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Gollihue J, Norris C. Astrocyte mitochondria: Central players and potential therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative diseases and injury. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 59:101039. [PMID: 32105849 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial function has long been the focus of many therapeutic strategies for ameliorating age-related neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. Historically, the role of mitochondria in non-neuronal cell types has been overshadowed by neuronal mitochondria, which are responsible for the bulk of oxidative metabolism in the brain. Despite this neuronal bias, mitochondrial function in glial cells, particularly astrocytes, is increasingly recognized to play crucial roles in overall brain metabolism, synaptic transmission, and neuronal protection. Changes in astrocytic mitochondrial function appear to be intimately linked to astrocyte activation/reactivity found in most all age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we address the importance of mitochondrial function to astrocyte signaling and consider how mitochondria could contribute to both the detrimental and protective properties of activated astrocytes. Strategies for protecting astrocytic mitochondrial function, promoting bidirectional transfer of mitochondria between astrocytes and neurons, and transplanting healthy mitochondria to diseased nervous tissue are also discussed.
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Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Protects Cerebral Cortical Neurons from Soluble Aβ-Induced Synaptic Damage. J Neurosci 2020; 40:4251-4263. [PMID: 32332118 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2804-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble amyloid β (Aβ)-induced synaptic dysfunction is an early event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) that precedes the deposition of insoluble Aβ and correlates with the development of cognitive deficits better than the number of plaques. The mammalian plasminogen activation (PA) system catalyzes the generation of plasmin via two activators: tissue-type (tPA) and urokinase-type (uPA). A dysfunctional tPA-plasmin system causes defective proteolytic degradation of Aβ plaques in advanced stages of AD. In contrast, it is unknown whether uPA and its receptor (uPAR) contribute to the pathogenesis of this disease. Neuronal cadherin (NCAD) plays a pivotal role in the formation of synapses and dendritic branches, and Aβ decreases its expression in cerebral cortical neurons. Here we show that neuronal uPA protects the synapse from the harmful effects of soluble Aβ. However, Aβ-induced inactivation of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2α halts the transcription of uPA mRNA, leaving unopposed the deleterious effects of Aβ on the synapse. In line with these observations, the synaptic abundance of uPA, but not uPAR, is decreased in the frontal cortex of AD patients and 5xFAD mice, and in cerebral cortical neurons incubated with soluble Aβ. We found that uPA treatment increases the synaptic expression of NCAD by a uPAR-mediated plasmin-independent mechanism, and that uPA-induced formation of NCAD dimers protects the synapse from the harmful effects of soluble Aβ oligomers. These data indicate that Aβ-induced decrease in the synaptic abundance of uPA contributes to the development of synaptic damage in the early stages of AD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Soluble amyloid β (Aβ)-induced synaptic dysfunction is an early event in the pathogenesis of cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We found that neuronal urokinase-type (uPA) protects the synapse from the deleterious effects of soluble Aβ. However, Aβ-induced inactivation of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2α decreases the synaptic abundance of uPA, leaving unopposed the harmful effects of Aβ on the synapse. In line with these observations, the synaptic expression of uPA is decreased in the frontal cortex of AD brains and 5xFAD mice, and uPA treatment abrogates the deleterious effects of Aβ on the synapse. These results unveil a novel mechanism of Aβ-induced synaptic dysfunction in AD patients, and indicate that recombinant uPA is a potential therapeutic strategy to protect the synapse before the development of irreversible brain damage.
