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Abstract
Asthma and COPD remain two diseases of the respiratory tract with unmet medical needs. This review considers the current state of play with respect to what is known about the underlying pathogenesis of these two chronic inflammatory diseases of the lung. The review highlights why they are different conditions requiring different approaches to treatment and provides a backdrop for the subsequent chapters in this volume discussing recent advances in the pharmacology and treatment of asthma and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
| | - Blaze O'Shaughnessy
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Peter Barnes
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW3 6LY, UK
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Yuan J, Han R, Esther A, Wu Q, Yang J, Yan W, Ji X, Liu Y, Li Y, Yao W, Ni C. Polymorphisms in autophagy related genes and the coal workers' pneumoconiosis in a Chinese population. Gene 2017; 632:36-42. [PMID: 28844669 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved intracellular degradation/recycling system that is essential for cellular homeostasis. Dysregulation of this process leads to a number of disorders, including pulmonary fibrosis. However, the genetic association between singe nucleotide polymorphisms of autophagy related genes (ATGs) and the risk of coal workers' pneumoconiosis has not been reported yet. Total of 7 SNPs in ATGs (ATG16, ATG12, ATG5, ATG10) were investigated for their roles in CWP by a case-control study which including 705 CWP patients and 703 control subjects. Genotyping were performed by the Sequenom Mass ARRAY system. Luciferase assays were taken to test the effects of rs26538 C>T on the activity of ATG12 in the promoter. Our data showed that ATG10 rs1864182 GT genotype was associated with a decreased risk of CWP compared with TT genotype (OR=0.42, 95% CI=0.33-0.54, P=0.001). Another 2 SNPs (rs26538, rs510432) were also with the marked decreases in the risk of CWP under recessive models (OR=0.58, 95% CI=0.40-0.83, P=0.002 for rs26538; OR=0.74, 95% CI=0.57-0.97, P=0.040 for rs510432). Luciferase assays in two different cell lines revealed that the rs26538 C>T substitution could reduce the expression of ATG12. Taken together, we identified three SNPs in ATGs, which implicated the development of CWP. Further studies are warranted to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Yuan
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Ruhui Han
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Ayaaba Esther
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Qiuyun Wu
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jingjin Yang
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Weiwen Yan
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xiaoming Ji
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Wenxi Yao
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Chunhui Ni
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
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Lv XX, Liu SS, Li K, Cui B, Liu C, Hu ZW. Cigarette smoke promotes COPD by activating platelet-activating factor receptor and inducing neutrophil autophagic death in mice. Oncotarget 2017; 8:74720-74735. [PMID: 29088819 PMCID: PMC5650374 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most important effector cells during the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Although neutrophil elastase is critical in cigarette smoke (CS)-induced lung parenchyma, the mechanism by which CS triggers elastase release from neutrophils remains unclear. Here we report that CS induction of autophagy in neutrophils by activating platelet- activating factor receptor (PAFR) promotes COPD progression in mouse. We found that the dead neutrophils were increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from CS-exposed mice. Blocking PAFR suppressed the CS-induced autophagy in neutrophils, protected neutrophils from death, and reduced elastase release. Mechanistically, CS enhanced ROS production and High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) expression through activation of PAFR. The elevated HMGB1 interacted with beclin1, which promoted the dissociation of Bcl-2 from beclin1 and the assembly of autophagy core complex. Moreover, the antagonism of PAFR by rupatadine, a prescription PAFR inhibitor, protected against the development of emphysema, and reduced the autophagic death of neutrophils after CS exposure. These results suggest that CS contributes to the pathogenesis of COPD partly by inducing a PAFR-dependent autophagic death of neutrophils. Therefore, PAFR may be a therapeutic target for COPD and inhibition of PAFR may provide potential therapeutic benefits in the treatment of patients with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xi Lv
- Immunology and Cancer Pharmacology Group, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, P.R. China
| | - Shan-Shan Liu
- Immunology and Cancer Pharmacology Group, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, P.R. China
| | - Ke Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, P.R. China
| | - Bing Cui
- Immunology and Cancer Pharmacology Group, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, P.R. China
| | - Chang Liu
- Immunology and Cancer Pharmacology Group, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, P.R. China
| | - Zhuo-Wei Hu
- Immunology and Cancer Pharmacology Group, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, P.R. China
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54
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Dornhof R, Maschowski C, Osipova A, Gieré R, Seidl M, Merfort I, Humar M. Stress fibers, autophagy and necrosis by persistent exposure to PM2.5 from biomass combustion. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180291. [PMID: 28671960 PMCID: PMC5495337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can adversely affect human health. Emissions from residential energy sources have the largest impact on premature mortality globally, but their pathological and molecular implications on cellular physiology are still elusive. In the present study potential molecular consequences were investigated during long-term exposure of human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells to PM2.5, collected from a biomass power plant. Initially, we observed that PM2.5 did not affect cellular survival or proliferation. However, it triggered an activation of the stress response p38 MAPK which, along with RhoA GTPase and HSP27, mediated morphological changes in BEAS-2B cells, including actin cytoskeletal rearrangements and paracellular gap formation. The p38 inhibitor SB203580 prevented phosphorylation of HSP27 and ameliorated morphological changes. During an intermediate phase of long-term exposure, PM2.5 triggered proliferative regression and activation of an adaptive stress response necessary to maintain energy homeostasis, including AMPK, repression of translational elongation, and autophagy. Finally, accumulation of intracellular PM2.5 promoted lysosomal destabilization and cell death, which was dependent on lysosomal hydrolases and p38 MAPK, but not on the inflammasome and pyroptosis. TEM images revealed formation of protrusions and cellular internalization of PM2.5, induction of autophagosomes, amphisomes, autophagosome-lysosomal fusion, multiple compartmental fusion, lysosomal burst, swollen mitochondria and finally necrosis. In consequence, persistent exposure to PM2.5 may impair epithelial barriers and reduce regenerative capacity. Hence, our results contribute to a better understanding of PM-associated lung and systemic diseases on the basis of molecular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Dornhof
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Maschowski
- Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anastasiya Osipova
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Reto Gieré
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science and Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Maximilian Seidl
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Irmgard Merfort
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (IM); (MH)
| | - Matjaz Humar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (IM); (MH)
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55
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Sahin P, Gungor-Ordueri NE, Celik-Ozenci C. Inhibition of mTOR pathway decreases the expression of pre-meiotic and meiotic markers throughout postnatal development and in adult testes in mice. Andrologia 2017; 50. [PMID: 28488736 DOI: 10.1111/and.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapamycin (mTOR inhibitor) has been reported to have negative effect on human male gonadal function. Previously, we showed that mTOR signalling molecules are expressed during early spermatogenesis in mice. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of mTOR signalling in meiosis both during the first wave of spermatogenesis and also during adult spermatogenesis. Day 5 post-partum mice were administered rapamycin and retinoic acid (RA; a Stra8 activator), and expression of p-p70S6K and Stra8 proteins was evaluated. p-p70S6K and Stra8 protein expressions decreased in post-natal testes after rapamycin treatment. Stra8 protein expression increased after RA and rapamycin+RA administrations in post-natal testes. In adult mice, rapamycin was administrated for 1 or 4 weeks. Morphological analysis for testicular damage and TUNEL assay was performed. After rapamycin administration, germ cell loss increased in adult testes. Ultrastructural analysis revealed disorganised testicular morphology and vacuolisation. The number of apoptotic germ cells increased after 4 weeks rapamycin administration. Stra8 and Dmc1 expressions decreased in 4 weeks rapamycin group, whereas Sycp3 and VASA expression did not change. Our findings suggest that mTOR pathway has an important role in meiotic progress of male germ cells both during first wave of spermatogenesis and in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sahin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - N E Gungor-Ordueri
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Biruni University Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - C Celik-Ozenci
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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Liu Y, Zhang J. Saturated hydrogen saline ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by reducing excessive autophagy. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:2609-2615. [PMID: 28596808 PMCID: PMC5460057 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) involves excessive pulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress. In turn, autophagy is associated with inflammatory diseases and organ dysfunction, and studies have demonstrated that LPS treatment may trigger autophagy. Thus, excessive autophagy may stimulate the strong inflammatory response observed in the development of LPS-induced ALI. Saturated hydrogen saline may alleviate LPS-induced ALI by inhibiting autophagy, however its underlying mechanisms of action remain unknown. It has been suggested that saturated hydrogen saline may downregulate expression of nuclear factor (NF)-κB, leading to a decrease in Beclin-1 transcription and inhibition of autophagy. Inhibition of autophagy also occurs via the phosphorylation of Unc-51-like autophagy activating kinase 1 and autophagy-related protein-13 by mechanistic target of rapamycin, which in turn may be upregulated by saturated hydrogen saline. In addition, signaling pathways involving heme oxygenase-1 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase are associated with the alleviative effects of saturated hydrogen saline on LPS-induced autophagy. The present review focuses on potential molecular mechanisms regarding the effects of saturated hydrogen saline in the reduction of autophagy during LPS-induced ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
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57
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Divya T, Sureshkumar A, Sudhandiran G. Autophagy induction by celastrol augments protection against bleomycin-induced experimental pulmonary fibrosis in rats: Role of adaptor protein p62/ SQSTM1. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2017; 45:47-61. [PMID: 28389259 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a chronic pulmonary disease of unknown cause with high mortality. Autophagy is an important homeostatic process that decides the fate of cells under stress conditions. This study is aimed to investigate whether impaired autophagic activity leads to fibrosis and pharmacological induction of autophagy provides protection against bleomycin (BLM)-induced PF. A single dose of BLM (3 U/kg body weight) was administered intratracheally to induce fibrosis in rats. Celastrol, a triterpenoid (5 mg/kg body weight, intraperitoneally) was given in every 81 h for a period of 28 days. Western blot and Confocal microscopic analysis of rat lung tissue samples revealed that celastrol induces autophagy in BLM-induced rats. Transmission electron microscopic analysis supports the above findings. Celastrol increased the expressions of Beclin 1 and Vps 34, promoted the up-regulation of Atg5-Atg12-16 formation and enhanced the lipidation of LC3I to LC3II suggesting induction of autophagy by celastrol provide protection against lung fibrosis. Further, we revealed that celastrol activates autophagy by inhibiting PI3K/Akt mediated mTOR expression. In addition, we show evidences that lack of autophagy leads to accumulation of p62, an autophagy adaptor protein that is degraded by celastrol. This study helps to describe the importance of autophagic cell death as a possible therapeutic target against lung fibrosis, and celastrol as a potential candidate for the treatment options for PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Divya
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600 025, India
| | | | - Ganapasam Sudhandiran
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600 025, India.
