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George C, Gontier G, Lacube P, François JC, Holzenberger M, Aïd S. The Alzheimer's disease transcriptome mimics the neuroprotective signature of IGF-1 receptor-deficient neurons. Brain 2017; 140:2012-2027. [PMID: 28595357 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Seminal studies using post-mortem brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease evidenced aberrant insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) signalling. Addressing causality, work in animal models recently demonstrated that long-term suppression of IGF1R signalling alleviates Alzheimer's disease progression and promotes neuroprotection. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely elusive. Here, we showed that genetically ablating IGF1R in neurons of the ageing brain efficiently protects from neuroinflammation, anxiety and memory impairments induced by intracerebroventricular injection of amyloid-β oligomers. In our mutant mice, the suppression of IGF1R signalling also invariably led to small neuronal soma size, indicative of profound changes in cellular homeodynamics. To gain insight into transcriptional signatures leading to Alzheimer's disease-relevant neuronal defence, we performed genome-wide microarray analysis on laser-dissected hippocampal CA1 after neuronal IGF1R knockout, in the presence or absence of APP/PS1 transgenes. Functional analysis comparing neurons in early-stage Alzheimer's disease with IGF1R knockout neurons revealed strongly convergent transcriptomic signatures, notably involving neurite growth, cytoskeleton organization, cellular stress response and neurotransmission. Moreover, in Alzheimer's disease neurons, a high proportion of genes responding to Alzheimer's disease showed a reversed differential expression when IGF1R was deleted. One of the genes consistently highlighted in genome-wide comparison was the neurofilament medium polypeptide Nefm. We found that NEFM accumulated in hippocampus in the presence of amyloid pathology, and decreased to control levels under IGF1R deletion, suggesting that reorganized cytoskeleton likely plays a role in neuroprotection. These findings demonstrated that significant resistance of the brain to amyloid-β can be achieved lifelong by suppressing neuronal IGF1R and identified IGF-dependent molecular pathways that coordinate an intrinsic program for neuroprotection against proteotoxicity. Our data also indicate that neuronal defences against Alzheimer's disease rely on an endogenous gene expression profile similar to the neuroprotective response activated by genetic disruption of IGF1R signalling. This study highlights neuronal IGF1R signalling as a relevant target for developing Alzheimer's disease prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline George
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC - Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Géraldine Gontier
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC - Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Lacube
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC - Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe François
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC - Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Martin Holzenberger
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC - Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Saba Aïd
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC - Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75012 Paris, France
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52
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Chen R, Chen CP, Preston JE. Effects of transthyretin on thyroxine and β-amyloid removal from cerebrospinal fluid in mice. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 43:844-50. [PMID: 27220110 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR) is a binding protein for the thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4 ), retinol and β-amyloid peptide. TTR aids the transfer of T4 from the blood to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), but also prevents T4 loss from the blood-CSF barrier. It is, however, unclear whether TTR affects the clearance of β-amyloid from the CSF. This study aimed to investigate roles of TTR in β-amyloid and T4 efflux from the CSF. Eight-week-old 129sv male mice were anaesthetized and their lateral ventricles were cannulated. Mice were infused with artificial CSF containing (125) I-T4 /(3) H-mannitol, or (125) I-Aβ40/(3) H-inulin, in the presence or absence of TTR. Mice were decapitated at 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 minutes after injection. The whole brain was then removed and divided into different regions. The radioactivities in the brain were determined by liquid scintillation counting. At baseline, the net uptake of (125) I-T4 into the brain was significantly higher than that of (125) I-Aβ40, and the half time for efflux was shorter ((125) I-T4 , 5.16; (3) H-mannitol, 7.44; (125) I-Aβ40, 8.34; (3) H-inulin, 10.78 minutes). The presence of TTR increased the half time for efflux of (125) I-T4 efflux, and caused a noticeable increase in the uptake of (125) I-T4 and (125) I-Aβ40 in the choroid plexus, whilst uptakes of (3) H-mannitol and (3) H-inulin remained similar to control experiments. This study indicates that thyroxine and amyloid peptide effuse from the CSF using different transporters. TTR binds to thyroxine and amyloid peptide to prevent the loss of thyroxine from the brain and redistribute amyloid peptide to the choroid plexus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoli Chen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK.,Institute of Science and Technology of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Carl P Chen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan County, Taiwan, China
| | - Jane E Preston
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK
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Gimeno A, Santos LM, Alemi M, Rivas J, Blasi D, Cotrina EY, Llop J, Valencia G, Cardoso I, Quintana J, Arsequell G, Jiménez-Barbero J. Insights on the Interaction between Transthyretin and Aβ in Solution. A Saturation Transfer Difference (STD) NMR Analysis of the Role of Iododiflunisal. J Med Chem 2017; 60:5749-5758. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gimeno
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology
Park, Building 801A, 48170 Derio, Spain
| | - Luis M. Santos
- IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Campo Alegre 823, 4150 Porto, Portugal
- i3S—Instituto
de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mobina Alemi
- IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Campo Alegre 823, 4150 Porto, Portugal
- i3S—Instituto
de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade
de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernani Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Josep Rivas
- Plataforma
Drug
Discovery, Parc Científic de Barcelona (PCB), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Blasi
- Plataforma
Drug
Discovery, Parc Científic de Barcelona (PCB), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ellen Y. Cotrina
- Institut de Química
Avançada de Catalunya (I.Q.A.C.-C.S.I.C.), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Llop
- Radiochemistry
and Nuclear Imaging Group, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramon 182, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Gregorio Valencia
- Institut de Química
Avançada de Catalunya (I.Q.A.C.-C.S.I.C.), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Cardoso
- IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Campo Alegre 823, 4150 Porto, Portugal
- i3S—Instituto
de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jordi Quintana
- Plataforma
Drug
Discovery, Parc Científic de Barcelona (PCB), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Arsequell
- Institut de Química
Avançada de Catalunya (I.Q.A.C.-C.S.I.C.), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology
Park, Building 801A, 48170 Derio, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 13, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
- Departament
of Organic Chemistry II, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
- Plataforma
Drug
Discovery, Parc Científic de Barcelona (PCB), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Finch NA, Wang X, Baker MC, Heckman MG, Gendron TF, Bieniek KF, Wuu J, DeJesus-Hernandez M, Brown PH, Chew J, Jansen-West KR, Daughrity LM, Nicholson AM, Murray ME, Josephs KA, Parisi JE, Knopman DS, Petersen RC, Petrucelli L, Boeve BF, Graff-Radford NR, Asmann YW, Dickson DW, Benatar M, Bowser R, Boylan KB, Rademakers R, van Blitterswijk M. Abnormal expression of homeobox genes and transthyretin in C9ORF72 expansion carriers. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2017; 3:e161. [PMID: 28660252 PMCID: PMC5479438 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We performed a genome-wide brain expression study to reveal the underpinnings of diseases linked to a repeat expansion in chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9ORF72). METHODS The genome-wide expression profile was investigated in brain tissue obtained from C9ORF72 expansion carriers (n = 32), patients without this expansion (n = 30), and controls (n = 20). Using quantitative real-time PCR, findings were confirmed in our entire pathologic cohort of expansion carriers (n = 56) as well as nonexpansion carriers (n = 31) and controls (n = 20). RESULTS Our findings were most profound in the cerebellum, where we identified 40 differentially expressed genes, when comparing expansion carriers to patients without this expansion, including 22 genes that have a homeobox (e.g., HOX genes) and/or are located within the HOX gene cluster (top hit: homeobox A5 [HOXA5]). In addition to the upregulation of multiple homeobox genes that play a vital role in neuronal development, we noticed an upregulation of transthyretin (TTR), an extracellular protein that is thought to be involved in neuroprotection. Pathway analysis aligned with these findings and revealed enrichment for gene ontology processes involved in (anatomic) development (e.g., organ morphogenesis). Additional analyses uncovered that HOXA5 and TTR levels are associated with C9ORF72 variant 2 levels as well as with intron-containing transcript levels, and thus, disease-related changes in those transcripts may have triggered the upregulation of HOXA5 and TTR. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our identification of genes involved in developmental processes and neuroprotection sheds light on potential compensatory mechanisms influencing the occurrence, presentation, and/or progression of C9ORF72-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- NiCole A Finch
- Department of Neuroscience (N.A.F., M.C.B., T.F.G., K.F.B., M.D.-H., P.H.B., J.C., K.R.J.-W., L.M.D., A.M.N., M.E.M., L.P., D.W.D., R.R., M.v.B.), Department of Health Sciences Research (X.W., Y.W.A.), Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R., K.B.B.), Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.W., M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., J.E.P., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Divisions of Neurology and Neurobiology (R.B.), Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Neuroscience (N.A.F., M.C.B., T.F.G., K.F.B., M.D.-H., P.H.B., J.C., K.R.J.-W., L.M.D., A.M.N., M.E.M., L.P., D.W.D., R.R., M.v.B.), Department of Health Sciences Research (X.W., Y.W.A.), Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R., K.B.B.), Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.W., M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., J.E.P., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Divisions of Neurology and Neurobiology (R.B.), Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Matthew C Baker
- Department of Neuroscience (N.A.F., M.C.B., T.F.G., K.F.B., M.D.-H., P.H.B., J.C., K.R.J.-W., L.M.D., A.M.N., M.E.M., L.P., D.W.D., R.R., M.v.B.), Department of Health Sciences Research (X.W., Y.W.A.), Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R., K.B.B.), Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.W., M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., J.E.P., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Divisions of Neurology and Neurobiology (R.B.), Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Michael G Heckman
- Department of Neuroscience (N.A.F., M.C.B., T.F.G., K.F.B., M.D.-H., P.H.B., J.C., K.R.J.-W., L.M.D., A.M.N., M.E.M., L.P., D.W.D., R.R., M.v.B.), Department of Health Sciences Research (X.W., Y.W.A.), Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R., K.B.B.), Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.W., M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., J.E.P., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Divisions of Neurology and Neurobiology (R.B.), Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Tania F Gendron
