - E Collins
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Henry
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A Blanco-Fernández
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - P O Gorman
- Haematology Department, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - P Fitzpatrick
- UCD School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M J Higgins
- Oncology Department, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - P Dowling
- Biology Department, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A McCann
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland.,UCD School of Medicine, College of Health and Agricultural Science, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Soekmadji C, Corcoran NM, Oleinikova I, Jovanovic L, Ramm GA, Nelson CC, Jenster G, Russell PJ. Extracellular vesicles for personalized therapy decision support in advanced metastatic cancers and its potential impact for prostate cancer. Prostate 2017; 77:1416-1423. [PMID: 28856701 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The use of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes, as liquid biopsy-derived biomarkers for cancers have been investigated. CTC enumeration using the CellSearch based platform provides an accurate insight on overall survival where higher CTC counts indicate poor prognosis for patients with advanced metastatic cancer. EVs provide information based on their lipid, protein, and nucleic acid content and can be isolated from biofluids and analyzed from a relatively small volume, providing a routine and non-invasive modality to monitor disease progression. Our pilot experiment by assessing the level of two subpopulations of small EVs, the CD9 positive and CD63 positive EVs, showed that the CD9 positive EV level is higher in plasma from patients with advanced metastatic prostate cancer with detectable CTCs. These data show the potential utility of a particular EV subpopulation to serve as biomarkers for advanced metastatic prostate cancer. EVs can potentially be utilized as biomarkers to provide accurate genotypic and phenotypic information for advanced prostate cancer, where new strategies to design a more personalized therapy is currently the focus of considerable investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Soekmadji
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Niall M Corcoran
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre Epworth, and Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Irina Oleinikova
- Department of Urology, Queensland Health, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lidija Jovanovic
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Grant A Ramm
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Colleen C Nelson
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Guido Jenster
- Department of Urology, Erasmus Medical Centre, R,otterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pamela J Russell
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Abramowicz A, Widlak P, Pietrowska M. Proteomic analysis of exosomal cargo: the challenge of high purity vesicle isolation. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 12:1407-19. [PMID: 27030573 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00082g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The re-discovery of exosomes as intercellular messengers with high potential for diagnostic and therapeutic utility has led to them becoming a popular topic of research in recent years. One of the essential research areas in this field is the characterization of exosomal cargo, which includes numerous non-randomly packed proteins and nucleic acids. Unexpectedly, a very challenging aspect of exploration of extracellular vesicles has turned out to be their effective and selective isolation. The plurality of developed protocols leads to qualitative and quantitative variability in terms of the obtained exosomes, which significantly affects the results of downstream analyses and makes them difficult to compare, reproduce and interpret between research groups. Currently, there is a general consensus among the exosome-oriented community concerning the urgent need for the optimization and standardization of methods employed for the purification of these vesicles. Hence, we review here several strategies for exosome preparation including ultracentrifugation, chemical precipitation, affinity capturing and filtration techniques. The advantages and disadvantages of different approaches are discussed with special emphasis being placed on their adequacy for proteomics applications, which are particularly sensitive to sample quality. We conclude that certain methods, exemplified by ultracentrifugation combined with iodixanol density gradient centrifugation or gel filtration, although labor-intensive, provide superior quality exosome preparations suitable for reliable analysis by mass spectrometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agata Abramowicz
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Piotr Widlak
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Monika Pietrowska
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Plasma-derived exosome characterization reveals a distinct microRNA signature in long duration Type 1 diabetes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5998. [PMID: 28729721 PMCID: PMC5519761 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05787-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) results from an autoimmune attack against the insulin-producing ß cells which leads to chronic hyperglycemia. Exosomes are lipid vesicles derived from cellular multivesicular bodies that are enriched in specific miRNAs, potentially providing a disease-specific diagnostic signature. To assess the value of exosome miRNAs as biomarkers for T1DM, miRNA expression in plasma-derived exosomes was measured. Nanoparticle tracking analysis and transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of plasma-derived exosomes (EXOs) isolated by differential centrifugation. Total RNA extracted from plasma-derived EXOs of 12 T1DM and 12 control subjects was hybridized onto Nanostring human v2 miRNA microarray array and expression data were analyzed on nSolver analysis software. We found 7 different miRNAs (1 up-regulated and 6 down-regulated), that were differentially expressed in T1DM. The selected candidate miRNAs were validated by qRT-PCR analysis of cohorts of 24 T1DM and 24 control subjects. Most of the deregulated miRNAs are involved in progression of T1DM. These findings highlight the potential of EXOs miRNA profiling in the diagnosis as well as new insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in T1DM.