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Guillemaud O, Ceyzériat K, Saint-Georges T, Cambon K, Petit F, Ben Haim L, Carrillo-de Sauvage MA, Guillermier M, Bernier S, Hérard AS, Joséphine C, Bémelmans AP, Brouillet E, Hantraye P, Bonvento G, Escartin C. Complex roles for reactive astrocytes in the triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer disease. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 90:135-146. [PMID: 32171592 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In Alzheimer disease (AD), astrocytes undergo complex changes and become reactive. The consequences of this reaction are still unclear. To evaluate the net impact of reactive astrocytes in AD, we developed viral vectors targeting astrocytes that either activate or inhibit the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2-STAT3) pathway, a central cascade controlling astrocyte reaction. We aimed to evaluate whether reactive astrocytes contribute to tau as well as amyloid pathologies in the hippocampus of 3xTg-AD mice, an AD model that develops tau hyper-phosphorylation and amyloid deposition. JAK2-STAT3 pathway-mediated modulation of reactive astrocytes in 25% of the hippocampus of 3xTg-AD mice did not significantly influence tau phosphorylation or amyloid processing and deposition at early, advanced, and terminal disease stage. Interestingly, inhibition of the JAK2-STAT3 pathway in hippocampal astrocytes did not improve spatial memory in the Y maze but it did reduce anxiety in the elevated plus maze. Our unique approach to specifically manipulate reactive astrocytes in situ show they may impact behavioral outcomes without influencing tau or amyloid pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Océane Guillemaud
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Kelly Ceyzériat
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Thomas Saint-Georges
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Karine Cambon
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Fanny Petit
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Lucile Ben Haim
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | | | - Martine Guillermier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Sueva Bernier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Hérard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Charlène Joséphine
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Alexis Pierre Bémelmans
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Emmanuel Brouillet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Philippe Hantraye
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Gilles Bonvento
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Carole Escartin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
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Qin L, Xu Q, Li Z, Chen L, Li Y, Yang N, Liu Z, Guo J, Shen L, Allen EG, Chen C, Ma C, Wu H, Zhu X, Jin P, Tang B. Ethnicity-specific and overlapping alterations of brain hydroxymethylome in Alzheimer's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 29:149-158. [PMID: 31814020 PMCID: PMC7001720 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
5-Methylcytosine (5mC), generated through the covalent addition of a methyl group to the fifth carbon of cytosine, is the most prevalent DNA modification in humans and functions as a critical player in the regulation of tissue and cell-specific gene expression. 5mC can be oxidized to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) by ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzymes, which is enriched in brain. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder, and several studies using the samples collected from Caucasian cohorts have found that epigenetics, particularly cytosine methylation, could play a role in the etiological process of AD. However, little research has been conducted using the samples of other ethnic groups. Here we generated genome-wide profiles of both 5mC and 5hmC in human frontal cortex tissues from late-onset Chinese AD patients and cognitively normal controls. We identified both Chinese-specific and overlapping differentially hydroxymethylated regions (DhMRs) with Caucasian cohorts. Pathway analyses revealed specific pathways enriched among Chinese-specific DhMRs, as well as the shared DhMRs with Caucasian cohorts. Furthermore, two important transcription factor-binding motifs, hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF2α) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α), were enriched in the DhMRs. Our analyses provide the first genome-wide profiling of DNA hydroxymethylation of the frontal cortex of AD patients from China, emphasizing an important role of 5hmC in AD pathogenesis and highlighting both ethnicity-specific and overlapping changes of brain hydroxymethylome in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Qin
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (XIANGYA), Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Ziyi Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Yujing Li
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Nannan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jifeng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (XIANGYA), Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (XIANGYA), Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Emily G Allen
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Chao Chen
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xiongwei Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (XIANGYA), Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Tapella L, Soda T, Mapelli L, Bortolotto V, Bondi H, Ruffinatti FA, Dematteis G, Stevano A, Dionisi M, Ummarino S, Di Ruscio A, Distasi C, Grilli M, Genazzani AA, D'Angelo E, Moccia F, Lim D. Deletion of calcineurin from GFAP‐expressing astrocytes impairs excitability of cerebellar and hippocampal neurons through astroglial Na+/K+ATPase. Glia 2019; 68:543-560. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tapella
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversità del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro” Novara Italy
| | - Teresa Soda
- Department of Brain and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of Pavia Pavia Italy
| | - Lisa Mapelli
- Department of Brain and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of Pavia Pavia Italy
| | - Valeria Bortolotto
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversità del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro” Novara Italy
| | - Heather Bondi
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversità del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro” Novara Italy
| | - Federico A. Ruffinatti
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversità del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro” Novara Italy
| | - Giulia Dematteis
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversità del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro” Novara Italy
| | - Alessio Stevano
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversità del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro” Novara Italy
