51
|
Burnett JK, Kim YW, Kwon HJ, Miller RH, Shim JK. Whole body mass estimates and error propagation in countermovement jump: a simulated error study. Sports Biomech 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37555347 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2023.2236589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
High-velocity actions are central to clinical and athletic performance, with jumping used to assess outcomes in sports medicine. Ground reaction force (GRF)-based methods are the standard for computing jump characteristics, but require mass estimation and GRF integration, potentially resulting in mass errors which influence outcomes. This study investigated how simulated mass errors influenced the centre of mass (CoM) trajectory during a countermovement jump. The mass was estimated from the static GRF, and simulated errors were added or subtracted to the mass. The CoM trajectory with simulated mass errors was computed using the GRF-based method to investigate mass mis-estimation's influence on jump height. A regression model indicated that, for a 1 kg mass change, there was a 7.7 cm jump height change, and the jump height differed by 11.5 ± 0.4 cm from the maximum to minimum error. A 2-way ANOVA identified significant height differences between the starting position, and landing, or final position with mass errors of ± 0.2 or ± 0.4 kg. These results reveal that small mass errors may produce inaccurate conclusions regarding performance changes, and that errors may propagate throughout the jump trajectory. Caution may be necessary when using GRF-based methods to compute jump height as a power proxy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna K Burnett
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Yong-Woon Kim
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Department of Physical Education, Kyungnam University, Changwon, Korea
| | - Hyun Joon Kwon
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Ross H Miller
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jae Kun Shim
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Neuroscience & Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Chen CF, Wang SF, Shen XX, Liu L, Wu HJ. Kinematic analysis of countermovement jump performance in response to immediate neuromuscular electrical stimulation. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2023; 20:16033-16044. [PMID: 37920001 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2023715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) immediate intervention training on the countermovement jump (CMJ) height and to explore kinematic differences in the CMJ at each instant. A total of 15 male students who had never received electrical stimulation were randomly selected as the research participants. In the first test, the CMJ performance was completed with an all-out effort. The second experiment was best performed immediately to complete the CMJ operation after NMES for 30 min. Both experiments used a high-speed camera optical capture system to collect kinematic data. The results of this experiment revealed that after im-mediate NMES training, neuromuscular activation causes post-activation potentiation, which increases the height of the center of gravity of the CMJ and affects the angular velocity of the hip joint, the velocity and acceleration of the thigh and the shank and the velocity of the soles of the feet. The use of NMES interventional training based on the improvement of technical movements and physical exercises is recommended in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Fu Chen
- Physical Education College, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China
| | - Shu-Fan Wang
- Physical Education College, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China
| | - Xing-Xing Shen
- Physical Education College, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Physical Education College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, Chin
| | - Hui-Ju Wu
- Physical Education College, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Smith C, Doma K, Heilbronn B, Leicht A. Reliability of Force Plate Metrics During Standard Jump, Balance, and Plank Assessments in Military Personnel. Mil Med 2023; 188:e2058-e2066. [PMID: 36524866 PMCID: PMC10363007 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usac387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prevention of musculoskeletal injury is vital to the readiness, performance, and health of military personnel with the use of specialized systems (e.g., force plates) to assess risk and/or physical performance of interest. This study aimed to identify the reliability of one specialized system during standard assessments in military personnel. METHODS Sixty-two male and ten female Australian Army soldiers performed a two-leg countermovement jump (CMJ), one-leg CMJ, one-leg balance, and one-arm plank assessments using a Sparta Science force plate system across three testing sessions. Sparta Science (e.g., total Sparta, balance and plank scores, jump height, and injury risk) and biomechanical (e.g., average eccentric rate of contraction, average concentric force, and sway velocity) variables were recorded for all sessions. Mean ± SD, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), coefficient of variation, and bias and limits of agreement were calculated for all variables. RESULTS Mean results were similar between sessions 2 and 3 (P > .05). The relative reliability for the Sparta Science (ICC = 0.28-0.91) and biomechanical variables (ICC = 0.03-0.85) was poor to excellent. The mean absolute reliability (coefficient of variation) for Sparta Science variables was similar to or lower than that of the biomechanical variables during the CMJ (1-10% vs. 3-7%), one-leg balance (4-6% vs. 9-14%), and one-arm plank (5-7% vs. 12-17%) assessments. The mean bias for most variables was small (<5% of the mean), while the limits of agreement varied with most unacceptable (±6-87% of the mean). CONCLUSIONS The reliability of most Sparta Science and biomechanical variables during standard assessments was moderate to good. The typical variability in metrics documented will assist practitioners with the use of emerging technology to monitor and assess injury risk and/or training interventions in military personnel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Smith
- Royal Australian Army Medical Corps, Australian Army, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Kenji Doma
- Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Brian Heilbronn
- Royal Australian Army Medical Corps, Australian Army, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Anthony Leicht
- Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Franceschi A, Robinson MA, Owens D, Brownlee T, Ferrari Bravo D, Enright K. Reliability and sensitivity to change of post-match physical performance measures in elite youth soccer players. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1173621. [PMID: 37521097 PMCID: PMC10374287 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1173621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction To effectively monitor post-match changes in physical performance, valid, reliable and practical measures which are sensitive to change are required. This study aimed to quantify test-retest reliability and sensitivity to change of a range of physical performance measures recorded during an isometric posterior chain (IPC) lower-limb muscle test and a countermovement jump (CMJ) test. Methods Eighteen Italian Serie A academy soccer players performed three IPC repetitions per limb and five CMJ trials in 4 testing sessions. Test-retest reliability was evaluated between two testing sessions seven days apart using typical error of measurement, coefficient of variation and intraclass correlation coefficient. Sensitivity to change was assessed on two additional testing sessions performed before and immediately after a soccer match through Hedges' g effect size (g) and comparisons to typical error. Results Absolute reliability (coefficient of variations) ranged from 1.5 to 8.8%. IPC and CMJ measures demonstrated moderate to excellent relative reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.70 to 0.98). A wide range of physical performance measures showed significant alterations post-match (p < 0.05; g: small to moderate). IPC peak force and torque, CMJ reactive strength index modified, CMJ eccentric forces (mean breaking force, mean deceleration force, peak force, force at zero velocity) and CMJ mean power measures had post-match changes greater than their typical variation, demonstrating acceptable sensitivity in detecting performance changes at post-match. Discussion IPC peak force and torque, CMJ reactive strength index modified, CMJ eccentric phase forces and CMJ mean power were found to be both reliable and sensitive to change, and thus may be appropriate for monitoring post-match neuromuscular performance in youth soccer population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Franceschi
- Sport Science and R&D Department, Juventus Football Club, Torino, Italy
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A. Robinson
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Owens
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Brownlee
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kevin Enright
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Badby AJ, Mundy PD, Comfort P, Lake JP, McMahon JJ. The Validity of Hawkin Dynamics Wireless Dual Force Plates for Measuring Countermovement Jump and Drop Jump Variables. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:4820. [PMID: 37430733 DOI: 10.3390/s23104820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Force plate testing is becoming more commonplace in sport due to the advent of commercially available, portable, and affordable force plate systems (i.e., hardware and software). Following the validation of the Hawkin Dynamics Inc. (HD) proprietary software in recent literature, the aim of this study was to determine the concurrent validity of the HD wireless dual force plate hardware for assessing vertical jumps. During a single testing session, the HD force plates were placed directly atop two adjacent Advanced Mechanical Technology Inc. in-ground force plates (the "gold standard") to simultaneously collect vertical ground reaction forces produced by 20 participants (27 ± 6 years, 85 ± 14 kg, 176.5 ± 9.23 cm) during the countermovement jump (CMJ) and drop jump (DJ) tests (1000 Hz). Agreement between force plate systems was determined via ordinary least products regression using bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals. No bias was present between the two force plate systems for any of the CMJ and DJ variables, except DJ peak braking force (proportional bias) and DJ peak braking power (fixed and proportional bias). The HD system may be considered a valid alternative to the industry gold standard for assessing vertical jumps because fixed or proportional bias was identified for none of the CMJ variables (n = 17) and only 2 out of 18 DJ variables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Badby
- Centre for Human Movement and Rehabilitation, University of Salford, Salford M6 6PU, UK
- Hawkin Dynamics, Inc., Westbrook, ME 04092, USA
| | | | - Paul Comfort
- Centre for Human Movement and Rehabilitation, University of Salford, Salford M6 6PU, UK
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Jason P Lake
- Hawkin Dynamics, Inc., Westbrook, ME 04092, USA
- Chichester Institute of Sport, University of Chichester, Chichester PO19 6PE, UK
| | - John J McMahon
- Centre for Human Movement and Rehabilitation, University of Salford, Salford M6 6PU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Miller JD, Cabarkapa D, Miller AJ, Frazer LL, Templin TN, Eliason TD, Garretson SK, Fry AC, Berkland CJ. Novel 3D Force Sensors for a Cost-Effective 3D Force Plate for Biomechanical Analysis. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23094437. [PMID: 37177650 PMCID: PMC10181757 DOI: 10.3390/s23094437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional force plates are important tools for biomechanics discovery and sports performance practice. However, currently, available 3D force plates lack portability and are often cost-prohibitive. To address this, a recently discovered 3D force sensor technology was used in the fabrication of a prototype force plate. Thirteen participants performed bodyweight and weighted lunges and squats on the prototype force plate and a standard 3D force plate positioned in series to compare forces measured by both force plates and validate the technology. For the lunges, there was excellent agreement between the experimental force plate and the standard force plate in the X-, Y-, and Z-axes (r = 0.950-0.999, p < 0.001). For the squats, there was excellent agreement between the force plates in the Z-axis (r = 0.996, p < 0.001). Across axes and movements, root mean square error (RMSE) ranged from 1.17% to 5.36% between force plates. Although the current prototype force plate is limited in sampling rate, the low RMSEs and extremely high agreement in peak forces provide confidence the novel force sensors have utility in constructing cost-effective and versatile use-case 3D force plates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Miller
- Higuchi Biosciences Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Axioforce LLC, St. Louis, MO 63141, USA
| | - Dimitrije Cabarkapa
- Health, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | | | - Lance L Frazer
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
| | | | | | - Samuel K Garretson
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Andrew C Fry
- Health, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Cory J Berkland
- Axioforce LLC, St. Louis, MO 63141, USA