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58
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Prakash YS, Pabelick CM, Sieck GC. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Airway Disease. Chest 2017; 152:618-626. [PMID: 28336486 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing appreciation that mitochondria serve cellular functions beyond oxygen sensing and energy production. Accordingly, it has become important to explore noncanonical roles of mitochondria in normal and pathophysiological processes that influence airway structure and function in the context of diseases such as asthma and COPD. Mitochondria can sense upstream processes such as inflammation, infection, tobacco smoke, and environmental insults important in these diseases and in turn can respond to such stimuli through altered mitochondrial protein expression, structure, and resultant dysfunction. Conversely, mitochondrial dysfunction has downstream influences on cytosolic and mitochondrial calcium regulation, airway contractility, gene and protein housekeeping, responses to oxidative stress, proliferation, apoptosis, fibrosis, and certainly metabolism, which are all key aspects of airway disease pathophysiology. Indeed, mitochondrial dysfunction is thought to play a role even in normal processes such as aging and senescence and in conditions such as obesity, which impact airway diseases. Thus, understanding how mitochondrial structure and function play central roles in airway disease may be critical for the development of novel therapeutic avenues targeting dysfunctional mitochondria. In this case, it is likely that mitochondria of airway epithelium, smooth muscle, and fibroblasts play differential roles, consistent with their contributions to disease biology, underlining the challenge of targeting a ubiquitous cellular element of existential importance. This translational review summarizes the current state of understanding of mitochondrial processes that play a role in airway disease pathophysiology and identifying areas of unmet research need and opportunities for novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Prakash
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, and the Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
| | - Christina M Pabelick
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, and the Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Gary C Sieck
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, and the Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is regarded as a disease of accelerated lung aging. This affliction shows all of the hallmarks of aging, including telomere shortening, cellular senescence, activation of PI3 kinase-mTOR signaling, impaired autophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction, stem cell exhaustion, epigenetic changes, abnormal microRNA profiles, immunosenescence, and a low-grade chronic inflammation (inflammaging). Many of these pathways are driven by chronic exogenous and endogenous oxidative stress. There is also a reduction in antiaging molecules, such as sirtuins and Klotho, which further accelerate the aging process. COPD is associated with several comorbidities (multimorbidity), such as cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, that share the same pathways of accelerated aging. Understanding these mechanisms has helped identify several novel therapeutic targets, and several drugs and dietary interventions are now in development to treat multimorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Barnes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, United Kingdom
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60
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Pathogenesis of COPD 4 – Cell Death, Senescence, and Autophagy: Is There a Possibility of Developing New Drugs from the Standpoint of This Pathogenetic Mechanism? RESPIRATORY DISEASE SERIES: DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS AND DISEASE MANAGEMENTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-0839-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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61
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Protein oxidation and degradation caused by particulate matter. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33727. [PMID: 27644844 PMCID: PMC5028717 DOI: 10.1038/srep33727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) modulates the expression of autophagy; however, the role of selective autophagy by PM remains unclear. The objective of this study was to determine the underlying mechanisms in protein oxidation and degradation caused by PM. Human epithelial A549 cells were exposed to diesel exhaust particles (DEPs), urban dust (UD), and carbon black (CB; control particles). Cell survival and proliferation were significantly reduced by DEPs and UD in A549 cells. First, benzo(a)pyrene diolepoxide (BPDE) protein adduct was caused by DEPs at 150 μg/ml. Methionine oxidation (MetO) of human albumin proteins was induced by DEPs, UD, and CB; however, the protein repair mechanism that converts MetO back to methionine by methionine sulfoxide reductases A (MSRA) and B3 (MSRB3) was activated by DEPs and inhibited by UD, suggesting that oxidized protein was accumulating in cells. As to the degradation of oxidized proteins, proteasome and autophagy activation was induced by CB with ubiquitin accumulation, whereas proteasome and autophagy activation was induced by DEPs without ubiquitin accumulation. The results suggest that CB-induced protein degradation may be via an ubiquitin-dependent autophagy pathway, whereas DEP-induced protein degradation may be via an ubiquitin-independent autophagy pathway. A distinct proteotoxic effect may depend on the physicochemistry of PM.
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62
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Fan T, Huang Z, Chen L, Wang W, Zhang B, Xu Y, Pan S, Mao Z, Hu H, Geng Q. Associations between autophagy, the ubiquitin-proteasome system and endoplasmic reticulum stress in hypoxia-deoxygenation or ischemia-reperfusion. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 791:157-167. [PMID: 27568838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The activation of autophagy has been demonstrated to exert protective roles during hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R)-induced brain injuries. This study aimed to investigate whether and how preconditioning with a proteasome inhibitor (MG-132), a proteasome promoter (Adriamycin, ADM), an autophagy inhibitor (3-methyladenine, 3-MA) and an autophagy promoter (Rapamycin, Rap) affected endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), autophagy, inflammation and apoptosis. Ubiquitin protein and 26S proteasome activity levels were decreased by MG-132 pretreatment but increased by ADM pretreatment at 2h, 4h and 6h following H/R treatment. MG-132 pretreatment led to the increased expression of autophagy-related genes, ER stress-associated genes and IκB but decreased the expression levels of NF-κB and caspase-3. ADM pretreatment led to the decreased expression of autophagy-related genes, ERS-associated genes and IκB but increased the expression of NF-κB and caspase-3. Pretreatment with 3-MA reduced the expression of autophagy-related genes, autophagy and UPS co-related genes, as well as apoptosis-related although the latter was increased by Rap pretreatment at 2h, 4h and 6h following H/R treatment. In vivo, pretreatment of rats with ADM, MG-132, 3-MA or Rap followed by ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) treatment resulted in similar changes. Proteasome inhibition preconditioning strengthened autophagy and ER stress but decreased apoptosis and inflammation. Autophagy promotion preconditioning exhibited similar changes. The combination of a proteasome inhibitor and an autophagy promoter might represent a new possible therapy to treat H/R or I/R injury-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Fan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhixin Huang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Boyou Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shize Pan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhangfan Mao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Geng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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63
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Inhibition of autophagy ameliorates pulmonary microvascular dilation and PMVECs excessive proliferation in rat experimental hepatopulmonary syndrome. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30833. [PMID: 27480323 PMCID: PMC4969600 DOI: 10.1038/srep30833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a defective liver-induced pulmonary vascular disorder with massive pulmonary microvascular dilation and excessive proliferation of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs). Growing evidence suggests that autophagy is involved in pulmonary diseases, protectively or detrimentally. Thus, it is interesting and important to explore whether autophagy might be involved in and critical in HPS. In the present study, we report that autophagy was activated in common bile duct ligation (CBDL) rats and cultured pulmonary PMVECs induced by CBDL rat serum, two accepted in vivo and in vitro experimental models of HPS. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of autophagy with 3-methyladenine (3-MA) significantly alleviated pathological alterations and typical symptom of HPS in CBDL rats in vivo, and consistently 3-MA significantly attenuated the CBDL rat serum-induced excessive proliferation of PMVECs in vitro. All these changes mediated by 3-MA might explain the observed prominent improvement of pulmonary appearance, edema, microvascular dilatation and arterial oxygenation in vivo. Collectively, these results suggest that autophagy activation may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of HPS, and autophagy inhibition may have a therapeutic potential for this disease.
