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Ethanol sensitizes hepatocytes for TGF-β-triggered apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:51. [PMID: 29352207 PMCID: PMC5833779 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0071-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol abuse is a global health problem causing a substantial fraction of chronic liver diseases. Abundant TGF-β—a potent pro-fibrogenic cytokine—leads to disease progression. Our aim was to elucidate the crosstalk of TGF-β and alcohol on hepatocytes. Primary murine hepatocytes were challenged with ethanol and TGF-β and cell fate was determined. Fluidigm RNA analyses revealed transcriptional effects that regulate survival and apoptosis. Mechanistic insights were derived from enzyme/pathway inhibition experiments and modulation of oxidative stress levels. To substantiate findings, animal model specimens and human liver tissue cultures were investigated. Results: On its own, ethanol had no effect on hepatocyte apoptosis, whereas TGF-β increased cell death. Combined treatment led to massive hepatocyte apoptosis, which could also be recapitulated in human HCC liver tissue treated ex vivo. Alcohol boosted the TGF-β pro-apoptotic gene signature. The underlying mechanism of pathway crosstalk involves SMAD and non-SMAD/AKT signaling. Blunting CYP2E1 and ADH activities did not prevent this effect, implying that it was not a consequence of alcohol metabolism. In line with this, the ethanol metabolite acetaldehyde did not mimic the effect and glutathione supplementation did not prevent the super-induction of cell death. In contrast, blocking GSK-3β activity, a downstream mediator of AKT signaling, rescued the strong apoptotic response triggered by ethanol and TGF-β. This study provides novel information on the crosstalk between ethanol and TGF-β. We give evidence that ethanol directly leads to a boost of TGF-β’s pro-apoptotic function in hepatocytes, which may have implications for patients with chronic alcoholic liver disease.
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52
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Molina PE, Nelson S. Binge Drinking's Effects on the Body. Alcohol Res 2018; 39:99-109. [PMID: 30557153 PMCID: PMC6104963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have focused on the effects of chronic alcohol consumption and the mechanisms of tissue injury underlying alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis, with less focus on the pathophysiological consequences of binge alcohol consumption. Alcohol binge drinking prevalence continues to rise, particularly among individuals ages 18 to 24. However, it is also frequent in individuals ages 65 and older. High blood alcohol levels achieved with this pattern of alcohol consumption are of particular concern, as alcohol can permeate to virtually all tissues in the body, resulting in significant alterations in organ function, which leads to multisystemic pathophysiological consequences. In addition to the pattern, amount, and frequency of alcohol consumption, additional factors, including the type of alcoholic beverage, may contribute differentially to the risk for alcohol-induced tissue injury. Preclinical and translational research strategies are needed to enhance our understanding of the effects of binge alcohol drinking, particularly for individuals with a history of chronic alcohol consumption. Identification of underlying pathophysiological processes responsible for tissue and organ injury can lead to development of preventive or therapeutic interventions to reduce the health care burden associated with binge alcohol drinking.
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Abstract
As the HIV population continues to live longer as a result of antiretroviral therapy, liver-related mortality has become one of the leading causes of non-AIDS related death in this patient population. The liver possesses a remarkable regenerative capacity but undergoes complex biological changes in response to aging and inflammation that result in decreased cellular regeneration and a tipping of the scales towards fibrogenesis. Patients with HIV infection have serological evidence of ongoing inflammation, with elevations in some biomarkers persisting despite adequate virologic control. In addition, HIV-co-infected patients have markers of advanced age on liver biopsy and increased prevalence of fibrosis as compared to an age-matched HCV mono-infected cohort. In this review, we will discuss the biology of aging, age-related changes in the liver, and the relevant mechanisms by which HIV causes inflammation in the context of accelerated aging, fibrosis of the liver, and other viral co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin W Chan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, 315 Trent Dr, PO Box 102359, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Yuval A Patel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Steve Choi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Durham VA Medical Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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Wang F, Liu JC, Zhou RJ, Zhao X, Liu M, Ye H, Xie ML. Apigenin protects against alcohol-induced liver injury in mice by regulating hepatic CYP2E1-mediated oxidative stress and PPARα-mediated lipogenic gene expression. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 275:171-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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55
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Hege M, Jung F, Sellmann C, Jin C, Ziegenhardt D, Hellerbrand C, Bergheim I. An iso-α-acid-rich extract from hops (Humulus lupulus) attenuates acute alcohol-induced liver steatosis in mice. Nutrition 2017; 45:68-75. [PMID: 29129239 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Results of in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that consumption of beer is less harmful for the liver than consumption of spirits. It also has been suggested that secondary plant compounds derived from hops such as xanthohumol or iso-α-acids may have beneficial effects on the development of liver diseases of various etiologies. The aim of this study was to determine whether iso-α-acids consumed in doses achieved by "normal" beer consumption have beneficial effects on health. METHODS Female C57 Bl/6 J mice, pretreated for 4 d with an iso-α-acid-rich extract (∼30% iso-α-acids from hops, 0.75 mg/kg body weight), were fed one bolus of ethanol (6 g/kg body weight intragastric) or an iso-caloric maltodextrin solution. Markers of liver damage, toll-like receptor-4 signaling, and lipid peroxidation were determined. Furthermore, the effect of isohumulone on the lipopolysaccharide-dependent activation of J774 A.1 macrophages, used as a model of Kupffer cells, was determined. RESULTS In the liver, acute ethanol administration led to a significant accumulation of fat (∼10-fold), which was accompanied by significantly higher inducible nitric oxide synthase protein level, elevated nitric oxide production, and increased plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 protein concentration when compared to controls. In mice pretreated with iso-α-acids, these effects of alcohol were markedly attenuated. Pretreatment of J774 A.1 macrophages with isohumulone significantly attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and interleukin-6 as well as the release of nitric oxide. CONCLUSION Taken together, iso-α-acids markedly attenuated the development of acute alcohol-induced damage in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Hege
- Institute of Nutrition, SD Model Systems of Molecular Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Finn Jung
- Institute of Nutrition, SD Model Systems of Molecular Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cathrin Sellmann
- Institute of Nutrition, SD Model Systems of Molecular Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Chengjun Jin
- Institute of Nutrition, SD Model Systems of Molecular Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Doreen Ziegenhardt
- Institute of Nutrition, SD Model Systems of Molecular Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institute of Biochemistry, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ina Bergheim
- Institute of Nutrition, SD Model Systems of Molecular Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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56
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Cho YE, Mezey E, Hardwick JP, Salem N, Clemens DL, Song BJ. Increased ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450-2E1 and cytochrome P450 isoforms in exosomes of alcohol-exposed rodents and patients with alcoholism through oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Hepatol Commun 2017; 1:675-690. [PMID: 29404485 PMCID: PMC5721437 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the role of ethanol‐inducible cytochrome P450‐2E1 (CYP2E1) in enhancing CYP2E1 and other P450 proteins in extracellular vesicles (EVs) from alcohol‐exposed rodents and human patients with alcoholism and their effects on oxidative hepatocyte injury. Female Fischer rats and wild‐type or Cyp2e1‐null mice were exposed to three oral doses of binge ethanol or dextrose control at 12‐hour intervals. Plasma EV and hepatic proteins from alcohol‐exposed rodents, patients with alcoholism, and their respective controls were isolated and characterized. The number of EVs and the amounts of EV CYP2E1, CYP2A, CYP1A1/2, and CYP4B proteins were markedly elevated in both patients with alcoholism and alcohol‐exposed rats and mice. The number of EVs and EV P450 proteins were significantly reduced in ethanol‐exposed rats fed a diet containing polyunsaturated fatty acids. The increased number of EVs and EV CYP2E1 and other P450 isoforms in alcohol‐exposed wild types were significantly reduced in the corresponding Cyp2e1‐null mice. EV CYP2E1 amounts depended on increased oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress because their levels were decreased by cotreatment with the antioxidant N‐acetylcysteine or the CYP2E1 inhibitor chlormethiazole but increased by ER stress‐inducer thapsigargin, which was blocked by 4‐phenylbutyric acid. Furthermore, cell death rates were elevated when primary hepatocytes or human hepatoma cells were exposed to EVs from alcohol‐exposed rodents and patients with alcoholism, demonstrating that EVs from alcohol‐exposed rats and patients with alcoholism are functional and can promote cell death by activating the apoptosis signaling pathway, including phospho‐c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase, proapoptotic Bax, and activated caspase‐3. Conclusion: CYP2E1 has an important role in elevating EV CYP2E1 and other P450 isoforms through increased oxidative and ER stress. Elevated EV‐CYP2E1 detected after withdrawal from alcohol or exposure to the CYP2E1 inducer pyrazole can be a potential biomarker for liver injury. (Hepatology Communications 2017;1:675–690)
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Eun Cho
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD
| | - Esteban Mezey
- Department of Medicine The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD
| | - James P Hardwick
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University Rootstown OH
| | - Norman Salem
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD
| | - Dahn L Clemens
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE
| | - Byoung-Joon Song
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD
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57
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Takeuchi M, Takino JI, Sakasai-Sakai A, Takata T, Tsutsumi M. Toxic AGE (TAGE) Theory for the Pathophysiology of the Onset/Progression of NAFLD and ALD. Nutrients 2017; 9:E634. [PMID: 28632197 PMCID: PMC5490613 DOI: 10.3390/nu9060634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcoholic liver disease (ALD) are among the most common causes of chronic liver diseases in the westernized world. NAFLD and ALD are frequently accompanied by extrahepatic complications, including hepatocellular carcinoma and cardiovascular diseases, which have a negative impact on patient survival. The chronic ingestion of an excessive daily diet containing sugar/high-fructose corn syrup increases the level of the fructose/glucose metabolite, glyceraldehyde (GA), while the chronic consumption of an excessive number of alcoholic beverages increases the level of the alcohol metabolite, acetaldehyde (AA) in the liver. GA and AA are known to react non-enzymatically with the ε- or α-amino groups of proteins, thereby generating advanced glycation end-products (AGEs, GA-AGEs, and AA-AGEs, respectively) in vivo. The interaction between GA-AGEs and the receptor for AGEs (RAGE) alters intracellular signaling, gene expression, and the release of pro-inflammatory molecules and also elicits the production of reactive oxygen species by human hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells, all of which may contribute to the pathological changes associated with chronic liver diseases. We herein discuss the pathophysiological roles of GA-AGEs and AA-AGEs (toxic AGEs, TAGE) and a related novel theory for preventing the onset/progression of NAFLD and ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Takeuchi
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
| | - Jun-Ichi Takino
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1, Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan.