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Henríquez M, Sabido R, Barbado D, Roldan A, Elvira JLL, Yanci J, Reina R. Differences in kinetic characteristics during countermovement jump of football players with cerebral palsy according to impairment profiles. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1121652. [PMID: 37179834 PMCID: PMC10169619 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1121652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The purpose of this study was 1) to determine and compare kinetic parameters during the realization of a countermovement jump (CMJ) between footballers with cerebral palsy (CP) and non-impaired footballers, and 2) to analyze the differences in this action between different players' impairment profiles and a group of non-impaired footballers. Methods: This study involved 154 participants comprising 121 male footballers with CP from 11 national teams and 33 male non-impaired football players recruited as the control group (CG). The footballers with CP were described according to the different impairment profiles (bilateral spasticity = 10; athetosis or ataxia = 16; unilateral spasticity = 77; minimum impairment = 18). All participants performed three CMJs on a force platform to record kinetic parameters during the test. Results: The group of para-footballers presented significantly lower values than the CG in the jump height (p < 0.01, d = -1.28), peak power (p < 0.01, d = -0.84), and the net concentric impulse (p < 0.01, d = -0.86). Concerning the pairwise comparisons between CP profiles and the CG, significant differences were found for the bilateral spasticity, athetosis or ataxia, and unilateral spasticity subgroups compared to the non-impaired players for jump height (p < 0.01; d = -1.31 to -2.61), power output (p < 0.05; d = -0.77 to -1.66), and concentric impulse of the CMJ (p < 0.01; d = -0.86 to -1.97). When comparing the minimum impairment subgroup with the CG, only significant differences were found for jump height (p = 0.036; d = -0.82). Footballers with minimum impairment presented higher jumping height (p = 0.002; d = -1.32) and concentric impulse (p = 0.029; d = -1.08) compared to those with bilateral spasticity. Also, the unilateral spasticity subgroup reports a higher jump height performance than the bilateral group (p = 0.012; d = -1.12). Conclusion: These results suggest that the variables related to power production during the concentric phase of the jump are crucial for the performance differences between groups with and without impairment. This study provides a more comprehensive understanding of kinetic variables that would differentiate CP and non-impaired footballers. However, more studies are necessary to clarify which parameters better differentiate among different profiles of CP. The findings could help to prescribe effective physical training programs and support the classifier's decision-making for class allocation in this para-sport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matías Henríquez
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Odontología y Ciencias de la Rehabilitación, Universidad San Sebastián, Providencia, Chile
| | - Rafael Sabido
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - David Barbado
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | - Alba Roldan
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Jose L. L. Elvira
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Javier Yanci
- Society, Sports, and Physical Exercise Research Group (GIKAFIT), Physical Education and Sport Department, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Raúl Reina
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Xu J, Turner A, Comfort P, Harry JR, McMahon JJ, Chavda S, Bishop C. A Systematic Review of the Different Calculation Methods for Measuring Jump Height During the Countermovement and Drop Jump Tests. Sports Med 2023; 53:1055-1072. [PMID: 36940054 PMCID: PMC10115716 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01828-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The heights obtained during the countermovement jump and drop jump tests have been measured by numerous studies using different calculation methods and pieces of equipment. However, the differences in calculation methods and equipment used have resulted in discrepancies in jump height being reported. OBJECTIVES The aim of this systematic review was to examine the available literature pertaining to the different calculation methods to estimate the jump height during the countermovement jump and drop jump. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was undertaken using the SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and PubMed electronic databases, with all articles required to meet specified criteria based on a quality scoring system. RESULTS Twenty-one articles met the inclusion criteria, relating various calculation methods and equipment employed when measuring jump height in either of these two tests. The flight time and jump-and-reach methods provide practitioners with jump height data in the shortest time, but their accuracy is affected by factors such as participant conditions or equipment sensitivity. The motion capture systems and the double integration method measure the jump height from the centre of mass height at the initial flat foot standing to the apex of jumping, where the centre of mass displacement generated by the ankle plantarflexion is known. The impulse-momentum and flight time methods could only measure the jump height from the centre of mass height at the instant of take-off to the apex of jumping, thus, providing statistically significantly lower jump height values compared with the former two methods. However, further research is warranted to investigate the reliability of each calculation method when using different equipment settings. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that using the impulse-momentum method via a force platform is the most appropriate way for the jump height from the instant of take-off to the apex of jumping to be measured. Alternatively, the double integration method via a force platform is preferred to quantify the jump height from the initial flat foot standing to the apex of jumping.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqing Xu
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK.
| | - Anthony Turner
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | - Paul Comfort
- Directorate of Psychology and Sport, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - John R Harry
- Human Performance & Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - John J McMahon
- Directorate of Psychology and Sport, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Shyam Chavda
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | - Chris Bishop
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Countermovement Jumps Detect Subtle Motor Deficits in People with Multiple Sclerosis below the Clinical Threshold. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030774. [PMID: 36979753 PMCID: PMC10044802 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the early stages of multiple sclerosis (MS), there are currently no sensitive assessments to evaluate complex motor functions. The countermovement jump (CMJ), a high-challenge task in form of a maximal vertical bipedal jump, has already been investigated as a reliable assessment in healthy subjects for lower extremity motor function. The aim was to investigate whether it is possible to use CMJ to identify subthreshold motor deficits in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). All participants (99 pwMS and 33 healthy controls) performed three maximal CMJs on a force plate. PwMS with full motor function and healthy controls (HC) did not differ significantly in age, disease duration, Body Mass Index and the Expanded Disability Scale Score. In comparison to HC, pwMS with full motor function demonstrated a significantly decreased CMJ performance in almost all observed kinetic, temporal and performance parameters (p < 0.05). With increasing disability in pwMS, it was also observed that jump performance decreased significantly. This study showed that the CMJ, as a high challenge task, could detect motor deficits in pwMS below the clinical threshold of careful neurological examination. Longitudinal studies are pending to evaluate whether the CMJ can be used as a standardized measure of disease progression.
Collapse
|
60
|
Comyns TM, Murphy J, O'Leary D. Reliability, Usefulness, and Validity of Field-Based Vertical Jump Measuring Devices. J Strength Cond Res 2023:00124278-990000000-00177. [PMID: 36662168 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Comyns, TM, Murphy, J, and O'Leary, D. Reliability, usefulness, and validity of field-based vertical jump measuring devices. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2022-The purpose of this study was to examine the test-retest reliability, usefulness, and validity of field-based devices, in determining jump height (JH) during a countermovement jump (CMJ). Twenty-one male (22.8 ± 2.4 years; 1.82 ± 0.07 m; 86.0 ± 10.4 kg) and 7 female field sport athletes (20.5 ± 1.5 years; 1.65 ± 0.06 m; 65.4 ± 7.2 kg) performed 3 CMJs with data simultaneously recorded using a force plate (criterion measure), Optojump, Output Capture, and Push-Band 2.0. Reliability was determined by intraclass correlation (ICC) and coefficient of variation (CV) analyses. Usefulness was assessed by comparing typical error (TE) with the smallest worthwhile change (SWC), and the validity analyses involved repeated measures analysis of variance with post hoc analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient ( r ), coefficient of determination, and Bland-Altman 95% limits of agreement analyses. All 3 field-based devices were deemed reliable in assessing CMJ height as the respective ICCs ≥ 0.80 and the CV ≤ 10%. Only the Optojump and Output Capture devices were rated as "good" at detecting the SWC in performance (Optojump SWC: 1.44 > TE: 1.04; Output Capture SWC: 1.47 > TE: 1.05). The Output Capture device demonstrated acceptable validity for CMJ height assessment, whereas the Push-Band 2.0 showed systematic bias when compared with the criterion force plate data. Systematic difference was also evident for the Optojump potentially due to the optical switching-cell position on the Optojump. Although all 3 devices showed excellent reliability, the Optojump and Output Capture devices offer practitioners a cost effective, reliable, and valid method of assessing the smallest worthwhile change in CMJ performance in an applied setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Comyns
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Sport and Human Performance Research Centre, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; and
| | - Jennifer Murphy
- Centre of Applied Science for Health, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dylan O'Leary
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Hahn D. On the phase definitions of counter movement jumps. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:359-360. [PMID: 36775878 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hahn
- Human Movement Science, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Hicks DS, Drummond C, Williams KJ, van den Tillaar R. Force-Velocity Profiling in Club-Based Field Hockey Players: Analyzing the Relationships between Mechanical Characteristics, Sex, and Positional Demands. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:142-155. [PMID: 36876183 PMCID: PMC9982534 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate differences between sex and positional demands in club-based field hockey players by analyzing vertical force-velocity characteristics. Thirty-three club-based field hockey athletes (16 males - age: 24.8 ± 7.3yrs, body mass: 76.8 ± 8.2kg, height: 1.79 ± 0.05m; 17 females - age: 22.3 ± 4.2yrs, body mass: 65.2 ± 7.6kg, height: 1.66 ± 0.05m) were classified into two key positional groups (attacker or defender) based on dominant field position during gameplay. Force-velocity (F-v) profiles were established by performing countermovement jumps (CMJ) using a three-point loading protocol ranging from body mass (i.e., zero external mass, 0%) to loads corresponding to 25% and 50% of their own body mass. Across all loads, between-trial reliability of F-v and CMJ variables was determined by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and coefficient of variation (CV) and deemed to be acceptable (ICC: 0.87-0.95, CV% 2.8-8.2). Analysis by sex identified male athletes had significantly greater differences in all F-v variables (12.81-40.58%, p ≤ 0.001, ES = 1.10-3.19), a more enhanced F-v profile (i.e., greater theoretical maximal force, velocity, and power values), plus overall stronger correlations between relative maximal power (PMAX) and jump height (r = 0.67, p ≤ 0.06) when compared to female athletes (-0.71≤ r ≥ 0.60, p = 0.08). Male attackers demonstrated a more 'velocity-oriented' F-v profile compared to defenders due to significant mean differences in theoretical maximal velocity (v0) (6.64%, p ≤ 0.05, ES: 1.11), however differences in absolute and relative theoretical force (F0) (15.43%, p ≤ 0.01, ES = 1.39) led to female attackers displaying a more 'force-oriented' profile in comparison to defenders. The observed mechanical differences identify the underpinning characteristics of position specific expression of PMAX should be reflected in training programmes. Therefore, our findings suggest F-v profiling is acceptable to differentiate between sex and positional demands in club-based field hockey players. Furthermore, it is recommended field hockey players explore a range of loads and exercises across the F-v continuum through on-field and gym-based field hockey strength and conditioning practices to account for sex and positional mechanical differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan S Hicks
- SHAPE Research Centre, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Claire Drummond
- SHAPE Research Centre, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Kym J Williams
- SHAPE Research Centre, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
Villalon-Gasch L, Jimenez-Olmedo JM, Olaya-Cuartero J, Pueo B. Test-Retest and Between-Device Reliability of Vmaxpro IMU at Hip and Ankle for Vertical Jump Measurement. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2068. [PMID: 36850666 PMCID: PMC9960825 DOI: 10.3390/s23042068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The ability to generate force in the lower body can be considered a performance factor in sports. This study aims to analyze the test-retest and between-device reliability related to the location on the body of the inertial measurement unit Vmaxpro for the estimation of vertical jump. Eleven highly trained female athletes performed 220 countermovement jumps (CMJ). Data were simultaneously captured by two Vmaxpro units located between L4 and L5 vertebrae (hip method) and on top of the tibial malleolus (ankle method). Intrasession reliability was higher for ankle (ICC = 0.96; CCC = 0.93; SEM = 1.0 cm; CV = 4.64%) than hip (ICC = 0.91; CCC = 0.92; SEM = 3.4 cm; CV = 5.13%). In addition, sensitivity was higher for ankle (SWC = 0.28) than for the hip method (SWC = 0.40). The noise of the measurement (SEM) was higher than the worthwhile change (SWC), indicating lack of ability to detect meaningful changes. The agreement between methods was moderate (rs = 0.84; ICC = 0.77; CCC = 0.25; SEM = 1.47 cm). Significant differences were detected between methods (-8.5 cm, p < 0.05, ES = 2.2). In conclusion, the location of the device affects the measurement by underestimating CMJ on ankle. Despite the acceptable consistency of the instrument, the results of the reliability analysis reveal a significant magnitude of both random and systematic error. As such, the Vmaxpro should not be considered a reliable instrument for measuring CMJ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose M. Jimenez-Olmedo