| | - Marianna Dionisi
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversità del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro” Novara Italy
| | - Simone Ummarino
- Center of Life ScienceMedical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts
- Department of Translational MedicineUniversità del Piemonte Orientale Novara Italy
| | - Annalisa Di Ruscio
- Center of Life ScienceMedical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts
- Department of Translational MedicineUniversità del Piemonte Orientale Novara Italy
| | - Carla Distasi
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversità del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro” Novara Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Grilli
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversità del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro” Novara Italy
| | - Armando A. Genazzani
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversità del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro” Novara Italy
| | - Egidio D'Angelo
- Department of Brain and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of Pavia Pavia Italy
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia Italy
| | - Francesco Moccia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani”University of Pavia Pavia Italy
| | - Dmitry Lim
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversità del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro” Novara Italy
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56
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Xie Z, Yang Q, Song D, Quan Z, Qing H. Optogenetic manipulation of astrocytes from synapses to neuronal networks: A potential therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases. Glia 2019; 68:215-226. [PMID: 31400164 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most widespread and heterogeneous glial cells in the central nervous system and key regulators for brain development. They are capable of receiving neurotransmitters produced by synaptic activities and regulating synaptic functions by releasing gliotransmitters as part of the tripartite synapse. In addition to communicating with neurons at synaptic levels, astrocytes can integrate into inhibitory neural networks to interact with neurons in neuronal circuits. Astrocytes are closely related to the pathogenesis and pathological processes of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Recently, optogenetics has now been applied to reveal the function of astrocytes in physiology and pathology. Herein, we discuss the possibility whether optogenetics could be used to control the release of gliotransmitters and regulate astrocytic membrane channels. Thus, the capability of modulating the bidirectional interactions between astrocytes and neurons in both synaptic and neuronal networks via optogenetics is evaluated. Furthermore, we discuss that manipulating astrocytes via optogenetics might be an effective way to investigate the potential therapeutic strategy for NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xie
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy in the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy in the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences & Research Center for Resource Peptide Drugs, Shaanxi Engineering & Technological Research Center for Conversation & Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yanan University, Yanan, China
| | - Da Song
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy in the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Quan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy in the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Qing
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy in the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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57
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dos Santos JPA, Vizuete AF, Gonçalves CA. Calcineurin-Mediated Hippocampal Inflammatory Alterations in Streptozotocin-Induced Model of Dementia. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:502-512. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01718-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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58
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Kirkley KS, Popichak KA, Hammond SL, Davies C, Hunt L, Tjalkens RB. Genetic suppression of IKK2/NF-κB in astrocytes inhibits neuroinflammation and reduces neuronal loss in the MPTP-Probenecid model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 127:193-209. [PMID: 30818064 PMCID: PMC6588478 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammatory activation of glia is considered a pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) and is seen in both human PD patients and in animal models of PD; however, the relative contributions of these cell types, especially astrocytes, to the progression of disease is not fully understood. The transcription factor, nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), is an important regulator of inflammatory gene expression in glia and is activated by multiple cellular stress signals through the kinase complex, IKK2. We sought to determine the role of NFκB in modulating inflammatory activation of astrocytes in a model of PD by generating a conditional knockout mouse (hGfapcre/Ikbk2F/F) in which IKK2 is specifically deleted in astrocytes. Measurements of IKK2 revealed a 70% deletion rate of IKK2 within astrocytes, as compared to littermate controls (Ikbk2F/F). Use of this mouse in a subacute, progressive model of PD through exposure to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine and probenecid (MPTPp) revealed significant protection in exposed mice to direct and progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). hGfapcre/Ikbk2F/F mice were also protected against MPTPp-induced loss in motor activity, loss of striatal proteins, and genomic alterations in nigral NFκB gene expression, but were not protected from loss of striatal catecholamines. Neuroprotection in hGfapcre/Ikbk2F/F mice was associated with inhibition of MPTPp-induced astrocytic expression of inflammatory genes and protection against nitrosative stress and apoptosis in neurons. These data indicate that deletion of IKK2 within astrocytes is neuroprotective in the MPTPp model of PD and suggests that reactive astrocytes directly contribute the potentiation of dopaminergic pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly S Kirkley
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA 80523
| | - Katriana A Popichak
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA 80523
| | - Sean L Hammond
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA 80523
| | - Cecilia Davies
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA 80523
| | - Lindsay Hunt
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA 80523
| | - Ronald B Tjalkens
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA 80523; Program in Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA 80523.