| | - Akiko Sakasai-Sakai
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
| | - Takanobu Takata
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
| | - Mikihiro Tsutsumi
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
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58
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Ng HP, Jennings S, Wang J, Molina PE, Nelson S, Wang G. Non-canonical Glucocorticoid Receptor Transactivation of gilz by Alcohol Suppresses Cell Inflammatory Response. Front Immunol 2017. [PMID: 28638383 PMCID: PMC5461336 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute alcohol exposure suppresses cell inflammatory response. The underlying mechanism has not been fully defined. Here we report that alcohol was able to activate glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling in the absence of glucocorticoids (GCs) and upregulated glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (gilz), a prominent GC-responsive gene. Such a non-canonical activation of GR was not blocked by mifepristone, a potent GC competitor. The proximal promoter of gilz, encompassing five GC-responsive elements (GREs), was incorporated and tested in a luciferase reporter system. Deletion and/or mutation of the GREs abrogated the promoter responsiveness to alcohol. Thus, the GR–GRE interaction transduced the alcohol action on gilz. Alcohol induced GR nuclear translocation, which was enhanced by the alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor fomepizole, suggesting that it was alcohol, not its metabolites, that engendered the effect. Gel mobility shift assay showed that unliganded GR was able to bind GREs and such interaction withstood clinically relevant levels of alcohol. GR knockout via CRISPR/Cas9 gene targeting or GILZ depletion via small RNA interference diminished alcohol suppression of cell inflammatory response to LPS. Thus, a previously unrecognized, non-canonical GR activation of gilz is involved in alcohol modulation of cell immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Pong Ng
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Scott Jennings
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Jack Wang
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Patricia E Molina
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Steve Nelson
- Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Guoshun Wang
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
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59
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Hollenbach M, Thonig A, Pohl S, Ripoll C, Michel M, Zipprich A. Expression of glyoxalase-I is reduced in cirrhotic livers: A possible mechanism in the development of cirrhosis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171260. [PMID: 28231326 PMCID: PMC5322979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High concentrations of methylglyoxal (MGO) cause cytotoxiticy via formation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) and inflammation. MGO is detoxificated enzymatically by glyoxalase-I (Glo-I). The aim of this study was to analyze the role of Glo-I during the development of cirrhosis. METHODS In primary hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells (pHSC) and sinusoidal endothelial cells (pLSEC) from rats with early (CCl4 8wk) and advanced cirrhosis (CCl4 12wk) expression and activity of Glo-I were determined and compared to control. LPS stimulation (24h; 100ng/ml) of HSC was conducted in absence or presence of the partial Glo-I inhibitor ethyl pyruvate (EP) and the specific Glo-I inhibitor BrBzGSHCp2. MGO, inflammatory and fibrotic markers were measured by ELISA and Western blot. Additional rats were treated with CCl4 ± EP 40mg/kg b.w. i.p. from wk 8-12 and analyzed with sirius red staining and Western blot. RESULTS Expression of Glo-I was significantly reduced in cirrhosis in whole liver and primary liver cells accompanied by elevated levels of MGO. Activity of Glo-I was reduced in cirrhotic pHSC and pLSEC. LPS induced increases of TNF-α, Nrf2, collagen-I, α-SMA, NF-kB and pERK of HSC were blunted by EP and BrBzGSHCp2. Treatment with EP during development of cirrhosis significantly decreased the amount of fibrosis (12wk CCl4: 33.3±7.3%; EP wk 8-12: 20.7±6.2%; p<0.001) as well as levels of α-SMA, TGF-β and NF-κB in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our results show the importance of Glo-I as major detoxifying enzyme for MGO in cirrhosis. The reduced expression of Glo-I in cirrhosis demonstrates a possible explanation for increased inflammatory injury and suggests a "vicious circle" in liver disease. Blunting of the Glo-I activity decrease the amount of fibrosis in established cirrhosis and constitutes a novel target for antifibrotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Hollenbach
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Antje Thonig
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Sabine Pohl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Cristina Ripoll
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Maurice Michel
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Alexander Zipprich
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
- * E-mail:
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60
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Das S, Maras JS, Hussain MS, Sharma S, David P, Sukriti S, Shasthry SM, Maiwall R, Trehanpati N, Singh TP, Sarin SK. Hyperoxidized albumin modulates neutrophils to induce oxidative stress and inflammation in severe alcoholic hepatitis. Hepatology 2017; 65:631-646. [PMID: 27775820 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Albumin is a potent scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, modifications in albumin structure may reduce its antioxidant properties and modulate its immune-regulatory functions. We examined alterations in circulating albumin in severe alcoholic hepatitis (SAH) patients and their contribution to neutrophil activation, intracellular stress, and alteration in associated molecular pathways. Albumin modifications and plasma oxidative stress were assessed in SAH patients (n = 90), alcoholic cirrhosis patients (n = 60), and healthy controls (n = 30) using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and spectrophotometry. Activation and intracellular ROS were measured in healthy neutrophils after treatment with purified albumin from the study groups. Gene expression of SAH neutrophils was analyzed and compared to gene expression from healthy neutrophils after stimulation with purified albumin from SAH patient plasma. SAH-albumin showed the highest albumin oxidative state (P < 0.05) and prominent alteration as human nonmercaptalbumin 2 (P < 0.05). Plasma oxidative stress (advanced oxidative protein product) was higher in SAH versus alcoholic cirrhosis patients and healthy controls (P < 0.05). Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, myeloperoxidase, and intracellular ROS levels were highest in SAH-albumin-treated neutrophils (P < 0.05). Genes associated with neutrophil activation, ROS production, intracellular antioxidation, and leukocyte migration plus genes for proinflammatory cytokines and various toll-like receptors were overexpressed in SAH neutrophils compared to healthy neutrophils (P < 0.05). Expression of the above-mentioned genes in SAH-albumin-stimulated healthy neutrophils was comparable with SAH patient neutrophils, except for genes associated with apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and autophagy (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In patients with SAH, there is a significant increase in albumin oxidation, and albumin acts as a pro-oxidant; this promotes oxidative stress and inflammation in SAH patients through activation of neutrophils. (Hepatology 2017;65:631-646).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanta Das
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Jaswinder Singh Maras
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Md Shabir Hussain
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shvetank Sharma
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Paul David
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sukriti Sukriti
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Rakhi Maiwall
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nirupama Trehanpati
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tej P Singh
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shiv Kumar Sarin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India.,Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
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61
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Wen J, Wu Y, Wei W, Li Z, Wang P, Zhu S, Dong W. Protective effects of recombinant human cytoglobin against chronic alcohol-induced liver disease in vivo and in vitro. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41647. [PMID: 28128325 PMCID: PMC5269723 DOI: 10.1038/srep41647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is an important worldwide public health issue with no satisfying treatment available since now. Here we explore the effects of recombinant human cytoglobin (rhCygb) on chronic alcohol-induced liver injury and the underlying mechanisms. In vivo studies showed that rhCygb was able to ameliorate alcohol-induced liver injury, significantly reversed increased serum index (ALT, AST, TG, TC and LDL-C) and decreased serum HDL-C. Histopathology observation of the liver of rats treated with rhCygb confirmed the biochemical data. Furthermore, rhCygb significantly inhibited Kupffer cells (KCs) proliferation and TNF-α expression in LPS-induced KCs. rhCygb also inhibited LPS-induced NADPH oxidase activity and ROS, NO and O2•- generation. These results collectively indicate that rhCygb exert the protective effect on chronic alcohol-induced liver injury through suppression of KC activation and oxidative stress. In view of its anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory features, rhCygb might be a promising candidate for development as a therapeutic agent against ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wen
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, P.R. China.,Department of Hematology, Nanxishan Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 541002, P.R. China