- Research Group in Health, Physical Activity, and Sports Technology (Health-Tech), Faculty of Education, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
Suchomel TJ, McKeever SM, Sijuwade O, Carpenter L. Propulsion Phase Characteristics of Loaded Jump Variations in Resistance-Trained Women. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:sports11020044. [PMID: 36828329 PMCID: PMC9966711 DOI: 10.3390/sports11020044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the propulsion phase characteristics of the jump squat (JS), hexagonal barbell jump (HEXJ), and jump shrug (JShrug) performed across a spectrum of relative loads. Thirteen resistance-trained women (18-23 years old) performed JS, HEXJ, and JShrug repetitions at body mass (BM) or with 20, 40, 60, 80, or 100% BM during three separate testing sessions. Propulsion mean force (MF), duration (Dur), peak power output (PP), force at PP (FPP), and velocity at PP (VPP) were compared between exercises and loads using a series of 3 × 6 repeated measures ANOVA and Hedge's g effect sizes. There were no significant differences in MF or Dur between exercises. While load-averaged HEXJ and JShrug PP were significantly greater than the JS, there were no significant differences between exercises at any individual load. The JShrug produced significantly greater FPP than the JS and HEXJ at loads ranging from BM-60% BM, but not at 80 or 100% BM. Load-averaged VPP produced during the JS and HEXJ was significantly greater than the JShrug; however, there were no significant differences between exercises at any individual load. Practically meaningful differences between exercises indicated that the JShrug produced greater magnitudes of force during shorter durations compared to the JS and HEXJ at light loads (BM-40%). The JS and HEXJ may be classified as more velocity-dominant exercises while the JShrug may be more force-dominant. Thus, it is important to consider the context in which each exercise is prescribed for resistance-trained women to provide an effective training stimulus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Suchomel
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Carroll University, Waukesha, WI 53186, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-262-524-7441
| | | | | | - Logan Carpenter
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Carroll University, Waukesha, WI 53186, USA
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Bishop C, Abbott W, Brashill C, Loturco I, Beato M, Turner A. Seasonal Variation of Physical Performance, Bilateral Deficit, and Interlimb Asymmetry in Elite Academy Soccer Players: Which Metrics Are Sensitive to Change? J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:358-365. [PMID: 35438675 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Bishop, C, Abbott, W, Brashill, C, Loturco, I, Beato, M, and Turner, A. Seasonal variation of physical performance, bilateral deficit, and interlimb asymmetry in elite academy soccer players: Which metrics are sensitive to change? J Strength Cond Res 37(2): 358-365, 2023-This study aimed to report seasonal variations for (a) physical performance, (b) interlimb asymmetry, and (c) bilateral deficit (BLD) data over the course of a competitive soccer season and determine which metrics are sensitive to change. This study used a repeated-measures observational design for 19 under-20, elite, academy, soccer players (age: 17.58 ± 0.61 years; height: 1.81 ± 0.09 m; body mass: 74.36 ± 7.58 kg), who conducted bilateral and single-leg countermovement jumps (CMJ and SLCMJ), linear speed (5, 10, 20, and 30-m) and 505 change of direction (COD) speed tests, at pre, mid, and end of season time points. For jump tests, jump height, reactive strength index modified, time to takeoff, and countermovement depth metrics were monitored, with interlimb asymmetry and the BLD also calculated for each. Significant improvements ( p < 0.05) in performance were evident in all fitness tests: CMJ (effect size [ES]: 0.61 to 1.03), SLCMJ (ES: 0.60 to 2.25), linear speed (ES: -0.54 to -1.96), and COD speed (ES: -0.68 to -1.14). Significant reductions in asymmetry (ES: -0.68 to -1.07) and significant increases in the BLD (ES: 1.15 to 1.57) were also evident throughout the season. Additionally, kappa coefficients were used to determine consistency in limb dominance throughout the season, but only poor to fair levels of agreement (kappa: -0.17 to 0.37) were evident, highlighting the fluctuating nature of limb dominance throughout the season. Despite all tests exhibiting meaningful change, the SLCMJ and linear speed showed the most frequent and largest differences in performance, highlighting their usefulness in the ongoing monitoring process of physical capacities in elite male academy players across a competitive soccer season.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Bishop
- London Sport Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Will Abbott
- Brighton Football Club Academy, American Express Elite Football Performance Center Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Calum Brashill
- Brighton Football Club Academy, American Express Elite Football Performance Center Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Irineu Loturco
- Nucleus of High Performance Sport, Sao Paulo, Brazil ; and
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Turner
- London Sport Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Palmer BL, van der Ploeg GE, Bourdon PC, Butler SR, Crowther RG. Evaluation of Athlete Monitoring Tools across 10 Weeks of Elite Youth Basketball Training: An Explorative Study. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:sports11020026. [PMID: 36828311 PMCID: PMC9967008 DOI: 10.3390/sports11020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth of sport science technology is enabling more sporting teams to implement athlete monitoring practices related to performance testing and load monitoring. Despite the increased emphasis on youth athlete development, the lack of longitudinal athlete monitoring literature in youth athletes is concerning, especially for indoor sports such as basketball. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of six different athlete monitoring methods over 10 weeks of youth basketball training. Fourteen state-level youth basketball players (5 males and 9 females; 15.1 ± 1.0 years) completed this study during their pre-competition phase prior to their national basketball tournament. Daily wellness and activity surveys were completed using the OwnUrGoal mobile application, along with heart rate (HR) and inertial measurement unit (IMU) recordings at each state training session, and weekly performance testing (3x countermovement jumps [CMJs], and 3x isometric mid-thigh pulls [IMTPs]). All of the athlete monitoring methods demonstrated the coaching staff's training intent to maintain performance and avoid spikes in workload. Monitoring IMU data combined with PlayerLoad™ data analysis demonstrated more effectiveness for monitoring accumulated load (AL) compared to HR analysis. All six methods of athlete monitoring detected similar trends for all sessions despite small-trivial correlations between each method (Pearson's correlation: -0.24 < r < 0.28). The use of subjective monitoring questionnaire applications, such as OwnUrGoal, is recommended for youth sporting clubs, given its practicability and low-cost. Regular athlete education from coaches and support staff regarding the use of these questionnaires is required to gain the best data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Branson L. Palmer
- UniSA: Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Grant E. van der Ploeg
- UniSA: Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Pitre C. Bourdon
- UniSA: Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | | | - Robert G. Crowther
- UniSA: Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Vieira A, Ribeiro GL, Macedo V, de Araújo Rocha Junior V, Baptista RDS, Gonçalves C, Cunha R, Tufano J. Evidence of validity and reliability of Jumpo 2 and MyJump 2 for estimating vertical jump variables. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14558. [PMID: 36718456 PMCID: PMC9884043 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We investigated the concurrent validity and test-retest reliability of the Jumpo 2 and MyJump 2 apps for estimating jump height, and the mean values of force, velocity, and power produced during countermovement (CMJ) and squat jumps (SJ). Methods Physically active university aged men (n = 10, 20 ± 3 years, 176 ± 6 cm, 68 ± 9 kg) jumped on a force plate (i.e., criterion) while being recorded by a smartphone slow-motion camera. The videos were analyzed using Jumpo 2 and MyJump 2 using a Samsung Galaxy S7 powered by the Android system. Validity and reliability were determined by regression analysis, typical error of estimates and measurements, and intraclass correlation coefficients. Results Both apps provided a reliable estimate of jump height and the mean values of force, velocity, and power. Furthermore, estimates of jump height for CMJ and SJ and the mean force of the CMJ were valid. However, the apps presented impractical or poor validity correlations for velocity and power. Compared with criterion, the apps underestimated the velocity of the CMJ. Conclusions Therefore, Jumpo 2 and MyJump 2 both provide a valid measure of jump height, but the remaining variables provided by these apps must be viewed with caution since the validity of force depends on jump type, while velocity (and as consequence power) could not be well estimated from the apps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amilton Vieira
- Strength and Conditioning Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Gabriela L. Ribeiro
- Strength and Conditioning Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Victor Macedo
- Strength and Conditioning Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Valdinar de Araújo Rocha Junior
- Strength and Conditioning Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Roberto de Souza Baptista
- Automation and Robotics Laboratory, Faculty of Technology, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Carlos Gonçalves
- Strength and Conditioning Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Rafael Cunha
- Strength and Conditioning Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - James Tufano
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Bishop C, Jordan M, Torres-Ronda L, Loturco I, Harry J, Virgile A, Mundy P, Turner A, Comfort P. Selecting Metrics That Matter: Comparing the Use of the Countermovement Jump for Performance Profiling, Neuromuscular Fatigue Monitoring, and Injury Rehabilitation Testing. Strength Cond J 2023. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
69
|
Ripley NJ, Cuthbert M, Comfort P, McMahon JJ. Effect of additional Nordic hamstring exercise or sprint training on the modifiable risk factors of hamstring strain injuries and performance. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281966. [PMID: 36862645 PMCID: PMC9980768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) has commonly been investigated in isolation, however, within practice multiple modalities are commonly incorporated. However, the NHE has a low level of compliance within sport, with sprinting being potentially being preferred. The present study aimed to observe the effect of a lower-limb program with either additional NHE or sprinting on the modifiable risk factors hamstring strain injury (HSI) and athletic performance. 38 collegiate athletes were randomly assigned into three groups: control standardised lower-limb training program (n = 10 (2 female, 8 male), age = 23.50 ± 2.95 years, height = 1.75 ± 0.09 m, mass 77.66 ± 11.82 kg), additional NHE (n = 15 (7 female, 8 male), age = 21.40 ± 2.64 years, height = 1.74 ± 0.04 m, mass 76.95 ± 14.20 kg) and additional sprinting (n = 13 (4 female, 9 male), age = 22.15 ± 2.54 years, height = 1.74 ± 0.05 m, mass 70.55 ± 7.84 kg). All participants performed a standardised lower-limb training program twice per week for seven weeks, including Olympic lifting derivatives, squatting movements, and the Romanian deadlift, with experimental groups performing with either additional sprinting or NHE. Bicep femoris architecture, eccentric hamstring strength, jump performance, lower-limb maximal strength and sprint ability were measured pre and post. All training groups demonstrated significant (p < 0.001), small-moderate increases in Bicep femoris architecture (g = 0.60-1.22), with significant (p < 0.001), small-large increases in absolute and relative eccentric peak force (g = 0.60-1.84). Significant and small increases were observed in take-off velocity and mean propulsion force (p < 0.02, g = 0.47-0.64), with non-significant and small increases for both the sprint and control training groups for mean propulsion force (p > 0.05, g = 0.42-0.50). Nordic and sprint training groups had significant and small increases in peak absolute and relative net force (p < 0.001, g = 0.44-0.60). The control group had a non-significant trivial increase in absolute peak net force (p > 0.05, g = 0.22), with a significant and small increase in relative peak relative net force (p = 0.034, g = 0.48). Significant and small decreases for the NHE and sprinting training groups was observed for 0-10 m, 0-20 m, and 10-20 m sprint time (p < 0.010, g = 0.47-0.71). Performing multiple modalities, with either additional NHE or sprinting, as part of a complete resistance training program was superiorly effective for measures of modifiable risk factors HSI, with similar increases observed in measures of athletic performance derived from the standardised lower-limb training program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Ripley
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Matthew Cuthbert
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
- The Football Association Group, St George’s Park, Burton-upon-Trent, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Comfort
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - John J. McMahon