- Department of Neuroscience (N.A.F., M.C.B., T.F.G., K.F.B., M.D.-H., P.H.B., J.C., K.R.J.-W., L.M.D., A.M.N., M.E.M., L.P., D.W.D., R.R., M.v.B.), Department of Health Sciences Research (X.W., Y.W.A.), Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R., K.B.B.), Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.W., M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., J.E.P., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Divisions of Neurology and Neurobiology (R.B.), Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Kevin F Bieniek
- Department of Neuroscience (N.A.F., M.C.B., T.F.G., K.F.B., M.D.-H., P.H.B., J.C., K.R.J.-W., L.M.D., A.M.N., M.E.M., L.P., D.W.D., R.R., M.v.B.), Department of Health Sciences Research (X.W., Y.W.A.), Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R., K.B.B.), Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.W., M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., J.E.P., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Divisions of Neurology and Neurobiology (R.B.), Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Joanne Wuu
- Department of Neuroscience (N.A.F., M.C.B., T.F.G., K.F.B., M.D.-H., P.H.B., J.C., K.R.J.-W., L.M.D., A.M.N., M.E.M., L.P., D.W.D., R.R., M.v.B.), Department of Health Sciences Research (X.W., Y.W.A.), Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R., K.B.B.), Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.W., M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., J.E.P., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Divisions of Neurology and Neurobiology (R.B.), Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Mariely DeJesus-Hernandez
- Department of Neuroscience (N.A.F., M.C.B., T.F.G., K.F.B., M.D.-H., P.H.B., J.C., K.R.J.-W., L.M.D., A.M.N., M.E.M., L.P., D.W.D., R.R., M.v.B.), Department of Health Sciences Research (X.W., Y.W.A.), Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R., K.B.B.), Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.W., M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., J.E.P., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Divisions of Neurology and Neurobiology (R.B.), Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Patricia H Brown
- Department of Neuroscience (N.A.F., M.C.B., T.F.G., K.F.B., M.D.-H., P.H.B., J.C., K.R.J.-W., L.M.D., A.M.N., M.E.M., L.P., D.W.D., R.R., M.v.B.), Department of Health Sciences Research (X.W., Y.W.A.), Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R., K.B.B.), Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.W., M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., J.E.P., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Divisions of Neurology and Neurobiology (R.B.), Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Jeannie Chew
- Department of Neuroscience (N.A.F., M.C.B., T.F.G., K.F.B., M.D.-H., P.H.B., J.C., K.R.J.-W., L.M.D., A.M.N., M.E.M., L.P., D.W.D., R.R., M.v.B.), Department of Health Sciences Research (X.W., Y.W.A.), Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R., K.B.B.), Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.W., M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., J.E.P., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Divisions of Neurology and Neurobiology (R.B.), Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Karen R Jansen-West
- Department of Neuroscience (N.A.F., M.C.B., T.F.G., K.F.B., M.D.-H., P.H.B., J.C., K.R.J.-W., L.M.D., A.M.N., M.E.M., L.P., D.W.D., R.R., M.v.B.), Department of Health Sciences Research (X.W., Y.W.A.), Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R., K.B.B.), Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.W., M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., J.E.P., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Divisions of Neurology and Neurobiology (R.B.), Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Lillian M Daughrity
- Department of Neuroscience (N.A.F., M.C.B., T.F.G., K.F.B., M.D.-H., P.H.B., J.C., K.R.J.-W., L.M.D., A.M.N., M.E.M., L.P., D.W.D., R.R., M.v.B.), Department of Health Sciences Research (X.W., Y.W.A.), Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R., K.B.B.), Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.W., M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., J.E.P., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Divisions of Neurology and Neurobiology (R.B.), Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Alexandra M Nicholson
- Department of Neuroscience (N.A.F., M.C.B., T.F.G., K.F.B., M.D.-H., P.H.B., J.C., K.R.J.-W., L.M.D., A.M.N., M.E.M., L.P., D.W.D., R.R., M.v.B.), Department of Health Sciences Research (X.W., Y.W.A.), Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R., K.B.B.), Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.W., M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., J.E.P., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Divisions of Neurology and Neurobiology (R.B.), Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Melissa E Murray
- Department of Neuroscience (N.A.F., M.C.B., T.F.G., K.F.B., M.D.-H., P.H.B., J.C., K.R.J.-W., L.M.D., A.M.N., M.E.M., L.P., D.W.D., R.R., M.v.B.), Department of Health Sciences Research (X.W., Y.W.A.), Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R., K.B.B.), Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.W., M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., J.E.P., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Divisions of Neurology and Neurobiology (R.B.), Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Keith A Josephs
- Department of Neuroscience (N.A.F., M.C.B., T.F.G., K.F.B., M.D.-H., P.H.B., J.C., K.R.J.-W., L.M.D., A.M.N., M.E.M., L.P., D.W.D., R.R., M.v.B.), Department of Health Sciences Research (X.W., Y.W.A.), Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R., K.B.B.), Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.W., M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., J.E.P., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Divisions of Neurology and Neurobiology (R.B.), Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Joseph E Parisi
- Department of Neuroscience (N.A.F., M.C.B., T.F.G., K.F.B., M.D.-H., P.H.B., J.C., K.R.J.-W., L.M.D., A.M.N., M.E.M., L.P., D.W.D., R.R., M.v.B.), Department of Health Sciences Research (X.W., Y.W.A.), Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R., K.B.B.), Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.W., M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., J.E.P., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Divisions of Neurology and Neurobiology (R.B.), Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | - David S Knopman
- Department of Neuroscience (N.A.F., M.C.B., T.F.G., K.F.B., M.D.-H., P.H.B., J.C., K.R.J.-W., L.M.D., A.M.N., M.E.M., L.P., D.W.D., R.R., M.v.B.), Department of Health Sciences Research (X.W., Y.W.A.), Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R., K.B.B.), Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.W., M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., J.E.P., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Divisions of Neurology and Neurobiology (R.B.), Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Ronald C Petersen
- Department of Neuroscience (N.A.F., M.C.B., T.F.G., K.F.B., M.D.-H., P.H.B., J.C., K.R.J.-W., L.M.D., A.M.N., M.E.M., L.P., D.W.D., R.R., M.v.B.), Department of Health Sciences Research (X.W., Y.W.A.), Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R., K.B.B.), Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.W., M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., J.E.P., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Divisions of Neurology and Neurobiology (R.B.), Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Leonard Petrucelli
- Department of Neuroscience (N.A.F., M.C.B., T.F.G., K.F.B., M.D.-H., P.H.B., J.C., K.R.J.-W., L.M.D., A.M.N., M.E.M., L.P., D.W.D., R.R., M.v.B.), Department of Health Sciences Research (X.W., Y.W.A.), Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R., K.B.B.), Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.W., M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., J.E.P., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Divisions of Neurology and Neurobiology (R.B.), Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Bradley F Boeve
- Department of Neuroscience (N.A.F., M.C.B., T.F.G., K.F.B., M.D.-H., P.H.B., J.C., K.R.J.-W., L.M.D., A.M.N., M.E.M., L.P., D.W.D., R.R., M.v.B.), Department of Health Sciences Research (X.W., Y.W.A.), Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R., K.B.B.), Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.W., M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., J.E.P., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Divisions of Neurology and Neurobiology (R.B.), Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Neill R Graff-Radford
- Department of Neuroscience (N.A.F., M.C.B., T.F.G., K.F.B., M.D.-H., P.H.B., J.C., K.R.J.-W., L.M.D., A.M.N., M.E.M., L.P., D.W.D., R.R., M.v.B.), Department of Health Sciences Research (X.W., Y.W.A.), Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R., K.B.B.), Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.W., M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., J.E.P., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Divisions of Neurology and Neurobiology (R.B.), Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Yan W Asmann
- Department of Neuroscience (N.A.F., M.C.B., T.F.G., K.F.B., M.D.-H., P.H.B., J.C., K.R.J.-W., L.M.D., A.M.N., M.E.M., L.P., D.W.D., R.R., M.v.B.), Department of Health Sciences Research (X.W., Y.W.A.), Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R., K.B.B.), Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.W., M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., J.E.P., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Divisions of Neurology and Neurobiology (R.B.), Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Dennis W Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience (N.A.F., M.C.B., T.F.G., K.F.B., M.D.-H., P.H.B., J.C., K.R.J.-W., L.M.D., A.M.N., M.E.M., L.P., D.W.D., R.R., M.v.B.), Department of Health Sciences Research (X.W., Y.W.A.), Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R., K.B.B.), Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.W., M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., J.E.P., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Divisions of Neurology and Neurobiology (R.B.), Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Michael Benatar
- Department of Neuroscience (N.A.F., M.C.B., T.F.G., K.F.B., M.D.-H., P.H.B., J.C., K.R.J.-W., L.M.D., A.M.N., M.E.M., L.P., D.W.D., R.R., M.v.B.), Department of Health Sciences Research (X.W., Y.W.A.), Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R., K.B.B.), Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.W., M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., J.E.P., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Divisions of Neurology and Neurobiology (R.B.), Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Robert Bowser
- Department of Neuroscience (N.A.F., M.C.B., T.F.G., K.F.B., M.D.-H., P.H.B., J.C., K.R.J.-W., L.M.D., A.M.N., M.E.M., L.P., D.W.D., R.R., M.v.B.), Department of Health Sciences Research (X.W., Y.W.A.), Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R., K.B.B.), Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.W., M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., J.E.P., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Divisions of Neurology and Neurobiology (R.B.), Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Kevin B Boylan
- Department of Neuroscience (N.A.F., M.C.B., T.F.G., K.F.B., M.D.-H., P.H.B., J.C., K.R.J.-W., L.M.D., A.M.N., M.E.M., L.P., D.W.D., R.R., M.v.B.), Department of Health Sciences Research (X.W., Y.W.A.), Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R., K.B.B.), Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.W., M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., J.E.P., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Divisions of Neurology and Neurobiology (R.B.), Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience (N.A.F., M.C.B., T.F.G., K.F.B., M.D.-H., P.H.B., J.C., K.R.J.-W., L.M.D., A.M.N., M.E.M., L.P., D.W.D., R.R., M.v.B.), Department of Health Sciences Research (X.W., Y.W.A.), Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R., K.B.B.), Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.W., M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., J.E.P., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Divisions of Neurology and Neurobiology (R.B.), Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Marka van Blitterswijk