Collapse
|
62
|
Boriachek K, Islam MN, Gopalan V, Lam AK, Nguyen NT, Shiddiky MJA. Quantum dot-based sensitive detection of disease specific exosome in serum. Analyst 2017; 142:2211-2219. [PMID: 28534915 DOI: 10.1039/c7an00672a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-derived exosomes have emerged as promising cancer biomarkers due to their unique composition and functions. Herein, we report a stripping voltammetric immunoassay for the electrochemical detection of disease-specific exosomes using quantum dots as signal amplifiers. The assay involves three subsequent steps where bulk exosome populations are initially magnetically captured on magnetic beads by a generic tetraspanin antibody (e.g., CD9 or CD63) followed by the identification of disease-specific exosomes using cancer-related. Here, we used CdSe quantum dot (CdSeQD) functionalised-biotinylated HER-2 and FAM134B antibodies as breast and colon cancer markers. After magnetic washing and purification steps, acid dissolution of CdSeQDs and subsequent anodic stripping voltammetric quantification of Cd2+ were carried out at the bare glassy carbon working electrode. This method enabled sensitive detection of 100 exosomes per μL with a relative standard deviation (%RSD) of <5.5% in cancer cell lines and a small cohort of serum samples (n = 9) collected from patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma. We believe that our approach could potentially represent an effective bioassay for the quantification of disease-specific exosomes in clinical samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kseniia Boriachek
- School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia. and Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Md Nazmul Islam
- School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia. and Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Vinod Gopalan
- Cancer Molecular Pathology Laboratory in School of Medicine, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Alfred K Lam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology Laboratory in School of Medicine, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Muhammad J A Shiddiky
- School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia. and Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Association of Extracellular Membrane Vesicles with Cutaneous Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18050956. [PMID: 28468315 PMCID: PMC5454869 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18050956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed vesicles that are released into the extracellular environment by various cell types, which can be classified as apoptotic bodies, microvesicles and exosomes. EVs have been shown to carry DNA, small RNAs, proteins and membrane lipids which are derived from the parental cells. Recently, several studies have demonstrated that EVs can regulate many biological processes, such as cancer progression, the immune response, cell proliferation, cell migration and blood vessel tube formation. This regulation is achieved through the release and transport of EVs and the transfer of their parental cell-derived molecular cargo to recipient cells. This thereby influences various physiological and sometimes pathological functions within the target cells. While intensive investigation of EVs has focused on pathological processes, the involvement of EVs in normal wound healing is less clear; however, recent preliminarily investigations have produced some initial insights. This review will provide an overview of EVs and discuss the current literature regarding the role of EVs in wound healing, especially, their influence on coagulation, cell proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, collagen production and extracellular matrix remodelling.
Collapse
|
64
|
Kim J, Shin H, Park J. RNA in Salivary Extracellular Vesicles as a Possible Tool for Systemic Disease Diagnosis. J Dent Res 2017; 96:938-944. [PMID: 28410004 DOI: 10.1177/0022034517702100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Saliva contains biological information as blood and is recognized as a valuable diagnostic medium for their noninvasiveness. Although "-omics" researches have tried to investigate saliva, the origin and significance of its contents are not clear, and its usage is largely confined to oral disease in the diagnostic and prognostic field. In an attempt to broaden the applicability of saliva and to find systemic disease-derived RNA in saliva, we made mouse models that had human melanoma and isolated extracellular vesicles (EVs) from their saliva by an aqueous 2-phase system (ATPS), then identified and evaluated their expression of human melan-A RNA, which is associated with melanoma on skin. With ATPS, EVs were isolated efficiently and stably while taking less time compared to isolation by ultracentrifugation. When ATPS was used to isolate EVs from saliva, the mean ± SD percentage of EVs recovered from initial EVs was 38.22% ± 18.55% by the number of particles, and the mean ± SD percentage of RNA recovered from the initial amount was 60.33% ± 5.34%. RNAs within isolated EVs were analyzed subsequently by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and polymerase chain reaction from saliva and plasma. In melanoma mice, amplification of human melan-A was identified from saliva and plasma, even though a relative amount of normalized melan-A was lower than that of plasma. These results present a possibility that RNAs derived from systemic disease are transferred into saliva from blood in EVs. Also, they suggest that saliva could be exploited in obtaining information about systemic disease, not only about oral disease, by examining RNAs in EVs from saliva instead of blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Kim