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Liang T, Zhang B, Cheng SC, Sato K, Chen W, Zhang XB. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JUMPING AND SPRINTING PERFORMANCE IN TEENAGE SPRINTERS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202329022022_0010i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objectives: This study aimed to examine the relationship between vertical jumping at forces of specific time phase and sprint performance in teenage sprinters. Methods: Fifteen male teenage sprinters (age: 14±2 years, height: 168±2 cm, weight: 61±1 kg) participated in the study. The subjects performed the following bilateral/unilateral jumps on a force platform: a) squat jump (SJ), b) unilateral SJ (USJ), c) 40cm drop jump (DJ), and d) 20cm unilateral DJ (UDJ). The 60m sprint test was administered on the second day. Brower split timers were positioned to record subjects’ 5m, 10m, 50m and 60m split times. The variables for inclusion were vertical jump height, maximum force, and force output at 120ms in all jumps and sprint time measures. Results: The results of the Pearson Product Moment Correlation analysis showed that SJ120ms was correlated to 5m and USJ120ms was correlated to 10m. UDJ120ms showed a stronger correlation with 50m than DJ120ms. Although significant correlations using maximum force and height were observed, there were inconsistent results between bilateral and unilateral jumps. Conclusion: Our results highlighted that jumps that have similar form with certain force outputs at specific event timing could more precisely predict sprint performance in teenage sprinters. USJ120ms and UDJ120ms could better predict the acceleration (10m) and high-speed phase (50m) in sprint performance, respectively. Moreover, coaches and practitioners should be cautious when using only jump height or maximum force to predict sprint performance, since the results could be inaccurate when specific movement variables are not thoughtfully considered. Level of evidence III.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tseching Liang
- National Taiwan Sport University, Taiwan; Beijing Sport University, China
| | | | | | | | - Wenjia Chen
- China University of Mining and Technology, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
71
|
Liang T, Zhang B, Cheng SC, Sato K, Chen W, Zhang XB. RELAÇÃO ENTRE O DESEMPENHO DE SALTO E SPRINT EM VELOCISTAS ADOLESCENTES. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202329022022_0010p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Objetivos: Este estudo teve como objetivo examinar a relação entre o salto vertical e a força em tempo específico e o desempenho de sprint em velocistas adolescentes. Métodos: Quinze adolescentes velocistas do sexo masculino (idade: 14 ± 2 anos, estatura: 168 ± 2 cm, peso: 61 ± 1 kg) participaram do estudo. Os indivíduos realizaram os seguintes saltos bilaterais e unilaterais em uma plataforma de força: a) squat jump (SJ), b) SJ unilateral (USJ), c) drop jump (DJ) de 40 cm e d) DJ unilateral (UDJ) de 20cm. O teste de sprint de 60 m foi realizado no segundo dia. Os cronômetros rastreadores para treinos fracionados foram posicionados para registrar os tempos fracionados de 5 m, 10 m, 50 m e 60 m. As variáveis para inclusão foram altura do salto vertical, força máxima e saída de força a 120 m em todos os saltos e medidas de tempo do sprint. Resultados: Os resultados da análise da correlação produto-tempo de Pearson mostraram que o SJ de 120 m foi correlacionado com 5 m e USJ de 120 m foi correlacionado com 10 m. O UDJ de 120 m teve correlação mais forte com DJ de 50 m do que de 120 m. Embora tenham sido observadas correlações significativas com força e altura máximas, alguns resultados foram inconsistentes entre os saltos bilaterais e unilaterais. Conclusões: Nossos resultados destacaram que os saltos com forma semelhante a certas saídas de força no tempo específico do evento podem prever com mais precisão o desempenho no sprint em adolescentes velocistas. O USJ de 120 m e o UDJ de 120 m podem prever melhor, respectivamente, a aceleração (10 m) e a fase de alta velocidade (50 m) no desempenho no sprint. Além disso, treinadores e praticantes devem ser cautelosos ao usar apenas a altura do salto ou a força máxima para prever o desempenho no sprint, uma vez que os resultados podem ser imprecisos quando variáveis específicas do movimento não forem consideradas com precisão. Nível de evidência III.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tseching Liang
- National Taiwan Sport University, Taiwan; Beijing Sport University, China
| | | | | | | | - Wenjia Chen
- China University of Mining and Technology, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Reiter CR, Killelea C, Faherty MS, Zerega RJ, Westwood C, Sell TC. Force-plate derived predictors of lateral jump performance in NCAA Division-I men's basketball players. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284883. [PMID: 37083701 PMCID: PMC10121059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A lateral jump assessment may provide unique benefits in sports such as basketball that require multidirectional performance optimization. This study aimed to examine selected force-plate derived metrics as predictors of lateral jump task distance in men's basketball players. Twenty-two NCAA Division-I men's basketball players (19.4 ± 1.3 years, 95.0 ± 12.5 kg, 196.5 ± 8.1 cm) each performed six single leg lateral jumps while standing on a force plate (1200 Hz, Kistler Instrument Corp). The lateral jump task involved the subject beginning by standing on the force plate and jumping sideways off one foot and then landing on the floor with the opposite foot. Three-dimensional ground reaction force curves were used to identify the eccentric and concentric phases of the jump and variables were computed each from the lateral (y), vertical (z), and resultant (r) force traces. Peak ground reaction force (pGRF), ground reaction force angle (θr), eccentric braking rate of force development (ECC-RFD), average concentric force (CON-AVG), total jump duration, eccentric phase duration, and eccentric to total time ratio were evaluated for predictive ability. Three regression models were able to significantly (p<0.05) predict jump distance: (1) pGRFy, pGRFz, and θr (p<0.001, R2 = 0.273), (2) Relative pGRFy, Relative pGRFz, and θr ((p<0.001, R2 = 0.214), and (3) Relative CON-AVGy and Relative pGRFr (p<0.001, R2 = 0.552). While several force plate-derived metrics were identified as significant predictors, a model with Relative CON-AVGy and Relative pGRFr explained a greater variability in performance (R2 = 0.55) compared to the other variables which were low, yet also significant. These results suggest that lateral ground reaction forces can be used to evaluate lateral jump performance with the use of three-dimensional force plates. The identified predictors can be used as a starting point for performance monitoring, as basketball training interventions can be directed at specific improvements in the identified metrics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Reiter
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Michael W. Krzyzewski Human Performance Laboratory, Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Carolyn Killelea
- Michael W. Krzyzewski Human Performance Laboratory, Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mallory S Faherty
- Michael W. Krzyzewski Human Performance Laboratory, Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- OhioHealth Research Institute, OhioHealth, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ryan J Zerega
- Michael W. Krzyzewski Human Performance Laboratory, Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Atrium Health Musculoskeletal Institute, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Caroline Westwood
- Michael W. Krzyzewski Human Performance Laboratory, Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Timothy C Sell
- Michael W. Krzyzewski Human Performance Laboratory, Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Atrium Health Musculoskeletal Institute, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Talpey SW, Axtell R, Gardner E, Maloney M, Newman T, Cordone J, O'Grady M. Discriminative Ability of Lower limb Strength and Power Measures in Lacrosse Athletes. Int J Sports Med 2023; 44:29-37. [PMID: 35672010 DOI: 10.1055/a-1870-4041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this investigation was to compare isokinetic strength, countermovement jump and drop jump variables between high-contributors and low-contributors within NCAA Division I Men's and Women's lacrosse athletes. Men's (N=36) and Women's (N=30) NCAA Division I lacrosse athletes completed strength testing of the quadriceps and hamstring across three speeds (60°·s-1, 180°·s-1, 300°·s-1), countermovement and drop jumps. To determine the discriminative ability of select lower-limb strength and power characteristics participants were categorized as high-contributors (Males N=18, age=20.3±0.4 yrs, height=183.9±5.5 cm, mass=90.8±5.8 kg; Females N=15, age=20.8±0.8 yrs, height=169.3±6.7 cm, mass=64.1±7.2 kg) or low-contributors (Males N=18, age=19.5±0.2 yrs, height=184.1±5.6 cm; mass=87.9±8.1 kg; Females N=15, age=19.7±0.2 yrs, height=169.8±7.0 cm, mass=62.9±7.7 kg ) based upon the number of games the participants competed in during the regular season. Within the male cohort, moderate significant (p<0.05) differences were observed between high-contributors and low-contributors in isokinetic hamstring strength of the left leg at 300°·s-1 (d=0.69) and peak power in countermovement jump (d=0.68). Within the women's cohort a large (d=0.87) significant difference (p<0.05) in isokinetic strength of the left hamstring was observed between high-contributors and low-contributors at 60°·s-1. Hamstring strength and lower-limb power are important strength measures for lacrosse performance and should be prioritized in training prescription for lacrosse athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott W Talpey
- Federation University Australia, Institute of Health of Health and Wellbeing, Victoria Australia.,Southern Connecticut State University, Human Performance Laboratory, Connecticut USA
| | - Robert Axtell
- Southern Connecticut State University, Human Performance Laboratory, Connecticut USA
| | - Elizabeth Gardner
- Yale University, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Connecticut USA
| | - Maggie Maloney
- Yale University, Department of Athletics, Connecticut USA
| | - Thomas Newman
- Yale University, Department of Athletics, Connecticut USA
| | - Jason Cordone
- Yale University, Department of Athletics, Connecticut USA
| | - Mathew O'Grady
- Federation University Australia, Institute of Health of Health and Wellbeing, Victoria Australia
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
González-García J, Latella C, Aguilar-Navarro M, Romero-Moraleda B. Effects of Resistance Priming Exercise on Within-day Jumping Performance and its Relationship with Strength Level. Int J Sports Med 2023; 44:38-47. [PMID: 35820447 DOI: 10.1055/a-1898-4888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the effects of same-day resistance priming exercise on countermovement jump parameters and subjective readiness, and to identify whether baseline strength level influenced these outcomes. Fourteen participants performed two separate conditions (Priming [2 sets high-load parallel squats with a 20% velocity loss cut-off] and Control) in a randomized, counterbalanced crossover design. Countermovement jump was assessed at pre, post and 6 h while readiness was assessed at pre and at 6 h only. All countermovement jump force-time metrics were similar between conditions (p>0.05), but different individual responses were noted 6 h after priming. Jump height was increased for 4/14, decreased for another 4/14, and maintained for 6/14 participants at 6 h. Higher perceived physical performance capability (p<0.001) and activation balance (p=0.005) were observed after priming only. Positive relationships were observed between strength and the percentage change in jump height (r=0.47-0.50; p=0.033-0.042), concentric peak velocity (r=0.48-0.51; p=0.030-0.041) and impulse (r=0.47; p=0.030-0.045) at post and 6 h after priming exercise. These findings suggest that velocity-based high-load low-volume priming exercise has potential to positively impact jump performance and subjective readiness later that day in certain individuals. Participant absolute strength level may influence this response but should be confirmed in subsequent studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime González-García
- Education and Health Faculty, Camilo Jose Cela University, Villafranca del Castillo, Spain.,Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Faculty of Health Sciences, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christopher Latella
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Human Performance, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | | | - Blanca Romero-Moraleda
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Human Movement, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Applied biomechanics and sports technology research group, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Movement Onset Detection Methods: A Comparison Using Force Plate Recordings. J Appl Biomech 2023; 39:118-123. [PMID: 36913948 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2022-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Computational approaches for movement onset detection can standardize and automate analyses to improve repeatability, accessibility, and time efficiency. With the increasing interest in assessing time-varying biomechanical signals such as force-time recordings, there remains a need to investigate the recently adopted 5 times the standard deviation (5 × SD) threshold method. In addition, other employed methods and their variations such as the reverse scanning and first derivative methods have been scarcely evaluated. The aim of this study was to compare the 5 × SD threshold method, 3 variations of the reverse scanning method, and 5 variations of the first derivative method against manually selected onsets, in the countermovement jump and squat. Limits of agreement with respect to onsets, manually selected from unfiltered data, were best for the first derivative method using a 10-Hz low-pass filter (limits of agreement: -0.02 to 0.05 s and -0.07 to 0.11 s for the countermovement jump and squat, respectively). Thus, even when the onset of unfiltered data is of primary interest, filtering before calculating the first derivative is necessary as it reduces the amplification of high frequencies. The first derivative approach is also less susceptible to inherent variation during the quiet phase prior to the onset compared to the other approaches investigated.