- Department of Neuroscience (N.A.F., M.C.B., T.F.G., K.F.B., M.D.-H., P.H.B., J.C., K.R.J.-W., L.M.D., A.M.N., M.E.M., L.P., D.W.D., R.R., M.v.B.), Department of Health Sciences Research (X.W., Y.W.A.), Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R., K.B.B.), Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (J.W., M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., J.E.P., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Divisions of Neurology and Neurobiology (R.B.), Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
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55
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Mannini B, Chiti F. Chaperones as Suppressors of Protein Misfolded Oligomer Toxicity. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:98. [PMID: 28424588 PMCID: PMC5380756 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chaperones have long been recognized to play well defined functions such as to: (i) assist protein folding and promote formation and maintenance of multisubunit complexes; (ii) mediate protein degradation; (iii) inhibit protein aggregation; and (iv) promote disassembly of undesired aberrant protein aggregates. In addition to these well-established functions, it is increasingly clear that chaperones can also interact with aberrant protein aggregates, such as pre-fibrillar oligomers and fibrils, and inhibit their toxicity commonly associated with neurodegenerative diseases without promoting their disassembly. In particular, the evidence collected so far in different labs, exploiting different experimental approaches and using different chaperones and client aggregated proteins, indicates the existence of two distinct mechanisms of action mediated by the chaperones to neutralize the toxicity of aberrant proteins oligomers: (i) direct binding of the chaperones to the hydrophobic patches exposed on the oligomer/fibril surface, with resulting shielding or masking of the moieties responsible for the aberrant interactions with cellular targets; (ii) chaperone-mediated conversion of aberrant protein aggregates into large and more innocuous species, resulting in a decrease of their surface-to-volume ratio and diffusibility and in deposits more easily manageable by clearance mechanisms, such as autophagy. In this review article we will describe the in vitro and in vivo evidence supporting both mechanisms and how this results in a suppression of the detrimental effects caused by protein misfolded aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabrizio Chiti
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy
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56
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Buxbaum JN, Johansson J. Transthyretin and BRICHOS: The Paradox of Amyloidogenic Proteins with Anti-Amyloidogenic Activity for Aβ in the Central Nervous System. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:119. [PMID: 28360830 PMCID: PMC5350149 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid fibrils are physiologically insoluble biophysically specific β-sheet rich structures formed by the aggregation of misfolded proteins. In vivo tissue amyloid formation is responsible for more than 30 different disease states in humans and other mammals. One of these, Alzheimer's disease (AD), is the most common form of human dementia for which there is currently no definitive treatment. Amyloid fibril formation by the amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) is considered to be an underlying cause of AD, and strategies designed to reduce Aβ production and/or its toxic effects are being extensively investigated in both laboratory and clinical settings. Transthyretin (TTR) and proteins containing a BRICHOS domain are etiologically associated with specific amyloid diseases in the CNS and other organs. Nonetheless, it has been observed that TTR and BRICHOS structures are efficient inhibitors of Aβ fibril formation and toxicity in vitro and in vivo, raising the possibility that some amyloidogenic proteins, or their precursors, possess properties that may be harnessed for combating AD and other amyloidoses. Herein, we review properties of TTR and the BRICHOS domain and discuss how their abilities to interfere with amyloid formation may be employed in the development of novel treatments for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel N Buxbaum
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research InstituteLa Jolla, CA, USA; Scintillon InstituteSan Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jan Johansson
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society (NVS), Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet Huddinge, Sweden
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57
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Pate KM, Murphy RM. Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteins as Regulators of Beta-amyloid Aggregation and Toxicity. Isr J Chem 2017; 57:602-612. [PMID: 29129937 DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201600078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid disorders, such as Alzheimer's, are almost invariably late-onset diseases. One defining diagnostic feature of Alzheimer's disease is the deposition of beta-amyloid as extracellular plaques, primarily in the hippocampus. This raises the question: are there natural protective agents that prevent beta-amyloid from depositing, and is it loss of this protection that leads to onset of disease? Proteins in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have been suggested to act as just such natural protective agents. Here, we describe some of the early evidence that led to this suggestion, and we discuss, in greater detail, two CSF proteins that have garnered the bulk of the attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla M Pate
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison WI 53706 (USA)
| | - Regina M Murphy
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison WI 53706 (USA)
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58
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Wang J, Cunningham R, Zetterberg H, Asthana S, Carlsson C, Okonkwo O, Li L. Label-free quantitative comparison of cerebrospinal fluid glycoproteins and endogenous peptides in subjects with Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, and healthy individuals. Proteomics Clin Appl 2016; 10:1225-1241. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201600009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingxin Wang
- Neuroscience Training Program; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI USA
| | | | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory; Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Mölndal Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Mölndal Sweden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience; UCL Institute of Neurology; Queen Square London UK
| | - Sanjay Asthana
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center; University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; Madison WI USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center; Wm. S. Middleton Veterans Hospital; Madison WI USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute; University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; Madison WI USA
| | - Cynthia Carlsson
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center; University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; Madison WI USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center; Wm. S. Middleton Veterans Hospital; Madison WI USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute; University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; Madison WI USA
| | - Ozioma Okonkwo
- Neuroscience Training Program; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center; University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; Madison WI USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center; Wm. S. Middleton Veterans Hospital; Madison WI USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute; University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; Madison WI USA
| | - Lingjun Li
- Neuroscience Training Program; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI USA
- School of Pharmacy; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI USA
- Department of Chemistry; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI USA
- School of Life Sciences; Tianjin University; Tianjin China
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59
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Oka S, Leon J, Sakumi K, Ide T, Kang D, LaFerla FM, Nakabeppu Y. Human mitochondrial transcriptional factor A breaks the mitochondria-mediated vicious cycle in Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37889. [PMID: 27897204 PMCID: PMC5126576 DOI: 10.1038/srep37889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mitochondria-mediated vicious cycle of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), intracellular amyloid β (Aβ) induces mitochondrial dysfunction and reactive oxygen species, which further accelerate Aβ accumulation. This vicious cycle is thought to play a pivotal role in the development of AD, although the molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here, we examined the effects of human mitochondrial transcriptional factor A (hTFAM) on the pathology of a mouse model of AD (3xTg-AD), because TFAM is known to protect mitochondria from oxidative stress through maintenance of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Expression of hTFAM significantly improved cognitive function, reducing accumulation of both 8-oxoguanine, an oxidized form of guanine, in mtDNA and intracellular Aβ in 3xTg-AD mice and increasing expression of transthyretin, known to inhibit Aβ aggregation. Next, we found that AD model neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells carrying a mutant PSEN1(P117L) gene, exhibited mitochondrial dysfunction, accumulation of 8-oxoguanine and single-strand breaks in mtDNA, and impaired neuritogenesis with a decreased expression of transthyretin, which is known to be downregulated by oxidative stress. Extracellular treatment with recombinant hTFAM effectively suppressed these deleterious outcomes. Moreover, the treatment increased expression of transthyretin, accompanied by reduction of intracellular Aβ. These results provide new insights into potential novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugako Oka
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Julio Leon
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Sakumi
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tomomi Ide
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Dongchon Kang
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Frank M LaFerla
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Yusaku Nakabeppu
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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60
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Cappelli S, Penco A, Mannini B, Cascella R, Wilson MR, Ecroyd H, Li X, Buxbaum JN, Dobson CM, Cecchi C, Relini A, Chiti F. Effect of molecular chaperones on aberrant protein oligomers in vitro: super-versus sub-stoichiometric chaperone concentrations. Biol Chem 2016; 397:401-15. [PMID: 26812789 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2015-0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Living systems protect themselves from aberrant proteins by a network of chaperones. We have tested in vitro the effects of different concentrations, ranging from 0 to 16 μm, of two molecular chaperones, namely αB-crystallin and clusterin, and an engineered monomeric variant of transthyretin (M-TTR), on the morphology and cytotoxicity of preformed toxic oligomers of HypF-N, which represent a useful model of misfolded protein aggregates. Using atomic force microscopy imaging and static light scattering analysis, all were found to bind HypF-N oligomers and increase the size of the aggregates, to an extent that correlates with chaperone concentration. SDS-PAGE profiles have shown that the large aggregates were predominantly composed of the HypF-N protein. ANS fluorescence measurements show that the chaperone-induced clustering of HypF-N oligomers does not change the overall solvent exposure of hydrophobic residues on the surface of the oligomers. αB-crystallin, clusterin and M-TTR can diminish the cytotoxic effects of the HypF-N oligomers at all chaperone concentration, as demonstrated by MTT reduction and Ca2+ influx measurements. The observation that the protective effect is primarily at all concentrations of chaperones, both when the increase in HypF-N aggregate size is minimal and large, emphasizes the efficiency and versatility of these protein molecules.