| | - Yongbin Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanxishan Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 541002, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, P.R. China
| | - Ping Wang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, P.R. China
| | - Shiwei Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Nanxishan Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 541002, P.R. China
| | - Wenqi Dong
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, P.R. China
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Wegner SA, Pollard KA, Kharazia V, Darevsky D, Perez L, Roychowdhury S, Xu A, Ron D, Nagy LE, Hopf FW. Limited Excessive Voluntary Alcohol Drinking Leads to Liver Dysfunction in Mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:345-358. [PMID: 28103636 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver damage is a serious and sometimes fatal consequence of long-term alcohol intake, which progresses from early-stage fatty liver (steatosis) to later-stage steatohepatitis with inflammation and fibrosis/necrosis. However, very little is known about earlier stages of liver disruption that may occur in problem drinkers, those who drink excessively but are not dependent on alcohol. METHODS We examined how repeated binge-like alcohol drinking in C57BL/6 mice altered liver function, as compared with a single binge-intake session and with repeated moderate alcohol consumption. We measured a number of markers associated with early- and later-stage liver disruption, including liver steatosis, measures of liver cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), alcohol metabolism, expression of cytokine mRNA, accumulation of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) as an indicator of oxidative stress, and alanine transaminase/aspartate transaminase as a measure of hepatocyte injury. RESULTS Importantly, repeated binge-like alcohol drinking increased triglyceride levels in the liver and plasma, and increased lipid droplets in the liver, indicators of steatosis. In contrast, a single binge-intake session or repeated moderate alcohol consumption did not alter triglyceride levels. In addition, alcohol exposure can increase rates of alcohol metabolism through CYP2E1 and ADH, which can potentially increase oxidative stress and liver dysfunction. Intermittent, excessive alcohol intake increased liver CYP2E1 mRNA, protein, and activity, as well as ADH mRNA and activity. Furthermore, repeated, binge-like drinking, but not a single binge or moderate drinking, increased alcohol metabolism. Finally, repeated, excessive intake transiently elevated mRNA for the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1B and 4-HNE levels, but did not alter markers of later-stage liver hepatocyte injury. CONCLUSIONS Together, we provide data suggesting that even relatively limited binge-like alcohol drinking can lead to disruptions in liver function, which might facilitate the transition to more severe forms of liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Wegner
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Wheeler Center for the Study of Addiction, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Alcohol and Addiction Research Group , University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Katherine A Pollard
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Viktor Kharazia
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Wheeler Center for the Study of Addiction, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Alcohol and Addiction Research Group , University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - David Darevsky
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Wheeler Center for the Study of Addiction, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Alcohol and Addiction Research Group , University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Luz Perez
- Diabetes Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Sanjoy Roychowdhury
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Allison Xu
- Diabetes Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Dorit Ron
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Wheeler Center for the Study of Addiction, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Alcohol and Addiction Research Group , University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Laura E Nagy
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Frederic Woodward Hopf
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Wheeler Center for the Study of Addiction, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Alcohol and Addiction Research Group , University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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63
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Liu N, Yang M, Huang W, Wang Y, Yang M, Wang Y, Zhao Z. Composition, antioxidant activities and hepatoprotective effects of the water extract of Ziziphus jujuba cv. Jinsixiaozao. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra27516h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to evaluate the composition, antioxidant activities, and hepatoprotective effects of water extracts ofZiziphus jujubacv. Jinsixiaozao.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- P. R. China
| | - Mei Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- P. R. China
| | - Weizhen Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- P. R. China
| | - Yongjie Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- P. R. China
| | - Min Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- P. R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- P. R. China
| | - Zhongxi Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- P. R. China
- Shandong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Jujube Food and Drug
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64
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Zulkawi N, Ng KH, Zamberi R, Yeap SK, Jaganath IB, Satharasinghe D, Yeah Yong C, Jamaluddin AB, Tan SW, Ho WY, Alitheen NB, Long K. The in vivo hepato-recovery effects of the polyphenol-rich fermented food Xeniji™ on ethanol-induced liver damage. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra04616b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Xeniji that rich in caffeoylquinic acid and sakuranetin promoted recovery of the ethanol induced liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rizi Zamberi
- Institute of Bioscience
- Universiti Putra Malaysia
- Serdang
- Malaysia
- Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI)
| | | | - Indu Bala Jaganath
- Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI)
- Serdang
- Malaysia
| | - Dilan Satharasinghe
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Science
- University of Peradeniya
- Peradeniya 20400
- Sri Lanka
| | - Chean Yeah Yong
- Institute of Bioscience
- Universiti Putra Malaysia
- Serdang
- Malaysia
| | | | - Sheau Wei Tan
- Institute of Bioscience
- Universiti Putra Malaysia
- Serdang
- Malaysia
| | - Wan Yong Ho
- School of Biomedical Sciences
- The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus
- 43500 Semenyih
- Malaysia
| | - Noorjahan Banu Alitheen
- Institute of Bioscience
- Universiti Putra Malaysia
- Serdang
- Malaysia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology
| | - Kamariah Long
- Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI)
- Serdang
- Malaysia
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65
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Hydroethanolic extract of Baccharis trimera ameliorates alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 260:22-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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66
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Nephro-protective action of P. santalinus against alcohol-induced biochemical alterations and oxidative damage in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:740-746. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.09.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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67
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Yan SL, Wang ZH, Yen HF, Lee YJ, Yin MC. Reversal of ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity by cinnamic and syringic acids in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 98:119-126. [PMID: 27793734 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ethanol was used to induce acute hepatotoxicity in mice. Effects of cinnamic acid (CA) and syringic acid (SA) post-intake for hepatic recovery from alcoholic injury was investigated. Ethanol treated mice were supplied by CA or SA at 40 or 80 mg/kg BW/day for 5 days. Results showed that ethanol stimulated protein expression of CYP2E1, p47phox, gp91phox, cyclooxygenase-2 and nuclear factor kappa B in liver. CA or SA post-intake restricted hepatic expression of these molecules. Ethanol suppressed nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) expression, and CA or SA enhanced Nrf2 expression in cytosolic and nuclear fractions. Ethanol increased the release of reactive oxygen species, oxidized glutathione, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, nitric acid and prostaglandin E2. CA or SA lowered hepatic production of these oxidative and inflammatory factors. Histological data revealed that ethanol administration caused obvious foci of inflammatory cell infiltration, and CA or SA post-intake improved hepatic inflammatory infiltration. These findings support that cinnamic acid and syringic acid are potent nutraceutical agents for acute alcoholic liver disease therapy. However, potential additive or synergistic benefits of cinnamic and syringic acids against ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity need to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Lei Yan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Bing Show-Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua County, Taiwan
| | - Zhi-Hong Wang
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Fang Yen
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chin Yin
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan; Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung City, Taiwan.
