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Onyango AN. Cellular Stresses and Stress Responses in the Pathogenesis of Insulin Resistance. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:4321714. [PMID: 30116482 PMCID: PMC6079365 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4321714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR), a key component of the metabolic syndrome, precedes the development of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and Alzheimer's disease. Its etiological pathways are not well defined, although many contributory mechanisms have been established. This article summarizes such mechanisms into the hypothesis that factors like nutrient overload, physical inactivity, hypoxia, psychological stress, and environmental pollutants induce a network of cellular stresses, stress responses, and stress response dysregulations that jointly inhibit insulin signaling in insulin target cells including endothelial cells, hepatocytes, myocytes, hypothalamic neurons, and adipocytes. The insulin resistance-inducing cellular stresses include oxidative, nitrosative, carbonyl/electrophilic, genotoxic, and endoplasmic reticulum stresses; the stress responses include the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, the DNA damage response, the unfolded protein response, apoptosis, inflammasome activation, and pyroptosis, while the dysregulated responses include the heat shock response, autophagy, and nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 signaling. Insulin target cells also produce metabolites that exacerbate cellular stress generation both locally and systemically, partly through recruitment and activation of myeloid cells which sustain a state of chronic inflammation. Thus, insulin resistance may be prevented or attenuated by multiple approaches targeting the different cellular stresses and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold N. Onyango
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi 00200, Kenya
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52
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Zhang M, Li X, Liang H, Cai H, Hu X, Bian Y, Dong L, Ding L, Wang L, Yu B, Zhang Y, Zhang Y. Semen Cassiae Extract Improves Glucose Metabolism by Promoting GlUT4 Translocation in the Skeletal Muscle of Diabetic Rats. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:235. [PMID: 29670524 PMCID: PMC5893868 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a clinical syndrome characterised by hyperglycaemia; its complications lead to disability and even death. Semen Cassiae is a traditional Chinese medicine, which has anti-hypertensive, anti-hyperlipidaemia, anti-oxidation, and anti-ageing properties. Our study was designed to evaluate the action of total anthraquinones of Semen Cassiae extract (SCE) on the improvement of glucose metabolism in diabetic rats and to elucidate the underlying mechanism. First, we evaluated the effect of SCE on normal rats. Next, we observed the effect of SCE using a rat model of diabetes, which was established by feeding rats with high-energy diet for 4 weeks and a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ; 30 mg/kg) 3 weeks after starting the high-energy diet. Rats in different SCE groups (administered 54, 108, and 324 mg/kg/day of SCE) and metformin group (162 mg/kg/day, positive control drug) were treated with the corresponding drugs 1 week before starting high-energy diet and treatment continued for 5 weeks; meanwhile, rats in the control group were administered the same volume of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose solution (vehicle solution). One week after STZ injection, fasting blood glucose (FBG), oral glucose tolerance (OGT), fasting serum insulin (FSI) and serum lipids were quantified. Finally, the expression of proteins in the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)–Akt–AS160–glucose transporter isoform 4 (GLUT4) signalling pathway was detected by western blotting. The data indicated that the levels of FBG and serum lipids were significantly lowered, and OGT and FSI were markedly increased in diabetic rats treated with SCE (108 mg/kg/day); however, SCE did not cause hypoglycaemia in normal rats. The molecular mechanisms were explored in the skeletal muscle. SCE markedly restored the decreased translocation of GLUT4 in diabetic rats. Moreover, the protein expressions of phosphorylated-AS160 (Thr642), phosphorylated-Akt (Ser473) and PI3K were significantly increased after SCE treatment in the skeletal muscle. These results indicate that SCE exerts an anti-hyperglycaemic effect by promoting GLUT4 translocation through the activation of the PI3K–Akt–AS160 signalling pathway. Our findings suggest that treatment with SCE, containing anthraquinones, could be an effective approach to enhance diabetes therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine - Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hangfei Liang
- State Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine - Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Huqiang Cai
- State Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine - Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xueling Hu
- State Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine - Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yu Bian
- State Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine - Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lei Dong
- State Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine - Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lili Ding
- State Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine - Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Libo Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine - Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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53
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Patterson AR, Endale M, Lampe K, Aksoylar HI, Flagg A, Woodgett JR, Hildeman D, Jordan MB, Singh H, Kucuk Z, Bleesing J, Hoebe K. Gimap5-dependent inactivation of GSK3β is required for CD4 + T cell homeostasis and prevention of immune pathology. Nat Commun 2018; 9:430. [PMID: 29382851 PMCID: PMC5789891 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-02897-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
GTPase of immunity-associated protein 5 (Gimap5) is linked with lymphocyte survival, autoimmunity, and colitis, but its mechanisms of action are unclear. Here, we show that Gimap5 is essential for the inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) following T cell activation. In the absence of Gimap5, constitutive GSK3β activity constrains c-Myc induction and NFATc1 nuclear import, thereby limiting productive CD4+ T cell proliferation. Additionally, Gimap5 facilitates Ser389 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of GSK3β, thereby limiting DNA damage in CD4+ T cells. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition and genetic targeting of GSK3β can override Gimap5 deficiency in CD4+ T cells and ameliorates immunopathology in mice. Finally, we show that a human patient with a GIMAP5 loss-of-function mutation has lymphopenia and impaired T cell proliferation in vitro that can be rescued with GSK3 inhibitors. Given that the expression of Gimap5 is lymphocyte-restricted, we propose that its control of GSK3β is an important checkpoint in lymphocyte proliferation. Loss of function GIMAP5 mutation is associated with lymphopenia, but how it mediates T cell homeostasis is unclear. Here the authors study Gimap5−/− mice and a patient with GIMAP5 deficiency to show how this GTPAse negatively regulates GSK3β activity to prevent DNA damage and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Patterson
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.,Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way # E251n, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Mehari Endale
- Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Kristin Lampe
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Halil I Aksoylar
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Aron Flagg
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Blood & Marrow Transplant, Cleveland Clinic Children's, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Jim R Woodgett
- The Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - David Hildeman
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.,Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way # E251n, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Michael B Jordan
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.,Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way # E251n, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Harinder Singh
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.,Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way # E251n, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Zeynep Kucuk
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation & Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Jack Bleesing
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation & Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Kasper Hoebe
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA. .,Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way # E251n, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
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54