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MiR-449a regulates autophagy to inhibit silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis through targeting Bcl2. J Mol Med (Berl) 2016; 94:1267-1279. [PMID: 27351886 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1441-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Silicosis is a fatal pulmonary fibrotic disorder characterized by accumulation of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts and deposition of extracellular matrix proteins. MiR-449a is a potential mediator of many cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. We hypothesized that miR-449a may play a crucial role in the progression of pulmonary fibrogenesis. Here, we described miR-449a as a new autophagy-regulated miRNA. Importantly, miR-449a expression was significantly decreased in lung tissues of mice with silica treatment, and it was similarly expressed in NIH-3T3 and MRC-5 cells stimulated with TGF-β1. The activity of autophagy was inhibited in fibrotic lung tissues and TGF-β1-treated fibroblasts. To investigate the potential effect of miR-449a, we overexpressed miR-449a in mouse models and found that miR-449a significantly reduced both the distribution and severity of lung lesions induced by silica. In addition, miR-449a was observed to induce the activity of autophagy in vivo and in vitro. Notably, Bcl2 was identified as a target of miR-449a. Bcl2 levels were decreased in NIH-3T3 cells upon miR-449a overexpression. Indeed, the Bcl2 3' UTR contained functional miR-449a responsive sequences. Furthermore, TGF-β1 was observed to increase the expression of Bcl2 via the MAPK/ERK pathway. These results suggest that miR-449a is an important regulator of autophagy, as well as a novel endogenous suppressor of pulmonary fibrosis. KEY MESSAGE MiR-449a expression was decreased in fibrotic lungs and activated fibroblasts. Autophagy was inhibited in fibrotic lung tissues and TGF-β1-treated fibroblasts. MiR-449a had an antifibrotic effect in silica-induced lung fibrosis. MiR-449a upregulated autophagic activity in vitro. Bcl2 is the autophagy-related target of miR-449a.
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65
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Zhang L, Ai Y, Tsung A. Clinical application: Restoration of immune homeostasis by autophagy as a potential therapeutic target in sepsis. Exp Ther Med 2016; 11:1159-1167. [PMID: 27073416 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis-induced lymphocyte and dendritic cell apoptosis contributes to immunosuppression, resulting in an inability to eradicate the primary infection and a propensity to acquire secondary infections. However, the inhibition of apoptosis may produce unexpected and undesirable consequences. Another cellular process, autophagy, is also activated in immune cells. There is increasing evidence to suggest that autophagy confers a protective effect in sepsis. The protective mechanisms underlying this effect include limiting apoptotic cell death and maintaining cellular homeostasis. Therefore, understanding the regulation of immune cell autophagy and apoptosis may provide insight into novel therapeutic strategies. The present review examined potential novel therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring immune homeostasis by inducing autophagy. The restoration of balance between apoptosis and autophagy may be a novel approach for improving sepsis-induced immunosuppression and decreasing susceptibility to sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lemeng Zhang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yuhang Ai
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Allan Tsung
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Barnes PJ, Burney PGJ, Silverman EK, Celli BR, Vestbo J, Wedzicha JA, Wouters EFM. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2015; 1:15076. [PMID: 27189863 DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2015.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common disease with high global morbidity and mortality. COPD is characterized by poorly reversible airway obstruction, which is confirmed by spirometry, and includes obstruction of the small airways (chronic obstructive bronchiolitis) and emphysema, which lead to air trapping and shortness of breath in response to physical exertion. The most common risk factor for the development of COPD is cigarette smoking, but other environmental factors, such as exposure to indoor air pollutants - especially in developing countries - might influence COPD risk. Not all smokers develop COPD and the reasons for disease susceptibility in these individuals have not been fully elucidated. Although the mechanisms underlying COPD remain poorly understood, the disease is associated with chronic inflammation that is usually corticosteroid resistant. In addition, COPD involves accelerated ageing of the lungs and an abnormal repair mechanism that might be driven by oxidative stress. Acute exacerbations, which are mainly triggered by viral or bacterial infections, are important as they are linked to a poor prognosis. The mainstay of the management of stable disease is the use of inhaled long-acting bronchodilators, whereas corticosteroids are beneficial primarily in patients who have coexisting features of asthma, such as eosinophilic inflammation and more reversibility of airway obstruction. Apart from smoking cessation, no treatments reduce disease progression. More research is needed to better understand disease mechanisms and to develop new treatments that reduce disease activity and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Barnes
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Peter G J Burney
- Division of Medical Genetics and Population Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Edwin K Silverman
- Channing Division of Network Medicine and Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bartolome R Celli
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jørgen Vestbo
- Centre of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Manchester Academic Science Centre, University Hospital South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Jadwiga A Wedzicha
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Emiel F M Wouters
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Gui YS, Wang L, Tian X, Li X, Ma A, Zhou W, Zeng N, Zhang J, Cai B, Zhang H, Chen JY, Xu KF. mTOR Overactivation and Compromised Autophagy in the Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Fibrosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138625. [PMID: 26382847 PMCID: PMC4575195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway in pulmonary fibrosis was investigated in cell and animal models. mTOR overactivation in alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) was achieved in the conditional and inducible Tsc1 knock-down mice SPC-rtTA/TetO-Cre/Tsc1fx/+ (STT). Doxycycline caused Tsc1 knock-down and consequently mTOR activation in AECs for the STT mice. Mice treated with bleomycin exhibited increased mortality and pulmonary fibrosis compared with control mice. In wild-type C57BL/6J mice, pretreatment with rapamycin attenuated the bleomycin-mediated mortality and fibrosis. Rapamycin-mediated mouse survival benefit was inhibited by chloroquine, an autophagy inhibitor. Autophagosomes were decreased in the lungs after bleomycin exposure. Rapamycin induced the production of autophagosomes and diminished p62. We concluded that mTOR overactivation in AECs and compromised autophagy in the lungs are involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. The suppression of mTOR and enhancement of autophagy may be used for treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Song Gui
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lianmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinlun Tian
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aiping Ma
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weixun Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ni Zeng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Wuxi People’s Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Baiqiang Cai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Yu Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Wuxi People’s Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
- * E-mail: (JYC); (KFX)
| | - Kai-Feng Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JYC); (KFX)
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Son ES, Kyung SY, Lee SP, Jeong SH, Shin JY, Ohba M, Yeo EJ, Park JW. Role of protein kinase C-η in cigarette smoke extract-induced apoptosis in MRC-5-cells. Hum Exp Toxicol 2015; 34:869-77. [PMID: 25504686 DOI: 10.1177/0960327114561343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) is a major risk factor for emphysema, which causes cell death in structural cells of the lung by mechanisms that are still not completely understood. We demonstrated previously that CS extract (CSE) induces caspase activation in MRC-5 human lung fibroblasts, activated protein kinase C-η (PKC-η), and translocated PKC-η from the cytosol to the membrane. The objective of this study was to investigate the involvement of PKC-η activation in a CSE-induced extrinsic apoptotic pathway. We determined that CSE increases expression of caspase 3 and 8 cleavage in MRC-5 cells and overexpression of PKC-η significantly increased expression of caspase 3 and 8 cleavage compared with control LacZ-infected cells. In contrast, dominant negative (dn) PKC-η inhibited apoptosis in MRC-5 cells exposed to CSE and decreased expression of caspase 3 and 8 compared with control cells. Exposure to 10% CSE for >8 h significantly increased lactate dehydrogenase release in PKC-η-infected cells compared with LacZ-infected cells. Additionally, PKC-η-infected cells had an increased number of Hoechst 33342 stained nuclei compared with LacZ-infected cells, while dn PKC-η-infected cells exhibited fewer morphological changes than LacZ-infected cells under phase-contrast microscopy. In conclusion, PKC-η activation plays a pro-apoptotic role in CSE-induced extrinsic apoptotic pathway in MRC-5 cells. These results suggest that modulation of PKC-η may be a useful tool for regulating the extrinsic apoptosis of MRC-5 cells by CSE and may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of CS-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Son
- Department of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Gachon University, Gil Medical Center, Namdong-Gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - S Y Kyung
- Department of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Gachon University, Gil Medical Center, Namdong-Gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - S P Lee
- Department of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Gachon University, Gil Medical Center, Namdong-Gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - S H Jeong
- Department of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Gachon University, Gil Medical Center, Namdong-Gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - J Y Shin
- Department of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Gachon University, Gil Medical Center, Namdong-Gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - M Ohba
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Showa University, Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - E J Yeo
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - J W Park
- Department of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Gachon University, Gil Medical Center, Namdong-Gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Interactions between Autophagy and Bacterial Toxins: Targets for Therapy? Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:2918-58. [PMID: 26248079 PMCID: PMC4549733 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7082918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a physiological process involved in defense mechanisms for clearing intracellular bacteria. The autophagic pathway is finely regulated and bacterial toxins interact with this process in a complex manner. Bacterial toxins also interact significantly with many biochemical processes. Evaluations of the effects of bacterial toxins, such as endotoxins, pore-forming toxins and adenylate cyclases, on autophagy could support the development of new strategies for counteracting bacterial pathogenicity. Treatment strategies could focus on drugs that enhance autophagic processes to improve the clearance of intracellular bacteria. However, further in vivo studies are required to decipher the upregulation of autophagy and potential side effects limiting such approaches. The capacity of autophagy activation strategies to improve the outcome of antibiotic treatment should be investigated in the future.