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68
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Torok NJ. Dysregulation of redox pathways in liver fibrosis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 311:G667-G674. [PMID: 27562057 PMCID: PMC5142204 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00050.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are implicated in physiological signaling and cell fate decisions. In chronic liver diseases persistent and increased production of oxidative radicals drives a fibrogenic response that is a common feature of disease progression. Despite our understanding the biology of the main prooxidant enzymes, their targets, and antioxidant mechanisms in the liver, there is still lack of knowledge concerning their precise role in the pathogenesis of fibrosis. This review will examine the role of physiological redox signaling in the liver, provide an overview on recent advances in prooxidant and antioxidant pathways that are dysregulated during fibrosis, and highlight possible novel treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J. Torok
- UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California; and Northern California VA System, Mather, California
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69
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Okabe T, Chavan R, Fonseca Costa SS, Brenna A, Ripperger JA, Albrecht U. REV-ERBα influences the stability and nuclear localization of the glucocorticoid receptor. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:4143-4154. [PMID: 27686098 PMCID: PMC5117207 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.190959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
REV-ERBα (encoded by Nr1d1) is a nuclear receptor that is part of the circadian clock mechanism and regulates metabolism and inflammatory processes. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR, encoded by Nr3c1) influences similar processes, but is not part of the circadian clock, although glucocorticoid signaling affects resetting of the circadian clock in peripheral tissues. Because of their similar impact on physiological processes, we studied the interplay between these two nuclear receptors. We found that REV-ERBα binds to the C-terminal portion and GR to the N-terminal portion of HSP90α and HSP90β, a chaperone responsible for the activation of proteins to ensure survival of a cell. The presence of REV-ERBα influences the stability and nuclear localization of GR by an unknown mechanism, thereby affecting expression of GR target genes, such as IκBα (Nfkbia) and alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (Adh1). Our findings highlight an important interplay between two nuclear receptors that influence the transcriptional potential of each other. This indicates that the transcriptional landscape is strongly dependent on dynamic processes at the protein level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Okabe
- Dept. of Biology, Biochemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - Rohit Chavan
- Dept. of Biology, Biochemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - Sara S Fonseca Costa
- Dept. of Biology, Biochemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Brenna
- Dept. of Biology, Biochemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen A Ripperger
- Dept. of Biology, Biochemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - Urs Albrecht
- Dept. of Biology, Biochemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
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70
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Standardized bioactive fraction of Phaleria macrocarpa (Proliverenol) prevents ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity via down-regulation of NF-κB-TNFα-caspase-8 pathway. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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71
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Greuter T, Shah VH. Hepatic sinusoids in liver injury, inflammation, and fibrosis: new pathophysiological insights. J Gastroenterol 2016; 51:511-9. [PMID: 26939970 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-016-1190-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Changes of hepatic sinusoids are crucial in the pathogenesis of liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Liver injury leads to distinct morphological abnormalities such as loss of sinusoidal fenestration, vasoconstriction, and angiogenesis as well as molecular changes. Communication between the two key cells in this hepatic microenvironment-hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and sinusoidal endothelial cells (SEC)-has been studied for many years and several canonical pathways have been elucidated, such as decreased eNOS activity or increased PDGF and TGF-β production leading to activation and migration of HSC. In recent studies, alternative pathways of intercellular communication in liver diseases have been described such as cell-derived extracellular vesicles called exosomes, which deliver cell compounds to their target cells. Moreover, such extracellular vesicles may link injury to inflammation in alcoholic hepatitis. While inflammation leading to liver fibrosis has been studied in detail, in some circumstances pathways other than the known canonical inflammatory pathways may contribute to hepatic fibrogenesis. For example, in congestive hepatopathy, sinusoidal dilatation and fibrosis have been shown to be mediated by non-inflammatory mechanisms and associated with sinusoidal thrombi. A recently developed murine model further enables experimental studies of this disease entity. Increasing knowledge about these alternative disease pathways in liver injury, inflammation, and fibrosis may reveal possible target molecules for future therapies. This article builds upon a seminar given at the recent 3rd JSGE International Topic Conference in Sendai, Japan, and reviews the areas outlined above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Greuter
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vijay H Shah
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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72
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Bukong TN, Iracheta-Vellve A, Gyongyosi B, Ambade A, Catalano D, Kodys K, Szabo G. Therapeutic Benefits of Spleen Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Administration on Binge Drinking-Induced Alcoholic Liver Injury, Steatosis, and Inflammation in Mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:1524-30. [PMID: 27177528 PMCID: PMC4930418 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Binge drinking is increasingly recognized as an important cause of liver disease with limited therapeutic options for patients. Binge alcohol use, similar to chronic alcohol consumption, induces numerous deregulated signaling events that drive liver damage, steatosis, and inflammation. In this article, we evaluated the role of spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK), which modulates numerous signaling events previously identified linked in the development alcohol-induced liver pathology. METHODS A 3-day alcohol binge was administered to C57BL/6 female mice, and features of alcoholic liver disease were assessed. Some mice were treated daily with intraperitoneal injections of a SYK inhibitor (R406; 5 to 10 mg/kg body weight) or drug vehicle control. Liver and serum samples were collected and were assessed by Western blotting, biochemical, ELISA, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and histopathological analysis. RESULTS We found that binge drinking induced significant SYK activation (SYK(Y525/526) ) with no change in total SYK expression in the liver. Functional inhibition of SYK activation using a potent SYK inhibitor, R406, was associated with a significant decrease in alcohol-induced hepatic inflammation as demonstrated by decreased phospho-nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB) p65, NF-κB nuclear binding, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 mRNA in the liver. Compared to vehicle controls, SYK inhibitor treatment decreased alcohol binge-induced hepatocyte injury indicated by histology and serum alanine aminotransferase. Strikingly, SYK inhibitor treatment also resulted in a significant reduction in alcohol-induced liver steatosis. CONCLUSIONS Our novel observations demonstrate the role of SYK, activation in the pathomechanism of binge drinking-induced liver disease highlighting SYK a potential multifaceted therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence N Bukong
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | | | - Benedek Gyongyosi
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Aditya Ambade
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Donna Catalano
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Karen Kodys
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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73
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Abstract
Ethanol metabolism in hepatocytes causes the generation of reactive oxygen species, endoplasmic reticulum stress and alterations in mitochondrial energy and REDOX metabolism. In ethanol-exposed liver disease, autophagy not only acts as a cleanser to remove damaged organelles and cytosolic components, but also selectively clears specific targets such as lipid droplets and damaged mitochondria. Moreover, ethanol appears to play a role in protecting hepatocytes from apoptosis at certain concentrations. This article describes the evidence, function and potential mechanism of autophagy in ethanol-exposed liver disease and the controversy surrounding the effects of ethanol on autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ren Wang
- Department of Infection and Liver Diseases, Liver Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
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74
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Verma VK, Li H, Wang R, Hirsova P, Mushref M, Liu Y, Cao S, Contreras PC, Malhi H, Kamath PS, Gores GJ, Shah VH. Alcohol stimulates macrophage activation through caspase-dependent hepatocyte derived release of CD40L containing extracellular vesicles. J Hepatol 2016; 64:651-60. [PMID: 26632633 PMCID: PMC4761285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The mechanisms by which hepatocyte exposure to alcohol activates inflammatory cells such as macrophages in alcoholic liver disease (ALD) are unclear. The role of released nano-sized membrane vesicles, termed extracellular vesicles (EV), in cell-to-cell communication has become increasingly recognized. We tested the hypothesis that hepatocytes exposed to alcohol may increase EV release to elicit macrophage activation. METHODS Primary hepatocytes or HepG2 hepatocyte cell lines overexpressing ethanol-metabolizing enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase (HepG2(ADH)) or cytochrome P450 2E1 (HepG2(Cyp2E1)) were treated with ethanol and EV release was quantified with nanoparticle tracking analysis. EV mediated macrophage activation was monitored by analysing inflammatory cytokines and macrophage associated mRNA expression, immunohistochemistry, biochemical serum alanine aminotransferase and triglycerides analysis in our in vitro macrophage activation and in vivo murine ethanol feeding studies. RESULTS Ethanol significantly increased EV release by 3.3-fold from HepG2(Cyp2E1) cells and was associated with activation of caspase-3. Blockade of caspase activation with pharmacological or genetic approaches abrogated alcohol-induced EV release. EV stimulated macrophage activation and inflammatory cytokine induction. An unbiased microarray-based approach and antibody neutralization experiments demonstrated a critical role of CD40 ligand (CD40L) in EV mediated macrophage activation. In vivo, wild-type mice receiving a pan-caspase, Rho kinase inhibitor or with genetic deletion of CD40 (CD40(-/-)) or the caspase-activating TRAIL receptor (TR(-/-)), were protected from alcohol-induced injury and associated macrophage infiltration. Moreover, serum from patients with alcoholic hepatitis showed increased levels of CD40L enriched EV. CONCLUSION In conclusion, hepatocytes release CD40L containing EV in a caspase-dependent manner in response to alcohol exposure which promotes macrophage activation, contributing to inflammation in ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas K Verma
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Haiyang Li
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Ruisi Wang
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Petra Hirsova
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Malek Mushref
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yaming Liu
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; First Hospital of Jilin University, China
| | - Sheng Cao
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Harmeet Malhi
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Patrick S Kamath
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Gregory J Gores
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Vijay H Shah
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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75
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The Protective Effects of Buzui on Acute Alcoholism in Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:3539748. [PMID: 26884793 PMCID: PMC4739222 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3539748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the role of a traditional buzui recipe in anti-inebriation treatment. Buzui consists of Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis, Fructus Chebulae, Fructus Mume, Fructus Crataegi, Endothelium Corneum Gigeriae Galli, and Excrementum Bombycis. The buzui mixture was delivered by gavage, and ethanol was delivered subsequent to the final treatment. The effects of buzui on the righting reflex, inebriation rates, and the survival curve are depicted. Blood alcohol concentrations, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels were recorded. The activities of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as malonaldehyde (MDA) levels, were also measured. Our results demonstrated that a traditional buzui recipe showed significant effects on promoting wakefulness and the prevention of acute alcohol intoxication, accelerating the metabolism of alcohol in the liver and reducing the oxidative damage caused by acute alcoholism.