- 1 School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - H Shin
- 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - J Park
- 1 School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea.,2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
ĆUJIĆ D, KOSANOVIĆ M, JOVANOVIĆ KRIVOKUĆA M, VIĆOVAC L, JANKOVIĆ M. Extracellular presence/release of galectins from HTR-8/SVneo extravillous trophoblast cells*. Turk J Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.3906/biy-1704-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
|
66
|
Iwai K, Yamamoto S, Yoshida M, Shiba K. Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles in Saliva Using Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1660:343-350. [PMID: 28828669 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7253-1_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This chapter describes a method for isolating human salivary extracellular vesicles (EVs) using density gradient ultracentrifugation. Standard protocols established for isolation of EVs from blood or a conditioned medium of cultured cells do not work for whole saliva, due to its viscosity. Therefore, procedures including a pretreatment step and utilizing iodixanol as a gradient material enable EVs to be concentrated to a 1.1 g/ml density. This protocol is compatible with both swing and angle rotors. By employing an angle rotor, which enables high g-force, the centrifugation time was reduced to 4 h from the 17 h required when using a swing rotor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Iwai
- Division of Protein Engineering, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Implantology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamamoto
- Division of Protein Engineering, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Implantology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsutaka Yoshida
- Division of Protein Engineering, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Implantology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Shiba
- Division of Protein Engineering, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Katsiougiannis S, Chia D, Kim Y, Singh RP, Wong DTW. Saliva exosomes from pancreatic tumor-bearing mice modulate NK cell phenotype and antitumor cytotoxicity. FASEB J 2016; 31:998-1010. [PMID: 27895106 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600984r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tumor exosomes are emerging as antitumor immunity regulators; however, their effects on secondary exosome secretion by distal organs have not been explored. We have previously demonstrated that suppression of exosomes at the distal tumor site of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) ablated the development of salivary biomarker profile. Here, we explore the function of salivary exosomes from tumor-bearing mice in immune surveillance. We provide evidence that salivary exosomes from mice with PDAC exhibit a suppressive effect that results in reduced tumor-killing capacity by NK cells. Salivary exosomes from mice with PDAC where pancreatic tumors were engineered to suppress exosome biogenesis failed to suppress NK cell cytotoxic potential against tumor cells, as opposed to salivary exosomes from mice with PDAC with normal tumor exosome biogenesis. These results reveal an important and previously unknown mechanism of antitumor immune regulation and provide new insights into our understanding of the alterations of this biofluid during tumor development.-Katsiougiannis, S., Chia, D., Kim, Y., Singh, R. P., Wong, D. T. W. Saliva exosomes from pancreatic tumor-bearing mice modulate NK cell phenotype and antitumor cytotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stergios Katsiougiannis
- Center for Oral/Head and Neck Oncology Research, School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David Chia
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yong Kim
- Center for Oral/Head and Neck Oncology Research, School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Laboratory of Stem Cell and Cancer Epigenetic Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ram P Singh
- Division of Rheumatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; and.,Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David T W Wong
- Center for Oral/Head and Neck Oncology Research, School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; .,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Human vaginal fluid contains exosomes that have an inhibitory effect on an early step of the HIV-1 life cycle. AIDS 2016; 30:2611-2616. [PMID: 27536982 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vaginal transmission is crucial to the spread of HIV-1 around the world. It is not yet clear what type (s) of innate defenses against HIV-1 infection are present in the vagina. Here, we aimed to determine whether human vaginal fluid contains exosomes that may possess anti-HIV-1 activity. METHODS The exosomal fraction was isolated from samples of vaginal fluids. The presence of exosomes was confirmed by flow cytometry and western blotting. The newly discovered exosomes were tested for their ability to block early steps of HIV-1 infection in vitro using established cell culture systems and real time PCR-based methods. RESULTS Vaginal fluid contains exosomes expressing CD9, CD63, and CD81 exosomal markers. The exosomal fraction of the fluid-reduced transmission of HIV-1 vectors by 60%, the efficiency of reverse transcription step by 58.4%, and the efficiency of integration by 47%. Exosomes had no effect on the entry of HIV-1 vectors. CONCLUSION Human vaginal fluid exosomes are newly discovered female innate defenses that may protect women against HIV-1 infection.
