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Barnes SN, Wram CL, Mitchum MG, Baum TJ. The plant-parasitic cyst nematode effector GLAND4 is a DNA-binding protein. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:2263-2276. [PMID: 29719112 PMCID: PMC6637993 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cyst nematodes are plant pathogens that infect a wide range of economically important crops. One parasitic mechanism employed by cyst nematodes is the production and in planta delivery of effector proteins to modify plant cells and suppress defences to favour parasitism. This study focuses on GLAND4, an effector of Heterodera glycines and H. schachtii, the soybean and sugar beet cyst nematodes, respectively. We show that GLAND4 is recognized by the plant cellular machinery and is transported to the plant nucleus, an organelle for which little is known about plant nematode effector functions. We show that GLAND4 has DNA-binding ability and represses reporter gene expression in a plant transcriptional assay. One DNA fragment that binds to GLAND4 is localized in an Arabidopsis chromosomal region associated with the promoters of two lipid transfer protein genes (LTP). These LTPs have known defence functions and are down-regulated in the nematode feeding site. When expressed in Arabidopsis, the presence of GLAND4 causes the down-regulation of the two LTP genes in question, which is also associated with increased susceptibility to the plant-pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae. Furthermore, overexpression of one of the LTP genes reduces plant susceptibility to H. schachtii and P. syringae, confirming that LTP repression probably suppresses plant defences. This study makes GLAND4 one of a small subset of characterized plant nematode nuclear effectors and identifies GLAND4 as the first DNA-binding, plant-parasitic nematode effector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey N. Barnes
- Plant Pathology & Microbiology DepartmentIowa State UniversityAmesIA 50011USA
| | - Catherine L. Wram
- Plant Pathology & Microbiology DepartmentIowa State UniversityAmesIA 50011USA
- Present address:
Department of Botany and Plant PathologyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOR 97330USA
| | - Melissa G. Mitchum
- Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences CenterUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO 65211USA
| | - Thomas J. Baum
- Plant Pathology & Microbiology DepartmentIowa State UniversityAmesIA 50011USA
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Genetic diversity and phylogeny of South African Meloidogyne populations using genotyping by sequencing. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13816. [PMID: 30217984 PMCID: PMC6138707 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31963-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Meloidogyne species cause great crop losses worldwide. Although genetic host plant resistance is an effective control strategy to minimize damage caused by Meloidogyne, some resistant genes are ineffective against virulent species such as Meloidogyne enterolobii. Detailed knowledge about the genetic composition of Meloidogyne species is thus essential. This study focused on genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) and Pool-Seq to elucidate the genetic relation between South African M. enterolobii, M. incognita and M. javanica populations. Hence, 653 common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified and used to compare these species at genetic level. Allele frequencies of 34 SNPs consistently differed between the three Meloidogyne species studied. Principal component and phylogenetic analyses grouped the M. enterolobii populations in one clade, showing a distant relation to the M. javanica populations. These two species also shared genetic links with the M. incognita populations studied. GBS has been used successfully in this study to identify SNPs that discriminated among the three Meloidogyne species investigated. Alleles, only occurring in the genome of M. enterolobii and located in genes involved in virulence in other animal species (e.g. a serine/threonine phosphatase and zinc finger) have also been identified, accentuating the value of GBS in future studies of this nature.
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Ali MA, Anjam MS, Nawaz MA, Lam HM, Chung G. Signal Transduction in Plant⁻Nematode Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061648. [PMID: 29865232 PMCID: PMC6032140 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To successfully invade and infect their host plants, plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) need to evolve molecular mechanisms to overcome the defense responses from the plants. Nematode-associated molecular patterns (NAMPs), including ascarosides and certain proteins, while instrumental in enabling the infection, can be perceived by the host plants, which then initiate a signaling cascade leading to the induction of basal defense responses. To combat host resistance, some nematodes can inject effectors into the cells of susceptible hosts to reprogram the basal resistance signaling and also modulate the hosts’ gene expression patterns to facilitate the establishment of nematode feeding sites (NFSs). In this review, we summarized all the known signaling pathways involved in plant–nematode interactions. Specifically, we placed particular focus on the effector proteins from PPNs that mimic the signaling of the defense responses in host plants. Furthermore, we gave an updated overview of the regulation by PPNs of different host defense pathways such as salicylic acid (SA)/jasmonic acid (JA), auxin, and cytokinin and reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling to facilitate their parasitic successes in plants. This review will enhance the understanding of the molecular signaling pathways involved in both compatible and incompatible plant–nematode interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Amjad Ali
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan.
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Shahzad Anjam
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 66000, Pakistan.
| | | | - Hon-Ming Lam
- School of Life Sciences and Centre for Soybean Research of the Partner State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Gyuhwa Chung
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Korea.
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Leelarasamee N, Zhang L, Gleason C. The root-knot nematode effector MiPFN3 disrupts plant actin filaments and promotes parasitism. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006947. [PMID: 29543900 PMCID: PMC5871015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes secrete effectors that manipulate their host plant cells so that the nematode can successfully establish feeding sites and complete its lifecycle. The root-knot nematode feeding structures, their “giant cells,” undergo extensive cytoskeletal remodeling. Previous cytological studies have shown the cytoplasmic actin within the feeding sites looks diffuse. In an effort to study root-knot nematode effectors that are involved in giant cell organogenesis, we have identified a nematode effector called MiPFN3 (Meloidogyne incognita Profilin 3). MiPFN3 is transcriptionally up-regulated in the juvenile stage of the nematode. In situ hybridization experiments showed that MiPFN3 transcribed in the nematode subventral glands, where it can be secreted by the nematode stylet into the plant. Moreover, Arabidopsis plants that heterologously expressed MiPFN3 were more susceptible to root-knot nematodes, indicating that MiPFN3 promotes nematode parasitism. Since profilin proteins can bind and sequester actin monomers, we investigated the function of MiPFN3 in relation to actin. Our results show that MiPFN3 suppressed the aberrant plant growth phenotype caused by the misexpression of reproductive actin (AtACT1) in transgenic plants. In addition, it disrupted actin polymerization in an in vitro assay, and it reduced the filamentous actin network when expressed in Arabidopsis protoplasts. Over a decade ago, cytological studies showed that the cytoplasmic actin within nematode giant cells looked fragmented. Here we provide the first evidence that the nematode is secreting an effector that has significant, direct effects on the plant’s actin cytoskeleton. Root-knot nematodes are microscopic plant pests that infect plant roots and significantly reduce yields of many crop plants. The nematodes enter the plant roots and modify plant cells into complex, multinuclear feeding sites called giant cells. The formation and maintenance of giant cells is critical to nematode survival. During giant cell organogenesis, the progenitor plant cells undergo many morphological changes, including a re-organization of the cytoplasmic actin cytoskeleton. As a result, the giant cell cytoplasmic actin appears fragmented and disorganized. Plant cells can regulate their actin filament assembly, in part, through the expression of actin binding proteins such as profilins. Here we show that infectious nematode juveniles express a profilin called MiPFN3. Expression of MiPFN3 in Arabidopsis plants made the plants more susceptible to root-knot nematodes, indicating that MiPFN3 acts as an effector that aids parasitism. We show evidence that the expression MiPFN3 in plant cells causes the fragmentation of plant actin filaments. The work here demonstrates that nematode effector MiPFN3 can directly affect plant actin filaments, whose reorganization is necessary for giant cell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natthanon Leelarasamee
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Physiology, Albrecht von Haller Institute, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Gleason
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Physiology, Albrecht von Haller Institute, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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55
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Gahoi S, Singh S, Gautam B. Genome-wide identification and comprehensive analysis of Excretory/Secretory proteins in nematodes provide potential drug targets for parasite control. Genomics 2018. [PMID: 29522800 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nematodes are responsible for causing severe diseases in plants, humans and other animals. Infection is associated with the release of Excretory/Secretory (ES) proteins into host cytoplasm and interference with the host immune system which make them attractive targets for therapeutic use. The identification of ES proteins through bioinformatics approaches is cost- and time-effective and could be used for screening of potential targets for parasitic diseases for further experimental studies. Here, we identified and functionally annotated 93,949 ES proteins, in the genome of 73 nematodes using integration of various bioinformatics tools. 30.6% of ES proteins were found to be supported at RNA level. The predicted ES proteins, annotated by Gene Ontology terms, domains, metabolic pathways, proteases and enzyme class analysis were enriched in molecular functions of proteases, protease inhibitors, c-type lectin and hydrolases which are strongly associated with typical functions of ES proteins. We identified a total of 452 ES proteins from human and plant parasitic nematodes, homologues to DrugBank-approved targets and C. elegans RNA interference phenotype genes which could represent potential targets for parasite control and provide valuable resource for further experimental studies to understand host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shachi Gahoi
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad 211007, India.
| | - Satendra Singh
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad 211007, India.
| | - Budhayash Gautam
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad 211007, India.