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59
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Oksanen M, Lehtonen S, Jaronen M, Goldsteins G, Hämäläinen RH, Koistinaho J. Astrocyte alterations in neurodegenerative pathologies and their modeling in human induced pluripotent stem cell platforms. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:2739-2760. [PMID: 31016348 PMCID: PMC6588647 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03111-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most abundant cell type in the brain. They were long considered only as passive support for neuronal cells. However, recent data have revealed many active roles for these cells both in maintenance of the normal physiological homeostasis in the brain as well as in neurodegeneration and disease. Moreover, human astrocytes have been found to be much more complex than their rodent counterparts, and to date, astrocytes are known to actively participate in a multitude of processes such as neurotransmitter uptake and recycling, gliotransmitter release, neuroenergetics, inflammation, modulation of synaptic activity, ionic balance, maintenance of the blood-brain barrier, and many other crucial functions of the brain. This review focuses on the role of astrocytes in human neurodegenerative disease and the potential of the novel stem cell-based platforms in modeling astrocytic functions in health and in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Oksanen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sarka Lehtonen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, PO. Box 63, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Merja Jaronen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Gundars Goldsteins
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Riikka H Hämäläinen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland.
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, PO. Box 63, 00290, Helsinki, Finland.
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60
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Hirokawa Y, Fujimoto A, Ichikawa N, Sato K, Tanaka T, Enoki H, Otsuki Y, Okanishi T. Temporal Lobe Cavernous Malformation Caused Epileptic Amnesic Episodes and Mild Cognitive Impairment. Front Neurol 2019; 10:620. [PMID: 31249550 PMCID: PMC6582224 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathological features in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are amyloid β (Aβ) deposits and neurofibrillary changes. AD is characterized by memory impairment and cognitive dysfunction, with some reports associating these impairments with hyperexcitability caused by Aβ in the medial temporal lobe. Epileptic seizures are known to be common in AD. We encountered a 65-year-old patient with cavernous malformation (CM) in the right temporal lobe who exhibited epileptic amnesia (EA) and AD-like symptoms. Scalp electroencephalography (EEG), including long-term video-EEG, showed no interictal discharges, but intraoperative subdural electrode (SE) recording from the right parahippocampal area showed frequent epileptiform discharges. Neuropathologically, senile plaques were found in the surrounding normal cortex of the CM. Postoperatively, the patient has remained free of EA and AD-like symptoms since total removal of the CM. This is the first surgical case report to confirm temporal lobe hyperexcitability associated with EA and AD-like symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Hirokawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seirei-Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Ayataka Fujimoto
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Seirei-Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Naoki Ichikawa
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Seirei-Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Keishiro Sato
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Seirei-Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tokutaro Tanaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seirei-Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hideo Enoki
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Seirei-Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Otsuki
- Department of Pathology, Seirei-Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tohru Okanishi
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Seirei-Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
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61
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Zhou X, Wu Q, Lu Y, Zhang X, Lv S, Shao J, Zhou Y, Chen J, Hou L, Huang C, Zhang X. Crosstalk between soluble PDGF-BB and PDGFRβ promotes astrocytic activation and synaptic recovery in the hippocampus after subarachnoid hemorrhage. FASEB J 2019; 33:9588-9601. [PMID: 31162947 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900195r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ) dynamically changes after brain injury, possibly mediating the neuroprotective role of soluble homodimers of the platelet-derived growth factor β subunit (PDGF-BB) that is secreted by microcirculation cells. The aim of this study was to determine whether binding of PDGF-BB to astrocytic PDGFRβ enhanced crosstalk among the various components of the neurovascular unit, leading to synaptic recovery after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The soluble PDGF-BB from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with SAH was measured. The relationship between PDGF-BB treatment and astrocytic PDGFRβ signaling was further explored in vivo and in vitro in experimental SAH models. Compared with the levels in the control samples, the PDGF-BB protein levels in the CSF of patients with SAH were significantly increased. After the generation of experimental SAH, astrocyte activation markers were markedly induced by the binding of PDGF-BB to astrocytic PDGFRβ, accompanied by improved levels of synaptic recovery and cognitive function. Soluble PDGF-BB and astrocytic PDGFRβ signaling are essential for the neuroprotective effect in the hippocampus and the coculture system in vitro after SAH that otherwise leads to cognitive dysfunction and neuronal damage.