Collapse
|
69
|
Kaczor-Urbanowicz KE, Martín Carreras-Presas C, Kaczor T, Tu M, Wei F, Garcia-Godoy F, Wong DTW. Emerging technologies for salivaomics in cancer detection. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 21:640-647. [PMID: 27862926 PMCID: PMC5345659 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary diagnostics has great potential to be used in the early detection and prevention of many cancerous diseases. If implemented with rigour and efficiency, it can result in improving patient survival times and achieving earlier diagnosis of disease. Recently, extraordinary efforts have been taken to develop non‐invasive technologies that can be applied without complicated and expensive procedures. Saliva is a biofluid that has demonstrated excellent properties and can be used as a diagnostic fluid, since many of the biomarkers suggested for cancers can also be found in whole saliva, apart from blood or other body fluids. The currently accepted gold standard methods for biomarker development include chromatography, mass spectometry, gel electrophoresis, microarrays and polymerase chain reaction‐based quantification. However, salivary diagnostics is a flourishing field with the rapid development of novel technologies associated with point‐of‐care diagnostics, RNA sequencing, electrochemical detection and liquid biopsy. Those technologies will help introduce population‐based screening programs, thus enabling early detection, prognosis assessment and disease monitoring. The purpose of this review is to give a comprehensive update on the emerging diagnostic technologies and tools for the early detection of cancerous diseases based on saliva.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tadeusz Kaczor
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Physics, Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities in Radom, Radom, Poland
| | - Michael Tu
- Center for Oral/Head & Neck Oncology Research, School of Dentistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fang Wei
- Center for Oral/Head & Neck Oncology Research, School of Dentistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Franklin Garcia-Godoy
- Bioscience Research Center, College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David T W Wong
- Center for Oral/Head & Neck Oncology Research, School of Dentistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Michailidou E, Tzimagiorgis G, Chatzopoulou F, Vahtsevanos K, Antoniadis K, Kouidou S, Markopoulos A, Antoniades D. Salivary mRNA markers having the potential to detect oral squamous cell carcinoma segregated from oral leukoplakia with dysplasia. Cancer Epidemiol 2016; 43:112-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
71
|
Lee H, Zhang D, Minhas J, Jin Y. Extracellular Vesicles Facilitate the Intercellular Communications in the Pathogenesis of Lung Injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 5. [PMID: 27722038 DOI: 10.4172/2168-9296.1000175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a group of heterogeneous, nano-sized structures surrounded by lipid bilayer membranes that are released by cells. Depending on their size and mechanisms of formation, EVs are often referred to as exosomes, microvesicles (MVs) and apoptotic bodies (AB). EVs are evolutionally conserved vesicles that mediate intercellular communications and cross-talk, via transferring proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Accumulating evidence suggests that EVs exert essential physiological and pathological functions on both their mother and recipient cells. Therefore, growing interests focus on the potentials of EVs to serve as novel targets for the development of therapeutic and diagnostic strategies. Currently, extensive reports are yielded from cancer research. However, besides malignancy, EVs may also serve as crucial regulators in other devastating conditions, such as the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and acute lung injury (ALI). The generation, regulation and function of EVs in ARDS/ALI are largely unexplored. In this mini review, we will briefly review the current understanding of EVs and their known physiological/pathological functions in the pathogenesis of ARDS/ALI. Previously, only scattered reports have been published in this field. We believe that further investigations focusing on EVs and their compositions will shed light on novel insights in the research of ARDS/ALI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heedoo Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, USA
| | - Duo Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, USA
| | - Jasleen Minhas
- Internal Medicine, North Shore Medical Center, Salem Hospital, 81 Highland Ave, Salem, USA
| | - Yang Jin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, USA
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Fujita H, Kataoka Y, Tobita S, Kuwahara M, Sugimoto N. Novel One-Tube-One-Step Real-Time Methodology for Rapid Transcriptomic Biomarker Detection: Signal Amplification by Ternary Initiation Complexes. Anal Chem 2016; 88:7137-44. [PMID: 27347743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a novel RNA detection method, termed signal amplification by ternary initiation complexes (SATIC), in which an analyte sample is simply mixed with the relevant reagents and allowed to stand for a short time under isothermal conditions (37 °C). The advantage of the technique is that there is no requirement for (i) heat annealing, (ii) thermal cycling during the reaction, (iii) a reverse transcription step, or (iv) enzymatic or mechanical fragmentation of the target RNA. SATIC involves the formation of a ternary initiation complex between the target RNA, a circular DNA template, and a DNA primer, followed by rolling circle amplification (RCA) to generate multiple copies of G-quadruplex (G4) on a long DNA strand like beads on a string. The G4s can be specifically fluorescence-stained with N(3)-hydroxyethyl thioflavin T (ThT-HE), which emits weakly with single- and double-stranded RNA/DNA but strongly with parallel G4s. An improved dual SATIC system, which involves the formation of two different ternary initiation complexes in the RCA process, exhibited a wide quantitative detection range of 1-5000 pM. Furthermore, this enabled visual observation-based RNA detection, which is more rapid and convenient than conventional isothermal methods, such as reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification, signal mediated amplification of RNA technology, and RNA-primed rolling circle amplification. Thus, SATIC methodology may serve as an on-site and real-time measurement technique for transcriptomic biomarkers for various diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Fujita
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University , 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Yuka Kataoka
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University , 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Seiji Tobita
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University , 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Masayasu Kuwahara
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University , 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
73
|
Luminal Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Exhibit Proinflammatory Effects on Epithelial Cells and Macrophages. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2016; 22:1587-95. [PMID: 27271497 PMCID: PMC4911338 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed particles released by cells as a means of intercellular communication. They are potential novel biomarkers, as they are readily isolated from body fluids, and their composition reflects disease pathways. Whether these particles are released from sites of intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has not previously been determined. METHODS EVs were isolated by ultracentrifugation of colonic luminal fluid aspirates and characterized according to surface proteins, and constituent mRNA and proteins. The effects of EVs on colonic epithelial cells and macrophages in culture were assessed at the transcriptional, translational, and functional levels. RESULTS Intestinal luminal aspirates contained abundant EVs, at a mean concentration of 4.3 × 10 particles/mL and with a mean diameter of 146 nm. EVs from patients with IBD with a high endoscopic score (≥1) contained significantly higher mRNA and protein levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor α than EVs from healthy controls. EVs were absorbed by cultured colonic epithelial cells, leading to an increased translation of IL-8 protein by recipient cells when treated with EVs from patients with IBD. EVs and EV-treated epithelial cells induced migration of a significantly greater number of macrophages than epithelial cells alone. CONCLUSIONS EVs shed from sites of intestinal inflammation in patients with IBD have a distinct mRNA and protein profile from those of healthy individuals. These EVs have proinflammatory effects on the colonic epithelium, in vitro. Their stability in luminal samples and their mRNA and protein content identify them as a potential fecal biomarker that reflects mucosal inflammatory pathways.