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56
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Shukla N, Yadav R, Kaur P, Rasmussen S, Goel S, Agarwal M, Jagannath A, Gupta R, Kumar A. Transcriptome analysis of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita)-infected tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) roots reveals complex gene expression profiles and metabolic networks of both host and nematode during susceptible and resistance responses. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:615-633. [PMID: 28220591 PMCID: PMC6638136 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs, Meloidogyne incognita) are economically important endoparasites with a wide host range. We used a comprehensive transcriptomic approach to investigate the expression of both tomato and RKN genes in tomato roots at five infection time intervals from susceptible plants and two infection time intervals from resistant plants, grown under soil conditions. Differentially expressed genes during susceptible (1827, tomato; 462, RKN) and resistance (25, tomato; 160, RKN) interactions were identified. In susceptible responses, tomato genes involved in cell wall structure, development, primary and secondary metabolite, and defence signalling pathways, together with RKN genes involved in host parasitism, development and defence, are discussed. In resistance responses, tomato genes involved in secondary metabolite and hormone-mediated defence responses, together with RKN genes involved in starvation stress-induced apoptosis, are discussed. In addition, 40 novel differentially expressed RKN genes encoding secretory proteins were identified. Our findings provide novel insights into the temporal regulation of genes involved in various biological processes from tomato and RKN simultaneously during susceptible and resistance responses, and reveal the involvement of a complex network of biosynthetic pathways during disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Shukla
- Department of BotanyUniversity of DelhiDelhi110007India
| | - Rachita Yadav
- Department of Bio and Health InformaticsTechnical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 208Lyngby2800Denmark
| | - Pritam Kaur
- Department of BotanyUniversity of DelhiDelhi110007India
| | - Simon Rasmussen
- Department of Bio and Health InformaticsTechnical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 208Lyngby2800Denmark
| | | | - Manu Agarwal
- Department of BotanyUniversity of DelhiDelhi110007India
| | | | - Ramneek Gupta
- Department of Bio and Health InformaticsTechnical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 208Lyngby2800Denmark
| | - Amar Kumar
- Department of BotanyUniversity of DelhiDelhi110007India
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Chen J, Hu L, Sun L, Lin B, Huang K, Zhuo K, Liao J. A novel Meloidogyne graminicola effector, MgMO237, interacts with multiple host defence-related proteins to manipulate plant basal immunity and promote parasitism. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:1942-1955. [PMID: 29485753 PMCID: PMC6638000 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes can secrete effector proteins into the host tissue to facilitate their parasitism. In this study, we report a novel effector protein, MgMO237, from Meloidogyne graminicola, which is exclusively expressed within the dorsal oesophageal gland cell and markedly up-regulated in parasitic third-/fourth-stage juveniles of M. graminicola. Transient expression of MgMO237 in protoplasts from rice roots showed that MgMO237 was localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus of the host cells. Rice plants overexpressing MgMO237 showed an increased susceptibility to M. graminicola. In contrast, rice plants expressing RNA interference vectors targeting MgMO237 showed an increased resistance to M. graminicola. In addition, yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation assays showed that MgMO237 interacted specifically with three rice endogenous proteins, i.e. 1,3-β-glucan synthase component (OsGSC), cysteine-rich repeat secretory protein 55 (OsCRRSP55) and pathogenesis-related BetvI family protein (OsBetvI), which are all related to host defences. Moreover, MgMO237 can suppress host defence responses, including the expression of host defence-related genes, cell wall callose deposition and the burst of reactive oxygen species. These results demonstrate that the effector MgMO237 probably promotes the parasitism of M. graminicola by interacting with multiple host defence-related proteins and suppressing plant basal immunity in the later parasitic stages of nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Chen
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Lili Hu
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Longhua Sun
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Borong Lin
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Kun Huang
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Kan Zhuo
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Jinling Liao
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Department of Eco‐engineering, Guangdong Eco‐Engineering PolytechnicGuangzhou510520China
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58
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Vieira P, Maier TR, Eves‐van den Akker S, Howe DK, Zasada I, Baum TJ, Eisenback JD, Kamo K. Identification of candidate effector genes of Pratylenchus penetrans. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:1887-1907. [PMID: 29424950 PMCID: PMC6638058 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Pratylenchus penetrans is one of the most important species of root lesion nematodes (RLNs) because of its detrimental and economic impact in a wide range of crops. Similar to other plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs), P. penetrans harbours a significant number of secreted proteins that play key roles during parasitism. Here, we combined spatially and temporally resolved next-generation sequencing datasets of P. penetrans to select a list of candidate genes aimed at the identification of a panel of effector genes for this species. We determined the spatial expression of transcripts of 22 candidate effectors within the oesophageal glands of P. penetrans by in situ hybridization. These comprised homologues of known effectors of other PPNs with diverse putative functions, as well as novel pioneer effectors specific to RLNs. It is noteworthy that five of the pioneer effectors encode extremely proline-rich proteins. We then combined in situ localization of effectors with available genomic data to identify a non-coding motif enriched in promoter regions of a subset of P. penetrans effectors, and thus a putative hallmark of spatial expression. Expression profiling analyses of a subset of candidate effectors confirmed their expression during plant infection. Our current results provide the most comprehensive panel of effectors found for RLNs. Considering the damage caused by P. penetrans, this information provides valuable data to elucidate the mode of parasitism of this nematode and offers useful suggestions regarding the potential use of P. penetrans-specific target effector genes to control this important pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Vieira
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed ScienceVirginia TechBlacksburgVA 24061USA
- Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit, U.S. National Arboretum, U.S. Department of AgricultureBeltsvilleMD 20705‐2350USA
| | - Thomas R. Maier
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIA 50011USA
| | - Sebastian Eves‐van den Akker
- Department of Biological ChemistryJohn Innes Centre, Norwich Research ParkNorwich NR4 7UHUK
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundee DD1 5EHUK
| | - Dana K. Howe
- Department of Integrative BiologyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOR 97331USA
| | - Inga Zasada
- Horticultural Crops Research LaboratoryU.S. Department of AgricultureCorvallisOR 97330USA
| | - Thomas J. Baum
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIA 50011USA
| | - Jonathan D. Eisenback
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed ScienceVirginia TechBlacksburgVA 24061USA
| | - Kathryn Kamo
- Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit, U.S. National Arboretum, U.S. Department of AgricultureBeltsvilleMD 20705‐2350USA
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59
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Redding NW, Agudelo P, Wells CE. Multiple Nodulation Genes Are Up-Regulated During Establishment of Reniform Nematode Feeding Sites in Soybean. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:275-291. [PMID: 28945515 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-17-0154-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The semi-endoparastic reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) infects over 300 plant species. Females penetrate host roots and induce formation of complex, multinucleate feeding sites called syncytia. While anatomical changes associated with reniform nematode infection are well documented, little is known about their molecular basis. We grew soybean (Glycine max) in a split-root growth system, inoculated half of each root system with R. reniformis, and quantified gene expression in infected and control root tissue at four dates after inoculation. Over 6,000 genes were differentially expressed between inoculated and control roots on at least one date (false discovery rate [FDR] = 0.01, |log2FC| ≥ 1), and 507 gene sets were significantly enriched or depleted in inoculated roots (FDR = 0.05). Numerous genes up-regulated during syncytium formation had previously been associated with rhizobia nodulation. These included the nodule-initiating transcription factors CYCLOPS, NSP1, NSP2, and NIN, as well as multiple nodulins associated with the plant-derived peribacteroid membrane. Nodulation-related NIP aquaporins and SWEET sugar transporters were induced, as were plant CLAVATA3/ESR-related (CLE) signaling proteins and cell cycle regulators such as CCS52A and E2F. Nodulins and nodule-associated genes may have ancestral functions in normal root development and mycorrhization that have been co-opted by both parasitic nematodes and rhizobial bacteria to promote feeding site and nodule formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan W Redding
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
| | - Paula Agudelo
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
| | - Christina E Wells
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
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60
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Bournaud C, Gillet FX, Murad AM, Bresso E, Albuquerque EVS, Grossi-de-Sá MF. Meloidogyne incognita PASSE-MURAILLE (MiPM) Gene Encodes a Cell-Penetrating Protein That Interacts With the CSN5 Subunit of the COP9 Signalosome. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:904. [PMID: 29997646 PMCID: PMC6029430 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenicity of phytonematodes relies on secreted virulence factors to rewire host cellular pathways for the benefits of the nematode. In the root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita, thousands of predicted secreted proteins have been identified and are expected to interact with host proteins at different developmental stages of the parasite. Identifying the host targets will provide compelling evidence about the biological significance and molecular function of the predicted proteins. Here, we have focused on the hub protein CSN5, the fifth subunit of the pleiotropic and eukaryotic conserved COP9 signalosome (CSN), which is a regulatory component of the ubiquitin/proteasome system. We used affinity purification-mass spectrometry (AP-MS) to generate the interaction network of CSN5 in M. incognita-infected roots. We identified the complete CSN complex and other known CSN5 interaction partners in addition to unknown plant and M. incognita proteins. Among these, we described M. incognita PASSE-MURAILLE (MiPM), a small pioneer protein predicted to contain a secretory peptide that is up-regulated mostly in the J2 parasitic stage. We confirmed the CSN5-MiPM interaction, which occurs in the nucleus, by bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC). Using MiPM as bait, a GST pull-down assay coupled with MS revealed some common protein partners between CSN5 and MiPM. We further showed by in silico and microscopic analyses that the recombinant purified MiPM protein enters the cells of Arabidopsis root tips in a non-infectious context. In further detail, the supercharged N-terminal tail of MiPM (NTT-MiPM) triggers an unknown host endocytosis pathway to penetrate the cell. The functional meaning of the CSN5-MiPM interaction in the M. incognita parasitism is discussed. Moreover, we propose that the cell-penetrating properties of some M. incognita secreted proteins might be a non-negligible mechanism for cell uptake, especially during the steps preceding the sedentary parasitic phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bournaud
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Caroline Bournaud
| | | | - André M. Murad
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel Bresso
- Université de Lorraine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inria, Laboratoire Lorrain de Recherche en Informatique et ses Applications, Nancy, France
| | | | - Maria F. Grossi-de-Sá
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Genomic Science and Biotechnology, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Maria F. Grossi-de-Sá
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61
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Nguyen CN, Perfus-Barbeoch L, Quentin M, Zhao J, Magliano M, Marteu N, Da Rocha M, Nottet N, Abad P, Favery B. A root-knot nematode small glycine and cysteine-rich secreted effector, MiSGCR1, is involved in plant parasitism. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:687-699. [PMID: 29034957 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., are obligate endoparasites that maintain a biotrophic relationship with their hosts. They infect roots as microscopic vermiform second-stage juveniles, and establish specialized feeding structures called 'giant-cells', from which they withdraw water and nutrients. The nematode effector proteins secreted in planta are key elements in the molecular dialogue of parasitism. Here, we compared Illumina RNA-seq transcriptomes for M. incognita obtained at various points in the lifecycle, and identified 31 genes more strongly expressed in parasitic stages than in preparasitic juveniles. We then selected candidate effectors for functional characterization. Quantitative real-time PCR and in situ hybridizations showed that the validated differentially expressed genes are predominantly specifically expressed in oesophageal glands of the nematode. We also soaked the nematodes in siRNA to silence these genes and to determine their role in pathogenicity. The silencing of the dorsal gland specific-Minc18876 and its paralogues resulted in a significant, reproducible decrease in the number of mature females with egg masses, demonstrating a potentially important role for the small glycine- and cysteine-rich effector MiSGCR1 in early stages of plant-nematode interaction. Finally, we report that MiSGCR1 suppresses plant cell death induced by bacterial or oomycete triggers of plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinh-Nghia Nguyen
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Laetitia Perfus-Barbeoch
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Michaël Quentin
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Jianlong Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Marc Magliano
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Nathalie Marteu
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Martine Da Rocha
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Nicolas Nottet
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Pierre Abad
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Bruno Favery
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
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Wang Y, Wang Y. Trick or Treat: Microbial Pathogens Evolved Apoplastic Effectors Modulating Plant Susceptibility to Infection. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:6-12. [PMID: 29090656 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-17-0177-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The apoplastic space between the plant cell wall and the plasma membrane constitutes a major battleground for plant-pathogen interactions. To survive in harsh conditions in the plant apoplast, pathogens must cope with various immune responses. During infection, plant pathogens secrete an arsenal of effector proteins into the apoplast milieu, some of which are detected by the plant surveillance system and, thus, activate plant innate immunity. Effectors that evade plant perception act in modulating plant apoplast immunity to favor successful pathogen infection. The concerted actions of apoplastic effectors often determine the outcomes of plant-pathogen interactions. In this review, we summarize current advances on the understanding of apoplastic effectors and highlight the strategies employed by pathogens to counter host apoplastic defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, 210095, China