-Zhou, X., Wu, Q., Lu, Y., Zhang, X., Lv, S., Shao, J., Zhou, Y., Chen, J., Hou, L., Huang, C., Zhang, X. Crosstalk between soluble PDGF-BB and PDGFRβ promotes astrocytic activation and synaptic recovery in the hippocampus after subarachnoid hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital-Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital,Drum Tower Hospital-Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Drum Tower Hospital-Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Xiangsheng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital,Drum Tower Hospital-Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengyin Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital-School of Medicine, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiang Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital-School of Medicine, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital,Drum Tower Hospital-Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jigang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital-Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijun Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital-Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengguang Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital-Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital,Drum Tower Hospital-Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Delikkaya B, Moriel N, Tong M, Gallucci G, de la Monte SM. Altered expression of insulin-degrading enzyme and regulator of calcineurin in the rat intracerebral streptozotocin model and human apolipoprotein E-ε4-associated Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 11:392-404. [PMID: 31193223 PMCID: PMC6522644 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadm.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study assesses insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) and regulator of calcineurin 1 (RCAN1) as potential mediators of brain insulin deficiency and neurodegeneration in experimental and human Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS Temporal lobes from Long Evans rats treated with intracerebral streptozotocin or vehicle and postmortem frontal lobes from humans with normal aging AD (Braak 0-2), moderate (Braak 3-4) AD, or advanced (Braak 5-6) AD were used to measure IDE and RCAN mRNA and protein. RESULTS Intracerebral streptozotocin significantly increased IDE and RCAN mRNA and protein. In humans with apolipoprotein E (ApoE) ε3/ε4 or ε4/ε4 and AD, IDE was elevated at Braak 3-4, but at Braak 5-6, IDE expression was significantly reduced. RCAN1 mRNA was similarly reduced in ApoE ε4+ patients with moderate or severe AD, whereas RCAN1 protein declined with the severity of AD and ApoE ε4 dose. DISCUSSION The findings suggest that IDE and RCAN1 differentially modulate brain insulin signaling in relation to AD severity and ApoE genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Büşra Delikkaya
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Natalia Moriel
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ming Tong
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA,Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Gina Gallucci
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Suzanne M. de la Monte
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA,Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA,Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA,Corresponding author. Tel.: +401-444-7364; Fax: +401-444-2939.
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63
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Tsukahara C, Sase K, Fujita N, Takagi H, Kitaoka Y. Axonal Protection by Tacrolimus with Inhibition of NFATc1 in TNF-Induced Optic Nerve Degeneration. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:1726-1735. [PMID: 31087207 PMCID: PMC6555779 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02804-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tacrolimus, a calcineurin (CaN) inhibitor, has been used for treatment of refractory allergic ocular disease, although its role in optic nerve degeneration remains to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated whether tacrolimus modulates tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-mediated axonal degeneration and whether it alters nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFATc), a downstream effector of CaN signaling. Immunoblot analysis showed no significant difference in CaNAα protein levels in optic nerve on day 3, 7, or 14 after TNF injection compared with PBS injection. However, a significant increase in NFATc1 protein level was observed in optic nerve 7 days after TNF injection. This increase was negated by simultaneous administration of tacrolimus. Administration of tacrolimus alone did not change the NFATc1 protein level in comparison to that observed after PBS injection. A significant increase in TNF protein level was observed in optic nerve 14 days after TNF injection and this increase was prevented by tacrolimus. Immunohistochemical analysis showed the immunoreactivity of NFATc1 to be increased in optic nerve after TNF injection. This increased immunoreactivity was colocalized with glial fibrillary acidic protein and was suppressed by tacrolimus. Treatment of tacrolimus significantly ameliorated the TNF-mediated axonal loss. These results suggest that tacrolimus is neuroprotective against axon loss in TNF-induced optic neuropathy and that the effect arises from suppression of the CaN/NFATc1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Tsukahara
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, 216-8511, Kanagawa, Japan.
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan.