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Li J, Yu H, Wang S, Wang W, Chen Q, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Wang T. Natural products, an important resource for discovery of multitarget drugs and functional food for regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:121-135. [PMID: 29391777 PMCID: PMC5768189 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s151860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Imbalanced hepatic glucose homeostasis is one of the critical pathologic events in the development of metabolic syndromes (MSs). Therefore, regulation of imbalanced hepatic glucose homeostasis is important in drug development for MS treatment. In this review, we discuss the major targets that regulate hepatic glucose homeostasis in human physiologic and pathophysiologic processes, involving hepatic glucose uptake, glycolysis and glycogen synthesis, and summarize their changes in MSs. Recent literature suggests the necessity of multitarget drugs in the management of MS disorder for regulation of imbalanced glucose homeostasis in both experimental models and MS patients. Here, we highlight the potential bioactive compounds from natural products with medicinal or health care values, and focus on polypharmacologic and multitarget natural products with effects on various signaling pathways in hepatic glucose metabolism. This review shows the advantage and feasibility of discovering multicompound-multitarget drugs from natural products, and providing a new perspective of ways on drug and functional food development for MSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Department of Phytochemistry, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Sijian Wang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin
| | - Wei Wang
- Internal Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qian Chen
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin
| | - Yanmin Ma
- Department of Phytochemistry, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin
| | - Tao Wang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin
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55
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Luo J, Xu Q, Jiang B, Zhang R, Jia X, Li X, Wang L, Guo C, Wu N, Shi D. Selectivity, cell permeability and oral availability studies of novel bromophenol derivative HPN as protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitor. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 175:140-153. [PMID: 29059712 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) negatively regulates insulin signalling by tyrosine dephosphorylation of the insulin receptor. It is a highly validated target for type 2 diabetes therapeutics. Here, the anti-diabetic effects of HPN were evaluated in the diabetic BKS db mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The mode of inhibition of PTP1B by HPN was determined according to the Lineweaver-Burk plot. A surface plasmon resonance assay and molecular docking were used to study the interaction between HPN and PTP1B. C2C12 skeletal muscle cells were used to investigate the cell permeability of HPN and the effect of HPN on insulin signalling pathways. Long-term effects of HPN on glycaemic control were investigated in diabetic BKS db mice. Glycogen contents in liver and muscle were determined. Furthermore, changes in the number of beta cells were evaluated by Gomori staining. KEY RESULTS HPN was identified as a specific PTP1B inhibitor. HPN directly interacted with PTP1B by binding to the catalytic domain through hydrogen bonds in a competitive mode. Approximately 56.98% of HPN entered into the cultured C2C12 myotubes. HPN ameliorated the impaired insulin signalling in palmitate-treated C2C12 myocytes. Notably, oral administration of HPN significantly protected mice from hyperglycaemia, dyslipidemia and hyperinsulinaemia. HPN also enhanced the storage of glycogen in liver and muscle. Moreover, HPN obviously improved the beta cell numbers of the pancreatic islets. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our results indicate that HPN is a specific PTP1B inhibitor, with anti-diabetic properties and good cell permeability and oral availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Renshuai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoling Jia
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiangqian Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Chuanlong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Wu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Dayong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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56
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Gunn‐Moore D, Kaidanovich‐Beilin O, Iradi MCG, Gunn‐Moore F, Lovestone S. Alzheimer's disease in humans and other animals: A consequence of postreproductive life span and longevity rather than aging. Alzheimers Dement 2017; 14:195-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danièlle Gunn‐Moore
- University of Edinburgh Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute Easter Bush Campus Roslin UK
| | | | - María Carolina Gallego Iradi
- University of Florida, College of Medicine Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases Gainesville FL USA
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GSK-3 Inhibitors: Anti-Diabetic Treatment Associated with Cardiac Risk? : Editorial to: "The Impact of Chronic Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Inhibition on Remodeling of Normal and Pre-Diabetic Rat Hearts." by Barbara Huisamen et al. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2017; 30:233-5. [PMID: 27311575 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-016-6669-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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58
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Sun W, Xu G, Guo X, Luo G, Wu L, Hou Y, Guo X, Zhou J, Xu T, Qin L, Fan Y, Han L, Matsabisa M, Ma X, Liu T. Protective effects of asiatic acid in a spontaneous type 2 diabetic mouse model. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:1333-1339. [PMID: 28586016 PMCID: PMC5562101 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Asiatic acid (AA) has been demonstrated to exhibit anti-diabetic activity. However, the mechanisms and underlying signaling pathways remain to be elucidated. The present study was performed to confirm the protective effect of AA and demonstrate its ability to regulate the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) signaling pathway in db/db mice. Db/db mice fed on a high-fat diet were used to model diabetes mellitus. Modeled mice were divided randomly into the model control, pioglitazone hydrochloride tablet (PH) and AA groups. Age-matched C57 BL/6J mice served as normal controls. Lipid and glucose levels, and glycogen synthesis rates were assessed following treatment. Pathological changes were detected using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Expression of the PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β signaling pathway at the mRNA level was measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. The model control group revealed typical characteristics of obesity and diabetes, including high glucose and lipid levels, and decreased glycogen synthesis. Four weeks of treatment with AA or PH ameliorated these abnormalities. AA and PH treatments mitigated the upregulation of PI3K, AKT, insulin receptor, and insulin receptor substrate-1 mRNA expression in modeled mice. Furthermore, AA and PH treatments decreased GSK-3β and glucose-6-phosphatase mRNA expression compared with the normal control group. The results of the present study confirmed that AA possesses anti-diabetic activity in db/db mice. The PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β signaling pathway may mediate this protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Health Cultivation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Guangyuan Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Dongfang Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100078, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Dongfang Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100078, P.R. China
| | - Guangbin Luo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Lili Wu
- Key Laboratory of Health Cultivation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yi Hou
- Department of Endocrinology, Dongfang Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100078, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyu Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Dongfang Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100078, P.R. China
| | - Jingxin Zhou
- Endocrinology Department, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 101100, P.R. China
| | - Tunhai Xu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Lingling Qin
- Department of Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yixin Fan
- Department of Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Li Han
- Key Laboratory of Health Cultivation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Motlalepula Matsabisa
- School of Natural Medicine, University of The Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa
| | - Xuesheng Ma
- School of Natural Medicine, University of The Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa
| | - Tonghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Health Cultivation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