Collapse
|
76
|
Joffe SA, Price P, Chavda S, Shaw J, Tallent J. The Relationship of Lower-Body, Multijoint, Isometric and Dynamic Neuromuscular Assessment Variables With Snatch, and Clean and Jerk Performance in Competitive Weightlifters: A Meta-Analysis. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
77
|
Chang CC, Chiang CY. Using the Countermovement Jump Metrics to Assess Dynamic Eccentric Strength: A Preliminary Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16176. [PMID: 36498250 PMCID: PMC9736282 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192316176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to determine the validity and reliability of the countermovement jump (CMJ) as a dynamic eccentric (Ecc) strength test. Methods: Thirty-three college male student-athletes were recruited to participate in this study. The participants first performed CMJs with the second consisting of one repetition maximum back squat (1RM-BS) test. CMJ and 1RM-BS tests were performed on twin force plates. Results: The CMJ had significant correlations with the Ecc peak force (EccPF), and Ecc mean force (EccMF) of 1RM-BS, respectively (r = 0.61−0.69). Moreover, all parameters had a coefficient of variation (CV) < 10%. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values were moderate to excellent for each metric using the CMJ (0.94−0.97). The 1RM-BS and CMJ EccPF, EccMF Bland-Altman bias estimate variance ratio is 1.31−1.67, showing a moderate-large correlation in the Bland-Altman plot. Conclusions: CMJ ECC phase kinetics were associated with the 1RM-BS EccPF and EccMF. The CMJ can be an alternative tool for eccentric dynamic strength assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chun Chang
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Ying Chiang
- Department of Sports Training Science-Combats, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Rojano Ortega D, Berral-Aguilar AJ, Berral de la Rosa FJ. Kinetics and Vertical Stiffness of Female Volleyball Players: Effect of Low-Intensity Plyometric Training. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2022; 93:734-740. [PMID: 34709134 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2021.1915946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was threefold: 1) to assess kinematic/kinetic variables and vertical stiffness of recreational young female volleyball players during a vertical jump, 2) to identify the changes in those variables that occurred after low-intensity plyometric training, 3) to determine the relationship between stiffness and performance. Method: Twenty-eight female volleyball players aged 14-18 years were randomly allocated to plyometric group and control group. All participants performed a countermovement jump (CMJ) 3 days prior to and 3 days after the 7-week plyometric training and kinematic and kinetic variables, along with vertical stiffness, were measured. Results: Jump height, average force, average power, peak power and absolute vertical stiffness significantly increased in plyometric group (p < .01). Propulsion impulse and normalized vertical stiffness also increased (p < .05). Maximum displacement of the center of mass significantly decreased in plyometric group (p < .01). Changes in vertical stiffness after the plyometric training showed very strong significant correlations with changes in average force (r = 0.818, p < .01), average power (r = 0.784, p < .01), maximum displacement of the center of mass (r = -0.850, p < .01) and propulsion duration (r = -0.781, p < .01). Conclusion: The 7-week low-intensity plyometric training produced changes in most kinematic and kinetic variables improving CMJ performance. The increase in vertical stiffness after plyometric training may not directly enhance jump performance but it makes the jump quicker increasing the probability of success in volleyball games.
Collapse
|
79
|
Hicks DS, Drummond C, Williams KJ. Measurement Agreement Between Samozino's Method and Force Plate Force-Velocity Profiles During Barbell and Hexbar Countermovement Jumps. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:3290-3300. [PMID: 34657074 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Hicks, DS, Drummond, C, and Williams, KJ. Measurement agreement between Samozino's method and force plate force-velocity profiles during barbell and hexbar countermovement jumps. J Strength Cond Res 36(12): 3290-3300, 2022-This study aimed to measure agreement between using Samozino's method and force plates to determine mean force, velocity, and power during unloaded and loaded barbell and hexbar countermovement jumps. Twenty-one subjects performed countermovement jumps against incremental loads using both loading conditions. Ground reaction force was recorded using a dual-force plate system (1,000 Hz) and used as the criterion method to compare with Samozino's method. Reliability and validity was determined by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), coefficient of variation (CV), limits of agreement plots, and least products regression analysis. Samozino's method provided acceptable levels of reliability for mean force, velocity, and power (ICC > 0.90, CV% < 5.5) across both loading conditions. Limits of agreement analysis showed the mean bias was 2.7, 15.4, and 7.2% during barbell countermovement jumps and 1.8, 12.4, and 5.0% during hexbar countermovement jumps for mean force, velocity, and power, respectively. Based on these findings, Samozino's method not only is reliable when measuring mean force, velocity, and power during loaded and unloaded barbell and hexbar countermovement jumps but also identifies limitations regarding concurrent validity compared with the gold standard. Across loading conditions, Samozino's method overestimated mean force (0.5-4.5%) and underestimated mean velocity (11.81-16.78%) and mean power (2.26-7.85%) compared with the force plates. Because of fixed and proportional bias between criterion and predictor, the results do not support the use of Samozino's method to measure mean force, velocity, and power. Therefore, it is not recommended for practitioners to use Samozino's method to estimate mechanical variables during loaded and unloaded countermovement jump actions using a barbell and hexbar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan S Hicks
- Exercise Science, Flinders University, SHAPE Research Center, Bedford Park, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
80
|
Krzyszkowski J, Chowning LD, Harry JR. Phase-Specific Verbal Cue Effects on Countermovement Jump Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:3352-3358. [PMID: 34533485 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Krzyszkowski, J, Chowning, LD, and Harry, JR. Phase-Specific Verbal Cue Effects on Countermovement Jump Performance. J Strength Cond Res 36(12): 3352-3358, 2022-The aim of this study was to determine whether countermovement vertical jump (CMVJ) phase-specific cues can improve jump performance and phase-specific force-time characteristics. Twenty-nine subjects (14 males and 15 females) performed 15 total CMVJ trials (5 per condition) while being provided with a control and phase-specific (unloading phase and eccentric braking phases) foci of attention. Jump height, reactive strength index-modified, countermovement depth, time-to-takeoff, and CMVJ subphase force-time characteristics were compared between each phase-specific verbal cues and the control condition using paired samples t-tests ( α = 0.05) and Cohen's d effect sizes ( d ; large >1.2). Female ( d = 0.242; p = 0.012) and male ( d = 1.96; p = 0.047) subjects achieved greater jump heights in the control condition compared with the unloading phase condition. Females demonstrated a faster unloading phase, less unloading force, greater unloading yank, and greater braking force during the unloading condition, as well as greater eccentric braking force during the eccentric braking condition compared with the control condition ( p ≤ 0.014; d ≥ 0.242). Males exhibited less body mass unloading, greater unloading yank, faster eccentric braking time, greater eccentric braking force, and greater eccentric braking yank for both the unloading and eccentric braking conditions compared with the control condition ( p ≤ 0.047; d ≥ 0.196). Collectively, these results suggest that phase-specific foci of attention do not acutely improve jump performance but can enhance phase-specific force-time characteristics in recreationally active individuals. Specifically, practitioners should consider using an eccentric braking phase instruction for individuals need to improve eccentric braking force generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Krzyszkowski
- Human Performance & Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
81
|
Makar P, Praça G, Kawczyński A, Akyildiz Z, yıldız M, Aquino R, Clemente FM. Testing the effects of 4-week training programs based on extreme and medium-sided soccer games: a study focusing on change-of-direction, vertical jump height and locomotor profile. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:199. [PMID: 36424656 PMCID: PMC9686108 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00592-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study tested the effects of two training programs (one program based on extreme sided-games of 1v1 vs. one program based on the medium-sided game of 5v5) on the physical fitness adaptations of youth soccer players. In specific, it was analyzed the effects of the training programs on the 5-0-5 change-of-direction time (5-0-5 time), countermovement jump (CMJ), and final velocity in the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness test (VIFT). METHODS This study followed a randomized parallel study design. Twenty male regional-level soccer players (age: 17.0 ± 0.3 years old) were randomly assigned to two groups: (1) the 1v1 format; and (2) the 5v5 format. The training intervention lasted four weeks. The week before (baseline) and the week after the intervention, the participants were assessed in the 5-0-5 change-of-direction test (measured using timing gates), CMJ (measured by photoelectric cells), and 30-15 Intermittent Fitness test. The training intervention consisted of 8 sessions (2 sessions per week). The 1v1 group performed four repetitions of 30 s in each session, while the 5v5 group performed four repetitions of 4 min. RESULTS The 5-0-5 time changed - 4.82% (p = 0.004; d = 1.115) for the 1v1 group and - 4.26% (p = 0.004; d = 0.859) for the 5v5 group. CMJ changes occurred both in the 1v1 and 5v5 group and amounted to 1.7% (p = 0.003; d = 0.509) and 1.2% (p = 0.263; d = 0.155) respectively. VIFT changed 2.6% (p = 0.718; d = 0.178) for the 1v1 group and 3.0% (p = 0.593; d = 0.274) for the 5v5 group. The 1v1 group reported significantly lower post-intervention 5-0-5 time than the 5v5 group (- 4.3%; p = 0.048; d = 0.954), although no significant differences in CMJ (3.2%; p = 0.147; d = 0.678) and VIFT (2.5%; p = 0.697; d = 0.177) were revealed. CONCLUSIONS The extreme-sided games meaningfully beneficiated the vertical jump height and change-of-direction performance of youth soccer players. The extreme-sided games seem more beneficial than medium-sided games for improving these physical abilities while showing that four weeks were enough to impact the players significantly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Makar
- Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Gibson Praça
- Sports Department, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Adam Kawczyński
- Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Zeki Akyildiz
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Gazi University, 06560 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet yıldız
- Sports Science Faculty, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Rodrigo Aquino
- LabSport, Department of Sports, Center of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, 29075-910 Brazil
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana Do Castelo, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320 Melgaço, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Training Specificity for Athletes: Emphasis on Strength-Power Training: A Narrative Review. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2022; 7:jfmk7040102. [PMID: 36412764 PMCID: PMC9680266 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk7040102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Specificity has two major components: A strength-endurance continuum (S-EC) and adherence to principles of Dynamic Correspondence. Available evidence indicates the existence of the S-EC continuum from two aspects. Indeed, the S-EC exists, particularly if work is equated as a high load low repetition scheme at one end (strength stimulus) and high volume (HIEE stimulus) at the other. Furthermore, some evidence also indicates that the continuum as a repetition paradigm with high-load, low repetition at one end (strength stimulus) and a high repetition, low load at the other end. The second paradigm is most apparent under three conditions: (1) ecological validity-in the real world, work is not equated, (2) use of absolute loads in testing and (3) a substantial difference in the repetitions used in training (for example 2-5 repetitions versus ≥10 repetitions). Additionally, adherence to the principles and criteria of dynamic correspondence allows for greater "transfer of training" to performance measures. Typically, and logically, in order to optimize transfer, training athletes requires a reasonable development of capacities (i.e., structure, metabolism, neural aspects, etc.) before more specific training takes place.