| | - Kana Sase
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, 216-8511, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naoki Fujita
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, 216-8511, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Takagi
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, 216-8511, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kitaoka
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, 216-8511, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
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64
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Cunningham C, Dunne A, Lopez-Rodriguez AB. Astrocytes: Heterogeneous and Dynamic Phenotypes in Neurodegeneration and Innate Immunity. Neuroscientist 2018; 25:455-474. [PMID: 30451065 DOI: 10.1177/1073858418809941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most numerous cell type in the brain and perform several essential functions in supporting neuronal metabolism and actively participating in neural circuit and behavioral function. They also have essential roles as innate immune cells in responding to local neuropathology, and the manner in which they respond to brain injury and degeneration is the subject of increasing attention in neuroscience. Although activated astrocytes have long been thought of as a relatively homogenous population, which alter their phenotype in a relatively stereotyped way upon central nervous system injury, the last decade has revealed substantial heterogeneity in the basal state and significant heterogeneity of phenotype during reactive astrocytosis. Thus, phenotypic diversity occurs at two distinct levels: that determined by regionality and development and that determined by temporally dynamic changes to the environment of astrocytes during pathology. These inflammatory and pathological states shape the phenotype of these cells, with different consequences for destruction or recovery of the local tissue, and thus elucidating these phenotypic changes has significant therapeutic implications. In this review, we will focus on the phenotypic heterogeneity of astrocytes in health and disease and their propensity to change that phenotype upon subsequent stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colm Cunningham
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Aisling Dunne
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Republic of Ireland.,School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Ana Belen Lopez-Rodriguez
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
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65
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Ceyzériat K, Ben Haim L, Denizot A, Pommier D, Matos M, Guillemaud O, Palomares MA, Abjean L, Petit F, Gipchtein P, Gaillard MC, Guillermier M, Bernier S, Gaudin M, Aurégan G, Joséphine C, Déchamps N, Veran J, Langlais V, Cambon K, Bemelmans AP, Baijer J, Bonvento G, Dhenain M, Deleuze JF, Oliet SHR, Brouillet E, Hantraye P, Carrillo-de Sauvage MA, Olaso R, Panatier A, Escartin C. Modulation of astrocyte reactivity improves functional deficits in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:104. [PMID: 30322407 PMCID: PMC6190663 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0606-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocyte reactivity and neuroinflammation are hallmarks of CNS pathological conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease. However, the specific role of reactive astrocytes is still debated. This controversy may stem from the fact that most strategies used to modulate astrocyte reactivity and explore its contribution to disease outcomes have only limited specificity. Moreover, reactive astrocytes are now emerging as heterogeneous cells and all types of astrocyte reactivity may not be controlled efficiently by such strategies. Here, we used cell type-specific approaches in vivo and identified the JAK2-STAT3 pathway, as necessary and sufficient for the induction and maintenance of astrocyte reactivity. Modulation of this cascade by viral gene transfer in mouse astrocytes efficiently controlled several morphological and molecular features of reactivity. Inhibition of this pathway in mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease improved three key pathological hallmarks by reducing amyloid deposition, improving spatial learning and restoring synaptic deficits. In conclusion, the JAK2-STAT3 cascade operates as a master regulator of astrocyte reactivity in vivo. Its inhibition offers new therapeutic opportunities for Alzheimer’s disease.
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66
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Norris CM. Calcineurin: directing the damage in Alzheimer disease: An Editorial for 'Neuronal calcineurin transcriptional targets parallel changes observed in Alzheimer disease brain' on page 24. J Neurochem 2018; 147:8-11. [PMID: 30256415 PMCID: PMC6181764 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+ dysregulation is a hallmark of Alzheimer disease (AD) and affects numerous and diverse signaling cascades linked to neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. Increasing evidence suggests that the protein phosphatase calcineurin (CN) mediates or exacerbates AD pathophysiology through activation of the NFAT family of transcription factors. In this editorial, we discuss work by Hopp et al, , which uncovered a novel role of CN/NFAT signaling in controlling global gene expression in hippocampal neurons of intact mice. Interestingly, the authors showed that elevated CN expression/activity in neurons plays a major role in transcriptional suppression. Many of the genes differentially affected by CN were related to synapse function and NFAT binding, and exhibited similar patterns of downregulation in previous studies on human AD biospecimens. Results are discussed in context with emerging roles for CN/NFATs in astrocyte signaling as they pertain to Ca2+ dysregulation and the progression of neurodegeneration and cognitive loss with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Norris
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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67
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Kraner SD, Norris CM. Astrocyte Activation and the Calcineurin/NFAT Pathway in Cerebrovascular Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:287. [PMID: 30297999 PMCID: PMC6160594 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcineurin (CN) is a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase with high abundance in nervous tissue. Though enriched in neurons, CN can become strongly induced in subsets of activated astrocytes under different pathological conditions where it interacts extensively with the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFATs). Recent work has shown that regions of small vessel damage are associated with the upregulation of a proteolized, highly active form of CN in nearby astrocytes, suggesting a link between the CN/NFAT pathway and chronic cerebrovascular disease. In this Mini Review article, we discuss CN/NFAT signaling properties in the context of vascular disease and use previous cell type-specific intervention studies in Alzheimer's disease and traumatic brain injury models as a framework to understand how astrocytic CN/NFATs may couple vascular pathology to neurodegeneration and cognitive loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D. Kraner