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Wang XX, Ye T, Li M, Li X, Qiang O, Tang CW, Liu R. Effects of octreotide on hepatic glycogenesis in rats with high fat diet‑induced obesity. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:109-118. [PMID: 28534956 PMCID: PMC5482138 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced hepatic glycogenesis is one of the most important causes of metabolic abnormalities in non‑alcoholic fatty liver disease. Octreotide, a somatostatin analogue, has been demonstrated to promote weight loss and improve metabolic disorders in mice with high fat diet (HFD)‑induced obesity. However, whether octreotide affects hepatic glycogenesis is unknown. The aim of the present study was to verify the effects of octreotide on hepatic glycogenesis in rats with HFD‑induced obesity. Male Sprague‑Dawley rats were fed a standard diet or a HFD for 24 weeks. Obese rats from the HFD group were further divided into a HFD‑control group and an octreotide‑administered group. Rats in the latter group were injected with octreotide for 8 days. Glucose and insulin tolerance tests were performed, and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated. Following sacrifice, their body weights and lengths, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting insulin (FINS), serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), free fatty acid (FFA), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were measured. In addition, Lee's index and the homeostatic model assessment index were calculated. Hepatic TG, FFA levels and glycogen content were first determined. Hepatic steatosis in the obese rats was assessed based on hematoxylin and eosin and Oil Red O staining. Human hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells were divided into a control group, a palmitate (PA)‑treated group and a PA + octreotide‑treated group. Establishment of the in vitro fatty liver model using HepG2 cells was confirmed by Oil Red O staining. The expression of phosphorylated Akt and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) was detected by western blotting, and glycogen synthase (GS) mRNA levels were detected by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Compared with the control group, the body weight, Lee's index, AUC of the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test and intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test, levels of FPG, FINS, TG, TC, FFA, ALT and AST, and HOMA index values were significantly increased in the obese rats. The body weight, levels of FPG and FINS, and the HOMA index were significantly reduced following octreotide treatment, whereas the decrease in Lee's index, the blood levels of ALT, AST, TC, TG and FFA, and the AUC did not reach statistical significance. Hepatic TG and FFA levels were significantly increased and hepatic glycogen content was significantly decreased in rats with HFD‑induced obesity when compared with those in the control group. Octreotide intervention restored these alterations. The expression levels of phosphorylated Akt and GSK3β protein expression, as well as GS mRNA levels in the HFD group were lower when compared with those in the control group, whereas octreotide treatment reversed these reductions. The in vitro experiments demonstrated that the reduced levels of phosphorylated Akt and GSK3β protein, and GS mRNA in the PA‑treated group were significantly reversed by octreotide treatment. In conclusion, the results indicate that octreotide improved hepatic glycogenesis and decreased FPG concentration in rats with HFD‑induced obesity. These mechanisms may be associated with increased GS activity via the promotion of GSK3β phosphorylation. Therefore, octreotide may be regarded as a novel therapeutic strategy for HFD‑induced obesity and obesity‑associated metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xia Wang
- Division of Peptides Related to Human Disease, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Ting Ye
- Division of Peptides Related to Human Disease, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Mao Li
- Division of Peptides Related to Human Disease, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xian Li
- Division of Peptides Related to Human Disease, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Ou Qiang
- Division of Peptides Related to Human Disease, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Cheng-Wei Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Rui Liu
- Division of Peptides Related to Human Disease, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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60
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McGill-Vargas L, Gastaldelli A, Liang H, Anzueto Guerra D, Johnson-Pais T, Seidner S, McCurnin D, Muscogiuri G, DeFronzo R, Musi N, Blanco C. Hepatic Insulin Resistance and Altered Gluconeogenic Pathway in Premature Baboons. Endocrinology 2017; 158:1140-1151. [PMID: 28324053 PMCID: PMC5460827 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Premature infants have altered glucose regulation early in life and increased risk for diabetes in adulthood. Although prematurity leads to an increased risk of diabetes and metabolic syndrome in adult life, the role of hepatic glucose regulation and adaptation to an early extrauterine environment in preterm infants remain unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate developmental differences in glucose metabolism, hepatic protein content, and gene expression of key insulin-signaling/gluconeogenic molecules. Fetal baboons were delivered at 67%, 75%, and term gestational age and euthanized at birth. Neonatal baboons were delivered prematurely (67% gestation), survived for two weeks, and compared with similar postnatal term animals and underwent serial hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies. Premature baboons had decreased endogenous glucose production (EGP) compared with term animals. Consistent with these results, the gluconeogenic molecule, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase messenger RNA, was decreased in preterm baboons compared with terms. Hepatic insulin signaling was altered by preterm birth as evidenced by decreased insulin receptor-β, p85 subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase, phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate 1, and Akt-1 under insulin-stimulated conditions. Furthermore, preterm baboons failed to have the normal increase in glycogen synthase kinase-α from fetal to postnatal life. The blunted responses in hepatic insulin signaling may contribute to the hyperglycemia of prematurity, while impaired EGP leads to hypoglycemia of prematurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa McGill-Vargas
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology Division, Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Amalia Gastaldelli
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Division, Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
- Cardiometabolic Risk Unit, Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Hanyu Liang
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Division, Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Diana Anzueto Guerra
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology Division, Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Teresa Johnson-Pais
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Steven Seidner
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology Division, Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Donald McCurnin
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology Division, Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Division, Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Ralph DeFronzo
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Division, Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
- Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78207
| | - Nicolas Musi
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Division, Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
- Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78207
- San Antonio Geriatric, Research, Education and Clinical Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, San Antonio, Texas 78245
| | - Cynthia Blanco
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology Division, Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
- University Health System, San Antonio, Texas 78229
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Sfera A, Osorio C, Inderias LA, Parker V, Price AI, Cummings M. The Obesity-Impulsivity Axis: Potential Metabolic Interventions in Chronic Psychiatric Patients. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:20. [PMID: 28243210 PMCID: PMC5303716 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological impulsivity is encountered in a broad range of psychiatric conditions and is thought to be a risk factor for aggression directed against oneself or others. Recently, a strong association was found between impulsivity and obesity which may explain the high prevalence of metabolic disorders in individuals with mental illness even in the absence of exposure to psychotropic drugs. As the overlapping neurobiology of impulsivity and obesity is being unraveled, the question asked louder and louder is whether they should be treated concomitantly. The treatment of obesity and metabolic dysregulations in chronic psychiatric patients is currently underutilized and often initiated late, making correction more difficult to achieve. Addressing obesity and metabolic dysfunction in a preventive manner may not only lower morbidity and mortality but also the excessive impulsivity, decreasing the risk for aggression. In this review, we take a look beyond psychopharmacological interventions and discuss dietary and physical therapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adonis Sfera
- Patton State Hospital, Psychiatry, Patton, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Amy I. Price
- Oxford University, Evidence Based Medicine, Oxford, UK
