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Danisch S, Slabik C, Cornelius A, Albanese M, Tagawa T, Chen YFA, Krönke N, Eiz-Vesper B, Lienenklaus S, Bleich A, Theobald SJ, Schneider A, Ganser A, von Kaisenberg C, Zeidler R, Hammerschmidt W, Feuerhake F, Stripecke R. Spatiotemporally Skewed Activation of Programmed Cell Death Receptor 1-Positive T Cells after Epstein-Barr Virus Infection and Tumor Development in Long-Term Fully Humanized Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 189:521-539. [PMID: 30593822 PMCID: PMC6902117 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Humanized mice developing functional human T cells endogenously and capable of recognizing cognate human leukocyte antigen–matched tumors are emerging as relevant models for studying human immuno-oncology in vivo. Herein, mice transplanted with human CD34+ stem cells and bearing endogenously developed human T cells for >15 weeks were infected with an oncogenic recombinant Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), encoding enhanced firefly luciferase and green fluorescent protein. EBV–firefly luciferase was detectable 1 week after infection by noninvasive optical imaging in the spleen, from where it spread rapidly and systemically. EBV infection resulted into a pronounced immunologic skewing regarding the expansion of CD8+ T cells in the blood outnumbering the CD4+ T and CD19+ B cells. Furthermore, within 10 weeks of infections, mice developing EBV-induced tumors had significantly higher absolute numbers of CD8+ T cells in lymphatic tissues than mice controlling tumor development. Tumor outgrowth was paralleled by an up-regulation of the programmed cell death receptor 1 on CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, indicative for T-cell dysfunction. Histopathological examinations and in situ hybridizations for EBV in tumors, spleen, liver, and kidney revealed foci of EBV-infected cells in perivascular regions in close association with programmed cell death receptor 1–positive infiltrating lymphocytes. The strong spatiotemporal correlation between tumor development and the T-cell dysfunctional status seen in this viral oncogenesis humanized model replicates observations obtained in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Danisch
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Excellence Cluster REBIRTH and German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Constanze Slabik
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Excellence Cluster REBIRTH and German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Angela Cornelius
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Excellence Cluster REBIRTH and German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Manuel Albanese
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Takanobu Tagawa
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yen-Fu A Chen
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicole Krönke
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Britta Eiz-Vesper
- Institutes for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Andre Bleich
- Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sebastian J Theobald
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Excellence Cluster REBIRTH and German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Schneider
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Excellence Cluster REBIRTH and German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Arnold Ganser
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Constantin von Kaisenberg
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhard Zeidler
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Klinikum der Universität and German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hammerschmidt
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Friedrich Feuerhake
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Institute for Neuropathology, University Clinic Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Renata Stripecke
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Excellence Cluster REBIRTH and German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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Theobald SJ, Khailaie S, Meyer-Hermann M, Volk V, Olbrich H, Danisch S, Gerasch L, Schneider A, Sinzger C, Schaudien D, Lienenklaus S, Riese P, Guzman CA, Figueiredo C, von Kaisenberg C, Spineli LM, Glaesener S, Meyer-Bahlburg A, Ganser A, Schmitt M, Mach M, Messerle M, Stripecke R. Signatures of T and B Cell Development, Functional Responses and PD-1 Upregulation After HCMV Latent Infections and Reactivations in Nod.Rag.Gamma Mice Humanized With Cord Blood CD34 + Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2734. [PMID: 30524448 PMCID: PMC6262073 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) latency is typically harmless but reactivation can be largely detrimental to immune compromised hosts. We modeled latency and reactivation using a traceable HCMV laboratory strain expressing the Gaussia luciferase reporter gene (HCMV/GLuc) in order to interrogate the viral modulatory effects on the human adaptive immunity. Humanized mice with long-term (more than 17 weeks) steady human T and B cell immune reconstitutions were infected with HCMV/GLuc and 7 weeks later were further treated with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to induce viral reactivations. Whole body bio-luminescence imaging analyses clearly differentiated mice with latent viral infections vs. reactivations. Foci of vigorous viral reactivations were detectable in liver, lymph nodes and salivary glands. The number of viral genome copies in various tissues increased upon reactivations and were detectable in sorted human CD14+, CD169+, and CD34+ cells. Compared with non-infected controls, mice after infections and reactivations showed higher thymopoiesis, systemic expansion of Th, CTL, Treg, and Tfh cells and functional antiviral T cell responses. Latent infections promoted vast development of memory CD4+ T cells while reactivations triggered a shift toward effector T cells expressing PD-1. Further, reactivations prompted a marked development of B cells, maturation of IgG+ plasma cells, and HCMV-specific antibody responses. Multivariate statistical methods were employed using T and B cell immune phenotypic profiles obtained with cells from several tissues of individual mice. The data was used to identify combinations of markers that could predict an HCMV infection vs. reactivation status. In spleen, but not in lymph nodes, higher frequencies of effector CD4+ T cells expressing PD-1 were among the factors most suited to distinguish HCMV reactivations from infections. These results suggest a shift from a T cell dominated immune response during latent infections toward an exhausted T cell phenotype and active humoral immune response upon reactivations. In sum, this novel in vivo humanized model combined with advanced analyses highlights a dynamic system clearly specifying the immunological spatial signatures of HCMV latency and reactivations. These signatures can be merged as predictive biomarker clusters that can be applied in the clinical translation of new therapies for the control of HCMV reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian J Theobald
- Clinic of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Excellence Cluster REBIRTH, Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sahamoddin Khailaie
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Valery Volk
- Clinic of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Excellence Cluster REBIRTH, Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Henning Olbrich
- Clinic of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Excellence Cluster REBIRTH, Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Simon Danisch
- Clinic of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Excellence Cluster REBIRTH, Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Laura Gerasch
- Clinic of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Excellence Cluster REBIRTH, Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Schneider
- Clinic of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Excellence Cluster REBIRTH, Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Schaudien
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Lienenklaus
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peggy Riese
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Carlos A Guzman
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | | | - Loukia M Spineli
- Institute for Biostatistics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephanie Glaesener
- Clinic of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Arnold Ganser
- Clinic of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, GMP Core Facility, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Mach
- Institute of Virology, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Messerle
- Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Renata Stripecke
- Clinic of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Excellence Cluster REBIRTH, Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
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53
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Humanized Mouse Models for the Study of Infection and Pathogenesis of Human Viruses. Viruses 2018; 10:v10110643. [PMID: 30453598 PMCID: PMC6266013 DOI: 10.3390/v10110643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of infectious pathogens in humans proved to be a global health problem. Technological advancements over the last 50 years have allowed better means of identifying novel therapeutics to either prevent or combat these infectious diseases. The development of humanized mouse models offers a preclinical in vivo platform for further characterization of human viral infections and human immune responses triggered by these virus particles. Multiple strains of immunocompromised mice reconstituted with a human immune system and/or human hepatocytes are susceptible to infectious pathogens as evidenced by establishment of full viral life cycles in hope of investigating viral–host interactions observed in patients and discovering potential immunotherapies. This review highlights recent progress in utilizing humanized mice to decipher human specific immune responses against viral tropism.