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Christopher M. Norris
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
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68
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Tarasova EO, Gaydukov AE, Balezina OP. Calcineurin and Its Role in Synaptic Transmission. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:674-689. [PMID: 30195324 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918060056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Calcineurin (CaN) is a serine/threonine phosphatase widely expressed in different cell types and structures including neurons and synapses. The most studied role of CaN is its involvement in the functioning of postsynaptic structures of central synapses. The role of CaN in the presynaptic structures of central and peripheral synapses is less understood, although it has generated a considerable interest and is a subject of a growing number of studies. The regulatory role of CaN in synaptic vesicle endocytosis in the synapse terminals is actively studied. In recent years, new targets of CaN have been identified and its role in the regulation of enzymes and neurotransmitter secretion in peripheral neuromuscular junctions has been revealed. CaN is the only phosphatase that requires calcium and calmodulin for activation. In this review, we present details of CaN molecular structure and give a detailed description of possible mechanisms of CaN activation involving calcium, enzymes, and endogenous and exogenous inhibitors. Known and newly discovered CaN targets at pre- and postsynaptic levels are described. CaN activity in synaptic structures is discussed in terms of functional involvement of this phosphatase in synaptic transmission and neurotransmitter release.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Tarasova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A E Gaydukov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia. .,Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - O P Balezina
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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69
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Hopp SC, Bihlmeyer NA, Corradi JP, Vanderburg C, Cacace AM, Das S, Clark TW, Betensky RA, Hyman BT, Hudry E. Neuronal calcineurin transcriptional targets parallel changes observed in Alzheimer disease brain. J Neurochem 2018; 147:24-39. [PMID: 29806693 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic dysfunction and loss are core pathological features in Alzheimer disease (AD). In the vicinity of amyloid-β plaques in animal models, synaptic toxicity occurs and is associated with chronic activation of the phosphatase calcineurin (CN). Indeed, pharmacological inhibition of CN blocks amyloid-β synaptotoxicity. We therefore hypothesized that CN-mediated transcriptional changes may contribute to AD neuropathology and tested this by examining the impact of CN over-expression on neuronal gene expression in vivo. We found dramatic transcriptional down-regulation, especially of synaptic mRNAs, in neurons chronically exposed to CN activation. Importantly, the transcriptional profile parallels the changes in human AD tissue. Bioinformatics analyses suggest that both nuclear factor of activated T cells and numerous microRNAs may all be impacted by CN, and parallel findings are observed in AD. These data and analyses support the hypothesis that at least part of the synaptic failure characterizing AD may result from aberrant CN activation leading to down-regulation of synaptic genes, potentially via activation of specific transcription factors and expression of repressive microRNAs. OPEN PRACTICES Open Science: This manuscript was awarded with the Open Materials Badge. For more information see: https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/ Read the Editorial Highlight for this article on page 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Hopp
- Alzheimer's disease Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nathan A Bihlmeyer
- MIND Informatics, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John P Corradi
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Charles Vanderburg
- Alzheimer's disease Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Angela M Cacace
- Exploratory Biology and Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sudeshna Das
- MIND Informatics, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Timothy W Clark
- MIND Informatics, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rebecca A Betensky
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bradley T Hyman
- Alzheimer's disease Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eloise Hudry
- Alzheimer's disease Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
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70
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Sompol P, Norris CM. Ca 2+, Astrocyte Activation and Calcineurin/NFAT Signaling in Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:199. [PMID: 30038565 PMCID: PMC6046440 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence supports a fundamental role for Ca2+ dysregulation in astrocyte activation. Though the activated astrocyte phenotype is complex, cell-type targeting approaches have revealed a number of detrimental roles of activated astrocytes involving neuroinflammation, release of synaptotoxic factors and loss of glutamate regulation. Work from our lab and others has suggested that the Ca2+/calmodulin dependent protein phosphatase, calcineurin (CN), provides a critical link between Ca2+ dysregulation and the activated astrocyte phenotype. A proteolyzed, hyperactivated form of CN appears at high levels in activated astrocytes in both human tissue and rodent tissue around regions of amyloid and vascular pathology. Similar upregulation of the CN-dependent transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT4) also appears in activated astrocytes in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (ADs) and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Major consequences of hyperactivated CN/NFAT4 signaling in astrocytes are neuroinflammation, synapse dysfunction and glutamate dysregulation/excitotoxicity, which will be covered in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradoldej Sompol
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Christopher M Norris
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
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71