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Antidiabetic effect of polysaccharides from Pleurotus ostreatus in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 83:126-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Irisin inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis and increases glycogen synthesis via the PI3K/Akt pathway in type 2 diabetic mice and hepatocytes. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015. [PMID: 26201094 DOI: 10.1042/cs20150009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Increased glucose production and reduced hepatic glycogen storage contribute to metabolic abnormalities in diabetes. Irisin, a newly identified myokine, induces the browning of white adipose tissue, but its effects on gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis are unknown. In the present study, we investigated the effects and underlying mechanisms of irisin on gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis in hepatocytes with insulin resistance, and its therapeutic role in type 2 diabetic mice. Insulin resistance was induced by glucosamine (GlcN) or palmitate in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells and mouse primary hepatocytes. Type 2 diabetes was induced by streptozotocin/high-fat diet (STZ/HFD) in mice. In HepG2 cells, irisin ameliorated the GlcN-induced increases in glucose production, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) expression, and glycogen synthase (GS) phosphorylation; it prevented GlcN-induced decreases in glycogen content and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) p110α subunit level, and the phosphorylation of Akt/protein kinase B, forkhead box transcription factor O1 (FOXO1) and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3). These effects of irisin were abolished by the inhibition of PI3K or Akt. The effects of irisin were confirmed in mouse primary hepatocytes with GlcN-induced insulin resistance and in human HepG2 cells with palmitate-induced insulin resistance. In diabetic mice, persistent subcutaneous perfusion of irisin improved the insulin sensitivity, reduced fasting blood glucose, increased GSK3 and Akt phosphorylation, glycogen content and irisin level, and suppressed GS phosphorylation and PEPCK and G6Pase expression in the liver. Irisin improves glucose homoeostasis by reducing gluconeogenesis via PI3K/Akt/FOXO1-mediated PEPCK and G6Pase down-regulation and increasing glycogenesis via PI3K/Akt/GSK3-mediated GS activation. Irisin may be regarded as a novel therapeutic strategy for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
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Beurel E, Grieco SF, Jope RS. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3): regulation, actions, and diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 148:114-31. [PMID: 25435019 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1120] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) may be the busiest kinase in most cells, with over 100 known substrates to deal with. How does GSK3 maintain control to selectively phosphorylate each substrate, and why was it evolutionarily favorable for GSK3 to assume such a large responsibility? GSK3 must be particularly adaptable for incorporating new substrates into its repertoire, and we discuss the distinct properties of GSK3 that may contribute to its capacity to fulfill its roles in multiple signaling pathways. The mechanisms regulating GSK3 (predominantly post-translational modifications, substrate priming, cellular trafficking, protein complexes) have been reviewed previously, so here we focus on newly identified complexities in these mechanisms, how each of these regulatory mechanism contributes to the ability of GSK3 to select which substrates to phosphorylate, and how these mechanisms may have contributed to its adaptability as new substrates evolved. The current understanding of the mechanisms regulating GSK3 is reviewed, as are emerging topics in the actions of GSK3, particularly its interactions with receptors and receptor-coupled signal transduction events, and differential actions and regulation of the two GSK3 isoforms, GSK3α and GSK3β. Another remarkable characteristic of GSK3 is its involvement in many prevalent disorders, including psychiatric and neurological diseases, inflammatory diseases, cancer, and others. We address the feasibility of targeting GSK3 therapeutically, and provide an update of its involvement in the etiology and treatment of several disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonore Beurel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Steven F Grieco
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Richard S Jope
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
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Free fatty acid induced impairment of insulin signaling is prevented by the diastereomeric mixture of calophyllic acid and isocalophyllic acid in skeletal muscle cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 746:70-7. [PMID: 25445050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Elevated fatty acid levels play a pathogenic role in the development of insulin resistance, associated with type 2 diabetes. Interventions with ability to ameliorate fatty acid-induced insulin resistance might be useful for the management of diabetes. Here, we explored the effect of the diastereomeric mixture of calophyllic acid and isocalophyllic acid (F015) on palmitate-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle cells. An incubation of L6 myotubes with palmitate inhibited insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and translocation of GLUT4 to cell surface. Addition of F015 strongly prevented these inhibitions. Furthermore, F015 effectively inhibited the ability of palmitate to reduce insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of IRS-1, AKT and GSK-3β in L6 myotubes. F015 presented a strong inhibition on palmitate-induced production of reactive oxygen species and associated inflammation, as the activation JNK, ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK were greatly reduced. F015 also inhibited inflammation-stimulated IRS-1 serine phosphorylation and restored insulin-stimulated IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation in presence of palmitate, resulted in enhanced insulin sensitivity. Results suggest that F015 inhibits palmitate-induced, reactive oxygen species-associated MAPK kinase activation and restored insulin sensitivity through regulating IRS-1 function. All these indicate F015 to be a potentially therapeutic candidate for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
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Agarwal D, Dange RB, Raizada MK, Francis J. Angiotensin II causes imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines by modulating GSK-3β in neuronal culture. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:860-74. [PMID: 23516971 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Emerging evidence indicates that the balance between pro-inflammatory cytokines (PICs) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (AICs) within the brain is an important determinant in the outcome of hypertension. However, the mechanism by which this dysregulation occurs is not known. We aimed to investigate whether AngII induces imbalance between PIC and AIC by modulating downstream transcription factors, NFκB and cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB), and whether AngII-induced effects are mediated by glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH CATH.a neurons were exposed to AngII (10 nM-1 μM) over a preset time course. In another set of experiments, GSK-3β was knock down by using lentivirus containing short hairpin RNA targeting GSK-3β (L-sh-GSK3β) before AngII exposure. Cell extracts were subjected to RT-PCR, immunoblot and immunoprecipitation. KEY RESULTS AngII caused time-dependent increase in PICs (TNF-α and IL-1β) and reduction in AIC (IL-10). AngII exposure caused reduced phosphorylated CREB(Ser-133) and increased p-NFκB(Ser-276) levels, leading to reduced CREB-CBP and increased NFκB-CBP binding. These results were accompanied by increased activation of GSK-3β, as indicated by increased p-GSK3(Tyr-216) to p-GSK3(Ser-9) ratio. In a subsequent study, pretreatment with L-sh-GSK3β attenuated AngII-induced alterations in PICs and IL-10 by augmenting CREB-CBP and attenuating NFκB-CBP binding. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Collectively, these findings are the first to provide direct evidence that AngII-induced dysregulation in cytokines is mediated by GSK-3β-mediated alterations in downstream transcription factors in neuronal cells. Our data also reveal that AngII-induced effects could be alleviated by GSK-3β inhibition, suggesting GSK-3β as an important therapeutic target for hypertension that is characterized by increased PICs and NFκB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepmala Agarwal
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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DeFronzo RA, Triplitt CL, Abdul-Ghani M, Cersosimo E. Novel Agents for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Spectr 2014; 27:100-12. [PMID: 26246766 PMCID: PMC4522879 DOI: 10.2337/diaspect.27.2.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In Brief Impaired insulin secretion, increased hepatic glucose production, and decreased peripheral glucose utilization are the core defects responsible for the development and progression of type 2 diabetes. However, the pathophysiology of this disease also includes adipocyte insulin resistance (increased lipolysis), reduced incretin secretion/sensitivity, increased glucagon secretion, enhanced renal glucose reabsorption, and brain insulin resistance/neurotransmitter dysfunction. Although current diabetes management focuses on lowering blood glucose, the goal of therapy should be to delay disease progression and eventual treatment failure. Recent innovative treatment approaches target the multiple pathophysiological defects present in type 2 diabetes. Optimal management should include early initiation of combination therapy using multiple drugs with different mechanisms of action. This review examines novel therapeutic options that hold particular promise.