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Abstract
Immunotherapy is one of the most exciting recent breakthroughs in the field of cancer treatment. Many different approaches are being developed and a number have already gained regulatory approval or are under investigation in clinical trials. However, learning from the past, preclinical animal models often insufficiently reflect the physiological situation in humans, which subsequently causes treatment failures in clinical trials. Due to species-specific differences in most parts of the immune system, the transfer of knowledge from preclinical studies to clinical trials is eminently challenging. Human tumor cell line-based or patient-derived xenografts in immunocompromised mice have been successfully applied in the preclinical testing of cytotoxic or molecularly targeted agents, but naturally these systems lack the human immune system counterpart. The co-transplantation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells or hematopoietic stem cells is employed to overcome this limitation. This review summarizes some important aspects of the different available tumor xenograft mouse models, their history, and their implementation in drug development and personalized therapy. Moreover, recent progress, opportunities and limitations of different humanized mouse models will be discussed.
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Epstein-Barr Virus Type 2 Infects T Cells and Induces B Cell Lymphomagenesis in Humanized Mice. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00813-18. [PMID: 30089703 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00813-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been classified into two strains, EBV type 1 (EBV-1) and EBV type 2 (EBV-2) based on genetic variances and differences in transforming capacity. EBV-1 readily transforms B cells in culture while EBV-2 is poorly transforming. The differing abilities to immortalize B cells in vitro suggest that in vivo these viruses likely use alternative approaches to establish latency. Indeed, we recently reported that EBV-2 has a unique cell tropism for T cells, infecting T cells in culture and in healthy Kenyan infants, strongly suggesting that EBV-2 infection of T cells is a natural part of the EBV-2 life cycle. However, limitations of human studies hamper further investigation into how EBV-2 utilizes T cells. Therefore, BALB/c Rag2null IL2rγnull SIRPα humanized mice were utilized to develop an EBV-2 in vivo model. Infection of humanized mice with EBV-2 led to infection of both T and B cells, unlike infection with EBV-1, in which only B cells were infected. Gene expression analysis demonstrated that EBV-2 established a latency III infection with evidence of ongoing viral reactivation in both B and T cells. Importantly, EBV-2-infected mice developed tumors resembling diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). These lymphomas had morphological features comparable to those of EBV-1-induced DLBCLs, developed at similar rates with equivalent frequencies, and expressed a latency III gene profile. Thus, despite the impaired ability of EBV-2 to immortalize B cells in vitro, EBV-2 efficiently induces lymphomagenesis in humanized mice. Further research utilizing this model will enhance our understanding of EBV-2 biology, the consequence of EBV infection of T cells, and the capacity of EBV-2 to drive lymphomagenesis.IMPORTANCE EBV is a well-established B cell-tropic virus. However, we have recently shown that the EBV type 2 (EBV-2) strain also infects primary T cells in culture and in healthy Kenyan children. This finding suggests that EBV-2, unlike the well-studied EBV-1 strain, utilizes the T cell compartment to persist. As EBV is human specific, studies to understand the role of T cells in EBV-2 persistence require an in vivo model. Thus, we developed an EBV-2 humanized mouse model, utilizing immunodeficient mice engrafted with human cord blood CD34+ stem cells. Characterization of the EBV-2-infected humanized mice established that both T cells and B cells are infected by EBV-2 and that the majority of infected mice develop a B cell lymphoma resembling diffuse large B cell lymphoma. This new in vivo model can be utilized for studies to enhance our understanding of how EBV-2 infection of T cells contributes to persistence and lymphomagenesis.
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Lin S, Huang G, Cheng L, Li Z, Xiao Y, Deng Q, Jiang Y, Li B, Lin S, Wang S, Wu Q, Yao H, Cao S, Li Y, Liu P, Wei W, Pei D, Yao Y, Wen Z, Zhang X, Wu Y, Zhang Z, Cui S, Sun X, Qian X, Li P. Establishment of peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived humanized lung cancer mouse models for studying efficacy of PD-L1/PD-1 targeted immunotherapy. MAbs 2018; 10:1301-1311. [PMID: 30204048 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1518948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models used to evaluate efficacies of immune checkpoint inhibitors are insufficient or inaccurate. We thus examined two xenograft models used for this purpose, with the aim of optimizing them. One method involves the use of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and cell line-derived xenografts (PBMCs-CDX model). For this model, we implanted human lung cancer cells into NOD-scid-IL2Rg-/- (NSI) mice, followed by injection of human PBMCs. The second method involves the use of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and CDX (HSPCs-CDX model). For this model, we first reconstituted the human immune system by transferring human CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs-derived humanized model) and then transplanted human lung cancer cells. We found that the PBMCs-CDX model was more accurate in evaluating PD-L1/PD-1 targeted immunotherapies. In addition, it took only four weeks with the PBMCs-CDX model for efficacy evaluation, compared to 10-14 weeks with the HSPCs-CDX model. We then further established PBMCs-derived patient-derived xenografts (PDX) models, including an auto-PBMCs-PDX model using cancer and T cells from the same tumor, and applied them to assess the antitumor efficacies of anti-PD-L1 antibodies. We demonstrated that this PBMCs-derived PDX model was an invaluable tool to study the efficacies of PD-L1/PD-1 targeted cancer immunotherapies. Overall, we found our PBMCs-derived models to be excellent preclinical models for studying immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouheng Lin
- a Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China.,b Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine , Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China.,c Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine , Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China
| | - Guohua Huang
- d Department of Respiratory medicine, Nanfang Hospital , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Lin Cheng
- b Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine , Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China.,c Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine , Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China
| | - Zhen Li
- e MabSpace Biosciences Co. Ltd , Suzhou , China
| | - Yiren Xiao
- b Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine , Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China.,c Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine , Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China
| | - Qiuhua Deng
- d Department of Respiratory medicine, Nanfang Hospital , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yuchuan Jiang
- f Department of Thoracic Oncology , Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center , Guangzhou , China
| | - Baiheng Li
- b Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine , Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China.,c Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine , Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China
| | - Simiao Lin
- b Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine , Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China.,c Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine , Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China
| | - Suna Wang
- b Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine , Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China.,c Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine , Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China
| | - Qiting Wu
- b Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine , Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China.,c Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine , Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China
| | - Huihui Yao
- g Department of Outpatient , The 91th Military Hospital , Jiaozuo , China
| | - Su Cao
- h Division of General Pediatrics , The 91th Military Hospital , Jiaozuo , China
| | - Yang Li
- i Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Pentao Liu
- j School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Centre , University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China
| | - Wei Wei
- k Guangdong Cord Blood Bank , Guangdong , China
| | - Duanqing Pei
- b Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine , Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China.,c Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine , Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yao Yao
- b Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine , Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China.,c Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine , Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China
| | - Zhesheng Wen
- f Department of Thoracic Oncology , Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center , Guangzhou , China
| | - Xuchao Zhang
- l Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Medical Research Center , Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yilong Wu
- l Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Medical Research Center , Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences , Guangzhou , China
| | - Zhenfeng Zhang
- m Department of Radiology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Shuzhong Cui
- n Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Xiaofang Sun
- o Key Lab for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Experimental Department of Institute of Gynaecology and Obstetrics , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | | | - Peng Li