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70
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Jurkuvenaite A, Benavides GA, Komarova S, Doran SF, Johnson M, Aggarwal S, Zhang J, Darley-Usmar VM, Matalon S. Upregulation of autophagy decreases chlorine-induced mitochondrial injury and lung inflammation. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 85:83-94. [PMID: 25881550 PMCID: PMC4508227 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of toxicity during exposure of the airways to chlorinated biomolecules generated during the course of inflammation and to chlorine (Cl2) gas are poorly understood. We hypothesized that lung epithelial cell mitochondria are damaged by Cl2 exposure and activation of autophagy mitigates this injury. To address this, NCI-H441 (human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial) cells were exposed to Cl2 (100 ppm/15 min) and bioenergetics were assessed. One hour after Cl2, cellular bioenergetic function and mitochondrial membrane potential were decreased. These changes were associated with increased MitoSOX signal, and treatment with the mitochondrial redox modulator MitoQ attenuated these bioenergetic defects. At 6h postexposure, there was significant increase in autophagy, which was associated with an improvement of mitochondrial function. Pretreatment of H441 cells with trehalose (an autophagy activator) improved bioenergetic function, whereas 3-methyladenine (an autophagy inhibitor) resulted in increased bioenergetic dysfunction 1h after Cl2 exposure. These data indicate that Cl2 induces bioenergetic dysfunction, and autophagy plays a protective role in vitro. Addition of trehalose (2 vol%) to the drinking water of C57BL/6 mice for 6 weeks, but not 1 week, before Cl2 (400 ppm/30 min) decreased white blood cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid at 6h after Cl2 by 70%. Acute administration of trehalose delivered through inhalation 24 and 1h before the exposure decreased alveolar permeability but not cell infiltration. These data indicate that Cl2 induces bioenergetic dysfunction associated with lung inflammation and suggests that autophagy plays a protective role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asta Jurkuvenaite
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Gloria A Benavides
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294,USA; Center for Free Radical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Svetlana Komarova
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Stephen F Doran
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Michelle Johnson
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294,USA; Center for Free Radical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Saurabh Aggarwal
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Center for Free Radical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294,USA; Center for Free Radical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Victor M Darley-Usmar
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294,USA; Center for Free Radical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Sadis Matalon
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Center for Free Radical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Abstract
The efficient delivery of short interfering RNA (siRNA) is an enormous challenge in the field of gene therapy. Herein, we report a delivery nanosystem based on programmed DNA self-assembly mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) siRNA-loaded DNA nanotubes (DNA-NTs). We demonstrate that these siRNA-DNA-NTs can be effectively transfected into pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) via endocytosis; and that the loaded mTOR siRNA can induce obvious autophagy and inhibit cell growth under both normal and hypoxic conditions. Moreover, we found that mTOR siRNA can control the autophagy and proliferation of PASMCs under hypoxic condition, suggesting a potential therapeutic application for mTOR siRNA in diseases involving abnormal autophagy in PASMCs.
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72
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Li L, Wang X, Wang L, Qu L, Zhu X, Li M, Dang X, Li P, Gao Y, Peng Z, Pan L, Wan L. Mammalian target of rapamycin overexpression antagonizes chronic hypoxia-triggered pulmonary arterial hypertension via the autophagic pathway. Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:316-22. [PMID: 26017061 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive pulmonary vascular disorder with high morbidity and mortality, and is characterized by excessive growth of endothelial cells. Recently, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) has attracted increasing attention due to its potential as a therapeutic target against certain diseases associated with proliferative and metabolic abnormalities. However, the effect on mTOR on PAH has not yet been elucidated. In the present study, a marked downregulation of mTOR was observed in PAH patients. Following construction of a mouse model of PAH by chronic exposure to hypoxia, adenovirus-mediated upregulation of mTOR significantly attenuated right ventricular systolic pressure, right ventricular hypertrophy and wall thickness of pulmonary arterioles, indicating a protective effect of mTOR on PAH. Further analysis confirmed that mTOR overexpression inhibited autophagy triggered by hypoxia through blocking light chain 3 II expression and increasing p62 levels. In vitro, hypoxia enhanced the proliferation of human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs), which was markedly abrogated by mTOR overexpression. Of note, upregulation of mTOR inhibited the hypoxia-induced autophagy pathway, which contributed to cell proliferation, while silencing of autophagy by RNA interference with ATG5 significantly inhibited cell proliferation. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested a potential protective effect of mTOR on the progression of PAH by suppressing PAEC proliferation through blocking the autophagic pathway. Therefore, the present study suggested that mTOR is a promising therapeutic agent against PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxia Li
- The Cadre Ward, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaochuang Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Li Qu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Xinye Zhu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Manxiang Li
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Dang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Yanxia Gao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Zhuo Peng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Longfei Pan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Li Wan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
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Ge D, Han L, Huang S, Peng N, Wang P, Jiang Z, Zhao J, Su L, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Kung H, Zhao B, Miao J. Identification of a novel MTOR activator and discovery of a competing endogenous RNA regulating autophagy in vascular endothelial cells. Autophagy 2015; 10:957-71. [PMID: 24879147 DOI: 10.4161/auto.28363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MTOR, a central regulator of autophagy, is involved in cancer and cardiovascular and neurological diseases. Modulating the MTOR signaling balance could be of great significance for numerous diseases. No chemical activators of MTOR have been found, and the urgent challenge is to find novel MTOR downstream components. In previous studies, we found a chemical small molecule, 3-benzyl-5-((2-nitrophenoxy) methyl)-dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one (3BDO), that inhibited autophagy in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and neuronal cells. Here, we found that 3BDO activated MTOR by targeting FKBP1A (FK506-binding protein 1A, 12 kDa). We next used 3BDO to detect novel factors downstream of the MTOR signaling pathway. Activation of MTOR by 3BDO increased the phosphorylation of TIA1 (TIA1 cytotoxic granule-associated RNA binding protein/T-cell-restricted intracellular antigen-1). Finally, we used gene microarray, RNA interference, RNA-ChIP assay, bioinformatics, luciferase reporter assay, and other assays and found that 3BDO greatly decreased the level of a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) derived from the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of TGFB2, known as FLJ11812. TIA1 was responsible for processing FLJ11812. Further experiments results showed that FLJ11812 could bind with MIR4459 targeting ATG13 (autophagy-related 13), and ATG13 protein level was decreased along with 3BDO-decreased FLJ11812 level. Here, we provide a new activator of MTOR, and our findings highlight the role of the lncRNA in autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Ge
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology; School of Life Science; Shandong University; Jinan, China
| | - Lei Han
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology; School of Life Science; Shandong University; Jinan, China
| | - ShuYa Huang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology; School of Life Science; Shandong University; Jinan, China
| | - Nan Peng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology; School of Life Science; Shandong University; Jinan, China
| | - PengChong Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology; School of Life Science; Shandong University; Jinan, China
| | - Zheng Jiang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology; School of Life Science; Shandong University; Jinan, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology; School of Life Science; Shandong University; Jinan, China
| | - Le Su
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology; School of Life Science; Shandong University; Jinan, China
| | - ShangLi Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology; School of Life Science; Shandong University; Jinan, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research; Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health; Shandong University Qilu Hospital; Jinan, China
| | - HsiangFu Kung
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology; School of Life Science; Shandong University; Jinan, China; Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing, China
| | - BaoXiang Zhao
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shandong University; Jinan, China
| | - JunYing Miao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology; School of Life Science; Shandong University; Jinan, China; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research; Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health; Shandong University Qilu Hospital; Jinan, China
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High shear stress-induced pulmonary hypertension alleviated by endothelial progenitor cells independent of autophagy. World J Pediatr 2015; 11:171-6. [PMID: 25733212 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-015-0008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive disease characterized by lung endothelial cell dysfunction and vascular remodeling. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have been proved to be a potential therapeutic strategy to treat PH. Autophagy has been found to be protective to hypoxia-induced PH. In this study, we applied high shear stress (HSS)-induced PH, and examined whether EPCs confer resistance against HSS-induced PH through autophagy. METHODS Pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) were cultured under HSS with pro-inflammatory factors in an artificial capillary system to mimic the PH condition. Levels of p62, a selective autophagy substrate, were quantified by western blotting. Cell viability was determined by trypan blue exclusion test. RESULTS The p62 level in PMVECs was increased at 4 hours after HSS, peaked at 12 hours and declined at 24 hours. The cell viability gradually decreased. Compared with PMVECs cultured by empty medium, in cells cultured by EPC-conditioned medium (EPC-CM), the cell viability was significantly higher; however, p62 levels were also significantly higher, suggesting inhibition of autophagy by EPC-CM. Adding choloquine to suppress autophagy decreased the cell viability of PMVECs under PH. CONCLUSIONS EPC-CM could suppress the autophagic activity of PMVECs in HSS-induced PH. However, suppression of autophagy leads to cell death. EPCs could fight against PH through cellular or molecular pathways independent of autophagy. But it is not proved if induction of autophagy could be a potential strategy to treat HSS-induced PH as hypoxia-induced PH.