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Transthyretin provides trophic support via megalin by promoting neurite outgrowth and neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:1749-1764. [PMID: 27518433 PMCID: PMC5071567 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR) is a protein whose function has been associated to binding and distribution of thyroid hormones in the body and brain. However, little is known regarding the downstream signaling pathways triggered by wild-type TTR in the CNS either in neuroprotection of cerebral ischemia or in physiological conditions. In this study, we investigated how TTR affects hippocampal neurons in physiologic/pathologic conditions. Recombinant TTR significantly boosted neurite outgrowth in mice hippocampal neurons, both in number and length, independently of its ligands. This TTR neuritogenic activity is mediated by the megalin receptor and is lost in megalin-deficient neurons. We also found that TTR activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways (ERK1/2) and Akt through Src, leading to the phosphorylation of transcription factor CREB. In addition, TTR promoted a transient rise in intracellular calcium through NMDA receptors, in a Src/megalin-dependent manner. Moreover, under excitotoxic conditions, TTR stimulation rescued cell death and neurite loss in TTR KO hippocampal neurons, which are more sensitive to excitotoxic degeneration than WT neurons, in a megalin-dependent manner. CREB was also activated by TTR under excitotoxic conditions, contributing to changes in the balance between Bcl2 protein family members, toward anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl2/BclXL versus Bax). Finally, we clarify that TTR KO mice subjected to pMCAO have larger infarcts than WT mice, because of TTR and megalin neuronal downregulation. Our results indicate that TTR might be regarded as a neurotrophic factor, because it stimulates neurite outgrowth under physiological conditions, and promotes neuroprotection in ischemic conditions.
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62
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Laiterä T, Kurki MI, Pursiheimo JP, Zetterberg H, Helisalmi S, Rauramaa T, Alafuzoff I, Remes AM, Soininen H, Haapasalo A, Jääskeläinen JE, Hiltunen M, Leinonen V. The Expression of Transthyretin and Amyloid-β Protein Precursor is Altered in the Brain of Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Patients. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 48:959-68. [PMID: 26444765 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a dementing condition in which Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques are frequently observed in the neocortex. iNPH patients with prominent Aβ pathology show AD-related alterations in amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) processing resulting from increased γ-secretase activity. OBJECTIVES Our goal was to assess potential alterations in the global gene expression profile in the brain of iNPH patients as compared to non-demented controls and to evaluate the levels of the identified targets in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of iNPH patients. METHODS The genome-wide expression profile of ~35,000 probes was assessed in the RNA samples obtained from 22 iNPH patients and eight non-demented control subjects using a microarray chip. The soluble levels of sAβPPα, sAβPPβ, and transthyretin (TTR) were measured from the CSF of 102 iNPH patients using ELISA. RESULTS After correcting the results for multiple testing, significant differences in the expression of TTR and A βPP were observed between iNPH and control subjects. The mRNA levels of TTR were on average 17-fold lower in iNPH samples compared to control samples. Conversely, the expression level of A βPP was on average three times higher in iNPH samples as compared to control samples. Interestingly, the expression of α-secretase (ADAM10) was also increased in iNPH patients. In the lumbar CSF samples, soluble TTR levels showed a significant positive correlation with sAβPPα and sAβPPβ, but TTR levels did not predict the brain pathology or the shunt response. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest differences in the expression profile of key factors involved in AD-related cellular events in the brain of iNPH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Laiterä
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurosurgery, University of Eastern Finland and Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mitja I Kurki
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurosurgery, University of Eastern Finland and Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Seppo Helisalmi
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuomas Rauramaa
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Pathology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Irina Alafuzoff
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anne M Remes
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha E Jääskeläinen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurosurgery, University of Eastern Finland and Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ville Leinonen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurosurgery, University of Eastern Finland and Neurosurgery of NeuroCenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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Jacobson DR, Alexander AA, Tagoe C, Garvey WT, Williams SM, Tishkoff S, Modiano D, Sirima SB, Kalidi I, Toure A, Buxbaum JN. The prevalence and distribution of the amyloidogenic transthyretin (TTR) V122I allele in Africa. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2016; 4:548-56. [PMID: 27652282 PMCID: PMC5023940 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transthyretin (TTR) pV142I (rs76992529‐A) is one of the 113 variants in the human TTR gene associated with systemic amyloidosis. It results from a G to A transition at a CG dinucleotide in the codon for amino acid 122 of the mature protein (TTR V122I). The allele frequency is 0.0173 in African Americans. Methods PCR‐based assays to genotype 2767 DNA samples obtained from participants in genetic studies from various African populations supplemented with sequencing data from 529 samples within the 1000 Genomes Project. Results The rs76992529‐A variant allele was most prevalent (allele frequency 0.0253) in the contiguous West African countries of Sierra Leone, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Ghana, and Nigeria. In other African countries, the mean allele frequency was 0.011. Conclusions Our data are consistent with a small number of founder carriers of the amyloidogenic TTR V122I (p.Val142Ile) allele in southern West Africa, with no apparent advantage or disadvantage of an allele carrying newborn reaching adulthood. In U.S. African Americans, the allele represents a significant risk for congestive heart failure late in life. If clinical penetrance is similar in African countries with high allele frequencies, then cardiac amyloidosis could also represent a significant cause of heart disease in the elderly in those populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Jacobson
- Veterans Administration Boston Healthcare System and Department of Medicine Boston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts
| | - Alice A Alexander
- Research Service Veterans Administration Boston Healthcare System Boston Massachusetts
| | - Clement Tagoe
- Department of Medicine Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx New York
| | - W T Garvey
- Department of Nutrition Sciences University of Alabama School of Medicine Birmingham Alabama
| | - Scott M Williams
- Department of Genetics Geisel School of Medicine Dartmouth University Hanover New Hampshire
| | - Sara Tishkoff
- Departments of Genetics and Biology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - David Modiano
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive Sapienza Università di Roma Rome Italy
| | - Sodiomon B Sirima
- Centre National de Recherche et Formation sur le Paludisme, Ministère de la Santé Ouagadougou Burkina Faso
| | - Issa Kalidi
- Hematology Laboratory Hôpital Saint-Louis Paris France
| | - Amadou Toure
- Institut National de Recherche en Santé Publique Bamako Mali
| | - Joel N Buxbaum
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla California
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64
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Mangrolia P, Yang DT, Murphy RM. Transthyretin variants with improved inhibition of β-amyloid aggregation. Protein Eng Des Sel 2016; 29:209-218. [PMID: 27099354 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzw008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of β-amyloid (Aβ) is widely believed to cause neuronal dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Transthyretin (TTR) binds to Aβ and inhibits its aggregation and neurotoxicity. TTR is a homotetrameric protein, with each monomer containing a short α-helix and two anti-parallel β-sheets. Dimers pack into tetramers to form a hydrophobic cavity. Here we report the discovery of a TTR mutant, N98A, that was more effective at inhibiting Aβ aggregation than wild-type (WT) TTR, although N98A and WT bound Aβ equally. The N98A mutation is located on a flexible loop distant from the putative Aβ-binding sites and does not alter secondary and tertiary structures nor prevent correct assembly into tetramers. Under non-physiological conditions, N98A tetramers were kinetically and thermodynamically less stable than WT, suggesting a difference in the tetramer folded structure. In vivo, the lone cysteine in TTR is frequently modified by S-cysteinylation or S-sulfonation. Like the N98A mutation, S-cysteinylation of TTR modestly decreased tetramer stability and increased TTR's effectiveness at inhibiting Aβ aggregation. Collectively, these data indicate that a subtle change in TTR tetramer structure measurably increases TTR's ability to inhibit Aβ aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parth Mangrolia