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76
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Han KH, Hashimoto N, Fukushima M. Relationships among alcoholic liver disease, antioxidants, and antioxidant enzymes. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:37-49. [PMID: 26755859 PMCID: PMC4698500 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i1.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages is a serious cause of liver disease worldwide. The metabolism of ethanol generates reactive oxygen species, which play a significant role in the deterioration of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Antioxidant phytochemicals, such as polyphenols, regulate the expression of ALD-associated proteins and peptides, namely, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. These plant antioxidants have electrophilic activity and may induce antioxidant enzymes via the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1-NF-E2-related factor-2 pathway and antioxidant responsive elements. Furthermore, these antioxidants are reported to alleviate cell injury caused by oxidants or inflammatory cytokines. These phenomena are likely induced via the regulation of mitogen-activating protein kinase (MAPK) pathways by plant antioxidants, similar to preconditioning in ischemia-reperfusion models. Although the relationship between plant antioxidants and ALD has not been adequately investigated, plant antioxidants may be preventive for ALD because of their electrophilic and regulatory activities in the MAPK pathway.
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77
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Ion Channels and Oxidative Stress as a Potential Link for the Diagnosis or Treatment of Liver Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:3928714. [PMID: 26881024 PMCID: PMC4736365 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3928714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress results from a disturbed balance between oxidation and antioxidant systems. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) may be either harmful or beneficial to the cells. Ion channels are transmembrane proteins that participate in a large variety of cellular functions and have been implicated in the development of a variety of diseases. A significant amount of the available drugs in the market targets ion channels. These proteins have sulfhydryl groups of cysteine and methionine residues in their structure that can be targeted by ROS and RNS altering channel function including gating and conducting properties, as well as the corresponding signaling pathways associated. The regulation of ion channels by ROS has been suggested to be associated with some pathological conditions including liver diseases. This review focuses on understanding the role and the potential association of ion channels and oxidative stress in liver diseases including fibrosis, alcoholic liver disease, and cancer. The potential association between ion channels and oxidative stress conditions could be used to develop new treatments for major liver diseases.
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78
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Beier JI, Guo L, Joshi-Barve S, Ritzenthaler JD, Roman J, Arteel GE. Fibrin-mediated integrin signaling plays a critical role in hepatic regeneration after partial hepatectomy in mice. Ann Hepatol 2016; 15:762-72. [PMID: 27493116 PMCID: PMC5081273 DOI: 10.5604/16652681.1212587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Background. The regenerative capacity of the liver is critical for proper responses to injury. Fibrin extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition is a common response to insult and contributes to inflammatory liver injury. However, the role of this matrix in hepatic regeneration has not been determined. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was first to determine the role of fibrin ECM in hepatic regeneration followed by the role of the fibrin-binding αvβ3 integrin in mediating this effect. MATERIAL AND METHODS C57Bl/6J (WT) or PAI-1 knockout (KO) mice underwent 70% partial hepatectomy (PHx); plasma and histologic indices of regeneration were determined, as well as expression of key genes involved in hepatic regeneration. RESULTS PHx promoted transient fibrin deposition by activating coagulation and concomitantly decreasing fibrinolysis. Inhibiting fibrin deposition, either by blocking thrombin (hirudin) in WT mice or by knocking out PAI-1, was associated with a decrease in hepatocyte proliferation after PHx. This strongly suggested a role for fibrin ECM in liver regeneration. To investigate if αvβ3 integrin mediates this action, we tested the effects of the anti-αvβ3 cyclic peptide RGDfV in animals after PHx. As was observed with inhibition of fibrin deposition, competitive inhibition of αvβ3 integrin delayed regeneration after PHx, while not affecting fibrin deposition. These effects of RGDfV correlated with impaired angiogénesis and STAT3 signaling, as well as transient endothelial dysfunction. In conclusion, these data suggest that αvβ3 integrin plays an important role in coordinating hepatocyte division during liver regeneration after PHx via crosstalk with fibrin ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane I. Beier
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Luping Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Swati Joshi-Barve
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY, USA
,Department of Medicine, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Ritzenthaler
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jesse Roman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY, USA
,Department of Medicine, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Gavin E. Arteel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY, USA
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Llerena S, Arias-Loste MT, Puente A, Cabezas J, Crespo J, Fábrega E. Binge drinking: Burden of liver disease and beyond. World J Hepatol 2015; 7:2703-2715. [PMID: 26644814 PMCID: PMC4663390 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i27.2703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The consumption of alcoholic beverages is harmful to human health. In recent years, consumption patterns of alcoholic beverages have changed in our society, and binge drinking has generalized. It is considered to be a socio-sanitary problem with few known consequences in terms of individual and third-party social impacts (in the form of violence or traffic accidents) and its organic impact (affects the liver and other organs and systems, such as the nervous and cardiovascular systems) and represents an important financial burden due to its increasing economic impact. This review provides a global approach to binge drinking and emphasizes its epidemiological character, the effect of this type of consumption and the possible management of a problem with an increasing tendency in our society.
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80
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Saha B, Momen-Heravi F, Kodys K, Szabo G. MicroRNA Cargo of Extracellular Vesicles from Alcohol-exposed Monocytes Signals Naive Monocytes to Differentiate into M2 Macrophages. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:149-59. [PMID: 26527689 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.694133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-coated extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by cells can serve as vehicles for delivery of biological materials and signals. Recently, we demonstrated that alcohol-treated hepatocytes cross-talk with immune cells via exosomes containing microRNA (miRNAs). Here, we hypothesized that alcohol-exposed monocytes can communicate with naive monocytes via EVs. We observed increased numbers of EVs, mostly exosomes, secreted by primary human monocytes and THP-1 monocytic cells in the presence of alcohol in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. EVs derived from alcohol-treated monocytes stimulated naive monocytes to polarize into M2 macrophages as indicated by increased surface expression of CD68 (macrophage marker), M2 markers (CD206 (mannose receptor) and CD163 (scavenger receptor)), secretion of IL-10, and TGFβ and increased phagocytic activity. miRNA profiling of the EVs derived from alcohol-treated THP-1 monocytes revealed high expression of the M2-polarizing miRNA, miR-27a. Treatment of naive monocytes with control EVs overexpressing miR-27a reproduced the effect of EVs from alcohol-treated monocytes on naive monocytes and induced M2 polarization, suggesting that the effect of alcohol EVs was mediated by miR-27a. We found that miR-27a modulated the process of phagocytosis by targeting CD206 expression on monocytes. Importantly, analysis of circulating EVs from plasma of alcoholic hepatitis patients revealed increased numbers of EVs that contained high levels of miR-27a as compared with healthy controls. Our results demonstrate the following: first, alcohol increases EV production in monocytes; second, alcohol-exposed monocytes communicate with naive monocytes via EVs; and third, miR-27a cargo in monocyte-derived EVs can program naive monocytes to polarize into M2 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banishree Saha
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Fatemeh Momen-Heravi
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Karen Kodys
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
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81
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Li S, Tan HY, Wang N, Zhang ZJ, Lao L, Wong CW, Feng Y. The Role of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Liver Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:26087-124. [PMID: 26540040 PMCID: PMC4661801 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161125942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 935] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A complex antioxidant system has been developed in mammals to relieve oxidative stress. However, excessive reactive species derived from oxygen and nitrogen may still lead to oxidative damage to tissue and organs. Oxidative stress has been considered as a conjoint pathological mechanism, and it contributes to initiation and progression of liver injury. A lot of risk factors, including alcohol, drugs, environmental pollutants and irradiation, may induce oxidative stress in liver, which in turn results in severe liver diseases, such as alcoholic liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Application of antioxidants signifies a rational curative strategy to prevent and cure liver diseases involving oxidative stress. Although conclusions drawn from clinical studies remain uncertain, animal studies have revealed the promising in vivo therapeutic effect of antioxidants on liver diseases. Natural antioxidants contained in edible or medicinal plants often possess strong antioxidant and free radical scavenging abilities as well as anti-inflammatory action, which are also supposed to be the basis of other bioactivities and health benefits. In this review, PubMed was extensively searched for literature research. The keywords for searching oxidative stress were free radicals, reactive oxygen, nitrogen species, anti-oxidative therapy, Chinese medicines, natural products, antioxidants and liver diseases. The literature, including ours, with studies on oxidative stress and anti-oxidative therapy in liver diseases were the focus. Various factors that cause oxidative stress in liver and effects of antioxidants in the prevention and treatment of liver diseases were summarized, questioned, and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Hor-Yue Tan