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75
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Leviton A, Gressens P, Wolkenhauer O, Dammann O. Systems approach to the study of brain damage in the very preterm newborn. Front Syst Neurosci 2015; 9:58. [PMID: 25926780 PMCID: PMC4396381 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2015.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A systems approach to the study of brain damage in very preterm newborns has been lacking. Methods: In this perspective piece, we offer encephalopathy of prematurity as an example of the complexity and interrelatedness of brain-damaging molecular processes that can be initiated inflammatory phenomena. Results: Using three transcription factors, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), Notch-1, and nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (NRF2), we show the inter-connectedness of signaling pathways activated by some antecedents of encephalopathy of prematurity. Conclusions: We hope that as biomarkers of exposures and processes leading to brain damage in the most immature newborns become more readily available, those who apply a systems approach to the study of neuroscience can be persuaded to study the pathogenesis of brain disorders in the very preterm newborn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Leviton
- Neuroepidemiology Unit, Boston Children's Hospital Boston, MA, USA ; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pierre Gressens
- Inserm, U1141 Paris, France ; Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, Department of Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital London, UK
| | - Olaf Wolkenhauer
- Department of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Rostock Rostock, Germany ; Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study (STIAS) Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Olaf Dammann
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine Boston, MA, USA ; Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hannover Medical School Hannover, Germany
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76
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Abstract
Ageing is the main risk factor for major non-communicable chronic lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, most forms of lung cancer and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. While the prevalence of these diseases continually increases with age, their respective incidence peaks at different times during the lifespan, suggesting specific effects of ageing on the onset and/or pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Recently, the nine hallmarks of ageing have been defined as cell-autonomous and non-autonomous pathways involved in ageing. Here, we review the available evidence for the involvement of each of these hallmarks in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, or idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Importantly, we propose an additional hallmark, “dysregulation of the extracellular matrix”, which we argue acts as a crucial modifier of cell-autonomous changes and functions, and as a key feature of the above-mentioned lung diseases.
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Dany M, Ogretmen B. Ceramide induced mitophagy and tumor suppression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:2834-45. [PMID: 25634657 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are bioactive lipid effectors, which are involved in the regulation of various cellular signaling pathways. Sphingolipids play essential roles in controlling cell inflammation, proliferation, death, migration, senescence, metastasis and autophagy. Alterations in sphingolipid metabolism have been also implicated in many human cancers. Macroautophagy (referred to here as autophagy) is a form of nonselective sequestering of cytosolic materials by double membrane structures, autophagosomes, which can be either protective or lethal for cells. Ceramide, a central molecule of sphingolipid metabolism is involved in the regulation of autophagy at various levels, including the induction of lethal mitophagy, a selective autophagy process to target and eliminate damaged mitochondria. In this review, we focused on recent studies with regard to the regulation of autophagy, in particular lethal mitophagy, by ceramide, and aimed at providing discussion points for various context-dependent roles and mechanisms of action of ceramide in controlling mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Dany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Besim Ogretmen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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78
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Abstract
In ageing populations many patients have multiple diseases characterised by acceleration of the normal ageing process. Better understanding of the signalling pathways and cellular events involved in ageing shows that these are characteristic of many chronic degenerative diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, and neurodegeneration. Common mechanisms have now been identified in these diseases, which show evidence of cellular senescence with telomere shortening, activation of PI3K–AKT–mTOR signalling, impaired autophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction, stem cell exhaustion, epigenetic changes, abnormal microRNA profiles, immunosenescence and low grade chronic inflammation (“inflammaging”). Many of these pathways are driven by chronic oxidative stress. There is also a reduction in anti-ageing molecules, such as sirtuins and Klotho, which further accelerates the ageing process. Understanding these molecular mechanisms has identified several novel therapeutic targets and several drugs have already been developed that may slow the ageing process, as well as lifestyle interventions, such as diet and physical activity. This indicates that in the future new treatment approaches may target the common pathways involved in multimorbidity and this area of research should be given high priority. Thus, COPD should be considered as a component of multimorbidity and common disease pathways, particularly accelerated ageing, should be targeted.
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79
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Meiners S, Ballweg K. Proteostasis in pediatric pulmonary pathology. Mol Cell Pediatr 2014; 1:11. [PMID: 26567105 PMCID: PMC4530569 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-014-0011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein homeostasis describes the tight supervision of protein synthesis, correct protein maturation and folding, as well as the timely disposal of unwanted and damaged proteins by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway or the lysosome-autophagy route. The cellular processes involved in preservation of protein homeostasis are collectively called proteostasis. Dysregulation of proteostasis is an emerging common pathomechanism for chronic lung diseases in the adult and aged patient. There is also rising evidence that impairment of protein homeostasis contributes to early sporadic disease onset in pediatric lung diseases beyond the well-known hereditary proteostasis disorders such as cystic fibrosis and alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency. Identifying the pathways that contribute to impaired proteostasis will provide new avenues for therapeutic interference with the pathogenesis of chronic lung diseases in the young and adult. Here, we introduce the concept of proteostasis and summarize available evidence on dysregulation of proteostasis pathways in pediatric and adult chronic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Meiners
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Asklepios Klinik Gauting und Helmholtz Zentrum München, Max-Lebsche-Platz 31, 81377, Munich, Germany.
| | - Korbinian Ballweg
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Asklepios Klinik Gauting und Helmholtz Zentrum München, Max-Lebsche-Platz 31, 81377, Munich, Germany.