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Dennis T Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Regina M Murphy
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA
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65
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Transthyretin participates in beta-amyloid transport from the brain to the liver--involvement of the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1? Sci Rep 2016; 6:20164. [PMID: 26837706 PMCID: PMC4738280 DOI: 10.1038/srep20164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR) binds Aβ peptide, preventing its deposition and toxicity. TTR is decreased in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. Additionally, AD transgenic mice with only one copy of the TTR gene show increased brain and plasma Aβ levels when compared to AD mice with both copies of the gene, suggesting TTR involvement in brain Aβ efflux and/or peripheral clearance. Here we showed that TTR promotes Aβ internalization and efflux in a human cerebral microvascular endothelial cell line, hCMEC/D3. TTR also stimulated brain-to-blood but not blood-to-brain Aβ permeability in hCMEC/D3, suggesting that TTR interacts directly with Aβ at the blood-brain-barrier. We also observed that TTR crosses the monolayer of cells only in the brain-to-blood direction, as confirmed by in vivo studies, suggesting that TTR can transport Aβ from, but not into the brain. Furthermore, TTR increased Aβ internalization by SAHep cells and by primary hepatocytes from TTR+/+ mice when compared to TTR−/− animals. We propose that TTR-mediated Aβ clearance is through LRP1, as lower receptor expression was found in brains and livers of TTR−/− mice and in cells incubated without TTR. Our results suggest that TTR acts as a carrier of Aβ at the blood-brain-barrier and liver, using LRP1.
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Cellular protein homeostasis (proteostasis) maintains the integrity of the proteome and includes protein synthesis, folding, oligomerization, and turnover; chaperone proteins assist with all of these processes. Neurons appear to be especially susceptible to failures in proteostasis, and this is now increasingly recognized as a major origin of neurodegenerative disease. This review, based on a mini-symposium presented at the 2015 Society for Neuroscience meeting, describes new work in the area of neuronal proteostasis, with a specific focus on the roles and therapeutic uses of protein chaperones. We first present a brief review of protein misfolding and aggregation in neurodegenerative disease. We then discuss different aspects of chaperone control of neuronal proteostasis on topics ranging from chaperone engineering, to chaperone-mediated blockade of protein oligomerization and cytotoxicity, to the potential rescue of neurodegenerative processes using modified chaperone proteins. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Aberrant protein homeostasis within neurons results in protein misfolding and aggregation. In this review, we discuss specific roles for protein chaperones in the oligomerization, assembly, and disaggregation of proteins known to be abnormally folded in neurodegenerative disease. Collectively, our goal is to identify therapeutic mechanisms to reduce the cellular toxicity of abnormal aggregates.
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67
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An M, Gao Y. Urinary Biomarkers of Brain Diseases. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2016; 13:345-54. [PMID: 26751805 PMCID: PMC4747650 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers are the measurable changes associated with a physiological or pathophysiological process. Unlike blood, urine is not subject to homeostatic mechanisms. Therefore, greater fluctuations could occur in urine than in blood, better reflecting the changes in human body. The roadmap of urine biomarker era was proposed. Although urine analysis has been attempted for clinical diagnosis, and urine has been monitored during the progression of many diseases, particularly urinary system diseases, whether urine can reflect brain disease status remains uncertain. As some biomarkers of brain diseases can be detected in the body fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid and blood, there is a possibility that urine also contain biomarkers of brain diseases. This review summarizes the clues of brain diseases reflected in the urine proteome and metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manxia An
- Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China; School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China.
| | - Youhe Gao
- Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering and Biotechnology, Beijing 100875, China.
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68
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Arab HA, Muhammadnejad S, Faghihi SM, Hassanpour H, Muhammadnejad A. Effects of nitric oxide modulating activities on development of enteric nervous system mediated gut motility in chick embryo model. J Biosci 2015; 39:835-48. [PMID: 25431412 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-014-9474-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) arises from the enteric neural crest-derived cells (ENCCs), and many molecules and biochemical processes may be involved in its development. This study examined the effects of modulating embryonic nitric oxide (NO) activity on the intestinal motility induced by ENS. One-hundred-and-twenty fertilized chicken eggs were assigned to three main groups and incubated at 37 degrees Centigrade and 60 percent humidity. The eggs were treated with NG-nitro-Larginine methyl ester (L-NAME), sodium nitroprusside (SNP), L-arginine (L-Arg) or vehicle from days 3 (1st group), 7 (2nd group) and 10 (3rd group) of incubation and continued up to day 18. On day 19, the embryos were sacrificed, the jejunal and colorectal segments were taken and the intestinal motility was assessed using isolated organ system. The intestinal motility was recorded normally and following cholinergic, adrenergic and non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC) stimulations. The ENS structure was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Rhythmic intestinal contractions were seen in all treatment groups, but inhibition of NO in the LNAME- treated embryos caused significant decrease (p less than 0.01) in the frequency and amplitude of the contraction. The responsiveness to adrenergic, cholinergic and NANC stimulations was also significantly decreased (p less than 0.05). The GFAP expression was significantly (p less than 0.05) reduced in the L-NAME-treated embryos. This study showed that the inhibition of NO caused a deficient development of the ENS, leading to a decrease in the frequency and amplitude of the intestinal contractions and reduced the responsiveness to adrenergic, cholinergic and NANC signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein-Ali Arab
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran,
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69
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Cho PY, Joshi G, Boersma MD, Johnson JA, Murphy RM. A Cyclic Peptide Mimic of the β-Amyloid Binding Domain on Transthyretin. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:778-89. [PMID: 25713928 DOI: 10.1021/cn500272a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-association of β-amyloid (Aβ) into oligomers and fibrils is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), motivating the search for compounds that bind to and inhibit Aβ oligomerization and/or neurotoxicity. Peptides are an attractive class of such compounds, with potential advantages over small molecules in affinity and specificity. Self-complementation and peptide library screening are two strategies that have been employed in the search for peptides that bind to Aβ. Alternatively, one could design Aβ-binding peptides based on knowledge of complementary binding proteins. One candidate protein, transthyretin (TTR), binds Aβ, inhibits aggregation, and reduces its toxicity. Previously, strand G of TTR was identified as part of a specific Aβ binding domain, and G16, a 16-mer peptide with a sequence that spans strands G and H of TTR, was synthesized and tested. Although both TTR and G16 bound to Aβ, they differed significantly in their effect on Aβ aggregation, and G16 was less effective than TTR at protecting neurons from Aβ toxicity. G16 lacks the β-strand/loop/β-strand structure of TTR's Aβ binding domain. To enforce proper residue alignment, we transplanted the G16 sequence onto a β-hairpin template. Two peptides with 18 and 22 amino acids were synthesized using an orthogonally protected glutamic acid derivative, and an N-to-C cyclization reaction was carried out to further restrict conformational flexibility. The cyclized 22-mer (but not the noncyclized 22-mer nor the 18-mer) strongly suppressed Aβ aggregation into fibrils, and protected neurons against Aβ toxicity. The imposition of structural constraints generated a much-improved peptidomimetic of the Aβ binding epitope on TTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Y. Cho
- Department of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, ‡School of Pharmacy, and §Biotechnology
Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Gururaj Joshi
- Department of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, ‡School of Pharmacy, and §Biotechnology
Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Melissa D. Boersma