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Zhang-Jin Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Lixing Lao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chi-Woon Wong
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yibin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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82
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Ikura Y, Caldwell SH. Lipid droplet-associated proteins in alcoholic liver disease: a potential linkage with hepatocellular damage. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:8699-8708. [PMID: 26464614 PMCID: PMC4583846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Steatosis is a characteristic morphological change of alcoholic liver disease, but its pathologic significance is still obscure. Regardless of cell types, intracellular lipid droplets are coated with a phospholipid monolayer, on which many kinds of lipid droplet-associated proteins are present. These proteins, such as the perilipin family of proteins and the cell death inducing DNA fragmentation factor (DFF) 45-like effectors, are recognized to play important roles in lipid metabolism in the physiological settings. In addition, recent lipidology studies have revealed that expression of the lipid droplet-associated proteins possibly participate in the pathologic processes of many metabolic disorders, including fatty liver and insulin resistance. Hence, controlling protein expressions is expected to offer novel therapeutic options. In this review, we summarize collected data concerning the potential contribution of the lipid droplet-associated proteins to the development of alcoholic fatty liver. Without exception, existing data indicates that the lipid droplet-associated proteins, especially the perilipin family proteins, are important factors in alcoholic fatty liver. These proteins exert a prosteatotic effect, and their expression is closely associated with lipotoxicity based on endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative injury. Although suppression of their expression may be beneficial, careful consideration is required because these proteins simultaneously function as protective factors against lipotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Ikura
- Department of Pathology, Takatsuki General Hospital1-3-13, Kosobecho, Takatsuki 569-1192, Japan
| | - Stephen H Caldwell
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of VirginiaCharlottesville, Virginia 22908-0708, USA
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83
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Du SY, Zhang YL, Bai RX, Ai ZL, Xie BS, Yang HY. Lutein prevents alcohol-induced liver disease in rats by modulating oxidative stress and inflammation. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:8785-8793. [PMID: 26309530 PMCID: PMC4538047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oxidative stress and inflammation play an important role in pathogenesis of alcohol-induced liver injury. The present study was designed to investigate the protective role of Lutein against alcohol-induced liver injury. TREATMENT Wistar rats weighing 150-200 g were divided into 3 groups, control, EtOH treatment, Lutein followed by EtOH treatment. Ethanol-treated rats received EtOH [5 g/kg body weight] by gavage every 12 hours for a total of 3 doses. For Lutein pre-treatment, Lutein at a dose of 40 mg/kg was dissolved in the EtOH and gavaged 30 mins before EtOH treatment. METHODS Oxidative stress markers-(reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyls and sulfhydryls content), liver markers (ALT, AST, ALP and LDH) were determined. Antioxidant enzyme activities and its master regulator Nrf-2 expression were analyzed. Further, inflammatory proteins NF-κB, COX-2, iNOS and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-1β, IL-6) were analyzed. RESULTS The results showed significant decrease in oxidative stress markers and liver markers in the lutein pre-treatment. Lutein treatment down regulated inflammatory proteins and cytokines with concomitant up regulation in Nrf-2 levels and antioxidant enzymic activities. CONCLUSION The present study showed that Lutein treatment exerted potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory property and offered significant cytoprotection against alcohol-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yu Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, China-Japan Friendship HospitalBeijing 100029, China
| | - Yan-Li Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, China-Japan Friendship HospitalBeijing 100029, China
| | - Ru-Xue Bai
- Department of Gastroenterology, China-Japan Friendship HospitalBeijing 100029, China
| | - Zheng-Lin Ai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100015, China
| | - Bu-Shan Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 150001, China
| | - Hua-Yuan Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, China-Japan Friendship HospitalBeijing 100029, China
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84
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Yanguas SC, Cogliati B, Willebrords J, Maes M, Colle I, van den Bossche B, de Oliveira CPMS, Andraus W, Alves VAF, Leclercq I, Vinken M. Experimental models of liver fibrosis. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:1025-1048. [PMID: 26047667 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1543-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a wound healing response to insults and as such affects the entire world population. In industrialized countries, the main causes of liver fibrosis include alcohol abuse, chronic hepatitis virus infection and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. A central event in liver fibrosis is the activation of hepatic stellate cells, which is triggered by a plethora of signaling pathways. Liver fibrosis can progress into more severe stages, known as cirrhosis, when liver acini are substituted by nodules, and further to hepatocellular carcinoma. Considerable efforts are currently devoted to liver fibrosis research, not only with the goal of further elucidating the molecular mechanisms that drive this disease, but equally in view of establishing effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. The present paper provides a state-of-the-art overview of in vivo and in vitro models used in the field of experimental liver fibrosis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Crespo Yanguas
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joost Willebrords
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michaël Maes
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Colle
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Algemeen Stedelijk Ziekenhuis, Aalst, Belgium
| | - Bert van den Bossche
- Department of Abdominal Surgery and Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary Surgery, Algemeen Stedelijk Ziekenhuis, Aalst, Belgium
| | | | - Wellington Andraus
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Isabelle Leclercq
- Laboratoire d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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85
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Joshi-Barve S, Kirpich I, Cave MC, Marsano LS, McClain CJ. Alcoholic, Nonalcoholic, and Toxicant-Associated Steatohepatitis: Mechanistic Similarities and Differences. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 1:356-367. [PMID: 28210688 PMCID: PMC5301292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis are common histologic findings that can be caused by multiple etiologies. The three most frequent causes for steatosis/steatohepatitis are alcohol (alcoholic steatohepatitis, ASH), obesity/metabolic syndrome (nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, NASH), and environmental toxicants (toxicant-associated steatohepatitis, TASH). Hepatic steatosis is an early occurrence in all three forms of liver disease, and they often share common pathways to disease progression/severity. Disease progression is a result of both direct effects on the liver as well as indirect alterations in other organs/tissues such as intestine, adipose tissue, and the immune system. Although the three liver diseases (ASH, NASH, and TASH) share many common pathogenic mechanisms, they also exhibit distinct differences. Both shared and divergent mechanisms can be potential therapeutic targets. This review provides an overview of selected important mechanistic similarities and differences in ASH, NASH, and TASH.
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Key Words
- ALD, alcoholic liver disease
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- ASH, alcoholic steatohepatitis
- AST, aspartate transaminase
- Alcoholic Steatohepatitis
- BMI, body mass index
- CYP2E1, cytochrome P450 isoform 2E1
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HDAC, histone deacetylase
- HSC, hepatic stellate cell
- IL, interleukin
- LA, linoleic acid
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- Mechanisms
- NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- NK, natural killer
- NKT, natural killer T
- Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
- OXLAM, oxidized linoleic acid metabolite
- PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
- PCB153, 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl
- PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism
- TAFLD, toxicant-associated fatty liver disease
- TASH, toxicant-associated steatohepatitis
- TCDD, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
- TH, helper T cell
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- Toxicant-Associated Steatohepatitis
- VA, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs/Veterans Administration
- miR, microRNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Joshi-Barve
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Irina Kirpich
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Matthew C. Cave
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky,Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Luis S. Marsano
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky,Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Craig J. McClain
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky,Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Craig J. McClain, MD, University of Louisville, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40292. fax: (502) 852-8927.