Collapse
|
74
|
Iwai K, Minamisawa T, Suga K, Yajima Y, Shiba K. Isolation of human salivary extracellular vesicles by iodixanol density gradient ultracentrifugation and their characterizations. J Extracell Vesicles 2016; 5:30829. [PMID: 27193612 PMCID: PMC4871899 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v5.30829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic methods that focus on the extracellular vesicles (EVs) present in saliva have been attracting great attention because of their non-invasiveness. EVs contain biomolecules such as proteins, messenger RNA (mRNA) and microRNA (miRNA), which originate from cells that release EVs, making them an ideal source for liquid biopsy. Although there have been many reports on density-based fractionation of EVs from blood and urine, the number of reports on EVs from saliva has been limited, most probably because of the difficulties in separating EVs from viscous saliva using density gradient centrifugation. This article establishes a protocol for the isolation of EVs from human saliva using density gradient centrifugation. The fractionated salivary EVs were characterized by atomic force microscopy, western blot and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The results indicate that salivary EVs have a smaller diameter (47.8±12.3 nm) and higher density (1.11 g/ml) than EVs isolated from conditioned cell media (74.0±23.5 nm and 1.06 g/ml, respectively). Additionally, to improve the throughput of density-based fractionation of EVs, the original protocol was further modified by using a fixed angle rotor instead of a swinging rotor. It was also confirmed that several miRNAs were expressed strongly in the EV-marker-expressing fractions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Iwai
- Division of Protein Engineering, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Implantology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tamiko Minamisawa
- Division of Protein Engineering, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanako Suga
- Division of Protein Engineering, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasutomo Yajima
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Implantology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Shiba
- Division of Protein Engineering, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan;
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Sun Y, Xia Z, Shang Z, Sun K, Niu X, Qian L, Fan LY, Cao CX, Xiao H. Facile preparation of salivary extracellular vesicles for cancer proteomics. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24669. [PMID: 27091080 PMCID: PMC4835767 DOI: 10.1038/srep24669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane surrounded structures released by cells, which have been increasingly recognized as mediators of intercellular communication. Recent reports indicate that EVs participate in important biological processes and could serve as potential source for cancer biomarkers. As an attractive EVs source with merit of non-invasiveness, human saliva is a unique medium for clinical diagnostics. Thus, we proposed a facile approach to prepare salivary extracellular vesicles (SEVs). Affinity chromatography column combined with filter system (ACCF) was developed to efficiently remove the high abundant proteins and viscous interferences of saliva. Protein profiling in the SEVs obtained by this strategy was compared with conventional centrifugation method, which demonstrated that about 70% more SEVs proteins could be revealed. To explore its utility for cancer proteomics, we analyzed the proteome of SEVs in lung cancer patients and normal controls. Shotgun proteomic analysis illustrated that 113 and 95 proteins have been identified in cancer group and control group, respectively. Among those 63 proteins that have been consistently discovered only in cancer group, 12 proteins are lung cancer related. Our results demonstrated that SEVs prepared through the developed strategy are valuable samples for proteomics and could serve as a promising liquid biopsy for cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Bioseparation, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhijun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Bioseparation, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhi Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Bioseparation, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Kaibo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Bioseparation, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaomin Niu
- Department of Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Liqiang Qian