- b Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine , Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China.,c Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine , Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China.,n Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China
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57
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Humanized Mice for the Study of Immuno-Oncology. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:748-763. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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58
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Ngan HL, Wang L, Lo KW, Lui VWY. Genomic Landscapes of EBV-Associated Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma vs. HPV-Associated Head and Neck Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E210. [PMID: 29933636 PMCID: PMC6070978 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10070210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
: Epstein-Barr virus-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma (EBV(+) NPC), and human papillomavirus-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HPV(+) HNSCC) are two distinct types of aggressive head and neck cancers with early age onsets. Their recently identified genomic landscapes by whole-exome sequencing (WES) clearly reveal critical roles of: (1) inflammation via NF-kB activation, (2) survival via PI3K aberrations, and perhaps (3) immune evasion via MHC loss in these cancers as summarized in this review. Immediate outcomes of these WES studies include the identification of potential prognostic biomarkers, and druggable events for these cancers. The impact of these genomic findings on the development of precision medicine and immunotherapies will be discussed. For both of these cancers, the main lethality comes from metastases and disease recurrences which may represent therapy resistance. Thus, potential curing of these cancers still relies on future identification of key genomic drivers and likely druggable events in recurrent and metastatic forms of these intrinsically aggressive cancers of the head and neck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoi-Lam Ngan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Lan Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Kwok-Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and cellular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Vivian Wai Yan Lui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
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Bilger A, Plowshay J, Ma S, Nawandar D, Barlow EA, Romero-Masters JC, Bristol JA, Li Z, Tsai MH, Delecluse HJ, Kenney SC. Leflunomide/teriflunomide inhibit Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)- induced lymphoproliferative disease and lytic viral replication. Oncotarget 2018; 8:44266-44280. [PMID: 28574826 PMCID: PMC5546479 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
EBV infection causes mononucleosis and is associated with specific subsets of B cell lymphomas. Immunosuppressed patients such as organ transplant recipients are particularly susceptible to EBV-induced lymphoproliferative disease (LPD), which can be fatal. Leflunomide (a drug used to treat rheumatoid arthritis) and its active metabolite teriflunomide (used to treat multiple sclerosis) inhibit de novo pyrimidine synthesis by targeting the cellular dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, thereby decreasing T cell proliferation. Leflunomide also inhibits the replication of cytomegalovirus and BK virus via both "on target" and "off target" mechanisms and is increasingly used to treat these viruses in organ transplant recipients. However, whether leflunomide/teriflunomide block EBV replication or inhibit EBV-mediated B cell transformation is currently unknown. We show that teriflunomide inhibits cellular proliferation, and promotes apoptosis, in EBV-transformed B cells in vitro at a clinically relevant dose. In addition, teriflunomide prevents the development of EBV-induced lymphomas in both a humanized mouse model and a xenograft model. Furthermore, teriflunomide inhibits lytic EBV infection in vitro both by preventing the initial steps of lytic viral reactivation, and by blocking lytic viral DNA replication. Leflunomide/teriflunomide might therefore be clinically useful for preventing EBV-induced LPD in patients who have high EBV loads yet require continued immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bilger
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Julie Plowshay
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Rocky Mountain Infectious Disease Specialists, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Shidong Ma
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dhananjay Nawandar
- Department Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology and Immunology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Barlow
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - James C Romero-Masters
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jillian A Bristol
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Zhe Li
- Joint DKFZ Inserm Unit U1074, German Cancer Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ming-Han Tsai
- Joint DKFZ Inserm Unit U1074, German Cancer Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Shannon C Kenney
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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60
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García-Barchino MJ, Sarasquete ME, Panizo C, Morscio J, Martinez A, Alcoceba M, Fresquet V, Gonzalez-Farre B, Paiva B, Young KH, Robles EF, Roa S, Celay J, Larrayoz M, Rossi D, Gaidano G, Montes-Moreno S, Piris MA, Balanzategui A, Jimenez C, Rodriguez I, Calasanz MJ, Larrayoz MJ, Segura V, Garcia-Muñoz R, Rabasa MP, Yi S, Li J, Zhang M, Xu-Monette ZY, Puig-Moron N, Orfao A, Böttcher S, Hernandez-Rivas JM, Miguel JS, Prosper F, Tousseyn T, Sagaert X, Gonzalez M, Martinez-Climent JA. Richter transformation driven by Epstein-Barr virus reactivation during therapy-related immunosuppression in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. J Pathol 2018; 245:61-73. [PMID: 29464716 DOI: 10.1002/path.5060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The increased risk of Richter transformation (RT) in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) due to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation during immunosuppressive therapy with fludarabine other targeted agents remains controversial. Among 31 RT cases classified as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), seven (23%) showed EBV expression. In contrast to EBV- tumours, EBV+ DLBCLs derived predominantly from IGVH-hypermutated CLL, and they also showed CLL-unrelated IGVH sequences more frequently. Intriguingly, despite having different cellular origins, clonally related and unrelated EBV+ DLBCLs shared a previous history of immunosuppressive chemo-immunotherapy, a non-germinal centre DLBCL phenotype, EBV latency programme type II or III, and very short survival. These data suggested that EBV reactivation during therapy-related immunosuppression can transform either CLL cells or non-tumoural B lymphocytes into EBV+ DLBCL. To investigate this hypothesis, xenogeneic transplantation of blood cells from 31 patients with CLL and monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL) was performed in Rag2-/- IL2γc-/- mice. Remarkably, the recipients' impaired immunosurveillance favoured the spontaneous outgrowth of EBV+ B-cell clones from 95% of CLL and 64% of MBL patients samples, but not from healthy donors. Eventually, these cells generated monoclonal tumours (mostly CLL-unrelated but also CLL-related), recapitulating the principal features of EBV+ DLBCL in patients. Accordingly, clonally related and unrelated EBV+ DLBCL xenografts showed indistinguishable cellular, virological and molecular features, and synergistically responded to combined inhibition of EBV replication with ganciclovir and B-cell receptor signalling with ibrutinib in vivo. Our study underscores the risk of RT driven by EBV in CLL patients receiving immunosuppressive therapies, and provides the scientific rationale for testing ganciclovir and ibrutinib in EBV+ DLBCL. Copyright © 2018 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J García-Barchino
- Division of Haematological Oncology, Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), CIBERONC, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria E Sarasquete
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital, and Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer, CIBERONC, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carlos Panizo
- Department of Haematology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, CIBERONC, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Julie Morscio
- KU Leuven, Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Department of Pathology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Antonio Martinez
- Haematopathology Section, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Alcoceba
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital, and Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer, CIBERONC, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Vicente Fresquet
- Division of Haematological Oncology, Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), CIBERONC, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Blanca Gonzalez-Farre
- Haematopathology Section, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bruno Paiva
- Division of Haematological Oncology, Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), CIBERONC, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ken H Young
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eloy F Robles
- Division of Haematological Oncology, Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), CIBERONC, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sergio Roa
- Division of Haematological Oncology, Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), CIBERONC, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jon Celay
- Division of Haematological Oncology, Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), CIBERONC, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marta Larrayoz
- Division of Haematological Oncology, Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), CIBERONC, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Davide Rossi