Collapse
|
83
|
Dynamic Stretching Increases the Eccentric Rate of Force Development, but not Jump Height in Female Volleyball Players. J Hum Kinet 2022; 84:158-165. [DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2022-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The present study aimed to analyze the effect of static and dynamic stretching exercises on the rate of force development (RFD) during the eccentric braking phase and jump height in a countermovement jump (CMJ) in female volleyball players. Thirty female volleyball players were randomly distributed in a static stretching (n = 10; SG), a dynamic stretching, and (n = 10; DG) a control group (n = 10; CG). A force plate and a 3D analysis system were employed to detect the eccentric braking phase during the CMJ. The RFD was analyzed in RFD (RFDi) intervals and the accumulated RFD (RFDa), and normalized to body mass. The SG experienced a likely small decrease in the RFDa (mean difference −17.4 N/s/kg) and a likely small decrease in the RFDi (mean difference −19.1 N/s/kg). Contrarily, the DG showed a likely small increase in the RFDa (mean difference 31.2 N/s/kg) and a most likely small increase in the RFDi (mean difference 34.8 N/s/kg). The effect of both static and dynamic stretching on jump height was trivial. Practitioners should consider utilizing dynamic stretching exercises instead of static stretching before a competition in female volleyball players. Further research is needed in order to find complementary strategies during the warm-up that could increase jump height.
Collapse
|
84
|
Keogh JA, Ruder MC, Masood Z, Kobsar D. The Ecological Validity of Countermovement Jump to On-Court Asymmetry
in Basketball. Sports Med Int Open 2022; 6:E53-E59. [PMID: 36340854 PMCID: PMC9635953 DOI: 10.1055/a-1947-4848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Jump-based asymmetry is often used as an indicator of sport performance and may
be used to discern injury susceptibility. Due to task specificity, however,
countermovement jump asymmetry may not be representative of on-court asymmetry.
As such, we assessed the association between countermovement jump asymmetry and
on-court impact asymmetry metrics (n=3, and n=4, respectively)
using linear regressions (α=0.05). Fifteen female basketball
athletes completed countermovement jump and on-court sessions across a
competitive season. A significant negative association was found between peak
landing force asymmetry and both overall and medium acceleration on-court
asymmetry (b=–0.1, R
2
=0.08, p<0.001;
b=–0.1, R
2
=0.11, p<0.001,
respectively), as well as between peak propulsive force asymmetry and on-court
medium acceleration asymmetry (b=–0.24,
R
2
=0.04, p=0.01). Alternatively, both peak landing
and peak propulsive force asymmetry were significantly positively associated
with on-court high acceleration asymmetry (b=0.17,
R
2
=0.08, p<0.001; b=0.35,
R
2
=0.02, p=0.04, respectively). While some
overlap may exist, countermovement jump and on-court impact asymmetry appear to
be independent. Thus, sport-specific monitoring may be necessary to adequately
monitor injury susceptibility using asymmetry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A.J. Keogh
- Kinesiology, McMaster University Faculty of Science, Hamilton,
Canada,Correspondence Mr. Joshua A.J.
Keogh McMaster University Faculty of
ScienceKinesiology1280 Main
Street W.L8S 4K1HamiltonCanada(905)
923-8183
| | - Matthew C Ruder
- Kinesiology, McMaster University Faculty of Science, Hamilton,
Canada
| | - Zaryan Masood
- Kinesiology, McMaster University Faculty of Science, Hamilton,
Canada
| | - Dylan Kobsar
- Kinesiology, McMaster University Faculty of Science, Hamilton,
Canada
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
The Dose–Response Relationship Between Training-Load Measures and Changes in Force–Time Components During a Countermovement Jump in Male Academy Soccer Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:1634-1641. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To manage physical performance in soccer, practitioners monitor the training load (TL) and the resulting fatigue. A method frequently used to assess performance is the countermovement jump (CMJ). However, the efficacy of CMJ to detect fatigue from soccer matches and training remains uncertain, as does the relationship between TL and change in CMJ performance. The aims of the present study were 2-fold. One was to observe the changes of CMJ force–time components and jump height (JH). The second was to examine dose–response relationships between TL measures and CMJ over a 6-week preseason. Methods: Twelve male academy soccer players (17 [1] y, 71.2 [5.6] kg, and 178 [5.8] cm) were recruited. Daily changes in CMJ were assessed against baseline scores established before preseason training, along with internal and external TL measures. A series of Bayesian random intercept models were fitted to determine probability of change above/below zero and greater than the coefficient of variation established at baseline. Jumps were categorized into match day minus (MD−) categories where the higher number indicated more time from a competitive match. Results: JH was lowest on MD − 3 (28 cm) and highest on MD − 4 (34.6 cm), with the probability of change from baseline coefficient of variation highly uncertain (41% and 61%, respectively). Changes to force–time components were more likely on MD − 3 (21%–99%), which provided less uncertainty than JH. Bayes R2 ranged from .22 to .57 between TL measures and all CMJ parameters. Conclusions: Force–time components were more likely to change than JH. Practitioners should also be cautious when manipulating TL measures to influence CMJ performance.
Collapse
|
86
|
Tamilio RA, Clarke ND, Duncan MJ, Morris RO, Tallis J. How Repeatable Is the Ergogenic Effect of Caffeine? Limited Reproducibility of Acute Caffeine (3 mg.kg -1) Ingestion on Muscular Strength, Power, and Muscular Endurance. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14204416. [PMID: 36297102 PMCID: PMC9611362 DOI: 10.3390/nu14204416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effect of 3 mg.kg−1 acute caffeine ingestion on muscular strength, power and strength endurance and the repeatability of potential ergogenic effects across multiple trials. Twenty-two university standard male rugby union players (20 ± 2 years) completed the study. Using a double-blind, randomized, and counterbalanced within-subject experimental design. Participants completed six experimental trials (three caffeine and three placebo) where force time characteristic of the Isometric Mid-Thigh Pull (IMTP), Countermovement Jump (CMJ) and Drop Jumps (DJ) were assessed followed by assessments of Chest Press (CP), Shoulder Press (SP), Squats (SQ), and Deadlifts (DL) Repetitions Until Failure (RTF at 70% 1 RM). ANOVA indicated that caffeine improved both the CMJ and DJ (p < 0.044) and increased RTF in all RTF assessments (p < 0.002). When individual caffeine trials were compared to corresponding placebo trials, effect sizes ranged from trivial-large favoring caffeine irrespective of a main effect of treatment being identified in the ANOVA. These results demonstrate for the first time that the performance enhancing effects of caffeine may not be repeatable between days, where our data uniquely indicates that this is in part attributable to between sessions variation in caffeine’s ergogenic potential.