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Palomares-Rius JE, Escobar C, Cabrera J, Vovlas A, Castillo P. Anatomical Alterations in Plant Tissues Induced by Plant-Parasitic Nematodes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1987. [PMID: 29201038 PMCID: PMC5697168 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) interact with plants in different ways, for example, through subtle feeding behavior, migrating destructively through infected tissues, or acting as virus-vectors for nepoviruses. They are all obligate biotrophic parasites as they derive their nutrients from living cells which they modify using pharyngeal gland secretions prior to food ingestion. Some of them can also shield themselves against plant defenses to sustain a relatively long lasting interaction while feeding. This paper is centered on cell types or organs that are newly induced in plants during PPN parasitism, including recent approaches to their study based on molecular biology combined with cell biology-histopathology. This issue has already been reviewed extensively for major PPNs (i.e., root-knot or cyst nematodes), but not for other genera (viz. Nacobbus aberrans, Rotylenchulus spp.). PPNs have evolved with plants and this co-evolution process has allowed the induction of new types of plant cells necessary for their parasitism. There are four basic types of feeding cells: (i) non-hypertrophied nurse cells; (ii) single giant cells; (iii) syncytia; and (iv) coenocytes. Variations in the structure of these cells within each group are also present between some genera depending on the nematode species viz. Meloidogyne or Rotylenchulus. This variability of feeding sites may be related in some way to PPN life style (migratory ectoparasites, sedentary ectoparasites, migratory ecto-endoparasites, migratory endoparasites, or sedentary endoparasites). Apart from their co-evolution with plants, the response of plant cells and roots are closely related to feeding behavior, the anatomy of the nematode (mainly stylet size, which could reach different types of cells in the plant), and the secretory fluids produced in the pharyngeal glands. These secretory fluids are injected through the stylet into perforated cells where they modify plant cytoplasm prior to food removal. Some species do not produce specialized feeding sites (viz. Ditylenchus, Subanguina), but may develop a specialized modification of the root system (e.g., unspecialized root galls or a profusion of roots). This review introduces new data on cell types and plant organs stimulated by PPNs using sources varying from traditional histopathology to new holistic methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan E. Palomares-Rius
- Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carolina Escobar
- Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Group, University of Castilla La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Javier Cabrera
- Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Group, University of Castilla La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Castillo
- Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
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Chen C, Cui L, Chen Y, Zhang H, Liu P, Wu P, Qiu D, Zou J, Yang D, Yang L, Liu H, Zhou Y, Li H. Transcriptional responses of wheat and the cereal cyst nematode Heterodera avenae during their early contact stage. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14471. [PMID: 29101332 PMCID: PMC5670130 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14047-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae) is attracted to and aggregated around wheat roots to initiate infection, but this interaction between wheat and the nematode is not fully understood. The transcriptional responses of both wheat and H. avenae were examined during their early contact stage by mRNA sequencing analysis; certain numbers of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were validated using quantitative real-time PCR. The immobile host wheat root only had 93 DEGs (27 up-regulated and 66 down-regulated), while the mobile plant parasitic nematode reacted much more actively with 879 DEGs (867 up-regulated and 12 down-regulated). Among them, a number of wheat DEGs (mostly down-regulated) were involved in biotic stress pathways, while several putative effector genes were up-regulated in the nematode DEGs. One putative chitinase-like effector gene of H. avenae was able to suppress BAX-triggered programmed cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. Results of these experiments demonstrated that nematode responded more actively than wheat during the contact stage of parasitism. The parasite's responses mainly involved up-regulation of genes including at least one anti-plant-defence effector gene, whereas the host responses mainly involved down-regulation of certain defence-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlong Chen
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lei Cui
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yongpan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hongjun Zhang
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Pei Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Peipei Wu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Dan Qiu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jingwei Zou
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Li Yang
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hongjie Li
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Wildermuth MC, Steinwand MA, McRae AG, Jaenisch J, Chandran D. Adapted Biotroph Manipulation of Plant Cell Ploidy. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 55:537-564. [PMID: 28617655 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Diverse plant biotrophs that establish a sustained site of nutrient acquisition induce localized host endoreduplication. Endoreduplication is a process by which cells successively replicate their genomes without mitosis, resulting in an increase in nuclear DNA ploidy. Elevated ploidy is associated with enhanced cell size, metabolic capacity, and the capacity to differentiate. Localized host endoreduplication induced by adapted plant biotrophs promotes biotroph colonization, development, and/or proliferation. When induced host endoreduplication is limited, biotroph growth and/or development are compromised. Herein, we examine a diverse set of plant-biotroph interactions to identify (a) common host components manipulated to promote induced host endoreduplication and (b) biotroph effectors that facilitate this induced host process. Shared mechanisms to promote host endoreduplication and development of nutrient exchange/feeding sites include manipulation centered on endocycle entry at the G2-M transition as well as yet undefined roles for differentiation regulators (e.g., CLE peptides) and pectin/cell wall modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C Wildermuth
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
| | - Michael A Steinwand
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
| | - Amanda G McRae
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
| | - Johan Jaenisch
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
| | - Divya Chandran
- Regional Center for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India 121001
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Ali MA, Azeem F, Abbas A, Joyia FA, Li H, Dababat AA. Transgenic Strategies for Enhancement of Nematode Resistance in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:750. [PMID: 28536595 PMCID: PMC5422515 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are obligate biotrophic parasites causing serious damage and reduction in crop yields. Several economically important genera parasitize various crop plants. The root-knot, root lesion, and cyst nematodes are the three most economically damaging genera of PPNs on crops within the family Heteroderidae. It is very important to devise various management strategies against PPNs in economically important crop plants. Genetic engineering has proven a promising tool for the development of biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Additionally, the genetic engineering leading to transgenic plants harboring nematode resistance genes has demonstrated its significance in the field of plant nematology. Here, we have discussed the use of genetic engineering for the development of nematode resistance in plants. This review article also provides a detailed account of transgenic strategies for the resistance against PPNs. The strategies include natural resistance genes, cloning of proteinase inhibitor coding genes, anti-nematodal proteins and use of RNA interference to suppress nematode effectors. Furthermore, the manipulation of expression levels of genes induced and suppressed by nematodes has also been suggested as an innovative approach for inducing nematode resistance in plants. The information in this article will provide an array of possibilities to engineer resistance against PPNs in different crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A. Ali
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of AgricultureFaisalabad, Pakistan
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of AgricultureFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Farrukh Azeem
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College UniversityFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Abbas
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of AgricultureFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Faiz A. Joyia
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of AgricultureFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Hongjie Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
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Christodoulides N, Van Dam AR, Peterson DA, Frandsen RJN, Mortensen UH, Petersen B, Rasmussen S, Normark BB, Hardy NB. Gene expression plasticity across hosts of an invasive scale insect species. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176956. [PMID: 28472112 PMCID: PMC5417585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
For plant-eating insects, we still have only a nascent understanding of the genetic basis of host-use promiscuity. Here, to improve that situation, we investigated host-induced gene expression plasticity in the invasive lobate lac scale insect, Paratachardina pseudolobata (Hemiptera: Keriidae). We were particularly interested in the differential expression of detoxification and effector genes, which are thought to be critical for overcoming a plant's chemical defenses. We collected RNA samples from P. pseudolobata on three different host plant species, assembled transcriptomes de novo, and identified transcripts with significant host-induced gene expression changes. Gene expression plasticity was pervasive, but the expression of most detoxification and effector genes was insensitive to the host environment. Nevertheless, some types of detoxification genes were more differentially expressed than expected by chance. Moreover, we found evidence of a trade-off between expression of genes involved in primary and secondary metabolism; hosts that induced lower expression of genes for detoxification induced higher expression of genes for growth. Our findings are largely consonant with those of several recently published studies of other plant-eating insect species. Thus, across plant-eating insect species, there may be a common set of gene expression changes that enable host-use promiscuity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Christodoulides
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Alex R. Van Dam
- Biosynthetic Pathways Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Denmark Technical University, Søltofts plads, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Daniel A. Peterson
- Department of Biology and Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rasmus John Normand Frandsen
- Biosynthetic Pathways Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Denmark Technical University, Søltofts plads, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Uffe Hasbro Mortensen
- Biosynthetic Pathways Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Denmark Technical University, Søltofts plads, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Bent Petersen
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Simon Rasmussen
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Benjamin B. Normark
- Department of Biology and Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nate B. Hardy
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
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Gillet FX, Bournaud C, Antonino de Souza Júnior JD, Grossi-de-Sa MF. Plant-parasitic nematodes: towards understanding molecular players in stress responses. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:775-789. [PMID: 28087659 PMCID: PMC5378187 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant-parasitic nematode interactions occur within a vast molecular plant immunity network. Following initial contact with the host plant roots, plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) activate basal immune responses. Defence priming involves the release in the apoplast of toxic molecules derived from reactive species or secondary metabolism. In turn, PPNs must overcome the poisonous and stressful environment at the plant-nematode interface. The ability of PPNs to escape this first line of plant immunity is crucial and will determine its virulence. SCOPE Nematodes trigger crucial regulatory cytoprotective mechanisms, including antioxidant and detoxification pathways. Knowledge of the upstream regulatory components that contribute to both of these pathways in PPNs remains elusive. In this review, we discuss how PPNs probably orchestrate cytoprotection to resist plant immune responses, postulating that it may be derived from ancient molecular mechanisms. The review focuses on two transcription factors, DAF-16 and SKN-1 , which are conserved in the animal kingdom and are central regulators of cell homeostasis and immune function. Both regulate the unfolding protein response and the antioxidant and detoxification pathways. DAF-16 and SKN-1 target a broad spectrum of Caenorhabditis elegans genes coding for numerous protein families present in the secretome of PPNs. Moreover, some regulatory elements of DAF-16 and SKN-1 from C. elegans have already been identified as important genes for PPN infection. CONCLUSION DAF-16 and SKN-1 genes may play a pivotal role in PPNs during parasitism. In the context of their hub status and mode of regulation, we suggest alternative strategies for control of PPNs through RNAi approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- François-Xavier Gillet
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final Av. W/5 Norte, CEP 70·770-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Caroline Bournaud
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final Av. W/5 Norte, CEP 70·770-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Fatima Grossi-de-Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final Av. W/5 Norte, CEP 70·770-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília-DF, Brazil
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69
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Yang D, Chen C, Liu Q, Jian H. Comparative analysis of pre- and post-parasitic transcriptomes and mining pioneer effectors of Heterodera avenae. Cell Biosci 2017; 7:11. [PMID: 28289537 PMCID: PMC5309974 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-017-0138-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cereal cyst nematode (CCN, Heterodera avenae) is a devastating pathogen of wheat and barley crops in many countries. We aimed to prioritize genetic and molecular targets for H. avenae control via the powerful and integrative bioinformatics platform. RESULTS Here, we sequenced mRNA isolated from Chinese H. avenae at pre-parasitic (consisting of egg, J1 and hatched-J2) stages and post-parasitic (consisting of parasitic-J2, J3, J4 and adults) stages. Total 1,066,719 reads of whole life cycle transcriptomes were assembled into 10,811 contigs with N50 length of 1754 bp and 71,401 singletons. Comparative analyses of orthologous among H. avenae and 7 other nematodes with various life-styles revealed the significance and peculiarity of neurological system for sedentary phytonematode. KEGG pathway enrichment demonstrated active crosstalk events of nervous system at pre-parasitic stages, and 6 FMRFamide-like neuropeptides were verified to display an expression peak at the hatched-J2 stage in H. avenae. Furthermore, multiple approaches were undertaken to mine putative effectors and parasitism-specific genes. Notably, H. avenae might represent the first phytonematode reported to possess the pioneer effectors with RxLR motif and potential effectors with homologies to Ant-5/Ant-34. CONCLUSION Our work provides valuable resources for in-depth understanding the parasitism and pathogenicity of H. avenae, as well as developing new targets-oriented strategies on effective managements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Changlong Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
- Institute of Crop Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Heng Jian
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
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Genome-wide analysis of Excretory/Secretory proteins in root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita provides potential targets for parasite control. Comput Biol Chem 2017; 67:225-233. [PMID: 28187376 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita causes significant damage to various economically important crops. Infection is associated with secretion of effector proteins into host cytoplasm and interference with host innate immunity. To combat this infection, the identification and functional annotations of Excretory/Secretory (ES) proteins serve as a key to produce durable control measures. The identification of ES proteins through experimental methods are expensive and time consuming while bioinformatics approaches are cost-effective by prioritizing the experimental analysis of potential drug targets for parasitic diseases. In this study, we predicted and functionally annotated the 1889 ES proteins in M. incognita genome using integration of several bioinformatics tools. Of these 1889 ES proteins, 473 (25%) had orthologues in free living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, 825(67.8%) in parasitic nematodes whereas 561 (29.7%) appeared to be novel and M. incognita specific molecules. Of the C. elegans homologues, 17 ES proteins had "loss of function phenotype" by RNA interference and could represent potential drug targets for parasite intervention and control. We could functionally annotate 429 (22.7%) ES proteins using Gene Ontology (GO) terms, 672 (35.5%) proteins to protein domains and established pathway associations for 223 (11.8%) sequences using Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). The 162 (8.5%) ES proteins were also mapped to several important plant cell-wall degrading CAZyme families including chitinase, cellulase, xylanase, pectate lyase and endo-β-1,4-xylanase. Our comprehensive analysis of M. incognita secretome provides functional information for further experimental study.