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80
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Shimizu Y, Dobashi K, Nagase H, Ohta K, Sano T, Matsuzaki S, Ishii Y, Satoh T, Koka M, Yokoyama A, Ohkubo T, Ishii Y, Kamiya T. Co-localization of iron binding on silica with p62/sequestosome1 (SQSTM1) in lung granulomas of mice with acute silicosis. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2014; 56:74-83. [PMID: 25834305 PMCID: PMC4306660 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.14-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular mechanisms involved in the development of silicosis have not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to examine influence of silica-induced lung injury on autophagy. Suspensions of crystalline silica particles were administered transnasally to C57BL/6j mice. Immunohistochemical examination for Fas and p62 protein expression was performed using lung tissue specimens. Two-dimensional and quantitative analysis of silica deposits in the lungs were performed in situ using lung tissue sections by an in-air microparticle induced X-ray emission (in-air micro-PIXE) analysis system, which was based on irrradiation of specimens with a proton ion microbeam. Quantitative analysis showed a significant increase of iron levels on silica particles (assessed as the ratio of Fe relative to Si) on day 56 compared with day 7 (p<0.05). Fas and p62 were expressed by histiocytes in granulomas on day 7, and the expressions persisted for day 56. Fas- and p62-expressing histiocytes were co-localized in granulomas with silica particles that showed an increase of iron levels on silica particles in mouse lungs. Iron complexed with silica induces apoptosis, and may lead to dysregulations of autophagy in histiocytes of granulomas, and these mechanisms may contribute to granuloma development and progression in silicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Shimizu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu-machi, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan ; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maebashi Red Cross Hospital, 3-21-36 Asahi-cho, Maebashi-shi, Tochigi 371-0014, Japan ; Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi-shi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Kunio Dobashi
- Gunma University School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi-shi, Gunma 371-8514, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nagase
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Ken Ohta
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Tokyo, 3-1-1 Takeoka, Kiyose-shi, Tokyo 204-8585, Japan
| | - Takaaki Sano
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi-shi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Shinichi Matsuzaki
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi-shi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Ishii
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu-machi, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Takahiro Satoh
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, 1233 Watanuki-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Masashi Koka
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, 1233 Watanuki-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Akihito Yokoyama
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, 1233 Watanuki-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Takeru Ohkubo
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, 1233 Watanuki-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ishii
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, 1233 Watanuki-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Tomihiro Kamiya
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, 1233 Watanuki-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
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81
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Tsalik EL, Langley RJ, Dinwiddie DL, Miller NA, Yoo B, van Velkinburgh JC, Smith LD, Thiffault I, Jaehne AK, Valente AM, Henao R, Yuan X, Glickman SW, Rice BJ, McClain MT, Carin L, Corey GR, Ginsburg GS, Cairns CB, Otero RM, Fowler VG, Rivers EP, Woods CW, Kingsmore SF. An integrated transcriptome and expressed variant analysis of sepsis survival and death. Genome Med 2014; 6:111. [PMID: 25538794 PMCID: PMC4274761 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-014-0111-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sepsis, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, is not a homogeneous disease but rather a syndrome encompassing many heterogeneous pathophysiologies. Patient factors including genetics predispose to poor outcomes, though current clinical characterizations fail to identify those at greatest risk of progression and mortality. Methods The Community Acquired Pneumonia and Sepsis Outcome Diagnostic study enrolled 1,152 subjects with suspected sepsis. We sequenced peripheral blood RNA of 129 representative subjects with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) or sepsis (SIRS due to infection), including 78 sepsis survivors and 28 sepsis non-survivors who had previously undergone plasma proteomic and metabolomic profiling. Gene expression differences were identified between sepsis survivors, sepsis non-survivors, and SIRS followed by gene enrichment pathway analysis. Expressed sequence variants were identified followed by testing for association with sepsis outcomes. Results The expression of 338 genes differed between subjects with SIRS and those with sepsis, primarily reflecting immune activation in sepsis. Expression of 1,238 genes differed with sepsis outcome: non-survivors had lower expression of many immune function-related genes. Functional genetic variants associated with sepsis mortality were sought based on a common disease-rare variant hypothesis. VPS9D1, whose expression was increased in sepsis survivors, had a higher burden of missense variants in sepsis survivors. The presence of variants was associated with altered expression of 3,799 genes, primarily reflecting Golgi and endosome biology. Conclusions The activation of immune response-related genes seen in sepsis survivors was muted in sepsis non-survivors. The association of sepsis survival with a robust immune response and the presence of missense variants in VPS9D1 warrants replication and further functional studies. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00258869. Registered on 23 November 2005. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13073-014-0111-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ephraim L Tsalik
- Emergency Medicine Service, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27705 USA ; Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Raymond J Langley
- National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, NM 87505 USA ; Department of Immunology, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108 USA
| | - Darrell L Dinwiddie
- National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, NM 87505 USA ; Department of Pediatrics, Center for Translational Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA
| | - Neil A Miller
- National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, NM 87505 USA ; Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinic, Kansas City, MO 64108 USA
| | - Byunggil Yoo
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinic, Kansas City, MO 64108 USA
| | | | - Laurie D Smith
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinic, Kansas City, MO 64108 USA
| | - Isabella Thiffault
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinic, Kansas City, MO 64108 USA
| | - Anja K Jaehne
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan 48202 USA
| | - Ashlee M Valente
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Ricardo Henao
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Xin Yuan
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Seth W Glickman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Brandon J Rice
- National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, NM 87505 USA
| | - Micah T McClain
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA ; Medicine Service, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705 USA
| | - Lawrence Carin
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - G Ralph Corey
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA ; Medicine Service, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705 USA
| | - Geoffrey S Ginsburg
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Charles B Cairns
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Ronny M Otero
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan 48202 USA ; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Vance G Fowler
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Emanuel P Rivers
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan 48202 USA
| | - Christopher W Woods
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA ; Medicine Service, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705 USA
| | - Stephen F Kingsmore
- National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, NM 87505 USA ; Department of Pediatrics, Center for Translational Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA
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82
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Hahn DR, Na CL, Weaver TE. Reserve autophagic capacity in alveolar epithelia provides a replicative niche for influenza A virus. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 51:400-12. [PMID: 24661119 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0437oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy contributes to cellular homeostasis through metabolite recycling and degradation of cytotoxic protein aggregates and damaged organelles. Although recent studies have established that the requirement for basal autophagy is largely tissue specific, the importance of autophagy for alveolar epithelial cell homeostasis remains an important knowledge gap. In the present study we generated two mouse models, with > 90% or > 50% recombination at the Atg5 locus in the distal respiratory epithelium, to assess the effect of dose-dependent decreases in autophagy on alveolar homeostasis. A 90% decrease in autophagy was well tolerated in young adult mice but resulted in alveolar septal thickening and altered lung mechanics in aged animals, consistent with accumulation of damage over time. By comparison, a 50% decrease in autophagy had no effect on alveolar structure or function throughout the murine life span, indicating that basal autophagy in this compartment exceeds that required for homeostasis. A 50% decrease in autophagy in the bronchoalveolar epithelium significantly attenuated influenza A/H3N2 viral replication, leading to improved lung structure and function and reduced morbidity and mortality after infection. The reserve of autophagic capacity in the alveolar epithelium may provide a niche for replication of influenza A virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Hahn
- Perinatal Institute, Section of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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83
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Meiners S, Greene CM. Protein quality control in lung disease: it’s all about cloud networking. Eur Respir J 2014; 44:846-9. [DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00105214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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84
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Wen Z, Fan L, Li Y, Zou Z, Scott MJ, Xiao G, Li S, Billiar TR, Wilson MA, Shi X, Fan J. Neutrophils counteract autophagy-mediated anti-inflammatory mechanisms in alveolar macrophage: role in posthemorrhagic shock acute lung inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4623-33. [PMID: 25267975 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a major component of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome after hemorrhagic shock (HS) resulting from major surgery and trauma. The increased susceptibility in HS patients to the development of ALI suggests not yet fully elucidated mechanisms that enhance proinflammatory responses and/or suppress anti-inflammatory responses in the lung. Alveolar macrophages (AMϕ) are at the center of the pathogenesis of ALI after HS. We have previously reported that HS-activated polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) interact with macrophages to influence inflammation progress. In this study, we explore a novel function of PMNs regulating AMϕ anti-inflammatory mechanisms involving autophagy. Using a mouse "two-hit" model of HS/resuscitation followed by intratracheal injection of muramyl dipeptide, we demonstrate that HS initiates high mobility group box 1/TLR4 signaling, which upregulates NOD2 expression in AMϕ and sensitizes them to subsequent NOD2 ligand muramyl dipeptide to augment lung inflammation. In addition, upregulated NOD2 signaling induces autophagy in AMϕ, which negatively regulates lung inflammation through feedback suppression of NOD2-RIP2 signaling and inflammasome activation. Importantly, we further demonstrate that HS-activated PMNs that migrate in alveoli counteract the anti-inflammatory effect of autophagy in AMϕ, possibly through NAD(P)H oxidase-mediated signaling to enhance I-κB kinase γ phosphorylation, NF-κB activation, and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein 3 inflammasome activation, and therefore augment post-HS lung inflammation. These findings explore a previously unidentified complexity in the mechanisms of ALI, which involves cell-cell interaction and receptor cross talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongmei Wen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Liyan Fan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Arts and Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Yuehua Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Zui Zou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Melanie J Scott
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Guozhi Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Song Li
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219; and
| | - Mark A Wilson
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240
| | - Xueyin Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China;
| | - Jie Fan
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219; and Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240