- Department of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, ‡School of Pharmacy, and §Biotechnology
Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Johnson
- Department of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, ‡School of Pharmacy, and §Biotechnology
Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Regina M. Murphy
- Department of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, ‡School of Pharmacy, and §Biotechnology
Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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70
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Alshehri B, D'Souza DG, Lee JY, Petratos S, Richardson SJ. The diversity of mechanisms influenced by transthyretin in neurobiology: development, disease and endocrine disruption. J Neuroendocrinol 2015; 27:303-23. [PMID: 25737004 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR) is a protein that binds and distributes thyroid hormones (THs). TTR synthesised in the liver is secreted into the bloodstream and distributes THs around the body, whereas TTR synthesised in the choroid plexus is involved in movement of thyroxine from the blood into the cerebrospinal fluid and the distribution of THs in the brain. This is important because an adequate amount of TH is required for normal development of the brain. Nevertheless, there has been heated debate on the role of TTR synthesised by the choroid plexus during the past 20 years. We present both sides of the debate and how they can be reconciled by the discovery of TH transporters. New roles for TTR have been suggested, including the promotion of neuroregeneration, protection against neurodegeneration, and involvement in schizophrenia, behaviour, memory and learning. Recently, TTR synthesis was revealed in neurones and peripheral Schwann cells. Thus, the synthesis of TTR in the central nervous system (CNS) is more extensive than previously considered and bolsters the hypothesis that TTR may play wide roles in neurobiological function. Given the high conservation of TTR structure, function and tissue specificity and timing of gene expression, this implies that TTR has a fundamental role, during development and in the adult, across vertebrates. An alarming number of 'unnatural' chemicals can bind to TTR, thus potentially interfering with its functions in the brain. One role of TTR is delivery of THs throughout the CNS. Reduced TH availability during brain development results in a reduced IQ. The combination of the newly discovered sites of TTR synthesis in the CNS, the increasing number of neurological diseases being associated with TTR, the newly discovered functions of TTR and the awareness of the chemicals that can interfere with TTR biology render this a timely review on TTR in neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Alshehri
- School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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71
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Robinson LZ, Reixach N. Quantification of quaternary structure stability in aggregation-prone proteins under physiological conditions: the transthyretin case. Biochemistry 2014; 53:6496-510. [PMID: 25245430 PMCID: PMC4204887 DOI: 10.1021/bi500739q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The quaternary structure stability
of proteins is typically studied
under conditions that accelerate their aggregation/unfolding processes
on convenient laboratory time scales. Such conditions include high
temperature or pressure, chaotrope-mediated unfolding, or low or high
pH. These approaches have the limitation of being nonphysiological
and that the concentration of the protein in solution is changing
as the reactions proceed. We describe a methodology to define the
quaternary structure stability of the amyloidogenic homotetrameric
protein transthyretin (TTR) under physiological conditions. This methodology
expands from a described approach based on the measurement of the
rate of subunit exchange of TTR with a tandem flag-tagged (FT2) TTR counterpart. We demonstrate that subunit exchange of
TTR with FT2·TTR can be analyzed and quantified using
a semi-native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis technique. In addition,
we biophysically characterized two FT2·TTR variants
derived from wild-type and the amyloidogenic variant Val122Ile TTR,
both of which are associated with cardiac amyloid deposition late
in life. The FT2·TTR variants have similar amyloidogenic
potential and similar thermodynamic and kinetic stabilities compared
to those of their nontagged counterparts. We utilized the methodology
to study the potential of the small molecule SOM0226, a repurposed
drug under clinical development for the prevention and treatment of
the TTR amyloidoses, to stabilize TTR. The results enabled us to characterize
the binding energetics of SOM0226 to TTR. The described technique
is well-suited to study the quaternary structure of other human aggregation-prone
proteins under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Z Robinson
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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72
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Silencing of murine transthyretin and retinol binding protein genes has distinct and shared behavioral and neuropathologic effects. Neuroscience 2014; 275:352-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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73
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Cho PY, Joshi G, Johnson JA, Murphy RM. Transthyretin-derived peptides as β-amyloid inhibitors. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:542-51. [PMID: 24689444 DOI: 10.1021/cn500014u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-association of β-amyloid (Aβ) into soluble oligomers and fibrillar aggregates is associated with Alzheimer's disease pathology, motivating the search for compounds that selectively bind to and inhibit Aβ oligomerization and/or neurotoxicity. Numerous small-molecule inhibitors of Aβ aggregation or toxicity have been reported in the literature. However, because of their greater size and complexity, peptides and peptidomimetics may afford improved specificity and affinity as Aβ aggregation modulators compared to small molecules. Two divergent strategies have been employed in the search for peptides that bind Aβ: (i) using recognition domains corresponding to sequences in Aβ itself (such as KLVFF) and (ii) screening random peptide-based libraries. In this study, we propose a third strategy, specifically, designing peptides that mimic binding domains of Aβ-binding proteins. Transthyretin, a plasma transport protein that is also relatively abundant in cerebrospinal fluid, has been shown to bind to Aβ, inhibit aggregation, and reduce its toxicity. Previously, we identified strand G of transthyretin as a specific Aβ binding domain. In this work we further explore and define the necessary features of this binding domain. We demonstrate that peptides derived from transthyretin bind Aβ and inhibit its toxicity. We also show that, although both transthyretin and transthyretin-derived peptides bind Aβ and inhibit toxicity, they differ significantly in their effect on Aβ aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Y. Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, and ‡School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Gururaj Joshi
- Department of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, and ‡School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Johnson
- Department of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, and ‡School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Regina M. Murphy
- Department of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, and ‡School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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74
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The systemic amyloid precursor transthyretin (TTR) behaves as a neuronal stress protein regulated by HSF1 in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells and APP23 Alzheimer's disease model mice. J Neurosci 2014; 34:7253-65. [PMID: 24849358 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4936-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased neuronal synthesis of transthyretin (TTR) may favorably impact on Alzheimer's disease (AD) because TTR has been shown to inhibit Aβ aggregation and detoxify cell-damaging conformers. The mechanism whereby hippocampal and cortical neurons from AD patients and APP23 AD model mice produce more TTR is unknown. We now show that TTR expression in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells, primary hippocampal neurons and the hippocampus of APP23 mice, is significantly enhanced by heat shock factor 1 (HSF1). Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays demonstrated occupation of TTR promoter heat shock elements by HSF1 in APP23 hippocampi, primary murine hippocampal neurons, and SH-SY5Y cells, but not in mouse liver, cultured human hepatoma (HepG2) cells, or AC16 cultured human cardiomyocytes. Treating SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells with heat shock or the HSF1 stimulator celastrol increased TTR transcription in parallel with that of HSP40, HSP70, and HSP90. With both treatments, ChIP showed increased occupancy of heat shock elements in the TTR promoter by HSF1. In vivo celastrol increased the HSF1 ChIP signal in hippocampus but not in liver. Transfection of a human HSF1 construct into SH-SY5Y cells increased TTR transcription and protein production, which could be blocked by shHSF1 antisense. The effect is neuron specific. In cultured HepG2 cells, HSF1 was either suppressive or had no effect on TTR expression confirming the differential effects of HSF1 on TTR transcription in different cell types.