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68
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Increasing appendage diversity on 3,4-dihydro-3-oxo-2H-1,4-benzoxazines via Aphos–Pd(OAc)2-catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling of aryl chlorides. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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69
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Halaby MJ, Kastein BK, Yang DQ. Chloroquine stimulates glucose uptake and glycogen synthase in muscle cells through activation of Akt. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 435:708-13. [PMID: 23702482 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chloroquine is a pharmaceutical agent that has been widely used to treat patients with malaria. Chloroquine has also been reported to have hypoglycemic effects on humans and animal models of diabetes. Despite many previous studies, the mechanism responsible for its hypoglycemic effect is still unclear. Chloroquine was recently reported to be an activator of ATM, the protein deficient in the Ataxia-telagiectasia (A-T) disease. Since ATM is also known as an insulin responsive protein that mediates Akt activation, we tested the effect of chloroquine on the activity of Akt and its downstream targets. In L6 muscle cells treated with insulin and chloroquine, the phosphorylation of Akt and glucose uptake were dramatically increased compared to cells treated with insulin alone, suggesting that chloroquine is a potent activator of Akt and glucose uptake in these cells. We also found that the reduction of insulin-mediated Akt activity in muscle tissues of insulin resistant rats was partially reversed by chloroquine treatment. Moreover, insulin-mediated phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β in L6 cells was greatly enhanced by chloroquine. A substantial decrease in phosphorylation of glycogen synthase was also observed in chloroquine-treated L6 cells, indicating enhanced activity of glycogen synthase. Taken together, our results not only show that chloroquine is a novel activator of Akt that stimulates glucose uptake and glycogen synthase, but also validate chloroquine as a potential therapeutic agent for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Jo Halaby
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
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Structure–activity relationship investigation of methoxy substitution on anticancer pyrimido[4,5-c]quinolin-1(2H)-ones. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-012-0428-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) is an enzyme that is gaining prominence as a critical signaling molecule in the epithelial cells of renal tubules. This review will focus on recent findings exploring the role of GSK3 in renal collecting ducts, especially its role in urine concentration involving vasopressin signaling. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies using inhibition or tissue-specific gene deletion of GSK3 revealed the mechanism by which GSK3 regulates aquaporin 2 water channels via adenylate cyclase or the prostaglandin-E2 pathway. In other studies, postnatal treatment with lithium, an inhibitor of GSK3, increased cell proliferation and led to microcyst formation in rat kidneys. These studies suggest that loss of GSK3 activity could interfere with renal water transport at two levels. In the short term, it could disrupt vasopressin signaling in collecting duct cells and in the long term it could alter the structure of the collecting ducts, making them less responsive to the hydro-osmotic effects of vasopressin. SUMMARY Ongoing studies reveal the crucial role played by GSK3 in the regulation of vasopressin action in the renal collecting ducts and suggest a possible use of GSK3 inhibitors in disease conditions associated with disrupted vasopressin signaling.
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Banerji V, Frumm SM, Ross KN, Li LS, Schinzel AC, Hahn CK, Kakoza RM, Chow KT, Ross L, Alexe G, Tolliday N, Inguilizian H, Galinsky I, Stone RM, DeAngelo DJ, Roti G, Aster JC, Hahn WC, Kung AL, Stegmaier K. The intersection of genetic and chemical genomic screens identifies GSK-3α as a target in human acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:935-47. [PMID: 22326953 DOI: 10.1172/jci46465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common form of acute leukemia in adults. Long-term survival of patients with AML has changed little over the past decade, necessitating the identification and validation of new AML targets. Integration of genomic approaches with small-molecule and genetically based high-throughput screening holds the promise of improved discovery of candidate targets for cancer therapy. Here, we identified a role for glycogen synthase kinase 3α (GSK-3α) in AML by performing 2 independent small-molecule library screens and an shRNA screen for perturbations that induced a differentiation expression signature in AML cells. GSK-3 is a serine-threonine kinase involved in diverse cellular processes, including differentiation, signal transduction, cell cycle regulation, and proliferation. We demonstrated that specific loss of GSK-3α induced differentiation in AML by multiple measurements, including induction of gene expression signatures, morphological changes, and cell surface markers consistent with myeloid maturation. GSK-3α-specific suppression also led to impaired growth and proliferation in vitro, induction of apoptosis, loss of colony formation in methylcellulose, and anti-AML activity in vivo. Although the role of GSK-3β has been well studied in cancer development, these studies support a role for GSK-3α in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Versha Banerji
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston 02215, Massachusetts, USA
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Maes M, Fišar Z, Medina M, Scapagnini G, Nowak G, Berk M. New drug targets in depression: inflammatory, cell-mediated immune, oxidative and nitrosative stress, mitochondrial, antioxidant, and neuroprogressive pathways. And new drug candidates--Nrf2 activators and GSK-3 inhibitors. Inflammopharmacology 2012; 20:127-50. [PMID: 22271002 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-011-0111-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews new drug targets in the treatment of depression and new drug candidates to treat depression. Depression is characterized by aberrations in six intertwined pathways: (1) inflammatory pathways as indicated by increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, e.g. interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor α. (2) Activation of cell-mediated immune pathways as indicated by an increased production of interferon γ and neopterin. (3) Increased reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and damage by oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS), including lipid peroxidation, damage to DNA, proteins and mitochondria. (4) Lowered levels of key antioxidants, such as coenzyme Q10, zinc, vitamin E, glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase. (5) Damage to mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA and reduced activity of respiratory chain enzymes and adenosine triphosphate production. (6) Neuroprogression, which is the progressive process of neurodegeneration, apoptosis, and reduced neurogenesis and neuronal plasticity, phenomena that are probably caused by inflammation and O&NS. Antidepressants tend to normalize the above six pathways. Targeting these pathways has the potential to yield antidepressant effects, e.g. using cytokine antagonists, minocycline, Cox-2 inhibitors, statins, acetylsalicylic acid, ketamine, ω3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants, and neurotrophic factors. These six pathways offer new, pathophysiologically guided drug targets suggesting that novel therapies could be developed that target these six pathways simultaneously. Both nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) activators and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) inhibitors target the six above-mentioned pathways. GSK-3 inhibitors have antidepressant effects in animal models of depression. Nrf2 activators and GSK-3 inhibitors have the potential to be advanced to phase-2 clinical trials to examine whether they augment the efficacy of antidepressants or are useful as monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Maes
- Maes Clinics@TRIA, 998 Rimklongsamsen Road, Bangkok 10310, Thailand.