- Division of Haematology, Department of Translational Medicine, Amedeo Avogadro University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Gianluca Gaidano
- Division of Haematology, Department of Translational Medicine, Amedeo Avogadro University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Santiago Montes-Moreno
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario and Instituto de Formacion e Investigacion Marques de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Miguel A Piris
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario and Instituto de Formacion e Investigacion Marques de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Ana Balanzategui
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital, and Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer, CIBERONC, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Cristina Jimenez
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital, and Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer, CIBERONC, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Idoia Rodriguez
- Division of Haematological Oncology, Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), CIBERONC, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria J Calasanz
- Division of Haematological Oncology, Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), CIBERONC, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria J Larrayoz
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Victor Segura
- Bio-informatics Unit, Department of Genomics and Proteomics, Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Maria P Rabasa
- Department of Haematology, Hospital San Pedro, Logroño, Spain
| | - Shuhua Yi
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jianyong Li
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zijun Y Xu-Monette
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Noemi Puig-Moron
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital, and Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer, CIBERONC, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alberto Orfao
- Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca and Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service, CIBERONC, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Sebastian Böttcher
- Medical Clinic II, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jesus M Hernandez-Rivas
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital, and Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer, CIBERONC, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jesus San Miguel
- Division of Haematological Oncology, Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), CIBERONC, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Haematology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, CIBERONC, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Felipe Prosper
- Division of Haematological Oncology, Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), CIBERONC, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Haematology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, CIBERONC, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Thomas Tousseyn
- KU Leuven, Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Department of Pathology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xavier Sagaert
- KU Leuven, Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Department of Pathology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marcos Gonzalez
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital, and Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer, CIBERONC, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jose A Martinez-Climent
- Division of Haematological Oncology, Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), CIBERONC, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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61
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Gravelle P, Burroni B, Péricart S, Rossi C, Bezombes C, Tosolini M, Damotte D, Brousset P, Fournié JJ, Laurent C. Mechanisms of PD-1/PD-L1 expression and prognostic relevance in non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a summary of immunohistochemical studies. Oncotarget 2018; 8:44960-44975. [PMID: 28402953 PMCID: PMC5546533 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade therapeutics, notably antibodies targeting the programmed death 1 (PD-1) receptor and its PD-L1 and PD-L2 ligands, are currently revolutionizing the treatment of cancer. For a sizeable fraction of patients with melanoma, lung, kidney and several other solid cancers, monoclonal antibodies that neutralize the interactions of the PD-1/PD-L1 complex allow the reconstitution of long-lasting antitumor immunity. In hematological malignancies this novel therapeutic strategy is far less documented, although promising clinical responses have been seen in refractory and relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma patients. This review describes our current knowledge of PD-1 and PD-L1 expression, as reported by immunohistochemical staining in both non-Hodgkin lymphoma cells and their surrounding immune cells. Here, we discuss the multiple intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms by which both T and B cell lymphomas up-regulate the PD-1/PD-L1 axis, and review current knowledge about the prognostic significance of its immunohistochemical detection. This body of literature establishes the cell surface expression of PD-1/PD-L1 as a critical determinant for the identification of non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients eligible for immune checkpoint blockade therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Gravelle
- Département de Pathologie, CHU Toulouse, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, UMR1037 INSERM-Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence TOUCAN, Toulouse, France.,Programme Hospitalo-Universitaire en Cancérologie CAPTOR, Toulouse, France.,Institut Carnot CALYM, Toulouse, France.,Paul-Sabatier, ERL 5294 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Barbara Burroni
- Service de Pathologie Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, Hopital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Péricart
- Département de Pathologie, CHU Toulouse, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, UMR1037 INSERM-Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence TOUCAN, Toulouse, France.,Programme Hospitalo-Universitaire en Cancérologie CAPTOR, Toulouse, France.,Institut Carnot CALYM, Toulouse, France.,Paul-Sabatier, ERL 5294 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Cédric Rossi
- Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, UMR1037 INSERM-Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence TOUCAN, Toulouse, France.,Programme Hospitalo-Universitaire en Cancérologie CAPTOR, Toulouse, France.,Institut Carnot CALYM, Toulouse, France.,CHU le Bocage, Hématologie Clinique, Dijon, France.,Paul-Sabatier, ERL 5294 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Christine Bezombes
- Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, UMR1037 INSERM-Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence TOUCAN, Toulouse, France.,Programme Hospitalo-Universitaire en Cancérologie CAPTOR, Toulouse, France.,Institut Carnot CALYM, Toulouse, France.,Paul-Sabatier, ERL 5294 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Tosolini
- Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, UMR1037 INSERM-Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence TOUCAN, Toulouse, France.,Programme Hospitalo-Universitaire en Cancérologie CAPTOR, Toulouse, France.,Institut Carnot CALYM, Toulouse, France.,Paul-Sabatier, ERL 5294 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Diane Damotte
- Service de Pathologie Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, Hopital Cochin, Paris, France.,Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U1138, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Brousset
- Département de Pathologie, CHU Toulouse, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, UMR1037 INSERM-Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence TOUCAN, Toulouse, France.,Programme Hospitalo-Universitaire en Cancérologie CAPTOR, Toulouse, France.,Institut Carnot CALYM, Toulouse, France.,Paul-Sabatier, ERL 5294 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Fournié
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, UMR1037 INSERM-Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence TOUCAN, Toulouse, France.,Programme Hospitalo-Universitaire en Cancérologie CAPTOR, Toulouse, France.,Institut Carnot CALYM, Toulouse, France.,Paul-Sabatier, ERL 5294 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Camille Laurent
- Département de Pathologie, CHU Toulouse, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, UMR1037 INSERM-Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence TOUCAN, Toulouse, France.,Programme Hospitalo-Universitaire en Cancérologie CAPTOR, Toulouse, France.,Institut Carnot CALYM, Toulouse, France.,Paul-Sabatier, ERL 5294 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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62
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Douam F, Ploss A. The use of humanized mice for studies of viral pathogenesis and immunity. Curr Opin Virol 2018; 29:62-71. [PMID: 29604551 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Humanized mice, that is, animals engrafted with human tissues and/or expressing human genes, have been instrumental in improving our understanding of the pathogenesis and immunological processes that define some of the most challenging human-tropic viruses. In particular, mice engrafted with components of a human immune system (HIS) offer unprecedented opportunities for mechanistic studies of human immune responses to infection. Here, we provide a brief overview of the current panel of HIS mouse models available and cite recent examples of how such humanized animals have been used to study immune responses and pathogenesis elicited by human-tropic viruses. Finally, we will outline some of the challenges that lay ahead and strategies to improve and refine humanized mice with the goal of more accurately recapitulating human immune responses to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Douam
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, 110 Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States
| | - Alexander Ploss
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, 110 Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States.