Collapse
|
87
|
Hughes S, Warmenhoven J, Haff GG, Chapman DW, Nimphius S. Countermovement Jump and Squat Jump Force-Time Curve Analysis in Control and Fatigue Conditions. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:2752-2761. [PMID: 35687846 PMCID: PMC9488939 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Hughes, S, Warmenhoven, J, Haff, GG, Chapman, DW, and Nimphius, S. Countermovement jump and squat jump force-time curve analysis in control and fatigue conditions. J Strength Cond Res 36(10): 2752-2761, 2022-This study aimed to reanalyze previously published discrete force data from countermovement jumps (CMJs) and squat jumps (SJs) using statistical parametric mapping (SPM), a statistical method that enables analysis of data in its native, complete state. Statistical parametric mapping analysis of 1-dimensional (1D) force-time curves was compared with previous zero-dimensional (0D) analysis of peak force to assess sensitivity of 1D analysis. Thirty-two subjects completed CMJs and SJs at baseline, 15 minutes, 1, 24, and 48 hours following fatigue and control conditions in a pseudo random cross-over design. Absolute (CMJ ABS /SJ ABS ) and time-normalized (CMJ NORM /SJ NORM ) force-time data were analyzed using SPM 2-way repeated measures analysis of variance with significance accepted at α = 0.05. The SPM indicated a magnitude of difference between force-time data with main effects for time ( p < 0.001) and interaction ( p < 0.001) observed in CMJ ABS , SJ ABS, and SJ NORM, whereas previously published 0D analysis reported no 2-way interaction in CMJ and SJ peak force. This exploratory research demonstrates the strength of SPM to identify changes between entire movement force-time curves. Continued development and use of SPM analysis techniques could present the opportunity for refined assessment of athlete fatigue and readiness with the analysis of complete force-time curves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Hughes
- New South Wales Institute of Sport, Sydney Olympic Park, New South Wales, Australia
- Center for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia; and
| | - John Warmenhoven
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, University of New South Wales, Canberra, Australia
| | - G. Gregory Haff
- Center for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia; and
| | - Dale W. Chapman
- New South Wales Institute of Sport, Sydney Olympic Park, New South Wales, Australia
- Center for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia; and
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- Center for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia; and
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Fleeton JRM, Sanders RH, Fornusek C. Impact of maximal strength training on countermovement jump phase characteristics in athletes with cerebral palsy. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:2118-2127. [PMID: 36273245 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2137303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of the countermovement jump (CMJ) force-time curve phases provides insight into athlete neuromuscular function and methods by which jump height improves in response to training. A CMJ phase analysis and the dynamic strength index (DSI) have yet to be explored in athletes with cerebral palsy (CP). This study aimed to address this knowledge gap. Eleven state- to international-level athletes with CP completed a pre-post maximal strength training intervention with waitlist control. CMJ was assessed via force plate pre/post baseline and after the 12-week intervention. Following the intervention, CMJ height, takeoff velocity, and concentric phase peak and mean force, impulse and mean acceleration improved significantly (p = 0.006-0.001). No changes were observed in any eccentric braking phase variable (p = 0.79-0.13), while DSI lowered (p = 0.03). In athletes with CP, strength training increased CMJ concentric phase peak and mean force and impulse, increasing velocity and acceleration and therefore jump height. DSI lowered due to moderate and small increases in isometric mid-thigh pull and CMJ peak force, respectively. Unlike in non-disabled athletes, strength training did not alter any eccentric phase variable; therefore, other modalities may be required to further optimize jumping performance in athletes with CP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R M Fleeton
- The University of Sydney School of Health Sciences, Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Ross H Sanders
- The University of Sydney School of Health Sciences, Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Ché Fornusek
- The University of Sydney School of Health Sciences, Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Berton R, da Silva DD, dos Santos ML, Silva CMPE, Tricoli V. Weightlifting derivatives vs. plyometric exercises: Effects on unloaded and loaded vertical jumps and sprint performance. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274962. [PMID: 36137137 PMCID: PMC9499257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of weightlifting derivatives (WL) and plyometric exercises (PLYO) on unloaded and loaded vertical jumps and sprint performance. Initially, 45 resistance-trained men underwent a 4-week WL learning period. Then, the participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups (WL (n = 15), PLYO (n = 15), and control group (CG) (n = 15)) and followed a training period of 8 weeks. The WL group performed exercises to stimulate the entire force-velocity profile, while the PLYO group performed exercises with an emphasis in vertical- and horizontal-oriented. The CG did not perform any exercise. Pre- and post-training assessments included peak power output (PPO) and jump height (JH) in the squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), CMJ with 60% and 80% of the body mass (CMJ60% and CMJ80%, respectively), and mean sprinting speeds over 5, 10, 20, and 30 m distances. From pre- to post-training, PLYO significantly increased (p≤0.05) PPO and JH in the SJ, PPO during CMJ, and PPO and JH in the CMJ60%; however, no significant changes were observed in JH during CMJ, and PPO and JH in the CMJ80%. For WL and CG, no significant changes were observed in the unloaded and loaded vertical jumps variables. PLYO also resulted in significant improvements (p≤0.05) for 5, 10, and 20 m sprint speeds, but not for 30 m. For WL and CG, no significant changes were observed for all sprint speeds. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that PLYO was more effective than a technically-oriented WL program to improve unloaded and loaded vertical jumps and sprint performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Berton
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Marcel Lopes dos Santos
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health, and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States of America
| | | | - Valmor Tricoli
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Miranda-Oliveira P, Branco M, Fernandes O. Accuracy of Inertial Measurement Units When Applied to the Countermovement Jump of Track and Field Athletes. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:7186. [PMID: 36236284 PMCID: PMC9571243 DOI: 10.3390/s22197186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to assess the countermovement jump (CMJ) using a developed instrument encompassing an off-the-shelf Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) in order to analyze performance during the contraction phase, as well as to determine the jump height and the modified reactive strength index (RSImod), using force plate (FP) data as reference. Eight athletes (six males and two females) performed CMJs with the IMU placed on their fifth lumbar vertebra. Accuracy was measured through mean error (standard deviation), correlation, and comparison tests. The results indicated high accuracy, high correlation (r), and no statistical differences between the IMU and the FP for contraction time (r = 0.902; ρ < 0.001), negative impulse phase time (r = 0.773; ρ < 0.001), flight time (r = 0.737; ρ < 0.001), jump time (r = 0.708; ρ < 0.001), RSImod (r = 0.725; ρ < 0.001), nor minimum force (r = 0.758; ρ < 0.001). However, the values related to the positive impulse phase did not have the expected accuracy, as we used different devices and positions. Our results demonstrated that our developed instrument could be utilized to identify the contraction phase, jump height, RSImod, and minimum force in the negative impulse phase with high accuracy, obtaining a signal similar to that of an FP. This information can help coaches and athletes with training monitoring and control, as the device has simpler applicability making it more systematic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Miranda-Oliveira
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Cooperativa de Ensino Superior CRL, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal
- School of Technology and Management (ESTG), Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
- Portuguese Athletics Federation (FPA), 2799-538 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Marco Branco
- Escola Superior de Desporto de Rio Maior, Instituto Politécnico de Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Estudo da Performance Humana (CIPER), Faculdade Motricidade Humana da Universidade de Lisboa, 1495-751 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Orlando Fernandes
- Sport and Health Department, School of Health and Human Development, Universidad de Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), University of Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
James LP, Talpey SW, Young WB, Geneau MC, Newton RU, Gastin PB. Strength Classification and Diagnosis: Not All Strength Is Created Equal. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
92
|
Bartol V, Vauhnik R, Rugelj D. Influence of the sport specific training background on the symmetry of the single legged vertical counter movement jump among female ballet dancers and volleyball players. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10669. [PMID: 36185156 PMCID: PMC9519494 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Vertical jumps are the key components of performance in the classical ballet and volleyball. Asymmetry of performance between the lower extremities is a potential risk factor for injury. Purpose The purpose of this study was to analyse the symmetry of the unilateral vertical countermovement jump (CMJ) in a group of female ballet dancers and in a group of female college volleyball players. Methods We tested the CMJ with the dominant and nondominant leg and the bilateral CMJ among 15 female ballet dancers and 15 female volleyball players aged 18–24 years. Ground reaction forces were recorded with the force plate and five variables were analysed - jump height, power, energy, and time to flight and time to maximum force during landing. Results 2 × 2 repeated measures of ANOVA indicates that type of sport is influencing some of the single leg CMJ variables (energy used and time to maximal force in landing), there was a significant asymmetry between dominant and non-dominant leg in some of the vertical CMJ variables (CMJ height, energy used and the average power was marginally significant). The interaction between the type of sport and leg dominance however was not significant for all of the analysed CMJ variables indicating no difference in asymmetry between the dominant and non-dominant leg in the two investigated sports. The results expressed in the percentage differences between both legs that is widely used in the scientific literature showed that ballet dancers exhibited more symmetrical CMJ height, power, and energy compared to volleyball players. The average percent difference in CMJ height between the dominant and non-dominant leg was 4.26 (10.60) % and 13.36 (14.72) %, respectively. On average, volleyball players jumped slightly higher at the bilateral CMJ (p < 0.001). Conclusion Sport-specific training background could explain the observed contralateral deficit differences between two sport groups. The elements of ballet training could be introduced into the volleyball training to overcome observed this contralateral deficit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Bartol
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Biomechanical Laboratory, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Community Health Centre Kranj, Gosposvetska ulica 10, 4000, Kranj, Slovenia
| | - R Vauhnik
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Biomechanical Laboratory, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Arthron, Institute for Joint and Sports Injuries, Celje, Slovenia
| | - D Rugelj
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Biomechanical Laboratory, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Tredrea MSJ, Clarke AC, Middleton KJ, Bourne MN, Carey DL, Scanlan AT, Dascombe BJ. Validity and between-unit agreement of commercially-available linear position transducer and inertial sensor devices during loaded countermovement jumps. Sports Biomech 2022:1-16. [PMID: 35968770 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2109509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
To assess the validity and between-unit agreement of velocity monitoring devices during incrementally-loaded countermovement jumps (CMJ), 16 males (24.0 ± 3.5 yr) completed 12 CMJs on a force plate (FP). Performance variables were collected through two linear position transducers (GymAware [GA]) and four accelerometer-based devices (two PUSH units, two Bar Sensei units). Pearson correlations (r) and coefficients of variation (CV) demonstrated strong to very-strong relationships (r = 0.60-0.88) and poor agreement (CV = 11.7-25.3%) between FP and GA, and moderate to very-strong relationships (r = 0.31-0.81) and poor agreement (CV = 10.1-24.2%) between FP and PUSH. Between-unit comparisons demonstrated moderate to very-strong relationships (r = 0.50-0.88) with poor agreement (CV = 10.8-26.6%) for GA, and very weak to very-strong relationships (r = 0.01-0.87) with moderate to poor agreement (CV = 9.1-24.1%) for PUSH. Bar Sensei units were excluded from analyses. Loaded CMJ data collected with either device displayed poor agreement with a FP. Velocity monitoring devices demonstrate poor validity across all loads; however, GA demonstrated strong between-unit agreement. A FP should be utilised to accurately assess CMJ performance at all times.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S J Tredrea
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Anthea C Clarke
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Kane J Middleton
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Matthew N Bourne
- School of Allied Health Sciences & Menzies Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - David L Carey
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Aaron T Scanlan
- Human Exercise and Training Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Science, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia
| | - Ben J Dascombe
- Applied Sport Science and Exercise Testing Laboratory, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Meechan D, McErlain-Naylor SA, McMahon JJ, Suchomel TJ, Comfort P. Comparing biomechanical time series data across countermovement shrug loads. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1658-1667. [PMID: 35950819 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2091351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The effect of load on time-series data has yet to be investigated during weightlifting derivatives. This study compared the effect of load on the force-time and velocity-time curves during the countermovement shrug (CMS). Twenty-nine males performed the CMS at relative loads of 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%, 120%, and 140% one repetition maximum (1RM) power clean (PC). A force plate measured the vertical ground reaction force (VGRF), which was used to calculate the barbell-lifter system velocity. Time-series data were normalized to 100% of the movement duration and assessed via statistical parametric mapping (SPM). SPM analysis showed greater negative velocity at heavier loads early in the unweighting phase (12-38% of the movement), and greater positive velocity at lower loads during the last 16% of the movement. Relative loads of 40% 1RM PC maximised propulsion velocity, whilst 140% 1RM maximized force. At higher loads, the braking and propulsive phases commence at an earlier percentage of the time-normalized movement, and the total absolute durations increase with load. It may be more appropriate to prescribe the CMS during a maximal strength mesocycle given the ability to use supramaximal loads. Future research should assess training at different loads on the effects of performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Meechan
- The Salford Institute of Human Movement and Rehabilitation, University of Salford, Salford, UK.,Department of Elite Training Science and Technology Division, Hong Kong Sports Institute, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - John J McMahon
- The Salford Institute of Human Movement and Rehabilitation, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Timothy J Suchomel
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Carroll University, Waukesha, Wisconsin, US
| | - Paul Comfort
- The Salford Institute of Human Movement and Rehabilitation, University of Salford, Salford, UK.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.,Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Validity and Reliability of Strategy Metrics to Assess Countermovement Jump Performance using the Newly Developed My Jump Lab Smartphone Application. J Hum Kinet 2022; 83:185-195. [PMID: 36157951 PMCID: PMC9465756 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2022-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyse the validity and reliability of the newly developed My Jump Lab smartphone app, which includes the option to calculate time to take-off and the reactive strength index modified (RSI_Mod - calculated as jump height divided by time to take-off), in addition to jump height. Twenty-seven postgraduate sport science students attended a single test session and performed three maximal effort countermovement jumps (CMJ) on twin force plates, whilst concurrently being filmed using the app. Results showed no significant differences in jump height between measurement methods (g = 0.00) or RSI_Mod (g = -0.49), although a significant difference was evident for time to take-off (g = 0.68). When a correction factor was applied to time to take-off data, no meaningful differences were evident (g = 0.00), which also had a knock-on effect for RSI_Mod (g = 0.10). Bland-Altman analysis showed near perfect levels of agreement for jump height with a bias estimate of 0.001 m, whilst time to take-off reported a bias estimate of 0.075 s initially and, 0.000 s once the correction factor was applied. For RSI_Mod, bias estimate was initially -0.048, and 0.006 once calculated with the corrected time to take-off data. Pearson's r correlations were: 0.98 for jump height, 0.81 for time to take-off, and 0.85 for RSI_Mod. Based on the findings from the present study, and with the inclusion of the newly embedded correction factor, My Jump Lab can now be used as both a valid and reliable means of measuring time to take-off and RSI_Mod in the CMJ.