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Betsch L, Savarin J, Bendahmane M, Szecsi J. Roles of the Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein (TCTP) in Plant Development. Results Probl Cell Differ 2017; 64:149-172. [PMID: 29149407 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-67591-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein (TCTP) is a conserved protein which expression was associated with several biochemical and cellular functions. Loss-of-function mutants are lethal both in animals and in plants, making the identification of its exact role difficult. Recent data using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana provided the first viable adult knockout for TCTP and helped addressing the biological role of TCTP during organ development and the functional conservation between plants and animals. This chapter summarizes our up to date knowledge about the role of TCTP in plants and discuss about conserved functions and mechanisms between plants and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léo Betsch
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, 69342, Lyon, France
| | - Julie Savarin
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, 69342, Lyon, France
| | - Mohammed Bendahmane
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, 69342, Lyon, France.
| | - Judit Szecsi
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, 69342, Lyon, France.
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Ali MA, Azeem F, Li H, Bohlmann H. Smart Parasitic Nematodes Use Multifaceted Strategies to Parasitize Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1699. [PMID: 29046680 PMCID: PMC5632807 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nematodes are omnipresent in nature including many species which are parasitic to plants and cause enormous economic losses in various crops. During the process of parasitism, sedentary phytonematodes use their stylet to secrete effector proteins into the plant cells to induce the development of specialized feeding structures. These effectors are used by the nematodes to develop compatible interactions with plants, partly by mimicking the expression of host genes. Intensive research is going on to investigate the molecular function of these effector proteins in the plants. In this review, we have summarized which physiological and molecular changes occur when endoparasitic nematodes invade the plant roots and how they develop a successful interaction with plants using the effector proteins. We have also mentioned the host genes which are induced by the nematodes for a compatible interaction. Additionally, we discuss how nematodes modulate the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and RNA silencing pathways in addition to post-translational modifications in their own favor for successful parasitism in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A. Ali
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Muhammad A. Ali ;
| | - Farrukh Azeem
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Hongjie Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Holger Bohlmann
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Zhuo K, Chen J, Lin B, Wang J, Sun F, Hu L, Liao J. A novel Meloidogyne enterolobii effector MeTCTP promotes parasitism by suppressing programmed cell death in host plants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:45-54. [PMID: 26808010 PMCID: PMC6638250 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Meloidogyne enterolobii is one of the most important plant-parasitic nematodes that can overcome the Mi-1 resistance gene and damage many economically important crops. Translationally controlled tumour protein (TCTP) is a multifunctional protein that exists in various eukaryotes and plays an important role in parasitism. In this study, a novel M. enterolobii TCTP effector, named MeTCTP, was identified and functionally characterized. MeTCTP was specifically expressed within the dorsal gland and was up-regulated during M. enterolobii parasitism. Transient expression of MeTCTP in protoplasts from tomato roots showed that MeTCTP was localized in the cytoplasm of the host cells. Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants overexpressing MeTCTP were more susceptible to M. enterolobii infection than wild-type plants in a dose-dependent manner. By contrast, in planta RNA interference (RNAi) targeting MeTCTP suppressed the expression of MeTCTP in infecting nematodes and attenuated their parasitism. Furthermore, MeTCTP could suppress programmed cell death triggered by the pro-apoptotic protein BAX. These results demonstrate that MeTCTP is a novel plant-parasitic nematode effector that promotes parasitism, probably by suppressing programmed cell death in host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Zhuo
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Jiansong Chen
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Borong Lin
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Jing Wang
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Fengxia Sun
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Lili Hu
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Jinling Liao
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Vocational College of Ecological EngineeringGuangzhou510520China
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Labudda M, Różańska E, Szewińska J, Sobczak M, Dzik JM. Protease activity and phytocystatin expression in Arabidopsis thaliana upon Heterodera schachtii infection. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 109:416-429. [PMID: 27816823 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The activity of plant proteases is important for amino acids recycling, removal of damaged proteins as well as defence responses. The second-stage juvenile of the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii penetrates host roots and induces the feeding site called a syncytium. To determine whether infection by H. schachtii affects proteolysis, the protease activity was studied in Arabidopsis roots and shoots at the day of inoculation and 3, 7 and 15 days post inoculation (dpi). Nematode infection caused a decrease of protease activities in infected roots over the entire examination period at all studied pH values. In contrast, the activities of the low molecular mass as well as Ca2+-dependent cysteine proteases were found to be stimulated. In shoots of infected plants, the protease activity was diminished only at 15 dpi at all tested pH values. It was accompanied by changes in total soluble protein content, a higher protein carbonylation and a total polyphenol content. To go deeper into proteolysis regulation, the expression of phytocystatin genes, endogenous inhibitors of cysteine proteases, was examined in syncytia, roots and shoots. Expression of AtCYS1, AtCYS5 and AtCYS6 genes was enhanced upon cyst nematode infection. Our results suggest that changes in protease activities in roots and shoots and altered cystatin expression patterns in syncytia, roots and shoots are important for protein metabolism during cyst nematode infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Labudda
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Różańska
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Joanna Szewińska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Mirosław Sobczak
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jolanta Maria Dzik
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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75
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Petitot AS, Dereeper A, Agbessi M, Da Silva C, Guy J, Ardisson M, Fernandez D. Dual RNA-seq reveals Meloidogyne graminicola transcriptome and candidate effectors during the interaction with rice plants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:860-74. [PMID: 26610268 PMCID: PMC6638361 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes secrete proteinaceous effectors into plant tissues to facilitate infection by suppressing host defences and reprogramming the host metabolism to their benefit. Meloidogyne graminicola is a major pest of rice (Oryza sativa) in Asia and Latin America, causing important crop losses. The goal of this study was to identify M. graminicola pathogenicity genes expressed during the plant-nematode interaction. Using the dual RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) strategy, we generated transcriptomic data of M. graminicola samples covering the pre-parasitic J2 stage and five parasitic stages in rice plants, from the parasitic J2 to the adult female. In the absence of a reference genome, a de novo M. graminicola transcriptome of 66 396 contigs was obtained from those reads that were not mapped on the rice genome. Gene expression profiling across the M. graminicola life cycle revealed key genes involved in nematode development and provided insights into the genes putatively associated with parasitism. The development of a 'secreted protein prediction' pipeline revealed a typical set of proteins secreted by nematodes, as well as a large number of cysteine-rich proteins and putative nuclear proteins. Combined with expression data, this pipeline enabled the identification of 15 putative effector genes, including two homologues of well-characterized effectors from cyst nematodes (CLE-like and VAP1) and a metallothionein. The localization of gene expression was assessed by in situ hybridization for a subset of candidates. All of these data represent important molecular resources for the elucidation of M. graminicola biology and for the selection of potential targets for the development of novel control strategies for this nematode species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Petitot
- IRD, UMR IRD-Cirad-UM2 Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Alexis Dereeper
- IRD, UMR IRD-Cirad-UM2 Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Mawusse Agbessi
- IRD, UMR IRD-Cirad-UM2 Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Corinne Da Silva
- CEA, Institut de Génomique, GENOSCOPE - Centre National de Séquençage, 91057, Evry Cedex, France
| | - Julie Guy
- CEA, Institut de Génomique, GENOSCOPE - Centre National de Séquençage, 91057, Evry Cedex, France
| | - Morgane Ardisson
- INRA, UMR Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes, 34060, Montpellier Cedex 1, France
| | - Diana Fernandez
- IRD, UMR IRD-Cirad-UM2 Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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76
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Baldacci-Cresp F, Sacré PY, Twyffels L, Mol A, Vermeersch M, Ziemons E, Hubert P, Pérez-Morga D, El Jaziri M, de Almeida Engler J, Baucher M. Poplar-Root Knot Nematode Interaction: A Model for Perennial Woody Species. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:560-572. [PMID: 27135257 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-16-0015-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant root-knot nematode (RKN) interaction studies are performed on several host plant models. Though RKN interact with trees, no perennial woody model has been explored so far. Here, we show that poplar (Populus tremula × P. alba) grown in vitro is susceptible to Meloidogyne incognita, allowing this nematode to penetrate, to induce feeding sites, and to successfully complete its life cycle. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed to study changes in poplar gene expression in galls compared with noninfected roots. Three genes (expansin A, histone 3.1, and asparagine synthase), selected as gall development marker genes, followed, during poplar-nematode interaction, a similar expression pattern to what was described for other plant hosts. Downregulation of four genes implicated in the monolignol biosynthesis pathway was evidenced in galls, suggesting a shift in the phenolic profile within galls developed on poplar roots. Raman microspectroscopy demonstrated that cell walls of giant cells were not lignified but mainly composed of pectin and cellulose. The data presented here suggest that RKN exercise conserved strategies to reproduce and to invade perennial plant species and that poplar is a suitable model host to study specific traits of tree-nematode interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Baldacci-Cresp
- 1 Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université libre de Bruxelles, Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Pierre-Yves Sacré
- 2 University of Liege, CIRM, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, CHU, B36, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Laure Twyffels
- 3 Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging-CMMI, Université libre de Bruxelles
| | - Adeline Mol
- 1 Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université libre de Bruxelles, Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Marjorie Vermeersch
- 3 Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging-CMMI, Université libre de Bruxelles
| | - Eric Ziemons
- 2 University of Liege, CIRM, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, CHU, B36, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Philippe Hubert
- 2 University of Liege, CIRM, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, CHU, B36, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - David Pérez-Morga
- 3 Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging-CMMI, Université libre de Bruxelles
- 4 Laboratoire de Parasitologie Moléculaire, Université libre de Bruxelles; and
| | - Mondher El Jaziri
- 1 Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université libre de Bruxelles, Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Janice de Almeida Engler
- 5 INRA, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, F-06900 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Marie Baucher
- 1 Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université libre de Bruxelles, Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
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Eves-van den Akker S, Laetsch DR, Thorpe P, Lilley CJ, Danchin EGJ, Da Rocha M, Rancurel C, Holroyd NE, Cotton JA, Szitenberg A, Grenier E, Montarry J, Mimee B, Duceppe MO, Boyes I, Marvin JMC, Jones LM, Yusup HB, Lafond-Lapalme J, Esquibet M, Sabeh M, Rott M, Overmars H, Finkers-Tomczak A, Smant G, Koutsovoulos G, Blok V, Mantelin S, Cock PJA, Phillips W, Henrissat B, Urwin PE, Blaxter M, Jones JT. The genome of the yellow potato cyst nematode, Globodera rostochiensis, reveals insights into the basis of parasitism and virulence. Genome Biol 2016; 17:124. [PMID: 27286965 PMCID: PMC4901422 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-016-0985-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The yellow potato cyst nematode, Globodera rostochiensis, is a devastating plant pathogen of global economic importance. This biotrophic parasite secretes effectors from pharyngeal glands, some of which were acquired by horizontal gene transfer, to manipulate host processes and promote parasitism. G. rostochiensis is classified into pathotypes with different plant resistance-breaking phenotypes. Results We generate a high quality genome assembly for G. rostochiensis pathotype Ro1, identify putative effectors and horizontal gene transfer events, map gene expression through the life cycle focusing on key parasitic transitions and sequence the genomes of eight populations including four additional pathotypes to identify variation. Horizontal gene transfer contributes 3.5 % of the predicted genes, of which approximately 8.5 % are deployed as effectors. Over one-third of all effector genes are clustered in 21 putative ‘effector islands’ in the genome. We identify a dorsal gland promoter element motif (termed DOG Box) present upstream in representatives from 26 out of 28 dorsal gland effector families, and predict a putative effector superset associated with this motif. We validate gland cell expression in two novel genes by in situ hybridisation and catalogue dorsal gland promoter element-containing effectors from available cyst nematode genomes. Comparison of effector diversity between pathotypes highlights correlation with plant resistance-breaking. Conclusions These G. rostochiensis genome resources will facilitate major advances in understanding nematode plant-parasitism. Dorsal gland promoter element-containing effectors are at the front line of the evolutionary arms race between plant and parasite and the ability to predict gland cell expression a priori promises rapid advances in understanding their roles and mechanisms of action. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-016-0985-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominik R Laetsch
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Peter Thorpe
- Cell and Molecular Sciences Group, Dundee Effector Consortium, James Hutton Institute, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | | | - Etienne G J Danchin
- INRA, University Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Martine Da Rocha
- INRA, University Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Corinne Rancurel
- INRA, University Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Nancy E Holroyd
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - James A Cotton
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Amir Szitenberg
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Eric Grenier