- Department of Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Liu-Yin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Bioseparation, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Cheng-Xi Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Bioseparation, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hua Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Bioseparation, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Fujita Y, Yoshioka Y, Ochiya T. Extracellular vesicle transfer of cancer pathogenic components. Cancer Sci 2016; 107:385-90. [PMID: 26797692 PMCID: PMC4832849 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV), known as exosomes and microvesicles, serve as versatile intercellular communication vehicles. Increasing evidence has shown that cancer cell-derived EV carry pathogenic components, such as proteins, messenger RNA (mRNA), microRNA (miRNA), DNA, lipids and transcriptional factors, that can mediate paracrine signaling in the tumor microenvironment. These data suggest that EV transfer of cancer pathogenic components enable long-distance crosstalk between cancer cells and distant organs, resulting in the promotion of the initial steps for pre-metastatic niche formation. Understanding the metastatic mechanisms through EV transfer may open up a new avenue for cancer therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, the circulating EV have also been of interest as a source for liquid biopsies. EV in body fluids provide a reliable source of miRNA and proteins for cancer biomarkers. The tumor-specific components in EV effectively provide various messages on the physiological and pathological status of cancer patients. Although many researchers are searching for EV biomarkers using miRNA microarrays and proteome analyses, the detection technology for circulating EV in body fluids has not yet reached the point of clinical application. In this review, we summarize recent findings regarding EV function, specifically in metastasis through the transfer of cancer pathogenic components. Furthermore, we highlight the potential of using circulating EV for cancer diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fujita
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yoshioka
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Jeong S, Park J, Pathania D, Castro CM, Weissleder R, Lee H. Integrated Magneto-Electrochemical Sensor for Exosome Analysis. ACS NANO 2016; 10:1802-9. [PMID: 26808216 PMCID: PMC4802494 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b07584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, are nanoscale membrane particles that carry molecular information on parental cells. They are being pursued as biomarkers of cancers that are difficult to detect or serially follow. Here we present a compact sensor technology for rapid, on-site exosome screening. The sensor is based on an integrated magneto-electrochemical assay: exosomes are immunomagnetically captured from patient samples and profiled through electrochemical reaction. By combining magnetic enrichment and enzymatic amplification, the approach enables (i) highly sensitive, cell-specific exosome detection and (ii) sensor miniaturization and scale-up for high-throughput measurements. As a proof-of-concept, we implemented a portable, eight-channel device and applied it to screen extracellular vesicles in plasma samples from ovarian cancer patients. The sensor allowed for the simultaneous profiling of multiple protein markers within an hour, outperforming conventional methods in assay sensitivity and speed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangmoo Jeong
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Jongmin Park
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Divya Pathania
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Cesar M. Castro
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Hakho Lee
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114
- Corresponding author: H. Lee, PhD, Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, 617-726-8226,
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Mishra S, Saadat D, Kwon O, Lee Y, Choi WS, Kim JH, Yeo WH. Recent advances in salivary cancer diagnostics enabled by biosensors and bioelectronics. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 81:181-197. [PMID: 26946257 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
There is a high demand for a non-invasive, rapid, and highly accurate tool for disease diagnostics. Recently, saliva based diagnostics for the detection of specific biomarkers has drawn significant attention since the sample extraction is simple, cost-effective, and precise. Compared to blood, saliva contains a similar variety of DNA, RNA, proteins, metabolites, and microbiota that can be compiled into a multiplex of cancer detection markers. The salivary diagnostic method holds great potential for early-stage cancer diagnostics without any complicated and expensive procedures. Here, we review various cancer biomarkers in saliva and compare the biomarkers efficacy with traditional diagnostics and state-of-the-art bioelectronics. We summarize biomarkers in four major groups: genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics/microbiota. Representative bioelectronic systems for each group are summarized based on various stages of a cancer. Systematic study of oxidative stress establishes the relationship between macromolecules and cancer biomarkers in saliva. We also introduce the most recent examples of salivary diagnostic electronics based on nanotechnologies that can offer rapid, yet highly accurate detection of biomarkers. A concluding section highlights areas of opportunity in the further development and applications of these technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saswat Mishra
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Darius Saadat
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA 98686, USA
| | - Ohjin Kwon
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Yongkuk Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Woon-Seop Choi
- School of Display Engineering, Hoseo University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA 98686, USA.