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75
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Conti S, Li X, Gianni S, Ghadami SA, Buxbaum J, Cecchi C, Chiti F, Bemporad F. A Complex Equilibrium among Partially Unfolded Conformations in Monomeric Transthyretin. Biochemistry 2014; 53:4381-92. [DOI: 10.1021/bi500430w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Conti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche “Mario Serio”,
Sezione di Biochimica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale G. B. Morgagni 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Xinyi Li
- Department
of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, MEM-230, La
Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Stefano Gianni
- Istituto
Pasteur Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti and Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche
“A. Rossi Fanelli”, Istituto di Biologia e Patologia
Molecolari del CNR, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Seyyed Abolghasem Ghadami
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche “Mario Serio”,
Sezione di Biochimica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale G. B. Morgagni 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Joel Buxbaum
- Department
of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, MEM-230, La
Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Cristina Cecchi
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche “Mario Serio”,
Sezione di Biochimica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale G. B. Morgagni 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Chiti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche “Mario Serio”,
Sezione di Biochimica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale G. B. Morgagni 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Francesco Bemporad
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche “Mario Serio”,
Sezione di Biochimica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale G. B. Morgagni 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy
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76
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Wildsmith KR, Schauer SP, Smith AM, Arnott D, Zhu Y, Haznedar J, Kaur S, Mathews WR, Honigberg LA. Identification of longitudinally dynamic biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease cerebrospinal fluid by targeted proteomics. Mol Neurodegener 2014; 9:22. [PMID: 24902845 PMCID: PMC4061120 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-9-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia affecting greater than 26 million people worldwide. Although cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of Aβ42, tau, and p-tau181 are well established as diagnostic biomarkers of AD, there is a need for additional CSF biomarkers of neuronal function that continue to change during disease progression and could be used as pharmacodynamic measures in clinical trials. Multiple proteomic discovery experiments have reported a range of CSF biomarkers that differ between AD and control subjects. These potential biomarkers represent multiple aspects of the disease pathology. The performance of these markers has not been compared with each other, and their performance has not been evaluated longitudinally. Results We developed a targeted-proteomic, multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) assay for the absolute quantitation of 39 peptides corresponding to 30 proteins. We evaluated the candidate biomarkers in longitudinal CSF samples collected from aged, cognitively-normal control (n = 10), MCI (n = 5), and AD (n = 45) individuals (age > 60 years). We evaluated each biomarker for diagnostic sensitivity, longitudinal consistency, and compared with CSF Aβ42, tau, and p-tau181. Four of 28 quantifiable CSF proteins were significantly different between aged, cognitively-normal controls and AD subjects including chitinase-3-like protein 1, reproducing published results. Four CSF markers demonstrated significant longitudinal change in AD: Amyloid precursor protein, Neuronal pentraxin receptor, NrCAM and Chromogranin A. Robust correlations were observed within some subgroups of proteins including the potential disease progression markers. Conclusion Using a targeted proteomics approach, we confirmed previous findings for a subset of markers, defined longitudinal performance of our panel of markers, and established a flexible proteomics method for robust multiplexed analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin R Wildsmith
- Department of Phamacodynamic Biomarkers within Development Sciences, Genentech, Inc, (a member of the Roche Group), 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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Barbisin M, Vanni S, Schmädicke AC, Montag J, Motzkus D, Opitz L, Salinas-Riester G, Legname G. Gene expression profiling of brains from bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)-infected cynomolgus macaques. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:434. [PMID: 24898206 PMCID: PMC4061447 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders whose pathogenesis mechanisms are not fully understood. In this context, the analysis of gene expression alterations occurring in prion-infected animals represents a powerful tool that may contribute to unravel the molecular basis of prion diseases and therefore discover novel potential targets for diagnosis and therapeutics. Here we present the first large-scale transcriptional profiling of brains from BSE-infected cynomolgus macaques, which are an excellent model for human prion disorders. RESULTS The study was conducted using the GeneChip® Rhesus Macaque Genome Array and revealed 300 transcripts with expression changes greater than twofold. Among these, the bioinformatics analysis identified 86 genes with known functions, most of which are involved in cellular development, cell death and survival, lipid homeostasis, and acute phase response signaling. RT-qPCR was performed on selected gene transcripts in order to validate the differential expression in infected animals versus controls. The results obtained with the microarray technology were confirmed and a gene signature was identified. In brief, HBB and HBA2 were down-regulated in infected macaques, whereas TTR, APOC1 and SERPINA3 were up-regulated. CONCLUSIONS Some genes involved in oxygen or lipid transport and in innate immunity were found to be dysregulated in prion infected macaques. These genes are known to be involved in other neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Our results may facilitate the identification of potential disease biomarkers for many neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Giuseppe Legname
- Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy.
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78
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Bilkei-Gorzo A. Genetic mouse models of brain ageing and Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 142:244-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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79
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Kerridge C, Belyaev ND, Nalivaeva NN, Turner AJ. The Aβ-clearance protein transthyretin, like neprilysin, is epigenetically regulated by the amyloid precursor protein intracellular domain. J Neurochem 2014; 130:419-31. [PMID: 24528201 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Proteolytic cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by the successive actions of β- and γ-secretases generates several biologically active metabolites including the amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) and the APP intracellular domain (AICD). By analogy with the Notch signalling pathway, AICD has been proposed to play a role in transcriptional regulation. Among the cohort of genes regulated by AICD is the Aβ-degrading enzyme neprilysin (NEP). AICD binds to the NEP promoter causing transcriptional activation by competitive replacement with histone deacetylases (HDACs) leading to increased levels of NEP activity and hence increased Aβ clearance. We now show that the Aβ-clearance protein transthyretin (TTR) is also epigenetically up-regulated by AICD. Like NEP regulation, AICD derived specifically from the neuronal APP isoform, APP695 , binds directly to the TTR promoter displacing HDAC1 and HDAC3. Cell treatment with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor Gleevec (imatinib) or with the alkalizing agent NH4 Cl causes an accumulation of 'functional' AICD capable of up-regulating both TTR and NEP, leading to a reduction in total cellular Aβ levels. Pharmacological regulation of both NEP and TTR might represent a viable therapeutic target in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Kerridge
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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80
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Abstract
Tissue-specific overexpression of the human systemic amyloid precursor transthyretin (TTR) ameliorates Alzheimer's disease (AD) phenotypes in APP23 mice. TTR-β-amyloid (Aβ) complexes have been isolated from APP23 and some human AD brains. We now show that substoichiometric concentrations of TTR tetramers suppress Aβ aggregation in vitro via an interaction between the thyroxine binding pocket of the TTR tetramer and Aβ residues 18-21 (nuclear magnetic resonance and epitope mapping). The K(D) is micromolar, and the stoichiometry is <1 for the interaction (isothermal titration calorimetry). Similar experiments show that engineered monomeric TTR, the best inhibitor of Aβ fibril formation in vitro, did not bind Aβ monomers in liquid phase, suggesting that inhibition of fibrillogenesis is mediated by TTR tetramer binding to Aβ monomer and both tetramer and monomer binding of Aβ oligomers. The thousand-fold greater concentration of tetramer relative to monomer in vivo makes it the likely suppressor of Aβ aggregation and disease in the APP23 mice.
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81
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Vieira M, Saraiva MJ. Transthyretin: a multifaceted protein. Biomol Concepts 2014; 5:45-54. [DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2013-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractTransthyretin is a highly conserved homotetrameric protein, mainly synthetized by the liver and the choroid plexus of brain. The carrier role of TTR is well-known; however, many other functions have emerged, namely in the nervous system. Behavior, cognition, neuropeptide amidation, neurogenesis, nerve regeneration, axonal growth and 14-3-3ζ metabolism are some of the processes where TTR has an important role. TTR aggregates are responsible for many amyloidosis such as familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy and cardiomyopathy. Normal TTR can also aggregate and deposit in the heart of old people and in preeclampsia placental tissue. Differences in TTR levels have been found in several neuropathologies, but its neuroprotective role, until now, was described in ischemia and Alzheimer’s disease. The aim of this review is to stress the relevance of TTR, besides its well-known role on transport of thyroxine and retinol-binding protein.
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82
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Prefrontal cortical dysfunction after overexpression of histone deacetylase 1. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 74:696-705. [PMID: 23664640 PMCID: PMC3797203 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postmortem brain studies have shown that HDAC1-a lysine deacetylase with broad activity against histones and nonhistone proteins-is frequently expressed at increased levels in prefrontal cortex (PFC) of subjects diagnosed with schizophrenia and related disease. However, it remains unclear whether upregulated expression of Hdac1 in the PFC could affect cognition and behavior. METHODS Using adeno-associated virus, an Hdac1 transgene was expressed in young adult mouse PFC, followed by behavioral assays for working and long-term memory, repetitive activity, and response to novelty. Prefrontal cortex transcriptomes were profiled by microarray. Antipsychotic drug effects were explored in mice treated for 21 days with haloperidol or clozapine. RESULTS Hdac1 overexpression in PFC neurons and astrocytes resulted in robust impairments in working memory, increased repetitive behaviors, and abnormal locomotor response profiles in novel environments. Long-term memory remained intact. Over 300 transcripts showed subtle but significant changes in Hdac1-overexpressing PFC. Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II)-related transcripts, including HLA-DQA1/H2-Aa, HLA-DQB1/H2-Ab1, and HLA-DRB1/H2-Eb1, located in the chromosome 6p21.3-22.1 schizophrenia and bipolar disorder risk locus, were among the subset of genes with a more robust (>1.5-fold) downregulation in expression. Hdac1 levels declined during the course of normal PFC development. Antipsychotic drug treatment, including the atypical clozapine, did not affect Hdac1 levels in PFC but induced expression of multiple MHC II transcripts. CONCLUSIONS Excessive HDAC1 activity, due to developmental defects or other factors, is associated with behavioral alterations and dysregulated expression of MHC II and other gene transcripts in the PFC.