Collapse
|
96
|
Książek A, Zagrodna A, Słowińska-Lisowska M, Lombardi G. Relationship Between Metabolites of Vitamin D, Free 25-(OH)D, and Physical Performance in Indoor and Outdoor Athletes. Front Physiol 2022; 13:909086. [PMID: 35874521 PMCID: PMC9304810 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.909086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential effects of vitamin D in athletes have received considerable attention in the literature. However, little is known about vitamin D metabolites and their association with physical performance in athletes. Therefore, the aim of our study was to determine the relationship between metabolites of vitamin D, vitamin D binding protein (VDBP), free, bioavailable 25-(OH)D, and physical fitness tests in athletes. A total of 40 indoor and outdoor players (16 judoists and 24 football players) participated in the study. Vitamin D metabolites (25-(OH)D, 24,25-(OH)2D3, 3-epi-25-(OH)D3, and 1,25-(OH)2D) were assessed using LM-MS/MS. Free 25-(OH)D concentration was evaluated by calculation using serum albumin and VDBP levels. Athletic performance was assessed using handgrip and vertical jump. Our study showed a significant correlation between vitamin D metabolites and handgrip strength and vertical jump variables in indoor players. It demonstrated a significant association between 3-epi-25-(OH)D3 and vertical jump parameters in outdoor players. The results of our study showed relationship between free, bioavailable 25-(OH)D, and vertical jump variables in indoor players. In conclusion, we provide novel information on the vitamin D metabolites and athletic performance in athletes. Based on the results of our study, we concluded that vitamin D metabolites might be involved in skeletal muscle function in relation to athletic performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Książek
- Department of Biological and Medical Basis of Sport, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
- *Correspondence: Anna Książek,
| | - Aleksandra Zagrodna
- Department of Biological and Medical Basis of Sport, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Słowińska-Lisowska
- Department of Biological and Medical Basis of Sport, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Single-leg mechanical performance and inter-leg asymmetries during bilateral countermovement jumps: A comparison of different calculation methods. Gait Posture 2022; 96:47-52. [PMID: 35569352 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The possibility to selectively assess the force exerted by each leg during bilateral jumps has allowed sport scientists to explore inter-leg asymmetries, this metric being a rich source of research due to its potential applications to improve sports performance and reduce the risk of injury. The purpose of this study was to explore the reliability and agreement of single-leg mechanical performance and inter-leg asymmetry variables obtained by two procedures of analysis (Synchronous [simultaneous jump detection for both legs] and Asynchronous [specific jump detection for each leg]) during bilateral countermovement jumps (CMJs). METHOD During a single testing session, 74 participants performed 5 maximal height bilateral CMJs on dual force platforms (Kistler, model 9260AA6, Winterthur, Switzerland), and the 2 trials that differed the least in terms of squat depth and jump height were considered for statistical analyses. The following mechanical variables were calculated separately for each leg using the Synchronous and Asynchronous procedures: mean force, peak force, and propulsive impulse. RESULTS The procedures showed comparable reliability, except for mean force and propulsive impulse of the left leg (higher for the Asynchronous procedure). The agreement between the procedures was very high, while the most reliable mechanical variable was mean force (CV≈2.9%, ICC≈0.98), followed by peak force (CV≈4.4%, ICC≈0.96) and propulsive impulse (CV≈6.4%, ICC≈0.91). Reliability of inter-leg asymmetries was greater using mean and peak force (ICC range=0.74-0.82) than using propulsive impulse (ICC range = 0.65-0.66). SIGNIFICANCE Both Synchronous and Asynchronous procedures can be used to evaluate single-leg mechanical performance (mean force, peak force, and propulsive impulse) and asymmetries, whereas mean force should be used to evaluate single-leg mechanical performance and mean or peak force to assess asymmetries.
Collapse
|
98
|
Yang S, Zhang P, Sevilla-Sanchez M, Zhou D, Cao J, He J, Gao B, Carballeira E. Low-Load Blood Flow Restriction Squat as Conditioning Activity Within a Contrast Training Sequence in High-Level Preadolescent Trampoline Gymnasts. Front Physiol 2022; 13:852693. [PMID: 35770193 PMCID: PMC9234321 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.852693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effects of implementing low-load blood flow restriction exercises (LL-BFRE) instead of high-load exercises (HL-RE) in a contrast training program on strength and power performance of high-level young gymnasts. Fifteen high-level pre-pubescent trampoline gymnasts (national level, Tanner Stage II, intermediate experience in strength training) were divided into two groups to complete the same structure of a ten-week contrast strength training program differing only in the configuration of the first resistance exercise of the contrast sequence. The LL-BFRE group (n = 7, four girls, 13.9 ± 0.4 y) performed the first resistance exercise of the contrast with LL-BFRE (20%–30% 1RM, perceived pressure of 7 on a scale from 0 to 10). The HL-RE group (n = 8, four girls, 13.8 ± 0.5 y) trained the first resistance exercise of the contrast sequence with moderate-to-high load (60%–85% 1RM). Before and after the training period, isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP), squat jump (SJ), counter movement jump (CMJ), and drop-jump (DJ) were performed to evaluate the effect of the intervention on strength and power capacities as primary outcomes. Changes in participants’ anthropometric measures, muscle mass, left and right thigh girth, IMTP relative to bodyweight (IMTP-R), eccentric utilization ratio (EUR), and reactive strength index (RSI) were assessed as secondary outcomes. There was no significant interaction (p > 0.05) between group x time in any power and strength outcome, although SJ and EUR showed a trend to significant interaction (p = 0.06 and p = 0.065, respectively). There was an overall effect of time (p < 0.05) in all power and strength variables (CMJ, SJ, EUR, DJ, RSI, IMTP, and IMTP-R). There was a significant interaction in muscle mass (MM) [β = 0.57 kg, 95% CI = (0.15; 0.98), t13 = 2.67, p = 0.019], revealing that participants in LL-BFRE increased their muscle mass (6.6 ± 3.1%) compared to HL-RE (3.6 ± 2.0%). Anthropometric variables did not present any group or interaction effect. However, there was a time effect (p < 0.05). Implementing LL-BFRE in place of HL-RE as a conditioning activity in a contrast training sequence might be equally effective in improving lower-body strength and power in preadolescent trampoline gymnasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengtao Yang
- School of Physical Education and Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Professional Sports Research Center, Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Professional Sports Research Center, Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Marta Sevilla-Sanchez
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Campus Bastiagueiro, University of A Coruna, Oleiros, Spain
| | - Dong Zhou
- Professional Sports Research Center, Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Cao
- Professional Sports Research Center, Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajian He
- Professional Sports Research Center, Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Binghong Gao
- School of Physical Education and Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Binghong Gao, ; Eduardo Carballeira,
| | - Eduardo Carballeira
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Campus Bastiagueiro, University of A Coruna, Oleiros, Spain
- *Correspondence: Binghong Gao, ; Eduardo Carballeira,
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
McMahon JJ, Lake JP, Dos'Santos T, Jones PA, Thomasson ML, Comfort P. Countermovement Jump Standards in Rugby League: What is a “Good” Performance? J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:1691-1698. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
100
|
Bishop C, Abbott W, Brashill C, Turner A, Lake J, Read P. Bilateral vs. Unilateral Countermovement Jumps: Comparing the Magnitude and Direction of Asymmetry in Elite Academy Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:1660-1666. [PMID: 35622111 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Bishop, C, Abbott, W, Brashill, C, Turner, A, Lake, J, and Read, P. Bilateral vs. unilateral countermovement jumps: comparing the magnitude and direction of asymmetry in elite academy soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 36(6): 1660-1666, 2022-The aims of this study were to compare the magnitude and direction of asymmetry in comparable bilateral and unilateral countermovement jumps (CMJs). Forty-five elite academy soccer players from under-23 (n = 15), under-18 (n = 16), and under-16 (n = 14) age groups performed bilateral and unilateral CMJs as part of their routine preseason fitness testing. For the magnitude of asymmetry, no significant differences were evident for any metric between tests. However, the eccentric impulse asymmetry was significantly greater than mean force and concentric impulse in both bilateral and unilateral tests (p < 0.01). For the direction of asymmetry, Kappa coefficients showed poor levels of agreement between test measures for all metrics (mean force = -0.15, concentric impulse = -0.07, and eccentric impulse = -0.13). The mean jump data were also presented relative to the body mass for each group. For the bilateral CMJ, significant differences were evident between groups but showed little consistency in the same group performing better or worse across metrics. For the unilateral CMJ, eccentric impulse was the only metric to show meaningful differences between groups, with the under-18 group performing significantly worse than under-23 and under-16 players. This study highlights that despite the magnitude of asymmetry being similar for each metric between comparable bilateral and unilateral CMJs, consistency in the direction of asymmetry was poor. In essence, if the right limb produced the larger force or impulse during a bilateral CMJ, it was rare for the same limb to perform superior during the unilateral task. Thus, practitioners should be aware that bilateral and unilateral CMJs present different limb dominance characteristics and should not use 1 test to represent the other when measuring between-limb asymmetries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Bishop
- London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, Greenlands Lane, London, United Kingdom
| | - Will Abbott
- Brighton Football Club Academy, Brughton, UK
| | | | - Anthony Turner
- London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, Greenlands Lane, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Lake
- University of Chichester, Chichester, United Kingdom ; and
| | - Paul Read
- Aspetar Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|