| | - Woon-Hong Yeo
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; Center for Rehabilitation Science and Engineering, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Abstract
The ability to noninvasively assess the physical and developmental status of a neonate is a goal of modern medicine. In recent years, technological advances have permitted the high-throughput analysis of saliva for thousands of genes, proteins, and metabolites from a single sample source. Saliva is an ideal biofluid to assess health, disease, and development in the newborn. It may be harnessed repeatedly, even in the most vulnerable patients, without risk of harm. Translating novel information about an infant's global development and risk of disease to the neonatal bedside through the salivary transcriptome has the potential to significantly improve clinical care and outcomes in this at-risk population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jill L Maron
- Department of Pediatrics, Mother Infant Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Yuana Y, Böing AN, Grootemaat AE, van der Pol E, Hau CM, Cizmar P, Buhr E, Sturk A, Nieuwland R. Handling and storage of human body fluids for analysis of extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2015; 4:29260. [PMID: 26563735 PMCID: PMC4643195 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v4.29260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Because procedures of handling and storage of body fluids affect numbers and composition of extracellular vesicles (EVs), standardization is important to ensure reliable and comparable measurements of EVs in a clinical environment. We aimed to develop standard protocols for handling and storage of human body fluids for EV analysis. Conditions such as centrifugation, single freeze-thaw cycle, effect of time delay between blood collection and plasma preparation and storage were investigated. Plasma is the most commonly studied body fluid in EV research. We mainly focused on EVs originating from platelets and erythrocytes and investigated the behaviour of these 2 types of EVs independently as well as in plasma samples of healthy subjects. EVs in urine and saliva were also studied for comparison. All samples were analysed simultaneously before and after freeze-thawing by resistive pulse sensing, nanoparticle tracking analysis, conventional flow cytometry (FCM) and transmission (scanning) electron microscopy. Our main finding is that the effect of centrifugation markedly depends on the cellular origin of EVs. Whereas erythrocyte EVs remain present as single EVs after centrifugation, platelet EVs form aggregates, which affect their measured concentration in plasma. Single erythrocyte and platelet EVs are present mainly in the range of 100-200 nm, far below the lower limit of what can be measured by conventional FCM. Furthermore, the effects of single freeze-thaw cycle, time delay between blood collection and plasma preparation up to 1 hour and storage up to 1 year are insignificant (p>0.05) on the measured concentration and diameter of EVs from erythrocyte and platelet concentrates and EVs in plasma, urine and saliva. In conclusion, in standard protocols for EV studies, centrifugation to isolate EVs from collected body fluids should be avoided. Freezing and storage of collected body fluids, albeit their insignificant effects, should be performed identically for comparative EV studies and to create reliable biorepositories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuana Yuana
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita N Böing
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita E Grootemaat
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chi M Hau
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Petr Cizmar
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Egbert Buhr
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Auguste Sturk
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tae-Hyun Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University , Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Jinwoo Cheon
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University , Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
82
|
Ji S, Choi Y. Point-of-care diagnosis of periodontitis using saliva: technically feasible but still a challenge. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:65. [PMID: 26389079 PMCID: PMC4558535 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammation of the periodontium caused by persistent bacterial infection that leads to the breakdown of connective tissue and bone. Because the ability to reconstruct the periodontium is limited after alveolar bone loss, early diagnosis and intervention should be the primary goals of periodontal treatment. However, periodontitis often progresses without noticeable symptoms, and many patients do not seek professional dental care until the periodontal destruction progresses to the point of no return. Furthermore, the current diagnosis of periodontitis depends on time-consuming clinical measurements. Therefore, there is an unmet need for near-patient testing to diagnose periodontitis. Saliva is an optimal biological fluid to serve as a near-patient diagnostic tool for periodontitis. Recent developments in point-of-care (POC) testing indicate that a diagnostic test for periodontitis using saliva is now technically feasible. A number of promising salivary biomarkers associated with periodontitis have been reported. A panel of optimal biomarkers must be carefully selected based on the pathogenesis of periodontitis. The biggest hurdle for the POC diagnosis of periodontitis using saliva may be the process of validation in a large, diverse patient population. Therefore, we propose the organization of an International Consortium for Biomarkers of Periodontitis, which will gather efforts to identify, select, and validate salivary biomarkers for the diagnosis of periodontitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suk Ji
- Department of Periodontology, Anam Hospital, Korea University Seoul, South Korea
| | - Youngnim Choi