- INRA, UMR1349 IGEPP (Institute for Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection), 35653, Le Rheu, France
| | - Josselin Montarry
- INRA, UMR1349 IGEPP (Institute for Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection), 35653, Le Rheu, France
| | - Benjamin Mimee
- Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, Horticulture Research and Development Centre, 430 Bboul. Gouin, St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec, J3B 3E6, Canada
| | - Marc-Olivier Duceppe
- Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, Horticulture Research and Development Centre, 430 Bboul. Gouin, St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec, J3B 3E6, Canada
| | - Ian Boyes
- Sidney Laboratory, Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), 8801 East Saanich Rd, Sidney, BC, V8L 1H3, Canada
| | | | - Laura M Jones
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Hazijah B Yusup
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Joël Lafond-Lapalme
- Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, Horticulture Research and Development Centre, 430 Bboul. Gouin, St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec, J3B 3E6, Canada
| | - Magali Esquibet
- INRA, UMR1349 IGEPP (Institute for Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection), 35653, Le Rheu, France
| | - Michael Sabeh
- Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, Horticulture Research and Development Centre, 430 Bboul. Gouin, St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec, J3B 3E6, Canada
| | - Michael Rott
- Sidney Laboratory, Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), 8801 East Saanich Rd, Sidney, BC, V8L 1H3, Canada
| | - Hein Overmars
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708, PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Finkers-Tomczak
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708, PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Smant
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708, PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Vivian Blok
- Cell and Molecular Sciences Group, Dundee Effector Consortium, James Hutton Institute, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Sophie Mantelin
- Cell and Molecular Sciences Group, Dundee Effector Consortium, James Hutton Institute, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Peter J A Cock
- Information and Computational Sciences Group, James Hutton Institute, Dundee, UK
| | - Wendy Phillips
- USDA-ARS Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- CNRS UMR 7257, INRA, USC 1408, Aix-Marseille University, AFMB, 13288, Marseille, France.,Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Peter E Urwin
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Mark Blaxter
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
| | - John T Jones
- Cell and Molecular Sciences Group, Dundee Effector Consortium, James Hutton Institute, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK.,School of Biology, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9TZ, UK
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78
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Fosu-Nyarko J, Tan JACH, Gill R, Agrez VG, Rao U, Jones MGK. De novo analysis of the transcriptome of Pratylenchus zeae to identify transcripts for proteins required for structural integrity, sensation, locomotion and parasitism. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:532-52. [PMID: 26292651 PMCID: PMC6638428 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The root lesion nematode Pratylenchus zeae, a migratory endoparasite, is an economically important pest of major crop plants (e.g. cereals, sugarcane). It enters host roots, migrates through root tissues and feeds from cortical cells, and defends itself against biotic and abiotic stresses in the soil and in host tissues. We report de novo sequencing of the P. zeae transcriptome using 454 FLX, and the identification of putative transcripts encoding proteins required for movement, response to stimuli, feeding and parasitism. Sequencing generated 347,443 good quality reads which were assembled into 10,163 contigs and 139,104 singletons: 65% of contigs and 28% of singletons matched sequences of free-living and parasitic nematodes. Three-quarters of the annotated transcripts were common to reference nematodes, mainly representing genes encoding proteins for structural integrity and fundamental biochemical processes. Over 15,000 transcripts were similar to Caenorhabditis elegans genes encoding proteins with roles in mechanical and neural control of movement, responses to chemicals, mechanical and thermal stresses. Notably, 766 transcripts matched parasitism genes employed by both migratory and sedentary endoparasites in host interactions, three of which hybridized to the gland cell region, suggesting that they might be secreted. Conversely, transcripts for effectors reported to be involved in feeding site formation by sedentary endoparasites were conspicuously absent. Transcripts similar to those encoding some secretory-excretory products at the host interface of Brugia malayi, the secretome of Meloidogyne incognita and products of gland cells of Heterodera glycines were also identified. This P. zeae transcriptome provides new information for genome annotation and functional analysis of possible targets for control of pratylenchid nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Fosu-Nyarko
- Plant Biotechnology Research Group, WA State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, 6150, Australia
- Nemgenix Pty Ltd, WA State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Jo-Anne C H Tan
- Plant Biotechnology Research Group, WA State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Reetinder Gill
- Plant Biotechnology Research Group, WA State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Vaughan G Agrez
- Plant Biotechnology Research Group, WA State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Uma Rao
- Division of Nematology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Michael G K Jones
- Plant Biotechnology Research Group, WA State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, 6150, Australia
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79
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Rehman S, Gupta VK, Goyal AK. Identification and functional analysis of secreted effectors from phytoparasitic nematodes. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:48. [PMID: 27001199 PMCID: PMC4802876 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0632-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant parasitic nematodes develop an intimate and long-term feeding relationship with their host plants. They induce a multi-nucleate feeding site close to the vascular bundle in the roots of their host plant and remain sessile for the rest of their life. Nematode secretions, produced in the oesophageal glands and secreted through a hollow stylet into the host plant cytoplasm, are believed to play key role in pathogenesis. To combat these persistent pathogens, the identity and functional analysis of secreted effectors can serve as a key to devise durable control measures. In this review, we will recapitulate the knowledge over the identification and functional characterization of secreted nematode effector repertoire from phytoparasitic nematodes. RESEARCH Despite considerable efforts, the identity of genes encoding nematode secreted proteins has long been severely hampered because of their microscopic size, long generation time and obligate biotrophic nature. The methodologies such as bioinformatics, protein structure modeling, in situ hybridization microscopy, and protein-protein interaction have been used to identify and to attribute functions to the effectors. In addition, RNA interference (RNAi) has been instrumental to decipher the role of the genes encoding secreted effectors necessary for parasitism and genes attributed to normal development. Recent comparative and functional genomic approaches have accelerated the identification of effectors from phytoparasitic nematodes and offers opportunities to control these pathogens. CONCLUSION Plant parasitic nematodes pose a serious threat to global food security of various economically important crops. There is a wealth of genomic and transcriptomic information available on plant parasitic nematodes and comparative genomics has identified many effectors. Bioengineering crops with dsRNA of phytonematode genes can disrupt the life cycle of parasitic nematodes and therefore holds great promise to develop resistant crops against plant-parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Rehman
- />International Center for Agriculture Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Rabat-Instituts-Morocco, P.O.Box 6299, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Vijai K. Gupta
- />National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Aakash K. Goyal
- />International Center for Agriculture Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Rabat-Instituts-Morocco, P.O.Box 6299, Rabat, Morocco
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80
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Lin B, Zhuo K, Chen S, Hu L, Sun L, Wang X, Zhang L, Liao J. A novel nematode effector suppresses plant immunity by activating host reactive oxygen species-scavenging system. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:1159-73. [PMID: 26484653 PMCID: PMC5057313 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Evidence is emerging that plant-parasitic nematodes can secrete effectors to interfere with the host immune response, but it remains unknown how these effectors can conquer host immune responses. Here, we depict a novel effector, MjTTL5, that could suppress plant immune response. Immunolocalization and transcriptional analyses showed that MjTTL5 is expressed specifically within the subventral gland of Meloidogyne javanica and up-regulated in the early parasitic stage of the nematode. Transgenic Arabidopsis lines expressing MjTTL5 were significantly more susceptible to M. javanica infection than wild-type plants, and vice versa, in planta silencing of MjTTL5 substantially increased plant resistance to M. javanica. Yeast two-hybrid, coimmunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescent complementation assays showed that MjTTL5 interacts specifically with Arabidopsis ferredoxin : thioredoxin reductase catalytic subunit (AtFTRc), a key component of host antioxidant system. The expression of AtFTRc is induced by the infection of M. javanica. Interaction between AtFTRc and MjTTL could drastically increase host reactive oxygen species-scavenging activity, and result in suppression of plant basal defenses and attenuation of host resistance to the nematode infection. Our results demonstrate that the host ferredoxin : thioredoxin system can be exploited cunningly by M. javanica, revealing a novel mechanism utilized by plant-parasitic nematodes to subjugate plant innate immunity and thereby promoting parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borong Lin
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Kan Zhuo
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Shiyan Chen
- School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNY14853USA
| | - Lili Hu
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Longhua Sun
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNY14853USA
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and HealthUS Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research ServiceIthacaNY14853USA
| | - Lian‐Hui Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology61 Biopolis DriveSingapore138673Singapore
| | - Jinling Liao
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Vocational College of Ecological EngineeringGuangzhou510520China
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81
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Vargas WA, Sanz-Martín JM, Rech GE, Armijos-Jaramillo VD, Rivera LP, Echeverria MM, Díaz-Mínguez JM, Thon MR, Sukno SA. A Fungal Effector With Host Nuclear Localization and DNA-Binding Properties Is Required for Maize Anthracnose Development. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:83-95. [PMID: 26554735 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-15-0209-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens have the capacity to manipulate the host immune system through the secretion of effectors. We identified 27 putative effector proteins encoded in the genome of the maize anthracnose pathogen Colletotrichum graminicola that are likely to target the host's nucleus, as they simultaneously contain sequence signatures for secretion and nuclear localization. We functionally characterized one protein, identified as CgEP1. This protein is synthesized during the early stages of disease development and is necessary for anthracnose development in maize leaves, stems, and roots. Genetic, molecular, and biochemical studies confirmed that this effector targets the host's nucleus and defines a novel class of double-stranded DNA-binding protein. We show that CgEP1 arose from a gene duplication in an ancestor of a lineage of monocot-infecting Colletotrichum spp. and has undergone an intense evolution process, with evidence for episodes of positive selection. We detected CgEP1 homologs in several species of a grass-infecting lineage of Colletotrichum spp., suggesting that its function may be conserved across a large number of anthracnose pathogens. Our results demonstrate that effectors targeted to the host nucleus may be key elements for disease development and aid in the understanding of the genetic basis of anthracnose development in maize plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter A Vargas
- 1 Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, 37185 Villamayor, Spain
| | - José M Sanz-Martín
- 1 Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, 37185 Villamayor, Spain
| | - Gabriel E Rech
- 1 Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, 37185 Villamayor, Spain
| | - Vinicio D Armijos-Jaramillo
- 1 Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, 37185 Villamayor, Spain
| | - Lina P Rivera
- 1 Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, 37185 Villamayor, Spain
| | - María Mercedes Echeverria
- 2 Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata - C.C. 276 (7620) Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José M Díaz-Mínguez
- 1 Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, 37185 Villamayor, Spain
| | - Michael R Thon
- 1 Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, 37185 Villamayor, Spain
| | - Serenella A Sukno
- 1 Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, 37185 Villamayor, Spain
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Fosu-Nyarko J, Nicol P, Naz F, Gill R, Jones MGK. Analysis of the Transcriptome of the Infective Stage of the Beet Cyst Nematode, H. schachtii. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147511. [PMID: 26824923 PMCID: PMC4733053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii, is a major root pest that significantly impacts the yield of sugar beet, brassicas and related species. There has been limited molecular characterisation of this important plant pathogen: to identify target genes for its control the transcriptome of the pre-parasitic J2 stage of H. schachtii was sequenced using Roche GS FLX. Ninety seven percent of reads (i.e., 387,668) with an average PHRED score > 22 were assembled with CAP3 and CLC Genomics Workbench into 37,345 and 47,263 contigs, respectively. The transcripts were annotated by comparing with gene and genomic sequences of other nematodes and annotated proteins on public databases. The annotated transcripts were much more similar to sequences of Heterodera glycines than to those of Globodera pallida and root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). Analysis of these transcripts showed that a subset of 2,918 transcripts was common to free-living and plant parasitic nematodes suggesting that this subset is involved in general nematode metabolism and development. A set of 148 contigs and 183 singletons encoding putative homologues of effectors previously characterised for plant parasitic nematodes were also identified: these are known to be important for parasitism of host plants during migration through tissues or feeding from cells or are thought to be involved in evasion or modulation of host defences. In addition, the presence of sequences from a nematode virus is suggested. The sequencing and annotation of this transcriptome significantly adds to the genetic data available for H. schachtii, and identifies genes primed to undertake required roles in the critical pre-parasitic and early post-parasitic J2 stages. These data provide new information for identifying potential gene targets for future protection of susceptible crops against H. schachtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Fosu-Nyarko
- Plant Biotechnology Research Group, Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
- NemGenix Pty Ltd, Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
- * E-mail: ; (JFN); (MGKJ)
| | - Paul Nicol
- Plant Biotechnology Research Group, Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Fareeha Naz
- Plant Biotechnology Research Group, Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Reetinder Gill