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85
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Ather JL, Martin RA, Ckless K, Poynter ME. Inflammasome Activity in Non-Microbial Lung Inflammation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 1:108-117. [PMID: 25642415 PMCID: PMC4308734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of interleukin-1 (IL-1) family cytokines in inflammatory disease has rapidly developed, due in part to the discovery and characterization of inflammasomes, which are multi-subunit intracellular protein scaffolds principally enabling recognition of a myriad of cellular stimuli, leading to the activation of caspase-1 and the processing of IL-1β and IL-18. Studies continue to elucidate the role of inflammasomes in immune responses induced by both microbes and environmental factors. This review focuses on the current understanding of inflammasome activity in the lung, with particular focus on the non-microbial instigators of inflammasome activation, including inhaled antigens, oxidants, cigarette smoke, diesel exhaust particles, mineral fibers, and engineered nanomaterials, as well as exposure to trauma and pre-existing inflammatory conditions such as metabolic syndrome. Inflammasome activity in these sterile inflammatory states contribute to diseases including asthma, chronic obstructive disease, acute lung injury, ventilator-induced lung injury, pulmonary fibrosis, and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Ather
- Vermont Lung Center, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA
| | - Rebecca A. Martin
- Vermont Lung Center, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA
| | - Karina Ckless
- Chemistry Department, State University of New York at Plattsburgh, Plattsburgh, USA
| | - Matthew E. Poynter
- Vermont Lung Center, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA
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86
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Hu Y, Liu J, Wu YF, Lou J, Mao YY, Shen HH, Chen ZH. mTOR and autophagy in regulation of acute lung injury: a review and perspective. Microbes Infect 2014; 16:727-34. [PMID: 25084494 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central regulator of many major cellular processes including protein and lipid synthesis and autophagy, and is also implicated in an increasing number of pathological conditions. Emerging evidence suggests that both mTOR and autophagy are critically involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary diseases including acute lung injury (ALI). However, the detailed mechanisms of these pathways in disease pathogenesis require further investigations. In certain cases within the same disease, the functions of mTOR and autophagy may vary from different cell types and pathogens. Here we review recent advances about the basic machinery of mTOR and autophagy, and their roles in ALI. We further discuss and propose the likelihood of cell type- and pathogen-dependent functions of these pathways in ALI pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yin-Fang Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Lou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Mao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hua-Hao Shen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; State Key Lab of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhi-Hua Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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87
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Turner AM. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: new developments in augmentation and other therapies. BioDrugs 2014; 27:547-58. [PMID: 23771682 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-013-0042-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is a rare cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The lung disease is thought to be caused primarily by a lack of effective protection against the harmful effects of neutrophil elastase due to the low AAT levels in the lung. Patients may also develop liver disease due to polymerisation of AAT within hepatocytes. Consequently there has been much research over the years into AAT augmentation therapy in patients with lung disease, initially intravenously, and more recently in inhaled forms. This review article will discuss the role of augmentation therapy in AATD and the current status of recombinant AAT. The potential for other therapeutic strategies, such as blocking polymer formation, enhancing autophagy, gene therapy and stem cell-based treatment, will also be discussed more briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice M Turner
- QEHB Research Labs, University of Birmingham, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham, B15 2WB, UK,
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88
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Donnelly LE. The Lipidome: A New Player in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Pathophysiology? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 190:124-5. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201406-1061ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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89
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Autophagy as a Possible Underlying Mechanism of Nanomaterial Toxicity. NANOMATERIALS 2014; 4:548-582. [PMID: 28344236 PMCID: PMC5304698 DOI: 10.3390/nano4030548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The rapid development of nanotechnologies is raising safety concerns because of the potential effects of engineered nanomaterials on human health, particularly at the respiratory level. Since the last decades, many in vivo studies have been interested in the pulmonary effects of different classes of nanomaterials. It has been shown that some of them can induce toxic effects, essentially depending on their physico-chemical characteristics, but other studies did not identify such effects. Inflammation and oxidative stress are currently the two main mechanisms described to explain the observed toxicity. However, the exact underlying mechanism(s) still remain(s) unknown and autophagy could represent an interesting candidate. Autophagy is a physiological process in which cytoplasmic components are digested via a lysosomal pathway. It has been shown that autophagy is involved in the pathogenesis and the progression of human diseases, and is able to modulate the oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory responses. A growing amount of literature suggests that a link between nanomaterial toxicity and autophagy impairment could exist. In this review, we will first summarize what is known about the respiratory effects of nanomaterials and we will then discuss the possible involvement of autophagy in this toxicity. This review should help understand why autophagy impairment could be taken as a promising candidate to fully understand nanomaterials toxicity.
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90
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Hassan F, Xu X, Nuovo G, Killilea DW, Tyrrell J, Da Tan C, Tarran R, Diaz P, Jee J, Knoell D, Boyaka PN, Cormet-Boyaka E. Accumulation of metals in GOLD4 COPD lungs is associated with decreased CFTR levels. Respir Res 2014; 15:69. [PMID: 24957904 PMCID: PMC4106203 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-15-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator (CFTR) is a chloride channel that primarily resides in airway epithelial cells. Decreased CFTR expression and/or function lead to impaired airway surface liquid (ASL) volume homeostasis, resulting in accumulation of mucus, reduced clearance of bacteria, and chronic infection and inflammation. METHODS Expression of CFTR and the cigarette smoke metal content were assessed in lung samples of controls and COPD patients with established GOLD stage 4. CFTR protein and mRNA were quantified by immunohistochemistry and quantitative RT-PCR, respectively. Metals present in lung samples were quantified by ICP-AES. The effect of cigarette smoke on down-regulation of CFTR expression and function was assessed using primary human airway epithelial cells. The role of leading metal(s) found in lung samples of GOLD 4 COPD patients involved in the alteration of CFTR was confirmed by exposing human bronchial epithelial cells 16HBE14o- to metal-depleted cigarette smoke extracts. RESULTS We found that CFTR expression is reduced in the lungs of GOLD 4 COPD patients, especially in bronchial epithelial cells. Assessment of metals present in lung samples revealed that cadmium and manganese were significantly higher in GOLD 4 COPD patients when compared to control smokers (GOLD 0). Primary human airway epithelial cells exposed to cigarette smoke resulted in decreased expression of CFTR protein and reduced airway surface liquid height. 16HBE14o-cells exposed to cigarette smoke also exhibited reduced levels of CFTR protein and mRNA. Removal and/or addition of metals to cigarette smoke extracts before exposure established their role in decrease of CFTR in airway epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS CFTR expression is reduced in the lungs of patients with severe COPD. This effect is associated with the accumulation of cadmium and manganese suggesting a role for these metals in the pathogenesis of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Estelle Cormet-Boyaka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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91
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Zhang Y, Liu G, Dull RO, Schwartz DE, Hu G. Autophagy in pulmonary macrophages mediates lung inflammatory injury via NLRP3 inflammasome activation during mechanical ventilation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L173-85. [PMID: 24838752 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00083.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory response is a primary mechanism in the pathogenesis of ventilator-induced lung injury. Autophagy is an essential, homeostatic process by which cells break down their own components. We explored the role of autophagy in the mechanisms of mechanical ventilation-induced lung inflammatory injury. Mice were subjected to low (7 ml/kg) or high (28 ml/kg) tidal volume ventilation for 2 h. Bone marrow-derived macrophages transfected with a scrambled or autophagy-related protein 5 small interfering RNA were administered to alveolar macrophage-depleted mice via a jugular venous cannula 30 min before the start of the ventilation protocol. In some experiments, mice were ventilated in the absence and presence of autophagy inhibitors 3-methyladenine (15 mg/kg ip) or trichostatin A (1 mg/kg ip). Mechanical ventilation with a high tidal volume caused rapid (within minutes) activation of autophagy in the lung. Conventional transmission electron microscopic examination of lung sections showed that mechanical ventilation-induced autophagy activation mainly occurred in lung macrophages. Autophagy activation in the lungs during mechanical ventilation was dramatically attenuated in alveolar macrophage-depleted mice. Selective silencing of autophagy-related protein 5 in lung macrophages abolished mechanical ventilation-induced nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor containing pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation and lung inflammatory injury. Pharmacological inhibition of autophagy also significantly attenuated the inflammatory responses caused by lung hyperinflation. The activation of autophagy in macrophages mediates early lung inflammation during mechanical ventilation via NLRP3 inflammasome signaling. Inhibition of autophagy activation in lung macrophages may therefore provide a novel and promising strategy for the prevention and treatment of ventilator-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Gongjian Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Randal O Dull
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David E Schwartz
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Guochang Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and
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92
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Yu Y, Duan J, Yu Y, Li Y, Liu X, Zhou X, Ho KF, Tian L, Sun Z. Silica nanoparticles induce autophagy and autophagic cell death in HepG2 cells triggered by reactive oxygen species. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 270:176-86. [PMID: 24583672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Silica nanoparticles (SNPs) are becoming favorable carriers for drug delivery or gene therapy, and in turn, the toxic effect of SNPs on biological systems is gaining attention. Currently, autophagy is recognized as an emerging toxicity mechanism triggered by nanomaterials, yet there have been scarcely research about the mechanisms of autophagy and autophagic cell death associated with SNPs. In this study, we verified the activation of SNPs-induced autophagy via the MDC-staining and LC3-I/LC3-II conversion, resulted in a dose-dependent manner. The typically morphological characteristics (autophagosomes and autolysosomes) of the autophagy process were observed in TEM ultrastructural analysis. In addition, the autophagic cell death was evaluated by cellular co-staining assay. And the underlying mechanisms of autophagy and autophagic cell death were performed using the intracellular ROS detection, autophagy inhibitor and ROS scavenger. Results showed that the elevated ROS level was in line with the increasing of autophagy activation, while both the 3-MA and NAC inhibitors effectively suppressed the autophagy and cell death induced by SNPs. In summary, our findings demonstrated that the SNPs-induced autophagy and autophagic cell death were triggered by the ROS generation in HepG2 cells, suggesting that exposure to SNPs could be a potential hazardous factor for maintaining cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo Yu
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China
| | - Junchao Duan
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China
| | - Yang Yu
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomei Liu
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xianqing Zhou
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China
| | - Kin-Fai Ho
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Linwei Tian
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China.