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Zhao Z, Hiraoka Y, Ogawa H, Tanaka K. Region-specific deletions of the glutamate transporter GLT1 differentially affect nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain in mice. Glia 2018; 66:1988-1998. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyang Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute (MRI), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima; Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8510 Japan
| | - Yuichi Hiraoka
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute (MRI), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima; Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8510 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ogawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute (MRI), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima; Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8510 Japan
| | - Kohichi Tanaka
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute (MRI), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima; Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8510 Japan
- Center for Brain Integration Research (CBIR), TMDU, 1-5-45 Yushima; Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8510 Japan
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72
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Perez-Nievas BG, Serrano-Pozo A. Deciphering the Astrocyte Reaction in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:114. [PMID: 29922147 PMCID: PMC5996928 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive astrocytes were identified as a component of senile amyloid plaques in the cortex of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients several decades ago. However, their role in AD pathophysiology has remained elusive ever since, in part owing to the extrapolation of the literature from primary astrocyte cultures and acute brain injury models to a chronic neurodegenerative scenario. Recent accumulating evidence supports the idea that reactive astrocytes in AD acquire neurotoxic properties, likely due to both a gain of toxic function and a loss of their neurotrophic effects. However, the diversity and complexity of this glial cell is only beginning to be unveiled, anticipating that astrocyte reaction might be heterogeneous as well. Herein we review the evidence from mouse models of AD and human neuropathological studies and attempt to decipher the main conundrums that astrocytes pose to our understanding of AD development and progression. We discuss the morphological features that characterize astrocyte reaction in the AD brain, the consequences of astrocyte reaction for both astrocyte biology and AD pathological hallmarks, and the molecular pathways that have been implicated in this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Serrano-Pozo
- Alzheimer's Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (MIND), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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73
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Price BR, Norris CM, Sompol P, Wilcock DM. An emerging role of astrocytes in vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia. J Neurochem 2018; 144:644-650. [PMID: 29222909 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) is understood to be the second most common cause of dementia after Alzheimer's disease, and is also a frequent comorbidity with Alzheimer's disease. While VCID is widely acknowledged as a key contributor to dementia, the mechanistic underpinnings of VCID remain poorly understood. In this review, we address the potential role of astrocytes in the pathophysiology of VCID. The vast majority of the blood vessels in the brain are surrounded by astrocytic end-feet. Given that astrocytes make up a significant proportion of the cells in the brain, and that astrocytes are usually passively connected to one another through gap junctions, we hypothesize that astrocytes are key mediators of cognitive impairment because of cerebrovascular disease. In this review, we discuss the existing body of literature regarding the role of astrocytes at the vasculature in the brain, and the known consequences of their dysfunction, as well as our hypotheses regarding the role astrocytes play in VCID. This article is part of the Special Issue "Vascular Dementia".
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittani R Price
- Department of Physiology, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Christopher M Norris
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Pradoldej Sompol
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Donna M Wilcock
- Department of Physiology, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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74
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Griffin EF, Caldwell KA, Caldwell GA. Genetic and Pharmacological Discovery for Alzheimer's Disease Using Caenorhabditis elegans. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:2596-2606. [PMID: 29022701 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The societal burden presented by Alzheimer's disease warrants both innovative and expedient means by which its underlying molecular causes can be both identified and mechanistically exploited to discern novel therapeutic targets and strategies. The conserved characteristics, defined neuroanatomy, and advanced technological application of Caenorhabditis elegans render this metazoan an unmatched tool for probing neurotoxic factors. In addition, its short lifespan and importance in the field of aging make it an ideal organism for modeling age-related neurodegenerative disease. As such, this nematode system has demonstrated its value in predicting functional modifiers of human neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we review how C. elegans has been utilized to model Alzheimer's disease. Specifically, we present how the causative neurotoxic peptides, amyloid-β and tau, contribute to disease-like neurodegeneration in C. elegans and how they translate to human disease. Furthermore, we describe how a variety of transgenic animal strains, each with distinct utility, have been used to identify both genetic and pharmacological modifiers of toxicity in C. elegans. As technological advances improve the prospects for intervention, the rapidity, unparalleled accuracy, and scale that C. elegans offers researchers for defining functional modifiers of neurodegeneration should speed the discovery of improved therapies for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward F. Griffin
- Department
of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Kim A. Caldwell
- Department
of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Guy A. Caldwell
- Department
of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
- Departments
of Neurology and Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental
Therapeutics, The University of Alabama School of Medicine at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
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