- Plant Biotechnology Research Group, Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Michael G. K. Jones
- Plant Biotechnology Research Group, Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
- * E-mail: ; (JFN); (MGKJ)
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83
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Msp40 effector of root-knot nematode manipulates plant immunity to facilitate parasitism. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19443. [PMID: 26797310 PMCID: PMC4726423 DOI: 10.1038/srep19443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are obligate biotrophic parasites that invade plant roots and engage in prolonged and intimate relationships with their hosts. Nematode secretions, some of which have immunosuppressing activity, play essential roles in successful parasitism; however, their mechanisms of action remain largely unknown. Here, we show that the RKN-specific gene MiMsp40, cloned from Meloidogyne incognita, is expressed exclusively in subventral oesophageal gland cells and is strongly upregulated during early parasitic stages. Arabidopsis plants overexpressing MiMsp40 were more susceptible to nematode infection than were wild type plants. Conversely, the host-derived MiMsp40 RNAi suppressed nematode parasitism and/or reproduction. Moreover, overexpression of MiMsp40 in plants suppressed the deposition of callose and the expression of marker genes for bacterial elicitor elf18-triggered immunity. Transient expression of MiMsp40 prevented Bax-triggered defence-related programmed cell death. Co-agroinfiltration assays indicated that MiMsp40 also suppressed macroscopic cell death triggered by MAPK cascades or by the ETI cognate elicitors R3a/Avr3a. Together, these results demonstrate that MiMsp40 is a novel Meloidogyne-specific effector that is injected into plant cells by early parasitic stages of the nematode and that plays a role in suppressing PTI and/or ETI signals to facilitate RKN parasitism.
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84
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Espada M, Jones JT, Mota M. Characterization of glutathione S-transferases from the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. NEMATOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-00002985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have previously identified two secreted glutathione S-transferases (GST) expressed in the pharyngeal gland cell of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which are upregulated post infection of the host. This study examines the functional role of GSTs in B. xylophilus biology. We analysed the expression profiles of all predicted GSTs in the genome and the results showed that they belong to kappa and cytosolic subfamilies and the majority are upregulated post infection of the host. A small percentage is potentially secreted and none is downregulated post infection of the host. One secreted protein was confirmed as a functional GST and is within a cluster that showed the highest expression fold change in infection. This enzyme has a protective activity that may involve host defences, namely in the presence of terpenoid compounds and peroxide products. These results suggest that GSTs secreted into the host participate in the detoxification of host-derived defence compounds and enable successful parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Espada
- NemaLab/ICAAM – Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Universidade de Évora, Núcleo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal
- Cell and Molecular Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - John T. Jones
- Cell and Molecular Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9TZ, UK
| | - Manuel Mota
- NemaLab/ICAAM – Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Universidade de Évora, Núcleo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, EPCV, C. Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal
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85
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Favery B, Quentin M, Jaubert-Possamai S, Abad P. Gall-forming root-knot nematodes hijack key plant cellular functions to induce multinucleate and hypertrophied feeding cells. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016. [PMID: 26211599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Among plant-parasitic nematodes, the root-knot nematodes (RKNs) of the Meloidogyne spp. are the most economically important genus. RKN are root parasitic worms able to infect nearly all crop species and have a wide geographic distribution. During infection, RKNs establish and maintain an intimate relationship with the host plant. This includes the creation of a specialized nutritional structure composed of multinucleate and hypertrophied giant cells, which result from the redifferentiation of vascular root cells. Giant cells constitute the sole source of nutrients for the nematode and are essential for growth and reproduction. Hyperplasia of surrounding root cells leads to the formation of the gall or root-knot, an easily recognized symptom of plant infection by RKNs. Secreted effectors produced in nematode salivary glands and injected into plant cells through a specialized feeding structure called the stylet play a critical role in the formation of giant cells. Here, we describe the complex interactions between RKNs and their host plants. We highlight progress in understanding host plant responses, focusing on how RKNs manipulate key plant processes and functions, including cell cycle, defence, hormones, cellular scaffold, metabolism and transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Favery
- INRA, UMR 1355 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France; Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France; CNRS, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Michaël Quentin
- INRA, UMR 1355 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France; Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France; CNRS, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Stéphanie Jaubert-Possamai
- INRA, UMR 1355 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France; Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France; CNRS, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Pierre Abad
- INRA, UMR 1355 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France; Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France; CNRS, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia-Antipolis, France.
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86
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Hewezi T. Cellular Signaling Pathways and Posttranslational Modifications Mediated by Nematode Effector Proteins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:1018-26. [PMID: 26315856 PMCID: PMC4587465 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic cyst and root-knot nematodes synthesize and secrete a suite of effector proteins into infected host cells and tissues. These effectors are the major virulence determinants mediating the transformation of normal root cells into specialized feeding structures. Compelling evidence indicates that these effectors directly hijack or manipulate refined host physiological processes to promote the successful parasitism of host plants. Here, we provide an update on recent progress in elucidating the molecular functions of nematode effectors. In particular, we emphasize how nematode effectors modify plant cell wall structure, mimic the activity of host proteins, alter auxin signaling, and subvert defense signaling and immune responses. In addition, we discuss the emerging evidence suggesting that nematode effectors target and recruit various components of host posttranslational machinery in order to perturb the host signaling networks required for immunity and to regulate their own activity and subcellular localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Hewezi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
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87
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Bellafiore S, Jougla C, Chapuis É, Besnard G, Suong M, Vu PN, De Waele D, Gantet P, Thi XN. Intraspecific variability of the facultative meiotic parthenogenetic root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne graminicola) from rice fields in Vietnam. C R Biol 2015; 338:471-83. [PMID: 26026576 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Twenty years ago, the facultative meiotic parthenogenetic root-knot nematode (RKN), Meloidogyne graminicola, was recognised as an important rice pathogen in South Vietnam. Although this country is one of the most important rice exporters worldwide, a comprehensive picture of the occurrence of M. graminicola in Vietnamese rice fields is still not available. Therefore a nematode survey was carried out with the aim of better understanding the geographical distribution, and the pathogenic and genetic variability of the RKN in Vietnam. From the fields surveyed in a range of ecosystems, 21 RKN populations were recovered from infected rice roots. A diagnostic SCAR marker was developed showing that all Vietnamese populations belong to M. graminicola. Furthermore, sequencing of the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) of the rDNA genes confirmed this identification. These populations were then characterised using morphometrics and pathogenicity tests (host plant range diversity, reproduction and virulence diversity) revealing intraspecific variability. We showed that morphometric traits are mainly genetically heritable characters with significant differences among the studied populations. Finally, a distinctive trait signature was found for the populations isolated from the upland rice cultures. All together, our study reveals the prevalence of M. graminicola populations in Vietnamese rice. Further investigations need to be developed to explore the population dynamics and evolutionary history of this species in South East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Bellafiore
- IRD Institut de recherche pour le développement, UMR 186 "Résistance des plantes aux bioagresseurs", 911, avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France; IRD, LMI RICE, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Agricultural Genetics Institute, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Claire Jougla
- IRD Institut de recherche pour le développement, UMR 186 "Résistance des plantes aux bioagresseurs", 911, avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Élodie Chapuis
- IRD Institut de recherche pour le développement, UMR 186 "Résistance des plantes aux bioagresseurs", 911, avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Guillaume Besnard
- CNRS-UPS-ENFA, UMR5174, EDB (Laboratoire « Évolution & diversité biologique »), 118, route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Malyna Suong
- IRD Institut de recherche pour le développement, UMR 186 "Résistance des plantes aux bioagresseurs", 911, avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France; IRD, LMI RICE, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Agricultural Genetics Institute, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Phong Nguyen Vu
- IRD Institut de recherche pour le développement, UMR 186 "Résistance des plantes aux bioagresseurs", 911, avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France; Department of Biotechnology, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Dirk De Waele
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Department of Biosystems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines; Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, 2520 Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Pascal Gantet
- IRD, LMI RICE, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Agricultural Genetics Institute, Hanoi, Viet Nam; University of Montpellier-2, UMR DIADE, Montpellier, France
| | - Xuyen Ngo Thi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agronomy, Hanoi University of Agriculture Trau Qui, Gia Lam, Hanoi, Viet Nam
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Vicente CSL, Ikuyo Y, Shinya R, Mota M, Hasegawa K. Catalases Induction in High Virulence Pinewood Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus under Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Stress. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123839. [PMID: 25894519 PMCID: PMC4404050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Considered an EPPO A2 quarantine pest, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is the causal agent of the pine wilt disease and the most devastating plant parasitic nematode attacking coniferous trees in the world. In the early stages of invasion, this nematode has to manage host defence mechanisms, such as strong oxidative stress. Only successful, virulent nematodes are able to tolerate the basal plant defences, and furthermore migrate and proliferate inside of the host tree. In this work, our main objective was to understand to what extent B. xylophilus catalases are involved in their tolerance to oxidative stress and virulence, using as oxidant agent the reactive oxygen species hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). After 24 hours of exposure, high virulence isolates of B. xylophilus could withstand higher H2O2 concentrations in comparison with low virulence B. xylophilus and B. mucronatus, corroborating our observation of Bxy-ctl-1 and Bxy-ctl-2 catalase up-regulation under the same experimental conditions. Both catalases are expressed throughout the nematode intestine. In addition, transgenic strains of Caenorhabditis elegans overexpressing B. xylophilus catalases were constructed and evaluated for survival under similar conditions as previously. Our results suggest that catalases of high virulence B. xylophilus were crucial for nematode survival under prolonged exposure to in vitro oxidative stress, highlighting their adaptive response, which could contribute to their success in host conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia S. L. Vicente
- Department of Environmental Biology, College of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
- ICAAM—Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Yoriko Ikuyo
- Department of Environmental Biology, College of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ryoji Shinya
- Department of Environmental Biology, College of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
- HHMI and Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Manuel Mota
- ICAAM—Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Koichi Hasegawa
- Department of Environmental Biology, College of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
- * E-mail:
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89
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Chaudhary R, Atamian HS, Shen Z, Briggs SP, Kaloshian I. Potato Aphid Salivary Proteome: Enhanced Salivation Using Resorcinol and Identification of Aphid Phosphoproteins. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:1762-78. [DOI: 10.1021/pr501128k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhouxin Shen
- Division
of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman
Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Steven P. Briggs
- Division
of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman
Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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90
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Yu Z, Xiong J, Zhou Q, Luo H, Hu S, Xia L, Sun M, Li L, Yu Z. The diverse nematicidal properties and biocontrol efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry6A against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne hapla. J Invertebr Pathol 2014; 125:73-80. [PMID: 25556591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cry6A toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis is a representative nematicidal crystal protein with a variety of nematicidal properties to free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Cry6A shares very low homology and different structure with Cry5B, another representative nematicidal crystal protein, and probably acts in a distinct pathway. All these strongly indicate that Cry6A toxin is likely a potent candidate for nematicide. The present study dealt with global investigation to determine the detrimental impacts of Cry6Aa2 toxin on Meloidogyne hapla, a root-knot nematode, and evaluated its biocontrol efficacy in pot experiment. Obtained results indicated that Cry6Aa2 toxin exhibits obvious toxicity to second-stage juvenile of M. hapla, and significantly inhibits egg hatch, motility, and penetration to host plant. Pot experiment suggested that soil drenching with spore-crystal mixture of Cry6Aa2 can clearly lighten the disease of root-knot nematode, including reduction of galling index and egg masses on host plant root, decreasing final population of nematode in soil. Moreover, application of Cry6Aa2 can obviously promote plant growth. These results demonstrated that Cry6Aa2 toxin is a promising nematicidal agent, and possesses great potential in plant-parasitic nematode management and construction of transgenic crop with constant resistance to nematode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziquan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Base of Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China.