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93
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Balch WE, Sznajder JI, Budinger S, Finley D, Laposky AD, Cuervo AM, Benjamin IJ, Barreiro E, Morimoto RI, Postow L, Weissman AM, Gail D, Banks-Schlegel S, Croxton T, Gan W. Malfolded protein structure and proteostasis in lung diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 189:96-103. [PMID: 24033344 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201306-1164ws] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent discoveries indicate that disorders of protein folding and degradation play a particularly important role in the development of lung diseases and their associated complications. The overarching purpose of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute workshop on "Malformed Protein Structure and Proteostasis in Lung Diseases" was to identify mechanistic and clinical research opportunities indicated by these recent discoveries in proteostasis science that will advance our molecular understanding of lung pathobiology and facilitate the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of lung disease. The workshop's discussion focused on identifying gaps in scientific knowledge with respect to proteostasis and lung disease, discussing new research advances and opportunities in protein folding science, and highlighting novel technologies with potential therapeutic applications for diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Balch
- 1 Department of Cell Biology and Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
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94
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Abstract
Aberrations of both innate immunity and adaptive immunity in genetically predisposed individuals evoked by environmental factors are suggested to be implicated in pathophysiological processes of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Autophagy, a degradation pathway in which cytoplasmic content is engulfed and degraded by the lysosome, has been recently demonstrated to be involved in multiple cytoplasmic homeostatic progresses and interact with nearly all parts of the innate and adaptive immune system. More recently, some lines of evidence from genetic, cell biology and model animal studies also suggests a pivotal role of autophagy in mediating the occurrence and development of SLE. We discuss and synthesize studies that have begun to demonstrate how autophagy cause and/or promote autoimmunity in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Jie Zhou
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University) , Ministry of Education, Beijing , China
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95
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Liu QP, Zhou DX, Lin P, Gao XL, Pan L, Jin FG. Participation of autophagy in acute lung injury induced by seawater. Exp Lung Res 2013; 39:441-52. [PMID: 24245991 DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2013.845626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Seawater drowning can lead to acute lung injury (ALI). However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain elusive. The overall aim of this study is to clarify the role of autophagy in seawater-induced ALI, by which we can further understand the molecular mechanism and develop new methods for prevention and treatment of seawater-induced ALI. In this study, electron microscopy, western blot analysis, and RT-PCR were used to detect autophagy in lung tissues. Moreover, arterial blood gas analysis, lung weight coefficient, TNF-α, IL-8 in bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF), histopathology were used to detect the lung injury of seawater exposure. An inhibitor of autophagy (3-Methyladenine, 3-MA) was injected intraperitoneally before seawater exposure to further explore the role of autophagy in ALI. Electron microscopy revealed increasing autophagosomes in alveolar epithelial cell in seawater group compared with the control. The transcription and expression levels (mRNA and protein levels) of the LC3 II significantly increased in lung tissue of seawater group compared with those in control group. Furthermore, the alterations of autophage were basically consistent with the changes in arterial blood gas, lung weight coefficient, TNF-α, IL-8 in BALF and morphologic findings. In addition, inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA partly ameliorated seawater-induced ALI, as indicated by reduced lung weight coefficient and TNF-α in BALF, as well as increased PaO2. In conclusion, seawater aspiration triggered autophagy, and autophagy may be a scathing factor responsible for ALI induced by seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-ping Liu
- 1Third Ward of VIP, 323 Hospital of PLA, Xi'an, China
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96
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Jiang W, Ogretmen B. Autophagy paradox and ceramide. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:783-92. [PMID: 24055889 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipid molecules act as bioactive lipid messengers and exert their actions on the regulation of various cellular signaling pathways. Sphingolipids play essential roles in numerous cellular functions, including controlling cell inflammation, proliferation, death, migration, senescence, tumor metastasis and/or autophagy. Dysregulated sphingolipid metabolism has been also implicated in many human cancers. Macroautophagy (referred to here as autophagy) "self-eating" is characterized by nonselective sequestering of cytosolic materials by an isolation membrane, which can be either protective or lethal for cells. Ceramide (Cer), a central molecule of sphingolipid metabolism, has been extensively implicated in the control of autophagy. The increasing evidence suggests that Cer is highly involved in mediating two opposing autophagic pathways, which regulate either cell survival or death, which is referred here as autophagy paradox. However, the underlying mechanism that regulates the autophagy paradox remains unclear. Therefore, this review focuses on recent studies with regard to the regulation of autophagy by Cer and elucidates the roles and mechanisms of action of Cer in controlling autophagy paradox. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled New Frontiers in Sphingolipid Biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, Room 512A, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, Room 512A, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Besim Ogretmen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, Room 512A, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, Room 512A, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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97
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Abstract
Cellular FLICE (FADD-like IL-1β-converting enzyme)-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) is a major antiapoptotic protein and an important cytokine and chemotherapy resistance factor that suppresses cytokine- and chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. c-FLIP is expressed as long (c-FLIPL), short (c-FLIPS), and c-FLIPR splice variants in human cells. c-FLIP binds to FADD and/or caspase-8 or -10 and TRAIL receptor 5 (DR5). This interaction in turn prevents Death-Inducing Signaling Complex (DISC) formation and subsequent activation of the caspase cascade. c-FLIPL and c-FLIPS are also known to have multifunctional roles in various signaling pathways, as well as activating and/or upregulating several cytoprotective and pro-survival signaling proteins including Akt, ERK, and NF-κB. In addition to its role in apoptosis, c-FLIP is involved in programmed necroptosis (necrosis) and autophagy. Necroptosis is regulated by the Ripoptosome, which is a signaling intracellular cell death platform complex. The Ripoptosome contains receptor-interacting protein-1/Receptor-Interacting Protein-3 (RIP1), caspase-8, caspase-10, FADD, and c-FLIP isoforms involved in switching apoptotic and necroptotic cell death. c-FLIP regulates the Ripoptosome; in addition to its role in apoptosis, it is therefore also involved in necrosis. c-FLIPL attenuates autophagy by direct acting on the autophagy machinery by competing with Atg3 binding to LC3, thereby decreasing LC3 processing and inhibiting autophagosome formation. Upregulation of c-FLIP has been found in various tumor types, and its silencing has been shown to restore apoptosis triggered by cytokines and various chemotherapeutic agents. Hence, c-FLIP is an important target for cancer therapy. This review focuses on (1) the anti-apoptotic role of c-FLIP splice variants in preventing apoptosis and inducing cytokine and chemotherapy drug resistance, as well as its roles in necrosis and autophagy, and (2) modulation of c-FLIP expression as a means to enhance apoptosis and modulate necrosis and autophagy in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad R Safa
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN 46202, USA ; Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN 46202, USA
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98
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Abstract
Autophagy is a process of lysosomal self-degradation that helps to maintain the homeostatic balance between the synthesis, degradation and recycling of cellular proteins and organelles. Autophagy does not simply function as the machinery for supplying amino acids in response to energy demands, it is an adaptive pathway of cytoprotection against cellular stressors, including starvation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and microbial infection. Accordingly, autophagy is considered to be the mediator of a variety of cellular processes and cell fates, including cell survival and death, cellular senescence and immune responses. Due to the organ-specific role of gas exchange, various cell types within the lungs are serially exposed to a diverse array of cellular stressors, and growing evidence has revealed the crucial involvement of autophagy in the pathogenic processes underlying pulmonary diseases. We herein review recent findings regarding the role of autophagy in cellular processes and cell fates and summarize the role that autophagy appears to play in the pathogenesis of pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Araya
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Japan
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