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86
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Dual effect of red wine on liver redox status: a concise and mechanistic review. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:1681-93. [PMID: 26026610 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1538-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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87
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Pohanka M. Toxicology and the biological role of methanol and ethanol: Current view. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2015; 160:54-63. [PMID: 26006090 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2015.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol variants such as ethanol and methanol are simple organic compounds widely used in foods, pharmaceuticals, chemical synthesis, etc. Both are becoming an emerging health problem; abuse of ethanol containing beverages can lead to disparate health problems and methanol is highly toxic and unfit for consumption. METHODS AND RESULTS This review summarizes the basic knowledge about ethanol and methanol toxicity, the effect mechanism on the body, the current care of poisoned individuals and the implication of alcohols in the development of diseases. Alcohol related dementia, stroke, metabolic syndrome and hepatitis are discussed as well. Besides ethanol, methanol toxicity and its biodegradation pathways are addressed. CONCLUSIONS The impact of ethanol and methanol on the body is shown as case reports, along with a discussion on the possible implication of alcohol in Alzheimer's disease and antidotal therapy for methanol poisoning. The role of ethanol in cancer and degenerative disorders seems to be underestimated given the current knowledge. Treatment in case of poisoning is another issue that remains unresolved even though effective protocols and drugs exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Pohanka
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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88
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Kim JY, Lee DY, Lee YJ, Park KJ, Kim KH, Kim JW, Kim WH. Chronic alcohol consumption potentiates the development of diabetes through pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. World J Biol Chem 2015; 6:1-15. [PMID: 25717351 PMCID: PMC4317634 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v6.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic ethanol consumption is well established as a major risk factor for type-2 diabetes (T2D), which is evidenced by impaired glucose metabolism and insulin resistance. However, the relationships between alcohol consumption and the development of T2D remain controversial. In particular, the direct effects of ethanol consumption on proliferation of pancreatic β-cell and the exact mechanisms associated with ethanol-mediated β-cell dysfunction and apoptosis remain elusive. Although alcoholism and alcohol consumption are prevalent and represent crucial public health problems worldwide, many people believe that low-to-moderate ethanol consumption may protect against T2D and cardiovascular diseases. However, the J- or U-shaped curves obtained from cross-sectional and large prospective studies have not fully explained the relationship between alcohol consumption and T2D. This review provides evidence for the harmful effects of chronic ethanol consumption on the progressive development of T2D, particularly with respect to pancreatic β-cell mass and function in association with insulin synthesis and secretion. This review also discusses a conceptual framework for how ethanol-produced peroxynitrite contributes to pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and metabolic syndrome.
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89
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Moretto M, Cargnelutt L, Bitencourt P, Bochi G, Duarte T, Boligon A, Pigatto A, Athayde M, Moresco R. Syzygium cumini Leaf Extract Protects Against Ethanol-Induced Acute Injury in Rats by Inhibiting Adenosine Deaminase Activity and Proinflammatory Cytokine Production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/rjphyto.2015.56.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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90
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Shearn CT, Petersen DR. Understanding the Tumor Suppressor PTEN in Chronic Alcoholism and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 815:173-84. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-09614-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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91
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Enhanced AMPK phosphorylation contributes to the beneficial effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG supernatant on chronic-alcohol-induced fatty liver disease. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 26:337-44. [PMID: 25622859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously demonstrated that Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG culture supernatant (LGGs) prevents acute-alcohol-exposure-induced hepatic steatosis and injury. The protective effects of LGGs were attributed to the improved intestinal barrier function leading to decreased endotoxemia. The purpose of this study was to determine whether LGGs was effective in protecting against chronic-alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis and injury and to evaluate the underlying mechanisms of LGGs on hepatic lipid metabolism. METHODS C57BL/6N mice were fed liquid diet containing 5% alcohol or pair-fed isocaloric maltose dextrin for 4 weeks. LGGs at a dose equivalent to 10(9) CFU/day/mouse was given in the liquid diet. Hepatic steatosis, liver enzymes and hepatic apoptosis were analyzed. RESULTS LGGs prevented alcohol-mediated increase in hepatic expression of lipogenic genes, sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 and increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator protein-1α and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1, leading to increased fatty acid β-oxidation. Importantly, chronic alcohol exposure decreased adenosine-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation and increased acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity, which were attenuated by LGGs administration. LGGs also decreased Bax expression and increased Bcl-2 expression, which attenuated alcohol-induced hepatic apoptosis. These LGGs-regulated molecular changes resulted in the attenuation of chronic-alcohol-exposure-mediated increase in hepatic fat accumulation and liver injury. CONCLUSIONS Probiotic LGG culture supernatant is effective in the prevention of chronic-alcohol-exposure-induced hepatic steatosis and injury. LGGs likely exerts its beneficial effects, at least in part, through modulation of hepatic AMPK activation and Bax/Bcl-2-mediated apoptosis.
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92
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Malaguarnera G, Giordano M, Nunnari G, Bertino G, Malaguarnera M. Gut microbiota in alcoholic liver disease: Pathogenetic role and therapeutic perspectives. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:16639-16648. [PMID: 25469033 PMCID: PMC4248208 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i44.16639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is the commonest cause of cirrhosis in many Western countries and it has a high rate of morbidity and mortality. The pathogenesis is characterized by complex interactions between metabolic intermediates of alcohol. Bacterial intestinal flora is itself responsible for production of endogenous ethanol through the fermentation of carbohydrates. The intestinal metabolism of alcohol produces a high concentration of toxic acetaldehyde that modifies gut permeability and microbiota equilibrium. Furthermore it causes direct hepatocyte damage. In patients who consume alcohol over a long period, there is a modification of gut microbiota and, in particular, an increment of Gram negative bacteria. This causes endotoxemia and hyperactivation of the immune system. Endotoxin is a constituent of Gram negative bacteria cell walls. Two types of receptors, cluster of differentiation 14 and Toll-like receptors-4, present on Kupffer cells, recognize endotoxins. Several studies have demonstrated the importance of gut-liver axis and new treatments have been studied in recent years to reduce progression of ALD modifying gut microbiota. It has focused attention on antibiotics, prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics.
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93
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Wohak LE, Krais AM, Kucab JE, Stertmann J, Øvrebø S, Seidel A, Phillips DH, Arlt VM. Carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons induce CYP1A1 in human cells via a p53-dependent mechanism. Arch Toxicol 2014; 90:291-304. [PMID: 25398514 PMCID: PMC4748000 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1409-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The tumour suppressor gene TP53 is mutated in more than 50 % of human tumours, making it one of the most important cancer genes. We have investigated the role of TP53 in cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated metabolic activation of three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a panel of isogenic colorectal HCT116 cells with differing TP53 status. Cells that were TP53(+/+), TP53(+/−), TP53(−/−), TP53(R248W/+) or TP53(R248W/−) were treated with benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), dibenz[a,h]anthracene and dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, and the formation of DNA adducts was measured by 32P-postlabelling analysis. Each PAH formed significantly higher DNA adduct levels in TP53(+/+) cells than in the other cell lines. There were also significantly lower levels of PAH metabolites in the culture media of these other cell lines. Bypass of the need for metabolic activation by treating cells with the corresponding reactive PAH-diol-epoxide metabolites resulted in similar adduct levels in all cell lines, which confirms that the influence of p53 is on the metabolism of the parent PAHs. Western blotting showed that CYP1A1 protein expression was induced to much greater extent in TP53(+/+) cells than in the other cell lines. CYP1A1 is inducible via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), but we did not find that expression of AHR was dependent on p53; rather, we found that BaP-induced CYP1A1 expression was regulated through p53 binding to a p53 response element in the CYP1A1 promoter region, thereby enhancing its transcription. This study demonstrates a new pathway for CYP1A1 induction by environmental PAHs and reveals an emerging role for p53 in xenobiotic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Wohak
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.,Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - Annette M Krais
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Jill E Kucab
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Julia Stertmann
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Steinar Øvrebø
- Department of Biological and Chemical Working Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Albrecht Seidel
- Biochemical Institute for Environmental Carcinogens, Prof. Dr. Gernot Grimmer-Foundation, Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - David H Phillips
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Volker M Arlt
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
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94
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Rocco A, Compare D, Angrisani D, Zamparelli MS, Nardone G. Alcoholic disease: liver and beyond. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:14652-9. [PMID: 25356028 PMCID: PMC4209531 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i40.14652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The harmful use of alcohol is a worldwide problem. It has been estimated that alcohol abuse represents the world's third largest risk factor for disease and disability; it is a causal factor of 60 types of diseases and injuries and a concurrent cause of at least 200 others. Liver is the main organ responsible for metabolizing ethanol, thus it has been considered for long time the major victim of the harmful use of alcohol. Ethanol and its bioactive products, acetaldehyde-acetate, fatty acid ethanol esters, ethanol-protein adducts, have been regarded as hepatotoxins that directly and indirectly exert their toxic effect on the liver. A similar mechanism has been postulated for the alcohol-related pancreatic damage. Alcohol and its metabolites directly injure acinar cells and elicit stellate cells to produce and deposit extracellular matrix thus triggering the "necrosis-fibrosis" sequence that finally leads to atrophy and fibrosis, morphological hallmarks of alcoholic chronic pancreatitis. Even if less attention has been paid to the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract, ethanol produces harmful effects by inducing: (1) direct damaging of the mucosa of the esophagus and stomach; (2) modification of the sphincterial pressure and impairment of motility; and (3) alteration of gastric acid output. In the intestine, ethanol can damage the intestinal mucosa directly or indirectly by altering the resident microflora and impairing the mucosal immune system. Notably, disruption of the intestinal mucosal barrier of the small and large intestine contribute to liver damage. This review summarizes the most clinically relevant alcohol-related diseases of the digestive tract focusing on the pathogenic mechanisms by which ethanol damages liver, pancreas and gastrointestinal tract.