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63
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Münz C. Human γ-Herpesvirus Infection, Tumorigenesis, and Immune Control in Mice with Reconstituted Human Immune System Components. Front Immunol 2018; 9:238. [PMID: 29483919 PMCID: PMC5816265 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human γ-herpesviruses Epstein–Barr virus (EBV or HHV4) and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV8) are each associated with around 2% of all tumors in humans worldwide. However, investigations into their infection, oncogenesis, and immune responses that protect from the associated tumors have been hampered by the exclusive tropism of these pathogens for humans. Mice with reconstituted human immune system components (HIS mice) provide the unique opportunity to study persistent infection, virus associated lymphoma formation, and cell-mediated immune control of EBV and KSHV. Moreover, since these pathogens are unique stimuli for cytotoxic human lymphocyte responses, they also allow us to characterize long-lasting cell-mediated immune control and the requirements for its initiation, which would also be desirable to achieve during antitumor vaccination in general. Thus, human γ-herpesvirus infection of HIS mice provides unique insights into the biology of these important human pathogens and human cell-mediated immune responses that are considered to be the main protective entity against tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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64
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Lo Presti V, Nierkens S, Boelens JJ, van Til NP. Use of cord blood derived T-cells in cancer immunotherapy: milestones achieved and future perspectives. Expert Rev Hematol 2018; 11:209-218. [PMID: 29359983 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2018.1431119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hematopoietic cell transplantation is a potentially lifesaving procedure for patients with hematological malignancies who are refractory to conventional chemotherapy and/or irradiation treatment. Umbilical cord blood (CB) transplantation, as a hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) source, has several advantages over bone marrow transplantation with respect to matching and prompt availability for transplantation. Additionally, CB has some inherent features, such as rapid expansion of T cells, lower prevalence of graft-versus-host disease and higher graft versus tumor efficacy that make this HSPC cell source more favorable over other HSPC sources. Areas covered: This review summarizes the current CB and CB derived T cell applications aiming to better disease control for hematological malignancies and discusses future directions to more effective therapies. Expert commentary: CB transplantation could be used as a platform to extract cord blood derived T cells for ex vivo expansion and/or gene modification to improve cellular immunotherapies. In addition, combining cord blood gene-engineered T cell products with vaccination strategies, such as cord blood derived dendritic cell based vaccines, may provide synergistic immunotherapies with enhanced anti-tumor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania Lo Presti
- a Laboratory of Translational Immunology , University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , the Netherlands
| | - Stefan Nierkens
- a Laboratory of Translational Immunology , University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , the Netherlands
| | - Jaap Jan Boelens
- a Laboratory of Translational Immunology , University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , the Netherlands.,b Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program , University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , the Netherlands
| | - Niek P van Til
- a Laboratory of Translational Immunology , University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , the Netherlands
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65
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Zumwalde NA, Gumperz JE. Modeling Human Antitumor Responses In Vivo Using Umbilical Cord Blood-Engrafted Mice. Front Immunol 2018; 9:54. [PMID: 29434589 PMCID: PMC5790779 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice engrafted with human immune cells offer powerful in vivo model systems to investigate molecular and cellular processes of tumorigenesis, as well as to test therapeutic approaches to treat the resulting cancer. The use of umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells as a source of human immune cells for engraftment is technically straightforward, and provides T lymphocytes and autologous antigen-presenting cells (including B cells, monocytes, and DCs) that bear cognate antigen presenting molecules. By using a human-specific oncogenic virus, such as Epstein-Barr virus, de novo neoplastic transformation of the human B cells can be induced in vivo in a manner that models progressive stages of tumorigenesis from nascent neoplasia to the establishment of vascularized tumor masses with an immunosuppressive environment. Moreover, since tumorigenesis occurs in the presence of autologous T cells, this type of system can be used to investigate how T cells become suppressed during tumorigenesis, and how immunotherapies counteract immunosuppression. This minireview will provide a brief overview of the use of human umbilical cord blood transplanted into immunodeficient murine hosts to model antitumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Zumwalde
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jenny E Gumperz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
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66
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Xu-Monette ZY, Zhou J, Young KH. PD-1 expression and clinical PD-1 blockade in B-cell lymphomas. Blood 2018; 131:68-83. [PMID: 29118007 PMCID: PMC5755041 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-07-740993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) blockade targeting the PD-1 immune checkpoint has demonstrated unprecedented clinical efficacy in the treatment of advanced cancers including hematologic malignancies. This article reviews the landscape of PD-1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and current PD-1 blockade immunotherapy trials in B-cell lymphomas. Most notably, in relapsed/refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma, which frequently has increased PD-1+ tumor-infiltrating T cells, 9p24.1 genetic alteration, and high PD-L1 expression, anti-PD-1 monotherapy has demonstrated remarkable objective response rates (ORRs) of 65% to 87% and durable disease control in phase 1/2 clinical trials. The median duration of response was 16 months in a phase 2 trial. PD-1 blockade has also shown promise in a phase 1 trial of nivolumab in relapsed/refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas, including follicular lymphoma, which often displays abundant PD-1 expression on intratumoral T cells, and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, which variably expresses PD-1 and PD-L1. In primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma, which frequently has 9p24.1 alterations, the ORR was 35% in a phase 2 trial of pembrolizumab. In contrast, the ORR with pembrolizumab was 0% in relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and 44% in CLL with Richter transformation in a phase 2 trial. T cells from CLL patients have elevated PD-1 expression; CLL PD-1+ T cells can exhibit a pseudo-exhaustion or a replicative senescence phenotype. PD-1 expression was also found in marginal zone lymphoma but not in mantle cell lymphoma, although currently anti-PD-1 clinical trial data are not available. Mechanisms and predictive biomarkers for PD-1 blockade immunotherapy, treatment-related adverse events, hyperprogression, and combination therapies are discussed in the context of B-cell lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Y Xu-Monette
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- Department of Hematology and Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; and
| | - Ken H Young
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
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Fujiwara S. Animal Models of Human Gammaherpesvirus Infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1045:413-436. [PMID: 29896678 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-7230-7_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Humans are the only natural host of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), and this strict host tropism has hampered the development of animal models of these human gammaherpesviruses. To overcome this difficulty and develop useful models for these viruses, three main approaches have been employed: first, experimental infection of laboratory animals [mainly new-world non-human primates (NHPs)] with EBV or KSHV; second, experimental infection of NHPs (mainly old-world NHPs) with EBV- or KSHV-related gammaherpesviruses inherent to respective NHPs; and third, experimental infection of humanized mice, i.e., immunodeficient mice engrafted with functional human cells or tissues (mainly human immune system components) with EBV or KSHV. These models have recapitulated diseases caused by human gammaherpesviruses, their asymptomatic persistent infections, as well as both innate and adaptive immune responses to them, facilitating the development of novel therapeutic and prophylactic measures against these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyoshi Fujiwara
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan. .,Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Xu-Monette ZY, Zhang M, Li J, Young KH. PD-1/PD-L1 Blockade: Have We Found the Key to Unleash the Antitumor Immune Response? Front Immunol 2017; 8:1597. [PMID: 29255458 PMCID: PMC5723106 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PD-1–PD-L1 interaction is known to drive T cell dysfunction, which can be blocked by anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies. However, studies have also shown that the function of the PD-1–PD-L1 axis is affected by the complex immunologic regulation network, and some CD8+ T cells can enter an irreversible dysfunctional state that cannot be rescued by PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. In most advanced cancers, except Hodgkin lymphoma (which has high PD-L1/L2 expression) and melanoma (which has high tumor mutational burden), the objective response rate with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monotherapy is only ~20%, and immune-related toxicities and hyperprogression can occur in a small subset of patients during PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy. The lack of efficacy in up to 80% of patients was not necessarily associated with negative PD-1 and PD-L1 expression, suggesting that the roles of PD-1/PD-L1 in immune suppression and the mechanisms of action of antibodies remain to be better defined. In addition, important immune regulatory mechanisms within or outside of the PD-1/PD-L1 network need to be discovered and targeted to increase the response rate and to reduce the toxicities of immune checkpoint blockade therapies. This paper reviews the major functional and clinical studies of PD-1/PD-L1, including those with discrepancies in the pathologic and biomarker role of PD-1 and PD-L1 and the effectiveness of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. The goal is to improve understanding of the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade immunotherapy, as well as enhance the development of therapeutic strategies to overcome the resistance mechanisms and unleash the antitumor immune response to combat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Y Xu-Monette
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jianyong Li
- Department of Hematology, JiangSu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of NanJing Medical University, NanJing, JiangSu Province, China
| | - Ken H Young
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Graduate School of Biomedical Science, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is expressed in multiple human malignancies, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Hodgkin and immunosuppression-associated lymphomas. LMP1 mimics CD40 signaling to activate multiple growth and survival pathways, in particular, NF-κB. LMP1 has critical roles in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-driven B-cell transformation, and its expression causes fatal lymphoproliferative disease in immunosuppressed mice. Here, we review recent developments in studies of LMP1 signaling, LMP1-induced host dependency factors, mouse models of LMP1 lymphomagenesis, and anti-LMP1 immunotherapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wei Wang
- Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sizun Jiang
- Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Benjamin E Gewurz
- Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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70
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The Immune Response to Epstein Barr Virus and Implications for Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder. Transplantation 2017; 101:2009-2016. [PMID: 28376031 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a serious complication in organ transplant recipients and is most often associated with the Epstein Barr virus (EBV). EBV is a common gammaherpes virus with tropism for B lymphocytes and infection in immunocompetent individuals is typically asymptomatic and benign. However, infection in immunocompromised or immunosuppressed individuals can result in malignant B cell lymphoproliferations, such as PTLD. EBV+ PTLD can arise after primary EBV infection, or because of reactivation of a prior infection, and represents a leading malignancy in the transplant population. The incidence of EBV+ PTLD is variable depending on the organ transplanted and whether the recipient has preexisting immunity to EBV but can be as high as 20%. It is generally accepted that impaired immune function due to immunosuppression is a primary cause of EBV+ PTLD. In this overview, we review the EBV life cycle and discuss our current understanding of the immune response to EBV in healthy, immunocompetent individuals, in transplant recipients, and in PTLD patients. We review the strategies that EBV uses to subvert and evade host immunity and discuss the implications for the development of EBV+ PTLD.