| | - Jing Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Base of Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Qiaoni Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Base of Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Haiyan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Base of Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Shengbiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Base of Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Liqiu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Base of Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Ziniu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
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91
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Nguyễn PV, Bellafiore S, Petitot AS, Haidar R, Bak A, Abed A, Gantet P, Mezzalira I, de Almeida Engler J, Fernandez D. Meloidogyne incognita - rice (Oryza sativa) interaction: a new model system to study plant-root-knot nematode interactions in monocotyledons. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 7:23. [PMID: 26224554 PMCID: PMC4884005 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-014-0023-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant-parasitic nematodes developed strategies to invade and colonize their host plants, including expression of immune suppressors to overcome host defenses. Meloidogyne graminicola and M. incognita are root-knot nematode (RKN) species reported to damage rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivated in upland and irrigated systems. Despite M. incognita wide host range, study of the molecular plant - RKN interaction has been so far limited to a few dicotyledonous model plants. The aim of this study was to investigate if the rice cv. Nipponbare widely used in rice genomic studies could be used as a suitable monocotyledon host plant for studying M. incognita pathogenicity mechanisms. Here we compared the ability of M. graminicola and M. incognita to develop and reproduce in Nipponbare roots. Next, we tested if RKNs modulates rice immunity-related genes expression in galls during infection and express the Mi-crt gene encoding an immune suppressor. RESULTS Root galling, mature females, eggs and newly formed J2s nematodes were obtained for both species in rice cultivated in hydroponic culture system after 4-5 weeks. Meloidogyne graminicola reproduced at higher rates than M. incognita on Nipponbare and the timing of infection was shorter. In contrast, the infection characteristics compared by histological analysis were similar for both nematode species. Giant cells formed from 2 days after infection (DAI) with M. graminicola and from 6 DAI with M. incognita. Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) data indicated that RKNs are able to suppress transcription of immune regulators genes, such as OsEDS1, OsPAD4 and OsWRKY13 in young galls. Four M. incognita reference genes (Mi-eif-3, Mi-GDP-2, Mi-Y45F10D.4, and Mi-actin) were selected for normalizing nematode gene expression studies in planta and in pre-parasitic J2s. Meloidogyne incognita expressed the immune suppressor calreticulin gene (Mi-crt) in rice roots all along its infection cycle. CONCLUSION RKNs repress the transcription of key immune regulators in rice, likely in order to lower basal defence in newly-formed galls. The calreticulin Mi-CRT can be one of the immune-modulator effectors secreted by M. incognita in rice root tissues. Together, these data show that rice is a well suited model system to study host- M. incognita molecular interactions in monocotyledons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phong Vũ Nguyễn
- />Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 186 IRD-Cirad-UM2 Résistance des Plantes aux Bioagresseurs, 911 avenue Agropolis, Montpellier, 34394 Cedex 5 France
- />Nông Lâm University, Linh Trung, Thủ Đức, Hồ Chí Minh city, Việt Nam
| | - Stéphane Bellafiore
- />Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 186 IRD-Cirad-UM2 Résistance des Plantes aux Bioagresseurs, 911 avenue Agropolis, Montpellier, 34394 Cedex 5 France
- />Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, LMI RICE, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Agricultural Genetics Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Anne-Sophie Petitot
- />Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 186 IRD-Cirad-UM2 Résistance des Plantes aux Bioagresseurs, 911 avenue Agropolis, Montpellier, 34394 Cedex 5 France
| | - Rana Haidar
- />Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 186 IRD-Cirad-UM2 Résistance des Plantes aux Bioagresseurs, 911 avenue Agropolis, Montpellier, 34394 Cedex 5 France
- />INRA, UMR1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble (SAVE), ISVV, CS, 20032, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Aurélie Bak
- />Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 186 IRD-Cirad-UM2 Résistance des Plantes aux Bioagresseurs, 911 avenue Agropolis, Montpellier, 34394 Cedex 5 France
| | - Amina Abed
- />Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 186 IRD-Cirad-UM2 Résistance des Plantes aux Bioagresseurs, 911 avenue Agropolis, Montpellier, 34394 Cedex 5 France
- />INRAA- CRP, BP 37 Mehdi Boualem, Baraki, Algiers Algeria
| | - Pascal Gantet
- />Université Montpellier 2, UMR IRD-UM2 DIADE, 911 avenue Agropolis, Montpellier, 34394 Cedex 5 France
- />Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, LMI RICE, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Agricultural Genetics Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Itamara Mezzalira
- />Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 186 IRD-Cirad-UM2 Résistance des Plantes aux Bioagresseurs, 911 avenue Agropolis, Montpellier, 34394 Cedex 5 France
- />Embrapa - Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF 70849-970 Brazil
| | - Janice de Almeida Engler
- />UMR IBSV INRA/CNRS/UNS, 400, Route de Chappes, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903 CEDEX France
- />Embrapa - Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF 70849-970 Brazil
| | - Diana Fernandez
- />Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 186 IRD-Cirad-UM2 Résistance des Plantes aux Bioagresseurs, 911 avenue Agropolis, Montpellier, 34394 Cedex 5 France
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Oliveira JTA, Araujo-Filho JH, Grangeiro TB, Gondim DMF, Segalin J, Pinto PM, Carlini CRRS, Silva FDA, Lobo MDP, Costa JH, Vasconcelos IM. Enhanced Synthesis of Antioxidant Enzymes, Defense Proteins and Leghemoglobin in Rhizobium-Free Cowpea Roots after Challenging with Meloydogine incognita. Proteomes 2014; 2:527-549. [PMID: 28250394 PMCID: PMC5302692 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes2040527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The root knot nematodes (RKN), Meloydogine spp., particularly Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne javanica species, parasitize several plant species and are responsible for large annual yield losses all over the world. Only a few available chemical nematicides are still authorized for RKN control owing to environmental and health reasons. Thus, plant resistance is currently considered the method of choice for controlling RKN, and research performed on the molecular interactions between plants and nematodes to identify genes of interest is of paramount importance. The present work aimed to identify the differential accumulation of root proteins of a resistant cowpea genotype (CE-31) inoculated with M. incognita (Race 3) in comparison with mock-inoculated control, using 2D electrophoresis assay, mass spectrometry identification and gene expression analyses by RT-PCR. The results showed that at least 22 proteins were differentially represented in response to RKN challenge of cowpea roots mainly within 4-6 days after inoculation. Amongst the up-represented proteins were SOD, APX, PR-1, β-1,3-glucanase, chitinases, cysteine protease, secondary metabolism enzymes, key enzymes involved in ethylene biosynthesis, proteins involved in MAPK pathway signaling and, surprisingly, leghemoglobin in non-rhizobium-bacterized cowpea. These findings show that an important rearrangement in the resistant cowpea root proteome occurred following challenge with M. incognita.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose T A Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60451-970, Brazil.
| | - Jose H Araujo-Filho
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoro 59610-210, Brazil.
| | - Thalles B Grangeiro
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60451-970, Brazil.
| | - Darcy M F Gondim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60451-970, Brazil.
- University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Ceara, Fortaleza 60451-970, Brazil.
| | - Jeferson Segalin
- Department of Biophysics and Center of Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil.
| | - Paulo M Pinto
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, RS, Rio Grande do Sul, Caxias do Sul 95070-560, Brazil.
| | - Celia R R S Carlini
- Department of Biophysics and Center of Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil.
| | - Fredy D A Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60451-970, Brazil.
| | - Marina D P Lobo
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60451-970, Brazil.
| | - Jose H Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60451-970, Brazil.
| | - Ilka M Vasconcelos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60451-970, Brazil.