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95
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Yan SL, Yang HT, Lee HL, Yin MC. Protective effects of maslinic acid against alcohol-induced acute liver injury in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 74:149-55. [PMID: 25301236 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protective effects of maslinic acid (MA) at 10, 15 or 20 mg/kg body weight/day against alcohol-induced acute hepatotoxicity in mice were examined. Mice were administrated by MA for 3 weeks, and followed by alcohol treatment. Results showed that MA pre-intake at three doses resulted in its accumulation in the liver; and dose-dependently lowered cytochrome P450 2E1 activity and protein expression at 23.5-51.2% and 21.4-62.3%, respectively (P <0.05). MA pre-intake decreased subsequent alcohol-induced reactive oxygen species, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 production; retained glutathione content; maintained catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities; and declined cyclooxygenase-2 and total nitric oxide synthase activities in the liver (P <0.05). Furthermore, MA pre-intake suppressed 17.3-51.7% nuclear factor kappa (NF-κ)B p50, 23.5-58.8% NF-κB p65, 25.6-62.4% p-p38 and 24.1-63.0% p-JNK expression in the liver (P <0.05). Histological data indicated that MA intake at test doses attenuated hepatic inflammatory infiltrate. These findings support that maslinic acid is a potent preventive agent against acute alcoholic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-lei Yan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Bing Show-Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua County, Taiwan
| | - Hui-ting Yang
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-lin Lee
- Department of Surgery, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Mei-chin Yin
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan; Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung City, Taiwan.
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96
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Xiao J, Zhu Y, Liu Y, Tipoe GL, Xing F, So KF. Lycium barbarum polysaccharide attenuates alcoholic cellular injury through TXNIP-NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 69:73-8. [PMID: 24858535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lycium barbarum has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine to nourish liver, kidneys and the eyes. However, the underlying mechanisms of its hepatic-protective properties remain uncertain. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) and NOD-like receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome mediated the attenuation of ethanol-induced hepatic injury by Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP). Rat normal hepatocyte line BRL-3A was pre-treated with LBP prior to ethanol incubation. Hepatic damages, including apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress, were measured. Then the inhibition of endogenous TXNIP expression was achieved by using its specific siRNA to test its possible involvement in the injury attenuation. We found that 50μg/ml LBP pre-treatment significantly alleviated 24-h ethanol exposure-induced overexpression of TXNIP, increased cellular apoptosis, secretion of inflammatory cytokines, activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, production of ROS, and reduced antioxidant enzyme expression. Silence of TXNIP suppressed the activated NLRP3 inflammasome, increased oxidative stress and worsened apoptosis in the cells. Further addition of LBP did not influence the effects of TXNIP inhibition on the cells. In conclusion, inhibition of hepatic TXNIP by LBP contributes to the reduction of cellular apoptosis, oxidative stress and NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xiao
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Yinghui Zhu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingxia Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - George L Tipoe
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Feiyue Xing
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- GMH Institute of CNS Regeneration, Guangdong Medical Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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97
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Effects of binge ethanol on lipid homeostasis and oxidative stress in a rat model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Physiol Biochem 2014; 70:341-53. [PMID: 24481563 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-013-0308-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Excess fat accumulation renders the liver more vulnerable to ethanol, but it is still unclear how alcohol enhances lipid dysmetabolism and oxidative stress in a pre-existing steatosis condition. The effects produced by binge ethanol consumption in the liver of male Wistar rats fed a standard (Ctrl) or a high-fat diet HFD were compared. The liver status was checked through tissue histology and standard serum parameters. Alteration of hepatic lipid homeostasis and consequent oxidative unbalance were assessed by quantifying the mRNA expression of the lipid-regulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), of the cytochromes CYP2E1 and CYP4A1, and of some antioxidant molecules such as the metallothionein isoforms MT1 and MT2 and the enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase. The number of adipose differentiation-related protein (ADRP)-positive lipid droplets (LDs) was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. As a response to the double insult of diet and ethanol the rat liver showed: (1) a larger increase in fat accumulation within ADRP-positive LDs; (2) stimulation of lipid oxidation in the attempt to limit excess fat accumulation; (3) induction of antioxidant proteins (MT2, in particular) to protect the liver from the ethanol-induced overproduction of oxygen radicals. The data indicate an increased susceptibility of fatty liver to ethanol and suggest that the synergistic effect of diet and ethanol on lipid dysmetabolism might be mediated, at least in part, by PPARs and cytochromes CYP4A1 and CYP2E1.
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98
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Roman J. Chronic alcohol ingestion and predisposition to lung "cirrhosis". Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2014; 38:312-5. [PMID: 24428371 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although liver is the organ most often associated with the damaging effects of chronic alcohol abuse, other organs may also be affected. In the past decade, data emerged linking chronic alcohol intake to lung dysfunction. However, the mechanisms by which alcohol affects the lung remain incompletely elucidated. METHODS In this issue, Sueblinvong and colleagues explore the effect of chronic alcohol intake in the well-known rodent model of bleomycin-induced lung injury. This represents a review of their article and a commentary on its findings in relation to current knowledge in the field. RESULTS The investigators found that chronic alcohol intake increased lung fibrosis in the bleomycin-model of lung injury. This effect was related to increased production of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and expression of α-smooth muscle actin. Diet supplementation with S-adenosylmethionine greatly reduced the effect. These data strengthen published reports linking chronic alcohol intake with TGFβ overproduction and lung disrepair after injury, while implicating oxidant stress as a critical mediator of these effects. CONCLUSIONS A review of Sueblinvong and colleagues' article and the literature strongly suggests that the lung is a target for alcohol, and that chronic alcohol intake may predispose the lung to disrepair after injury. The overexpression of pro-fibrotic growth factors and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the generation of oxidant stress may lead to lung cellular dysfunction, aberrant tissue remodeling, and loss of lung function. These events may represent targets for intervention, but translational studies evaluating their role in humans are desperately needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Roman
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center and Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky
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99
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Serviddio G, Bellanti F, Vendemiale G. Free radical biology for medicine: learning from nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:952-968. [PMID: 23994574 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.08.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species, when released under controlled conditions and limited amounts, contribute to cellular proliferation, senescence, and survival by acting as signaling intermediates. In past decades there has been an epidemic diffusion of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) that represents the result of the impairment of lipid metabolism, redox imbalance, and insulin resistance in the liver. To date, most studies and reviews have been focused on the molecular mechanisms by which fatty liver progresses to steatohepatitis, but the processes leading toward the development of hepatic steatosis in NAFLD are not fully understood yet. Several nuclear receptors, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) α/γ/δ, PPARγ coactivators 1α and 1β, sterol-regulatory element-binding proteins, AMP-activated protein kinase, liver-X-receptors, and farnesoid-X-receptor, play key roles in the regulation of lipid homeostasis during the pathogenesis of NAFLD. These nuclear receptors may act as redox sensors and may modulate various metabolic pathways in response to specific molecules that act as ligands. It is conceivable that a redox-dependent modulation of lipid metabolism, nuclear receptor-mediated, could cause the development of hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. Thus, this network may represent a potential therapeutic target for the treatment and prevention of hepatic steatosis and its progression to steatohepatitis. This review summarizes the redox-dependent factors that contribute to metabolism alterations in fatty liver with a focus on the redox control of nuclear receptors in normal liver as well as in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Serviddio
- C.U.R.E. Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Francesco Bellanti
- C.U.R.E. Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Vendemiale
- C.U.R.E. Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
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100
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Sid B, Verrax J, Calderon PB. Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of alcohol-induced liver disease. Free Radic Res 2013; 47:894-904. [PMID: 23800214 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.819428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic alcohol consumption is a well-known risk factor for liver disease, which represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The pathological process of alcohol-induced liver disease is characterized by a broad spectrum of morphological changes ranging from steatosis with minimal injury to more advanced liver damage, including steato-hepatitis and fibrosis/cirrhosis. Experimental and clinical studies increasingly show that the oxidative damage induced by ethanol contribute in many ways to the pathogenesis of alcohol hepatotoxicity. This article describes the contribution of oxidative mechanisms to liver damage by alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sid
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Toxicology and Cancer Biology Research Group (GTOX) , Brussels , Belgium
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