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71
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Bellon M, Nicot C. Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection. Viruses 2017; 9:v9100289. [PMID: 28981470 PMCID: PMC5691640 DOI: 10.3390/v9100289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The progressive loss of immunological memory during aging correlates with a reduced proliferative capacity and shortened telomeres of T cells. Growing evidence suggests that this phenotype is recapitulated during chronic viral infection. The antigenic volume imposed by persistent and latent viruses exposes the immune system to unique challenges that lead to host T-cell exhaustion, characterized by impaired T-cell functions. These dysfunctional memory T cells lack telomerase, the protein capable of extending and stabilizing chromosome ends, imposing constraints on telomere dynamics. A deleterious consequence of this excessive telomere shortening is the premature induction of replicative senescence of viral-specific CD8+ memory T cells. While senescent cells are unable to expand, they can survive for extended periods of time and are more resistant to apoptotic signals. This review takes a closer look at T-cell exhaustion in chronic viruses known to cause human disease: Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), Hepatitis B/C/D virus (HBV/HCV/HDV), human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I), human papillomavirus (HPV), herpes simplex virus-1/2 (HSV-1/2), and Varicella–Zoster virus (VZV). Current literature linking T-cell exhaustion with critical telomere lengths and immune senescence are discussed. The concept that enduring antigen stimulation leads to T-cell exhaustion that favors telomere attrition and a cell fate marked by enhanced T-cell senescence appears to be a common endpoint to chronic viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Bellon
- Department of Pathology, Center for Viral Pathogenesis, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | - Christophe Nicot
- Department of Pathology, Center for Viral Pathogenesis, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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72
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Humanized mouse models for Epstein Barr virus infection. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 25:113-118. [PMID: 28837889 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
It is essential for the human immune system to control Epstein Barr virus (EBV), because this common human γ-herpesvirus efficiently spreads through the human population with more than 90% being persistently infected after 20 years of age even in developed countries. Moreover, it threatens each host with its potent growth transforming properties, readily immortalizing human B cells into persistently growing lymphoma cell lines. Since this virus only infects humans, mice with reconstituted human immune system components provide an informative in vivo model to study EBV infection, the associated tumor formation and immune control thereof. They recapitulate the different infection programs in human B cells, allow modeling EBV driven lymphoma formation and interrogation of the key cytotoxic lymphocyte responses that are also required to control this pathogen in humans. The respective lessons that were taught by these investigations will be discussed in this review as well as the challenges in the future to address the whole portfolio of EBV associated diseases and how they could be prevented by EBV specific immunotherapies.
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73
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Zumwalde NA, Sharma A, Xu X, Ma S, Schneider CL, Romero-Masters JC, Hudson AW, Gendron-Fitzpatrick A, Kenney SC, Gumperz JE. Adoptively transferred Vγ9Vδ2 T cells show potent antitumor effects in a preclinical B cell lymphomagenesis model. JCI Insight 2017; 2:93179. [PMID: 28679955 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.93179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A central issue for adoptive cellular immunotherapy is overcoming immunosuppressive signals to achieve tumor clearance. While γδ T cells are known to be potent cytolytic effectors that can kill a variety of cancers, it is not clear whether they are inhibited by suppressive ligands expressed in tumor microenvironments. Here, we have used a powerful preclinical model where EBV infection drives the de novo generation of human B cell lymphomas in vivo, and autologous T lymphocytes are held in check by PD-1/CTLA-4-mediated inhibition. We show that a single dose of adoptively transferred Vδ2+ T cells has potent antitumor effects, even in the absence of checkpoint blockade or activating compounds. Vδ2+ T cell immunotherapy given within the first 5 days of EBV infection almost completely prevented the outgrowth of tumors. Vδ2+ T cell immunotherapy given more than 3 weeks after infection (after neoplastic transformation is evident) resulted in a dramatic reduction in tumor burden. The immunotherapeutic Vδ2+ T cells maintained low cell surface expression of PD-1 in vivo, and their recruitment to tumors was followed by a decrease in B cells expressing PD-L1 and PD-L2 inhibitory ligands. These results suggest that adoptively transferred PD-1lo Vδ2+ T cells circumvent the tumor checkpoint environment in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xuequn Xu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology
| | - Shidong Ma
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Christine L Schneider
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - James C Romero-Masters
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Amy W Hudson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Annette Gendron-Fitzpatrick
- Comparative Pathology Laboratory, Research Animal Resources Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Shannon C Kenney
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Ito R, Takahashi T, Ito M. Humanized mouse models: Application to human diseases. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:3723-3728. [PMID: 28598567 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Humanized mice are superior to rodents for preclinical evaluation of the efficacy and safety of drug candidates using human cells or tissues. During the past decade, humanized mouse technology has been greatly advanced by the establishment of novel platforms of genetically modified immunodeficient mice. Several human diseases can be recapitulated using humanized mice due to the improved engraftment and differentiation capacity of human cells or tissues. In this review, we discuss current advanced humanized mouse models that recapitulate human diseases including cancer, allergy, and graft-versus-host disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoji Ito
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Takahashi
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mamoru Ito
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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75
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PD1 is highly expressed in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with hepatitis B virus infection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180390. [PMID: 28662185 PMCID: PMC5491214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the association between PD1 expression and the clinical prognosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) co-occurring with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Methods A total of 165 patients presented with newly diagnosed and untreated DLBCL at the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China, between 2011.01 and 2014.12. Complete clinical information was available for 152 of these 165 patients. We retrospectively reviewed the results of HBV serum marker assays and the clinical information of these 152 DLBCL patients from our hospital database; eventually, only 51 patients were enrolled in this study, and these 51 patients received the PD1 test item. Results ① The incidence of HBsAg prevalence was 13.2% (20/152) in this study; ② The incidence of PD1 expression in the HBsAg+ group was 4.3-fold higher than that in the HBsAg—group (40.0% vs 9.4%; P = 0.010); ③ The clinical information, including sex, age, clinical stage, IPI, molecular subtype and chemotherapy status, was analyzed between the HBsAg+ and HBsAg—groups, but there were no significant differences between the two groups; ④ The median OS and PFS of the patients in the HBsAg+ group were 36.5 months and 12 months, respectively; however, the median OS and PFS of patients in the HBsAg—group were not reached (P = 0.033) and 32 months (P = 0.049), respectively; and ⑤ The median OS and PFS of PD1-positive patients in the HBsAg+ group were the worst (24 months and 9 months, respectively), whereas the median OS and PFS of PD1-negative patients in the HBsAg—group were the best (not reached and 32 months, respectively). Conclusions Compared with patients in the HBsAg—group, the incidence of PD1 expression was significantly higher in the HBsAg+ group, and the median OS and PFS times were the worst in PD1-positive patients in the HBsAg+ group. These results indicated that the dismal prognosis of patients with HBsAg+ may be related to the high rate of PD1 expression. Thus, a targeted PD1 treatment strategy may improve the prognosis of HBsAg+ DLBCL patients.