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93
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Genomic characterisation of the effector complement of the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:923. [PMID: 25342461 PMCID: PMC4213498 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida has biotrophic interactions with its host. The nematode induces a feeding structure – the syncytium – which it keeps alive for the duration of the life cycle and on which it depends for all nutrients required to develop to the adult stage. Interactions of G. pallida with the host are mediated by effectors, which are produced in two sets of gland cells. These effectors suppress host defences, facilitate migration and induce the formation of the syncytium. Results The recent completion of the G. pallida genome sequence has allowed us to identify the effector complement from this species. We identify 128 orthologues of effectors from other nematodes as well as 117 novel effector candidates. We have used in situ hybridisation to confirm gland cell expression of a subset of these effectors, demonstrating the validity of our effector identification approach. We have examined the expression profiles of all effector candidates using RNAseq; this analysis shows that the majority of effectors fall into one of three clusters of sequences showing conserved expression characteristics (invasive stage nematode only, parasitic stage only or invasive stage and adult male only). We demonstrate that further diversity in the effector pool is generated by alternative splicing. In addition, we show that effectors target a diverse range of structures in plant cells, including the peroxisome. This is the first identification of effectors from any plant pathogen that target this structure. Conclusion This is the first genome scale search for effectors, combined to a life-cycle expression analysis, for any plant-parasitic nematode. We show that, like other phylogenetically unrelated plant pathogens, plant parasitic nematodes deploy hundreds of effectors in order to parasitise plants, with different effectors required for different phases of the infection process. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-923) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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94
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Molecular characterization of putative parasitism genes in the plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne hispanica. J Helminthol 2014; 90:28-38. [PMID: 25319213 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x1400073x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Meloidogyne hispanica (Mhi) is a difficult-to-control polyphagous root-knot nematode (RKN) species of emerging importance for economically valuable crops. Nematode secretions are likely to be the first signals perceived by the plant and are thought to be involved in various aspects of the plant-nematode interaction. The aims of this work were to identify and characterize M. hispanica parasitism genes: cathepsin L cysteine protease (cpl-1), calreticulin (crt-1), β-1,4-endoglucanase-1 (eng-1) and manganese superoxide dismutase (mnsod). As there are no genomic data available for M. hispanica, primers were designed from the conserved regions of the putative parasitism genes in M. incognita and M. hapla and used to amplify the genes in M. hispanica, which led to the successful amplification of these genes in M. hispanica. Partial gene sequences were also obtained for M. arenaria, M. hapla, M. hispanica, M. incognita and M. javanica cpl-1, crt-1, eng-1 and mnsod genes, and their phylogenetic relationship analysed. In order to determine whether these genes are differentially expressed during M. hispanica development, cDNA was amplified from mRNA isolated from eggs, second-stage juveniles (J2) and females. Amplification products were observed from cDNA of all developmental stages for the Mhi-cpl-1 and Mhi-crt-1 genes. However, the gene Mhi-crt-1 exhibited intense amplification bands in females, while the Mhi-eng-1 gene was equally amplified in eggs and J2 and the Mhi-mnsod gene was only expressed in eggs. In comparison to the other RKN species, the genes Mhi-eng-1 and Mhi-mnsod showed transcription in different nematode developmental stages.
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95
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Rutter WB, Hewezi T, Abubucker S, Maier TR, Huang G, Mitreva M, Hussey RS, Baum TJ. Mining novel effector proteins from the esophageal gland cells of Meloidogyne incognita. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2014; 27:965-74. [PMID: 24875667 PMCID: PMC4249689 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-14-0076-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Meloidogyne incognita is one of the most economically damaging plant pathogens in agriculture and horticulture. Identifying and characterizing the effector proteins which M. incognita secretes into its host plants during infection is an important step toward finding new ways to manage this pest. In this study, we have identified the cDNAs for 18 putative effectors (i.e., proteins that have the potential to facilitate M. incognita parasitism of host plants). These putative effectors are secretory proteins that do not contain transmembrane domains and whose genes are specifically expressed in the secretory gland cells of the nematode, indicating that they are likely secreted from the nematode through its stylet. We have determined that, in the plant cells, these putative effectors are likely to localize to the cytoplasm. Furthermore, the transcripts of many of these novel effectors are specifically upregulated during different stages of the nematode's life cycle, indicating that they function at specific stages during M. incognita parasitism. The predicted proteins showed little to no homology to known proteins from free-living nematode species, suggesting that they evolved recently to support the parasitic lifestyle. On the other hand, several of the effectors are part of gene families within the M. incognita genome as well as that of M. hapla, which points to an important role that these putative effectors are playing in both parasites. With the discovery of these putative effectors, we have increased our knowledge of the effector repertoire utilized by root-knot nematodes to infect, feed on, and reproduce on their host plants. Future studies investigating the roles that these proteins play in planta will help mitigate the effects of this damaging pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B. Rutter
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Tarek Hewezi
- University of Tennessee, Department of Plant Sciences, Knoxville, TN 37996-4561
| | - Sahar Abubucker
- The Genome Center, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108
| | - Tom R. Maier
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Guozhong Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602-7274
| | - Makedonka Mitreva
- The Genome Center, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108
| | - Richard S. Hussey
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602-7274
| | - Thomas J. Baum
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
- Address correspondence to 351 Bessey Hall, , phone: 515-294-2398, Fax: 515-294-9420
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Kapur-Ghai J, Kaur M, Goel P. Development of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. J Parasit Dis 2014; 38:302-6. [PMID: 25035590 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-013-0246-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) are obligate, sedentary plant endoparasites that are extremely polyphagous in nature and cause severe economic losses in agriculture. Hence, it is essential to control the parasite at an early stage. For any control strategy to be effective, an early and accurate diagnosis is of paramount importance. Immunoassays have the inherent advantages of sensitivity and specificity; have the potential to identify and quantify these plant-parasitic nematodes. Hence, in the present studies, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed for the detection of M.incognita antigens. First an indirect ELISA was developed for detection and titration of anti-M.incognita antibodies. Results indicated as high as 320 K titre of the antisera. Finally competitive inhibition ELISA was developed employing these anti-M.incognita antibodies for detection of M.incognita antigens. Sensitivity of ELISA was 10 fg. Competitive inhibition ELISA developed in the present studies has the potential of being used as an easy, rapid, specific and sensitive diagnostic tool for the detection of M.incognita infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kapur-Ghai
- Department of Zoology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004 India
| | - M Kaur
- Department of Zoology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004 India
| | - P Goel
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India
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Harnessing the helminth secretome for therapeutic immunomodulators. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:964350. [PMID: 25133189 PMCID: PMC4123613 DOI: 10.1155/2014/964350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Helminths are the largest and most complex pathogens to invade and live within the human body. Since they are not able to outpace the immune system by rapid antigen variation or faster cell division or retreat into protective niches not accessible to immune effector mechanisms, their long-term survival depends on influencing and regulating the immune responses away from the mode of action most damaging to them. Immunologists have focused on the excretory and secretory products that are released by the helminths, since they can change the host environment by modulating the immune system. Here we give a brief overview of the helminth-associated immune response and the currently available helminth secretome data. We introduce some major secretome-derived immunomodulatory molecules and describe their potential mode of action. Finally, the applicability of helminth-derived therapeutic proteins in the treatment of allergic and autoimmune inflammatory disease is discussed.
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98
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Genome and transcriptome of the porcine whipworm Trichuris suis. Nat Genet 2014; 46:701-6. [PMID: 24929829 PMCID: PMC4105696 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Trichuris (whipworm) infects 1 billion people worldwide and causes a disease (trichuriasis) that results in major socioeconomic losses in both humans and pigs. Trichuriasis relates to an inflammation of the large intestine manifested in bloody diarrhea, and chronic disease can cause malnourishment and stunting in children. Paradoxically, Trichuris of pigs has shown substantial promise as a treatment for human autoimmune disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and multiple sclerosis. Here we report whole-genome sequencing at ∼140-fold coverage of adult male and female T. suis and ∼80-Mb draft assemblies. We explore stage-, sex- and tissue-specific transcription of mRNAs and small noncoding RNAs.
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99
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Chehayeb JF, Robertson AP, Martin RJ, Geary TG. Proteomic analysis of adult Ascaris suum fluid compartments and secretory products. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2939. [PMID: 24901219 PMCID: PMC4046973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Strategies employed by parasites to establish infections are poorly understood. The host-parasite interface is maintained through a molecular dialog that, among other roles, protects parasites from host immune responses. Parasite excretory/secretory products (ESP) play major roles in this process. Understanding the biology of protein secretion by parasites and their associated functional processes will enhance our understanding of the roles of ESP in host-parasite interactions. Methodology/Principal Findings ESP was collected after culturing 10 adult female Ascaris suum. Perienteric fluid (PE) and uterine fluid (UF) were collected directly from adult females by dissection. Using SDS-PAGE coupled with LC-MS/MS, we identified 175, 308 and 274 proteins in ESP, PE and UF, respectively. Although many proteins were shared among the samples, the protein composition of ESP was distinct from PE and UF, whereas PE and UF were highly similar. The distribution of gene ontology (GO) terms for proteins in ESP, PE and UF supports this claim. Comparison of ESP composition in A. suum, Brugia malayi and Heligmosoides polygyrus showed that proteins found in UF were also secreted by males and by larval stages of other species, suggesting that multiple routes of secretion may be used for homologous proteins. ESP composition of nematodes is both phylogeny- and niche-dependent. Conclusions/Significance Analysis of the protein composition of A. suum ESP and UF leads to the conclusion that the excretory-secretory apparatus and uterus are separate routes for protein release. Proteins detected in ESP have distinct patterns of biological functions compared to those in UF. PE is likely to serve as the source of the majority of proteins in UF. This analysis expands our knowledge of the biology of protein secretion from nematodes and will inform new studies on the function of secreted proteins in the orchestration of host-parasite interactions. Ascaris lumbricoides, the most prevalent metazoan parasite of humans, is a public health concern in resource-limited countries. Survival of this parasite in its host is mediated at least in part by parasite materials secreted into the host. Little is known about the composition of these secretions; defining their contents and functions will illuminate host-parasite interactions that lead to parasite establishment. Ascaris suum, a parasite of pigs, was used as a model organism because its genome has been sequenced and it is very closely related to A. lumbricoides. Excretory/secretory products (ESP), uterine fluid (UF) and perienteric fluid (PE) were collected from adult A. suum. Proteins were subjected to LC-MS/MS. ESP proteins (the ‘secretome’) included many also present in UF. Proteins in ESP but not in UF had considerably different characteristics than those in PE or UF, which were similar to each other. We conclude that proteins released from the secretory apparatus have distinct patterns of biological function and that UF proteins are likely derived from PE. Comparing the protein composition of A. suum ESP to ESP from B. malayi and H. polygyrus suggests that the secretome is conserved at the level of both phylogeny and host predilection site.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F. Chehayeb
- Institute of Parasitology and Centre for Host-Parasite Interactions, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alan P. Robertson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Martin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Timothy G. Geary
- Institute of Parasitology and Centre for Host-Parasite Interactions, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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GroEL from the endosymbiont Buchnera aphidicola betrays the aphid by triggering plant defense. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:8919-24. [PMID: 24927572 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1407687111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Aphids are sap-feeding plant pests and harbor the endosymbiont Buchnera aphidicola, which is essential for their fecundity and survival. During plant penetration and feeding, aphids secrete saliva that contains proteins predicted to alter plant defenses and metabolism. Plants recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns and induce pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). No aphid-associated molecular pattern has yet been identified. By mass spectrometry, we identified in saliva from potato aphids (Macrosiphum euphorbiae) 105 proteins, some of which originated from Buchnera, including the chaperonin GroEL. Because GroEL is a widely conserved bacterial protein with an essential function, we tested its role in PTI. Applying or infiltrating GroEL onto Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves induced oxidative burst and expression of PTI early marker genes. These GroEL-induced defense responses required the known coreceptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE 1. In addition, in transgenic Arabidopsis plants, inducible expression of groEL activated PTI marker gene expression. Moreover, Arabidopsis plants expressing groEL displayed reduced fecundity of the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae), indicating enhanced resistance against aphids. Furthermore, delivery of GroEL into tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) or Arabidopsis through Pseudomonas fluorescens, engineered to express the type III secretion system, also reduced potato aphid and green peach aphid fecundity, respectively. Collectively our data indicate that GroEL is a molecular pattern that triggers PTI.
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