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Di Caro V, D'Anneo A, Phillips B, Engman C, Harnaha J, Trucco M, Giannoukakis N. Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase activity during in vitro dendritic cell generation determines suppressive or stimulatory capacity. Immunol Res 2011; 50:130-52. [PMID: 21476100 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-011-8206-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Modulating PI3K at different stages of dendritic cells (DC) generation could be a novel means to balance the generation of immunosuppressive versus immunostimulatory DC. We show that PI3K inhibition during mouse DC generation in vitro results in cells that are potently immunosuppressive and characteristic of CD8alpha- CD11c+ CD11b+ DC. These DC exhibited low surface class I and class II MHC, CD40, and CD86 and did not produce TNF-alpha. In allogeneic MLR, these DC were suppressive. Although in these mixed cultures, there was no increase in the frequency of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ cells, the Foxp3 content on a per cell basis was significantly increased. Sustained TLR9 signaling in the presence of PI3K inhibition during DC generation overrode the cells' suppressive phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Di Caro
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunogenetics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
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Sharma N, Bhat AD, Kassa AD, Xiao Y, Arias EB, Cartee GD. Improved insulin sensitivity with calorie restriction does not require reduced JNK1/2, p38, or ERK1/2 phosphorylation in skeletal muscle of 9-month-old rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 302:R126-36. [PMID: 22012698 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00372.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Calorie restriction [CR; ∼40% below ad libitum (AL) intake] improves the health of many species, including rats, by mechanisms that may be partly related to enhanced insulin sensitivity for glucose disposal by skeletal muscle. Excessive activation of several mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including JNK1/2, p38, and ERK1/2 has been linked to insulin resistance. Although insulin can activate ERK1/2, this effect is not required for insulin-mediated glucose uptake. We hypothesized that skeletal muscle from male 9-mo-old Fischer 344/Brown Norway rats CR (35-40% beginning at 3 mo old) versus AL rats would have 1) attenuated activation of JNK1/2, p38, and ERK1/2 under basal conditions; and 2) no difference for insulin-induced ERK1/2 activation. In contrast to our hypothesis, there were significant CR-related increases in the phosphorylation of p38 (epitrochlearis, soleus, and gastrocnemius), JNK1 (epitrochlearis and soleus), and JNK2 (gastrocnemius). Consistent with our hypothesis, CR did not alter insulin-mediated ERK1/2 activation. The greater JNK1/2 and p38 phosphorylation with CR was not attributable to diet effects on muscle oxidative stress (assessed by protein carbonyls and 4-hydroxynonenal protein conjugates). In muscles from the same rats used for the present study, we previously reported a CR-related increase in insulin-mediated glucose uptake by the epitrochlearis and the soleus (Sharma N, Arias EB, Bhat AD, Sequea DA, Ho S, Croff KK, Sajan MP, Farese RV, Cartee GD. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 300: E966-E978, 2011). The present results indicate that the improved insulin sensitivity with CR is not attributable to attenuated MAPK phosphorylation in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Sharma
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109-2214, USA
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Jope RS. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 in the etiology and treatment of mood disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2011; 4:16. [PMID: 21886606 PMCID: PMC3152743 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2011.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mood disorders major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder are prevalent, are inadequately treated, and little is known about their etiologies. A better understanding of the causes of mood disorders would benefit from improved animal models of mood disorders, which now rely on behavioral measurements. This review considers the limitations in relating measures of rodent behaviors to mood disorders, and the evidence from behavioral assessments indicating that glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) dysregulation promotes mood disorders and is a potential target for treating mood disorders. The classical mood stabilizer lithium was identified by studying animal behaviors and later was discovered to be an inhibitor of GSK3. Several mood-relevant behavioral effects of lithium in rodents have been identified, and most have now been shown to be due to its inhibition of GSK3. An extensive variety of pharmacological and molecular approaches for manipulating GSK3 are discussed, the results of which strongly support the proposal that inhibition of GSK3 reduces both depression-like and manic-like behaviors. Studies in human postmortem brain and peripheral cells also have identified correlations between alterations in GSK3 and mood disorders. Evidence is reviewed that depression may be associated with impaired inhibitory control of GSK3, and mania by hyper-stimulation of GSK3. Taken together, these studies provide substantial support for the hypothesis that inhibition of GSK3 activity is therapeutic for mood disorders. Future research should identify the causes of dysregulated GSK3 in mood disorders and the actions of GSK3 that contribute to these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Scott Jope
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL, USA
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77
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Fang J, Huang D, Zhao W, Ge H, Luo HB, Xu J. A new protocol for predicting novel GSK-3β ATP competitive inhibitors. J Chem Inf Model 2011; 51:1431-8. [PMID: 21615159 DOI: 10.1021/ci2001154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) is a potential therapeutic target for cancer, type-2 diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease. This paper proposes a new lead identification protocol that predicts new GSK-3β ATP competitive inhibitors with topologically diverse scaffolds. First, three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D QSAR) models were built and validated. These models are based upon known GSK-3β inhibitors, benzofuran-3-yl-(indol-3-yl) maleimides, by means of comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA). Second, 28 826 maleimide derivatives were selected from the PubChem database. After filtration via Lipinski's rules, 10 429 maleimide derivatives were left. Third, the FlexX-dock program was employed to virtually screen the 10 429 compounds against GSK-3β. This resulted in 617 virtual hits. Fourth, the 3D QSAR models predicted that from the 617 virtual hits, 93 compounds would have GSK-3β inhibition values of less than 15 nM. Finally, from the 93 predicted active hits, 23 compounds were confirmed as GSK-3β inhibitors from literatures; their GSK-3β inhibition ranged from 1.3 to 480 nM. Therefore, the hits rate of our virtual screening protocol is greater than 25%. The protocol combines ligand- and structure-based approaches and therefore validates both approaches and is capable of identifying new hits with topologically diverse scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Fang
- Research Center for Drug Discovery and Institute of Human Virology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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78
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Ono M, Matsubara Y, Shibano T, Ikeda Y, Murata M. GSK-3β negatively regulates megakaryocyte differentiation and platelet production from primary human bone marrow cells in vitro. Platelets 2011; 22:196-203. [PMID: 21231855 DOI: 10.3109/09537104.2010.541959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3, a constitutively active serine-threonine kinase, acts as a key regulator of major signaling pathways, including the Wnt, Hedgehog, and Notch pathways. Although a number of studies have demonstrated that GSK-3 plays a critical role in several cellular processes, such as differentiation, growth, and apoptosis, the effects of GSK-3 on platelet production have not been explored. There are two GSK-3 isoforms, GSK-3α and GSK-3β. GSK-3β is more highly expressed in platelets. In the present study, primary human bone marrow cells were cultured for 12 days in megakaryocyte lineage induction (MKLI) media to induce their differentiation into megakaryocyte (MK) lineage cells, in the presence or absence (+/-) of TWS119, a GSK-3β inhibitor, during MK differentiation from stem cells and subsequent platelet production. MK maturation, MK production, and subsequent platelet production were markedly enhanced in cells cultured in TWS119 (+) compared with cells cultured in TWS119 (-). These effects on MK lineage cells were thrombopoietin (TPO)-dependent. We next performed the experiment focusing on the inhibitory effect of GSK-3β on platelet production. Bone marrow cell-derived CD41 (+)/CD42b (+)/propidium iodide (-) cells in the large (MK)-sized cell population (day 8), as living mature MKs, were further cultured in the MKLI media in TWS119 (+/-) for 6 days. Platelet production from mature MKs in TWS119 (+) was approximately two-fold higher than that in TWS119 (-). The mature MKs were cultured in MKLI media in TWS119, in TPO (+/-), and platelet production was markedly decreased in TPO (-). This indicated that the GSK-3β inhibition affects thrombopoiesis under these conditions with TPO. To identify the target(s) of GSK-3β inhibition during differentiation into MK lineage cells, we performed a differential gene expression study and subsequent pathway analysis of the large (MK)-sized CD41 (+)/propidium iodide (-) cells cultured in TWS119 (+/-) for 3 days. The results of the analysis indicated that GSK-3β inhibition during differentiation into MK lineage cells affected factors related to transcription, apoptosis, cell division, cell cycle, blood coagulation, lipid transport, keratin filament, metabolic processes, and the Wnt signaling and transforming growth factor-β signaling pathways. These observations suggest that GSK-3β inhibition and TPO treatment affect both megakaryopoiesis and thrombopoiesis in an in vitro differentiation system for primary human bone marrow cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Ono