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Milane L, Singh A, Mattheolabakis G, Suresh M, Amiji MM. Exosome mediated communication within the tumor microenvironment. J Control Release 2015; 219:278-294. [PMID: 26143224 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 498] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is clear that exosomes (endosome derived vesicles) serve important roles in cellular communication both locally and distally and that the exosomal process is abnormal in cancer. Cancer cells are not malicious cells; they are cells that represent 'survival of the fittest' at its finest. All of the mutations, abnormalities, and phenomenal adaptations to a hostile microenvironment, such as hypoxia and nutrient depletion, represent the astute ability of cancer cells to adapt to their environment and to intracellular changes to achieve a single goal - survival. The aberrant exosomal process in cancer represents yet another adaptation that promotes survival of cancer. Cancer cells can secrete more exosomes than healthy cells, but more importantly, the content of cancer cells is distinct. An illustrative distinction is that exosomes derived from cancer cells contain more microRNA than healthy cells and unlike exosomes released from healthy cells, this microRNA can be associated with the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) which is required for processing mature and biologically active microRNA. Cancer derived exosomes have the ability to transfer metastatic potential to a recipient cell and cancer exosomes function in the physical process of invasion. In this review we conceptualize the aberrant exosomal process (formation, content selection, loading, trafficking, and release) in cancer as being partially attributed to cancer specific differences in the endocytotic process of receptor recycling/degradation and plasma membrane remodeling and the function of the endosome as a signaling entity. We discuss this concept and, to advance comprehension of exosomal function in cancer as mediators of communication, we detail and discuss exosome biology, formation, and communication in health and cancer; exosomal content in cancer; exosomal biomarkers in cancer; exosome mediated communication in cancer metastasis, drug resistance, and interfacing with the immune system; and discuss the therapeutic manipulation of exosomal content for cancer treatment including current clinical trials of exosomal therapeutics. Often referred to as cellular nanoparticles, understanding exosomes, and how cancer cells use these cellular nanoparticles in communication is at the cutting edge frontier of advancing cancer biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Milane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - George Mattheolabakis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Megha Suresh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Mansoor M Amiji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Proteomics characterization of exosome cargo. Methods 2015; 87:75-82. [PMID: 25837312 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of exosomal cargo is of significant interest because this cargo can provide clues to exosome biogenesis, targeting, and cellular effects and may be a source of biomarkers for disease diagnosis, prognosis and response to treatment. With recent improvements in proteomics technologies, both qualitative and quantitative characterization of exosomal proteins is possible. Here we provide a brief review of exosome proteomics studies and provide detailed protocols for global qualitative, global quantitative, and targeted quantitative analysis of exosomal proteins. In addition, we provide an example application of a standard global quantitative analysis followed by validation via a targeted quantitative analysis of urine exosome samples from human patients. Advantages and limitations of each method are discussed as well as future directions for exosome proteomics analysis.
Collapse
|
85
|
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most frequently occurring cancer in the world and continually leads in mortality among cancers. The overall 5-year survival rate for lung cancer has risen only 4% (from 12% to 16%) over the past 4 decades, and late diagnosis is a major obstacle in improving lung cancer prognosis. Survival of patients undergoing lung resection is greater than 80%, suggesting that early detection and diagnosis of cancers before they become inoperable and lethal will greatly improve mortality. Lung cancer biomarkers can be used for screening, detection, diagnosis, prognosis, prediction, stratification, therapy response monitoring, and so on. This review focuses on noninvasive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. For that purpose, our discussion in this review will focus on biological fluid-based biomarkers. The body fluids include blood (serum or plasma), sputum, saliva, BAL, pleural effusion, and VOC. Since it is rich in different cellular and molecular elements and is one of the most convenient and routine clinical procedures, serum or plasma is the main source for the development and validation of many noninvasive biomarkers. In terms of molecular aspects, the most widely validated ones are proteins, some of which are used in the clinical sector, though in limited accessory purposes. We will also discuss the lung cancer (protein) biomarkers in clinical trials and currently in the validation phase with hundreds of samples. After proteins, we will discuss microRNAs, methylated DNA, and circulating tumor cells, which are being vigorously developed and validated as potential lung cancer biomarkers. The main aim of this review is to provide researchers and clinicians with an understanding of the potential noninvasive lung cancer biomarkers in biological fluids that have recently been discovered.
Collapse
|
86
|
Sadovska L, Santos CB, Kalniņa Z, Linē A. Biodistribution, Uptake and Effects Caused by Cancer-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. J Circ Biomark 2015; 4:2. [PMID: 28936238 PMCID: PMC5572990 DOI: 10.5772/60522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have recently emerged as important mediators of intercellular communication. They are released in the extracellular space by a variety of normal and cancerous cell types and have been found in all human body fluids. Cancer-derived EVs have been shown to carry lipids, proteins, mRNAs, non-coding and structural RNAs and even extra-chromosomal DNA, which can be taken up by recipient cells and trigger diverse physiological and pathological responses. An increasing body of evidence suggests that cancer-derived EVs mediate paracrine signalling between cancer cells. This leads to the increased invasiveness, proliferation rate and chemoresistance, as well as the acquisition of the cancer stem cell phenotype. This stimulates angiogenesis and the reprogramming of normal stromal cells into cancer-promoting cell types. Furthermore, cancer-derived EVs contribute to the formation of the pre-metastatic niche and modulation of anti-tumour immune response. However, as most of these data are obtained by in vitro studies, it is not entirely clear which of these effects are recapitulated in vivo. In the current review, we summarize studies that assess the tissue distribution, trafficking, clearance and uptake of cancer-derived EVs in vivo and discuss the impact they have, both locally and systemically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilite Sadovska
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Cristina Bajo Santos
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Zane Kalniņa
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - Aija Linē
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| |
Collapse
|