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76
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Kawaguchi T, Foster BA, Young J, Takabe K. Current Update of Patient-Derived Xenograft Model for Translational Breast Cancer Research. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2017; 22:131-139. [PMID: 28451789 PMCID: PMC5511343 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-017-9378-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in the treatment of patients with breast cancer (BrCa), BrCa remains the third leading cause of cancer death for women in the US due to intrinsic or acquired resistance to therapy. Continued understanding of gene expression profiling and genomic sequencing has clarified underlying intratumoral molecular heterogeneity. Recently, the patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models have emerged as a novel tool to address the issues of BrCa genomics and tumor heterogeneity, and to critically transform translational BrCa research in the preclinical setting. PDX models are generated by xenografting cancer tissue fragments obtained from patients to immune deficient mice, and can be passaged into next generations of mice. Generally, in contrast to conventional xenograft using cancer cell lines, PDXs are biologically more stable and recapitulate the individual tumor morphology, gene expression, and drug susceptibility of each patient. PDX may better model the original patient's tumor by retaining tumor heterogeneity, gene expression, and similar response to treatment. PDX models are thus thought to be more translationally relevant, especially as a drug development tool, because PDXs can capture the genetic character and heterogeneity that exists within a single patient's tumor and across a population of patients' tumors. PDX models also hold enormous potential for identifying predictive markers for therapeutic response. It has been repeatedly shown that PDX models demonstrate similar levels of activity as compared to the clinical response to therapeutic interventions. Therefore, this enables identification of therapeutic interventions that can most likely benefit a patient. This allows us to address the issues of BrCa genomics and tumor heterogeneity using PDXs in "pre-clinical" trials. Herein, we reviewed recent scientific development and future perspectives using PDX models in BrCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Kawaguchi
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Barbara A Foster
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Cancer Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Jessica Young
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
- Department of Surgery, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York, 100 High Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
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Jutz S, Hennig A, Paster W, Asrak Ö, Dijanovic D, Kellner F, Pickl WF, Huppa JB, Leitner J, Steinberger P. A cellular platform for the evaluation of immune checkpoint molecules. Oncotarget 2017; 8:64892-64906. [PMID: 29029399 PMCID: PMC5630299 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Blockade of the T cell coinhibitory molecules CTLA-4 and PD-1 has clinical utility to strengthen T cell responses. In addition to these immune checkpoints an ever-growing number of molecules has been implicated in generating coinhibitory signals in T cells. However, investigating coinhibitory molecules in primary human cells is complicated by the restricted expression and promiscuity of both coinhibitory receptors and their ligands. Here we have evaluated the potential of fluorescence-based transcriptional reporters based on the human Jurkat T cell line in conjunction with engineered T cell stimulator cell lines for investigating coinhibitory pathways. CTLA-4, PD-1, TIGIT, BTLA and 2B4 expressing reporter cells were generated and activated with T cell stimulator cells expressing cognate ligands of these molecules. All accessory molecules tested were functional in our reporter system. Engagement of CTLA-4, PD-1, BTLA and TIGIT by their ligands significantly inhibited T cell activation, whereas binding of 2B4 by CD48 resulted in enhanced responses. Mutational analysis revealed intracellular motifs that are responsible for BTLA mediated T cell inhibition and demonstrates potent reporter inhibition by CTLA-4 independent of cytoplasmic signaling motifs. Moreover, considerably higher IC50 values were measured for the CTLA-4 blocker Ipilimumab compared to the PD-1 antibody Nivolumab. Our findings show that coinhibitory pathways can be evaluated in Jurkat-based transcriptional reporters and yield novel insights on their function. Results obtained from this robust reductionist system can complement more time consuming and complex studies of such pathways in primary T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Jutz
- Division of Immune Receptors and T cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Annika Hennig
- Division of Immune Receptors and T cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Paster
- Division of Immune Receptors and T cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ömer Asrak
- Division of Immune Receptors and T cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dejana Dijanovic
- Division of Immune Receptors and T cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Kellner
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Immune Recognition Unit, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Winfried F Pickl
- Division of Cellular Immunology and Immunohematology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes B Huppa
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Immune Recognition Unit, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Leitner
- Division of Immune Receptors and T cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Steinberger
- Division of Immune Receptors and T cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a common human herpes virus known to infect the majority of the world population. Infection with EBV is often asymptomatic but can manifest in a range of pathologies from infectious mononucleosis to severe cancers of epithelial and lymphocytic origin. Indeed, in the past decade, EBV has been linked to nearly 10% of all gastric cancers. Furthermore, recent advances in high-throughput next-generation sequencing and the development of humanized mice, which effectively model EBV pathogenesis, have led to a wealth of knowledge pertaining to strain variation and host-pathogen interaction. This review highlights some recent advances in our understanding of EBV biology, focusing on new findings on the early events of infection, the role EBV plays in gastric cancer, new strain variation, and humanized mouse models of EBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent A Stanfield
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Micah A Luftig
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Lopez-Lastra S, Di Santo JP. Modeling Natural Killer Cell Targeted Immunotherapies. Front Immunol 2017; 8:370. [PMID: 28405194 PMCID: PMC5370275 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models have extensively contributed to our understanding of human immunobiology and to uncover the underlying pathological mechanisms occurring in the development of diseases. However, mouse models do not reproduce the genetic and molecular complexity inherent in human disease conditions. Human immune system (HIS) mouse models that are susceptible to human pathogens and can recapitulate human hematopoiesis and tumor immunobiology provide one means to bridge the interspecies gap. Natural killer cells are the founding member of the innate lymphoid cell family. They exert a rapid and strong immune response against tumor and pathogen-infected cells. Their antitumor features have long been exploited for therapeutic purposes in the context of cancer. In this review, we detail the development of highly immunodeficient mouse strains and the models currently used in cancer research. We summarize the latest improvements in adoptive natural killer (NK) cell therapies and the development of novel NK cell sources. Finally, we discuss the advantages of HIS mice to study the interactions between human NK cells and human cancers and to develop new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Lopez-Lastra
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Inserm U1223, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Sud (Paris-Saclay), Paris, France
| | - James P. Di Santo
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Inserm U1223, Paris, France