- The Keio-Daiichi Sankyo Project on Genetics of Thrombosis, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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79
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Tissue-specific analysis of glycogen synthase kinase-3α (GSK-3α) in glucose metabolism: effect of strain variation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e15845. [PMID: 21253590 PMCID: PMC3017066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Over-activity and elevated expression of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) has been implicated in the etiology of insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes. Administration of specific GSK-3 inhibitors to diabetic or obese rodent models improves glycaemic control and insulin sensitivity. However, due to the indiscriminatory nature of these inhibitors, the relative contribution of the two isoforms of GSK-3 (GSK-3α and GSK-3β) is not known. Recently, we demonstrated that an out-bred strain of mice (ICR) lacking expression of GSK-3α in all tissues displayed improved insulin sensitivity and enhanced hepatic glucose metabolism. We also found that muscle (but not liver) inactivation of GSK-3β conferred insulin and glucose sensitization in an in-bred strain of mice (C57BL/6). Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we have employed tissue-specific deletion of GSK-3α, to examine the relative contribution of two insulin-sensitive tissues, muscle and liver, towards the insulin sensitization phenotype originally observed in the global GSK-3α KO animals. We found that mice in which GSK-3α has been inactivated in either skeletal-muscle or liver displayed no differences in glucose tolerance or insulin sensitivity compared to wild type littermates. Given the strain differences in our original analyses, we examined the insulin and glucose sensitivity of global GSK-3α KO animals bred onto a C57BL/6 background. These animals also revealed no significant differences in glucose metabolism/insulin sensitivity compared to their wild type littermates. Furthermore, deletion of hepatic GSK-3α on the out-bred, ICR background failed to reproduce the insulin sensitivity manifested by the global deletion of this isoform. Conclusions/Significance From these data we conclude that the improved insulin sensitivity and hepatic glucose homeostasis phenotype observed upon global inactivation of GSK-3α is strain-specific. We surmise that the insulin-sensitization observed in the out-bred strain of mice lacking GSK-3α is mediated by indirect means that do not require intrinsic function of GSK-3α in skeletal muscle and liver tissues.
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80
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Sookoian S, Gianotti TF, Burgueño A, Pirola CJ. Gene-gene interaction between serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) and CLOCK modulates the risk of metabolic syndrome in rotating shiftworkers. Chronobiol Int 2010; 27:1202-18. [PMID: 20653450 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2010.496913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Serotonergic neurotransmission and the master circadian CLOCK gene are physiological modulators of the circadian system. In addition, both are involved in the physiopathology of metabolic syndrome (MS). The authors sought to examine the potential effect of the gene-gene interaction between the functional 44-bp insertion/deletion polymorphism in the promoter region (serotonin-transporter-linked promoter region polymorphism or 5-HTTLPR) of the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) and common variants of the gene CLOCK on the genetic risk underlying MS of shift-workers. To test this hypothesis, 856 men were studied; 518 dayworkers were compared with 338 rotating shiftworkers. Medical history, health examination including anthropometric and arterial blood pressure measurements, a questionnaire on health-related behaviors, and biochemical determinations were obtained from every participant. 5-HTTLPR genotypes were determined using polymerase chain reaction followed by gel electrophoresis. Six tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CLOCK gene with a minor allele frequency >10 % (rs1554483 C/G, rs11932595 A/G, rs4580704 C/G, rs6843722 A/C, rs6850524 C/G, and rs4864548 A/G), encompassing 117 kb of chromosome 4 and representing 115 polymorphic sites (r(2) > .8), were genotyped. A significant interaction between the 5-HTTLPR variant and the haplotype rs1554483-rs4864548 of the CLOCK gene was detected for diastolic (p = .0058) and systolic blood pressure (p = .0014), arterial hypertension (p = .033), plasma triglycerides levels (p = .033), and number of MS components (p = .01). In all these cases, the higher values were observed in rotating shiftworkers homozygous for the SLC6A4 S allele and carrying the haplotype composed by the CLOCK rs1554483 G and rs4864548 A variants. In conclusion, these data suggest a potential interaction (epistatic effect) of serotonin transporter and CLOCK gene variation on the genetic susceptibility to develop MS by rotating shiftworkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sookoian
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biology of Complex Diseases, Institute of Medical Research A Lanari-IDIM, University of Buenos Aires-National Council of Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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81
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Sallam AA, Ramasahayam S, Meyer SA, El Sayed KA. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of dibromotyrosine analogues inspired by marine natural products as inhibitors of human prostate cancer proliferation, invasion, and migration. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:7446-57. [PMID: 20884214 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive secondary metabolites originating from dibromotyrosine are common in marine sponges, such as sponges of the Aplysina species. Verongiaquinol (1), 3,5-dibromo-1-hydroxy-4-oxocyclohexa-2,5-diene-1-acetamide, and aeroplysinin-1 are examples of such bioactive metabolites. Previous studies have shown the potent antimicrobial as well as cytotoxic properties of verongiaquinol and the anti-angiogenic activity of aeroplysinin-1. The work presented herein shows the design and synthesis of dibromotyrosine-inspired phenolic ester and ether analogues with anti-angiogenic, anti-proliferative and anti-migratory properties and negligible cytotoxicity. Several analogues were synthesized based on docking experiments in the ATP binding site of VEGFR2 and their anti-angiogenic potential and ability to inhibit angiogenesis and prostate cancer proliferation, migration and invasion were evaluated using the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay, MTT, wound-healing, and Cultrex® BME cell invasion assay models, respectively. Analogues with high docking scores showed promising anti-angiogenic activity in the CAM assay. In general, ester analogues (5, 6, and 8-10) proved to be of higher anti-migratory activity whereas ether analogues (11-14) showed better anti-proliferative activity. These results demonstrate the potential of dibromotyrosines as promising inhibitory scaffolds for the control of metastatic prostate cancer proliferation and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa A Sallam
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 1800 Bienville Drive, Monroe, LA 71201, USA
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82
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The role of PAS kinase in PASsing the glucose signal. SENSORS 2010; 10:5668-82. [PMID: 22219681 PMCID: PMC3247726 DOI: 10.3390/s100605668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 03/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PAS kinase is an evolutionarily conserved nutrient responsive protein kinase that regulates glucose homeostasis. Mammalian PAS kinase is activated by glucose in pancreatic beta cells, and knockout mice are protected from obesity, liver triglyceride accumulation, and insulin resistance when fed a high-fat diet. Yeast PAS kinase is regulated by both carbon source and cell integrity stress and stimulates the partitioning of glucose toward structural carbohydrate biosynthesis. In our current model for PAS kinase regulation, a small molecule metabolite binds the sensory PAS domain and activates the enzyme. Although bona fide PAS kinase substrates are scarce, in vitro substrate searches provide putative targets for exploration.
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83
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Development of a quantitative 96-well method to image glycogen storage in primary rat hepatocytes. Mol Cell Biochem 2010; 341:73-8. [PMID: 20333445 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-010-0438-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Within the liver, hormonal control of glycogen metabolism allows for rapid release and uptake of glucose from the circulation, providing a reserve of glucose that can be utilised by other organs. Traditionally, cellular glycogen storage has been detected using Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining of histopathology samples or a biochemical assay. Colorimetric measurement of glycogen content using PAS staining is hard to quantify whilst biochemical techniques give limited information about events such as cytotoxicity or allow analysis of hepatic heterogeneity. Here, we describe the development of an imaging based method to quantify glycogen storage in 96-well cultures of primary rat hepatocytes using the inherent fluorescence properties of the Schiff reagent. PAS-stained hepatocytes were imaged using an automated fluorescent microscope, with the amount of glycogen present in each cell being quantified. Using this technique, we found an increase in glycogen storage in response to insulin (EC50 = 0.31 nM) that was in agreement with that determined using biochemical quantification (EC50 = 0.32 nM). Furthermore, a dose dependent increase in glycogen storage was also seen in response to glycogen synthase kinase inhibitors and glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors. This technique allows rapid assessment of cellular glycogen storage in response to hormones and small molecule inhibitors.
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84
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Allen JG, Fotsch C, Babij P. Emerging Targets in Osteoporosis Disease Modification. J Med Chem 2010; 53:4332-53. [PMID: 20218623 DOI: 10.1021/jm9018756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John G. Allen
- Chemistry Research and Discovery, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Christopher Fotsch
- Chemistry Research and Discovery, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Philip Babij
- Metabolic Disorders, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
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Sahar S, Zocchi L, Kinoshita C, Borrelli E, Sassone-Corsi P. Regulation of BMAL1 protein stability and circadian function by GSK3beta-mediated phosphorylation. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8561. [PMID: 20049328 PMCID: PMC2797305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circadian rhythms govern a large array of physiological and metabolic functions. To achieve plasticity in circadian regulation, proteins constituting the molecular clock machinery undergo various post-translational modifications (PTMs), which influence their activity and intracellular localization. The core clock protein BMAL1 undergoes several PTMs. Here we report that the Akt-GSK3beta signaling pathway regulates BMAL1 protein stability and activity. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS GSK3beta phosphorylates BMAL1 specifically on Ser 17 and Thr 21 and primes it for ubiquitylation. In the absence of GSK3beta-mediated phosphorylation, BMAL1 becomes stabilized and BMAL1 dependent circadian gene expression is dampened. Dopamine D2 receptor mediated signaling, known to control the Akt-GSK3beta pathway, influences BMAL1 stability and in vivo circadian gene expression in striatal neurons. CONCLUSIONS These findings uncover a previously unknown mechanism of circadian clock control. The GSK3beta kinase phosphorylates BMAL1, an event that controls the stability of the protein and the amplitude of circadian oscillation. BMAL1 phosphorylation appears to be an important regulatory step in maintaining the robustness of the circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Sahar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Unite 904 INSERM ‘Epigenetics and Neuronal Plasticity’, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Loredana Zocchi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Chisato Kinoshita
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Emiliana Borrelli
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Unite 904 INSERM ‘Epigenetics and Neuronal Plasticity’, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Paolo Sassone-Corsi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Unite 904 INSERM ‘Epigenetics and Neuronal Plasticity’, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
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Wong R, Aponte AM, Steenbergen C, Murphy E. Cardioprotection leads to novel changes in the mitochondrial proteome. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 298:H75-91. [PMID: 19855063 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00515.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It is proposed that ischemic preconditioning (PC) initiates signaling that converges on mitochondria and results in cardioprotection. The outcome of this signaling on mitochondrial enzyme complexes is yet to be understood. We therefore used proteomic methods to test the hypothesis that PC and pharmacological preconditioning similarly alter mitochondrial signaling complexes. Langendorff-perfused murine hearts were treated with the specific GSK-3 inhibitor AR-A014418 (GSK Inhib VIII) for 10 min or subjected to four cycles of 5-min ischemia-reperfusion (PC) before 20-min global ischemia and 120-min reperfusion. PC and GSK Inhib VIII both improved recovery of postischemic left ventricular developed pressure, decreased infarct size, and reduced lactate production during ischemia compared with their time-matched controls. We used proteomics to examine mitochondrial protein levels/posttranslational modifications that were common between PC and GSK Inhib VIII. Levels of cytochrome-c oxidase subunits Va and VIb, ATP synthase-coupling factor 6, and cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 6 were increased while cytochrome c was decreased with PC and GSK Inhib VIII. Furthermore, the amount of cytochrome-c oxidase subunit VIb was found to be increased in PC and GSK Inhib VIII mitochondrial supercomplexes, which are comprised of complexes I, III, and IV. This result would suggest that changes in complex subunits associated with cardioprotection may affect supercomplex composition. Thus the ability of PC and GSK inhibition to alter the expression levels of electron transport complexes will have important implications for mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Wong
- Translational Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Khanfar MA, Asal BA, Mudit M, Kaddoumi A, El Sayed KA. The marine natural-derived inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta phenylmethylene hydantoins: In vitro and in vivo activities and pharmacophore modeling. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:6032-9. [PMID: 19616957 PMCID: PMC2743475 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Red Sea sponge Hemimycale arabica afforded the known (Z)-5-(4-hydroxybenzylidene)-hydantoin (1). This natural phenylmethylene hydantoin (PMH) 1 and the synthetic (Z)-5-(4-(ethylthio)benzylidene)-hydantoin (2) showed potent in vitro and in vivo anti-growth and anti-invasive properties against PC-3M prostate cancer cells in MTT, spheroid disaggregation, and in mice models. To explore a possible molecular target of PMHs, the most potent synthetic analogue 2 has been virtually screened against various protein kinases. Molecular modeling study has shown that 2 can be successfully docked within the binding pocket of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) similar to the well-known GSK-3beta inhibitor I-5. Several PMHs showed potent in vitro GSK-3beta inhibitory activity with an IC(50) range of 4-20microM. The most potent analogue 3 showed a significant increase in liver glycogen level at the 5, 15, and 25mg/kg dose levels, in vivo. Pharmacophore model was built and validated using in-house database of active and inactive GSK-3beta inhibitors. The GSK-3beta inhibitory activity of PMHs entitles them to be potential leads for the treatment of cancer, Alzheimer's disease, bipolar disorders, stroke, different tau pathologies, and type-2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Khanfar
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Louisiana at Monroe, LA 71201, United States
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