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Latent Membrane Protein 1 (LMP1) and LMP2A Collaborate To Promote Epstein-Barr Virus-Induced B Cell Lymphomas in a Cord Blood-Humanized Mouse Model but Are Not Essential. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01928-16. [PMID: 28077657 PMCID: PMC5355617 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01928-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is associated with B cell lymphomas in humans. The ability of EBV to convert human B cells into long-lived lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) in vitro requires the collaborative effects of EBNA2 (which hijacks Notch signaling), latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) (which mimics CD40 signaling), and EBV-encoded nuclear antigen 3A (EBNA3A) and EBNA3C (which inhibit oncogene-induced senescence and apoptosis). However, we recently showed that an LMP1-deleted EBV mutant induces B cell lymphomas in a newly developed cord blood-humanized mouse model that allows EBV-infected B cells to interact with CD4 T cells (the major source of CD40 ligand). Here we examined whether the EBV LMP2A protein, which mimics constitutively active B cell receptor signaling, is required for EBV-induced lymphomas in this model. We find that the deletion of LMP2A delays the onset of EBV-induced lymphomas but does not affect the tumor phenotype or the number of tumors. The simultaneous deletion of both LMP1 and LMP2A results in fewer tumors and a further delay in tumor onset. Nevertheless, the LMP1/LMP2A double mutant induces lymphomas in approximately half of the infected animals. These results indicate that neither LMP1 nor LMP2A is absolutely essential for the ability of EBV to induce B cell lymphomas in the cord blood-humanized mouse model, although the simultaneous loss of both LMP1 and LMP2A decreases the proportion of animals developing tumors and increases the time to tumor onset. Thus, the expression of either LMP1 or LMP2A may be sufficient to promote early-onset EBV-induced tumors in this model.IMPORTANCE EBV causes human lymphomas, but few models are available for dissecting how EBV causes lymphomas in vivo in the context of a host immune response. We recently used a newly developed cord blood-humanized mouse model to show that EBV can cooperate with human CD4 T cells to cause B cell lymphomas even when a major viral transforming protein, LMP1, is deleted. Here we examined whether the EBV protein LMP2A, which mimics B cell receptor signaling, is required for EBV-induced lymphomas in this model. We find that the deletion of LMP2A alone has little effect on the ability of EBV to cause lymphomas but delays tumor onset. The deletion of both LMP1 and LMP2A results in a smaller number of lymphomas in infected animals, with an even more delayed time to tumor onset. These results suggest that LMP1 and LMP2A collaborate to promote early-onset lymphomas in this model, but neither protein is absolutely essential.
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Xu X, Qiu J, Sun Y. The basics of CAR T design and challenges in immunotherapy of solid tumors - Ovarian cancer as a model. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:1548-1555. [PMID: 28272967 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1291473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T cells are T cells genetically engineered with CAR constructs which mainly contain scFV and TCR zeta chain. With promising development in blood cancers, CAR T trials are also applied in solid cancers. However, the treatment effect in solid cancers is lower than expected. This review summarizes difference of CAR T applications in solid and blood cancers. Future challenges of CAR T cell treatment in solid cancer are also discussed using ovarian cancer as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuequn Xu
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University , Shanghai , China
| | - Jin Qiu
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University , Shanghai , China
| | - Yi Sun
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University , Shanghai , China
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82
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Pei Y, Lewis AE, Robertson ES. Current Progress in EBV-Associated B-Cell Lymphomas. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1018:57-74. [PMID: 29052132 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5765-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was the first human tumor virus discovered more than 50 years ago. EBV-associated lymphomagenesis is still a significant viral-associated disease as it involves a diverse range of pathologies, especially B-cell lymphomas. Recent development of high-throughput next-generation sequencing technologies and in vivo mouse models have significantly promoted our understanding of the fundamental molecular mechanisms which drive these cancers and allowed for the development of therapeutic intervention strategies. This review will highlight the current advances in EBV-associated B-cell lymphomas, focusing on transcriptional regulation, chromosome aberrations, in vivo studies of EBV-mediated lymphomagenesis, as well as the treatment strategies to target viral-associated lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Pei
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and Microbiology, Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3610 Hamilton Walk, 201E Johnson Pavilion, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Alexandria E Lewis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and Microbiology, Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3610 Hamilton Walk, 201E Johnson Pavilion, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Erle S Robertson
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and Microbiology, Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3610 Hamilton Walk, 201E Johnson Pavilion, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Bi XW, Wang H, Zhang WW, Wang JH, Liu WJ, Xia ZJ, Huang HQ, Jiang WQ, Zhang YJ, Wang L. PD-L1 is upregulated by EBV-driven LMP1 through NF-κB pathway and correlates with poor prognosis in natural killer/T-cell lymphoma. J Hematol Oncol 2016; 9:109. [PMID: 27737703 PMCID: PMC5064887 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-016-0341-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (NKTCL) is an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated, highly aggressive lymphoma. Treatment outcome remains sub-optimal, especially for advanced-stage or relapsed diseases. Programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-1) and PD ligand 1 (PD-L1) have become promising therapeutic targets for various malignancies, but their role in the pathogenesis and their interactions with EBV in NKTCL remains to be investigated. METHODS Expression of PD-L1 was measured in NK-92 (EBV-negative) and SNK-6 (EBV-positive) cells by western blot, quantitative real-time PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and flow cytometry, respectively. Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1)-harboring lentiviral vectors were transfected into NK-92 cells to examine the correlation between LMP1 and PD-L1 expression. Proteins in the downstream pathways of LMP1 signaling were measured in NK-92 cells transfected with LMP1-harboring or negative control vectors as well as in SNK-6 cells. PD-L1 expression on tumor specimens and serum concentration of soluble PD-L1 were collected in a retrospective cohort of patients with Ann Arbor stage I~II NKTCL, and their prognostic significance were analyzed. RESULTS Expression of PD-L1 was significantly higher in SNK-6 cells than in NK-92 cells, at both protein and mRNA levels. Expression of PD-L1 was remarkably upregulated in NK-92 cells transfected with LMP1-harboring lentiviral vectors compared with those transfected with negative control vectors. Proteins in the MAPK/NF-κB pathway were upregulated in LMP1-expressing NK-92 cells compared with the negative control. Selective inhibitors of those proteins induced significant downregulation of PD-L1 expression in LMP1-expressing NK-92 cells as well as in SNK-6 cells. Patients with a high concentration of serum soluble PD-L1 (≥3.4 ng/ml) or with a high percentage of PD-L1 expression in tumor specimens (≥38 %) exhibited significantly lower response rate to treatment and remarkably worse survival, compared with their counterparts. A high concentration of serum soluble PD-L1 and a high percentage of PD-L1 expression in tumor specimens were independent adverse prognostic factors among patients with stage I~II NKTCL. CONCLUSIONS PD-L1 expression positively correlated LMP1 expression in NKTCL, which was probably mediated by the MAPK/NF-κB pathway. PD-L1 expression in serum and tumor tissues has significant prognostic value for early-stage NKTCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Wen Bi
- Department of Hematologic Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China/Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Hematologic Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China/Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China.,Department of Hematologic Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Wen Zhang
- Department of Hematologic Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China/Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Hua Wang
- Department of Hematologic Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China/Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China.,Department of Hematologic Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jian Liu
- Department of Hematologic Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China/Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China.,Department of Hematologic Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Jun Xia
- Department of Hematologic Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China/Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China.,Department of Hematologic Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Qiang Huang
- Department of Hematologic Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China/Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Qi Jiang
- Department of Hematologic Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China/Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Jing Zhang
- Department of Hematologic Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China/Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Hematologic Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China/Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Hematologic Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China.
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