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83
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Transthyretin suppresses the toxicity of oligomers formed by misfolded proteins in vitro. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:2302-14. [PMID: 24075940 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although human transthyretin (TTR) is associated with systemic amyloidoses, an anti-amyloidogenic effect that prevents Aβ fibril formation in vitro and in animal models has been observed. Here we studied the ability of three different types of TTR, namely human tetramers (hTTR), mouse tetramers (muTTR) and an engineered monomer of the human protein (M-TTR), to suppress the toxicity of oligomers formed by two different amyloidogenic peptides/proteins (HypF-N and Aβ42). muTTR is the most stable homotetramer, hTTR can dissociate into partially unfolded monomers, whereas M-TTR maintains a monomeric state. Preformed toxic HypF-N and Aβ42 oligomers were incubated in the presence of each TTR then added to cell culture media. hTTR, and to a greater extent M-TTR, were found to protect human neuroblastoma cells and rat primary neurons against oligomer-induced toxicity, whereas muTTR had no protective effect. The thioflavin T assay and site-directed labeling experiments using pyrene ruled out disaggregation and structural reorganization within the discrete oligomers following incubation with TTRs, while confocal microscopy, SDS-PAGE, and intrinsic fluorescence measurements indicated tight binding between oligomers and hTTR, particularly M-TTR. Moreover, atomic force microscopy (AFM), light scattering and turbidimetry analyses indicated that larger assemblies of oligomers are formed in the presence of M-TTR and, to a lesser extent, with hTTR. Overall, the data suggest a generic capacity of TTR to efficiently neutralize the toxicity of oligomers formed by misfolded proteins and reveal that such neutralization occurs through a mechanism of TTR-mediated assembly of protein oligomers into larger species, with an efficiency that correlates inversely with TTR tetramer stability.
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84
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Sarell CJ, Stockley PG, Radford SE. Assessing the causes and consequences of co-polymerization in amyloid formation. Prion 2013; 7:359-68. [PMID: 24025483 PMCID: PMC4134340 DOI: 10.4161/pri.26415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
How, and why, different proteins form amyloid fibrils is most often studied in vitro using a single purified protein sequence. However, many amyloid diseases involve co-aggregation of different protein species, including proteins with/without post-translational modifications (e.g., different strains of PrP), proteins of different length (e.g., β₂-microglobulin and ΔN6, Aβ40, and Aβ42), sequence variants (e.g., Aβ and Aβ(ARC)), and proteins from different organisms (e.g., bovine PrP and human PrP). The consequences of co-aggregation of different proteins upon the structure, stability, species transmission and toxicity of the resulting amyloid aggregates is discussed here, including the role of co-aggregation in expanding the repertoire of oligomeric and fibrillar structures and how this can affect their biological and biophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire J Sarell
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology; University of Leeds; Leeds, UK
| | - Peter G Stockley
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology; University of Leeds; Leeds, UK
| | - Sheena E Radford
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology; University of Leeds; Leeds, UK
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85
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Activated microglia mediate synapse loss and short-term memory deficits in a mouse model of transthyretin-related oculoleptomeningeal amyloidosis. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e789. [PMID: 24008733 PMCID: PMC3789183 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Oculoleptomeningeal amyloidosis (OA) is a fatal and untreatable hereditary disease characterized by the accumulation of transthyretin (TTR) amyloid within the central nervous system. The mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of OA, and in particular how amyloid triggers neuronal damage, are still unknown. Here, we show that amyloid fibrils formed by a mutant form of TTR, A25T, activate microglia, leading to the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and nitric oxide. Further, we found that A25T amyloid fibrils induce the activation of Akt, culminating in the translocation of NFκB to the nucleus of microglia. While A25T fibrils were not directly toxic to neurons, the exposure of neuronal cultures to media conditioned by fibril-activated microglia caused synapse loss that culminated in extensive neuronal death via apoptosis. Finally, intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of A25T fibrils caused microgliosis, increased brain TNF-α and IL-6 levels and cognitive deficits in mice, which could be prevented by minocycline treatment. These results indicate that A25T fibrils act as pro-inflammatory agents in OA, activating microglia and causing neuronal damage.
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86
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Sackmann-Sala L, Berryman DE, Lubbers ER, Zhang H, Vesel CB, Troike KM, Gosney ES, List EO, Kopchick JJ. Age-related and depot-specific changes in white adipose tissue of growth hormone receptor-null mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2013; 69:34-43. [PMID: 23873966 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glt110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone receptor-null (GHR(-/-)) mice are dwarf, insulin sensitive, and long-lived in spite of increased adiposity. However, their adiposity is not uniform, with select white adipose tissue (WAT) depots enlarged. To study WAT depot-specific effects on insulin sensitivity and life span, we analyzed individual WAT depots of 12- and 24-month-old GHR(-) (/-) and wild-type (WT) mice, as well as their plasma levels of selected hormones. Adipocyte sizes and plasma insulin, leptin, and adiponectin levels decreased with age in both GHR(-) (/-) and WT mice. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis proteomes of WAT depots were similar among groups, but several proteins involved in endocytosis and/or cytoskeletal organization (Ehd2, S100A10, actin), anticoagulation (S100A10, annexin A5), and age-related conditions (alpha2-macroglobulin, apolipoprotein A-I, transthyretin) showed significant differences between genotypes. Because Ehd2 may regulate endocytosis of Glut4, we measured Glut4 levels in the WAT depots of GHR(-) (/-) and WT mice. Inguinal WAT of 12-month-old GHR(-) (/-) mice displayed lower levels of Glut4 than WT. Overall, the protein changes detected in this study offer new insights into possible mechanisms contributing to enhanced insulin sensitivity and extended life span in GHR(-) (/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucila Sackmann-Sala
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, 1 Water Tower Dr., The Ridges, Athens, OH 45701.
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87
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Rezania K, Pytel P, Smit LJ, Mastrianni J, Dina MA, Highsmith WE, Dogan A. Systemic transthyretin amyloidosis in a patient with bent spine syndrome. Amyloid 2013; 20:131-4. [PMID: 23638719 DOI: 10.3109/13506129.2013.792248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Wild-type and mutant transthyretin (TTR) are implicated in systemic amyloidosis (ATTR). Myopathy is a rare complication of ATTR amyloidosis, however no patient with bent spine syndrome secondary to ATTR amyloidosis has been reported so far. We present the first case of bent spine syndrome in a patient with wild-type ATTR amyloidosis who also had concomitant Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kourosh Rezania
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
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88
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Lamoureux L, Simon SLR, Plews M, Ruddat V, Brunet S, Graham C, Czub S, Knox JD. Urine proteins identified by two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis facilitate the differential diagnoses of scrapie. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64044. [PMID: 23704971 PMCID: PMC3660319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The difficulty in developing a diagnostic assay for Creutzfeldt - Jakob disease (CJD) and other transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) stems in part from the fact that the infectious agent is an aberrantly folded form of an endogenous cellular protein. This precludes the use of the powerful gene based technologies currently applied to the direct detection of other infectious agents. To circumvent this problem our research objective has been to identify a set of proteins exhibiting characteristic differential abundance in response to TSE infection. The objective of the present study was to assess the disease specificity of differentially abundant urine proteins able to identify scrapie infected mice. Two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis was used to analyze longitudinal collections of urine samples from both prion-infected mice and a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. The introduction of fluorescent dyes, that allow multiple samples to be co-resolved and visualized on one two dimensional gel, have increased the accuracy of this methodology for the discovery of robust protein biomarkers for disease. The accuracy of a small panel of differentially abundant proteins to correctly classify an independent naïve sample set was determined. The results demonstrated that at the time of clinical presentation the differential abundance of urine proteins were capable of identifying the prion infected mice with 87% sensitivity and 93% specificity. The identity of the diagnostic differentially abundant proteins was investigated by mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Lamoureux
- Prion Laboratory Services Section, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Sharon L. R. Simon
- Prion Laboratory Services Section, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Margot Plews
- Prion Laboratory Services Section, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Viola Ruddat
- GE Healthcare, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Simone Brunet
- Prion Laboratory Services Section, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Catherine Graham
- National Centres for Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stefanie Czub
- National Centres for Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - J. David Knox
- Prion Laboratory Services Section, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- * E-mail:
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89
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Role of the subcommissural organ in the pathogenesis of congenital hydrocephalus in the HTx rat. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 352:707-25. [PMID: 23640132 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1615-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The present investigation was designed to clarify the role of the subcommissural organ (SCO) in the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus occurring in the HTx rat. The brains of non-affected and hydrocephalic HTx rats from embryonic day 15 (E15) to postnatal day 10 (PN10) were processed for electron microscopy, lectin binding and immunocytochemistry by using a series of antibodies. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of non-affected and hydrocephalic HTx rats were collected at PN1, PN7 and PN30 and analysed by one- and two-dimensional electrophoresis, immunoblotting and nanoLC-ESI-MS/MS. A distinct malformation of the SCO is present as early as E15. Since stenosis of the Sylvius aqueduct (SA) occurs at E18 and dilation of the lateral ventricles starts at E19, the malformation of the SCO clearly precedes the onset of hydrocephalus. In the affected rats, the cephalic and caudal thirds of the SCO showed high secretory activity with all methods used, whereas the middle third showed no signs of secretion. At E18, the middle non-secretory third of the SCO progressively fused with the ventral wall of SA, resulting in marked aqueduct stenosis and severe hydrocephalus. The abnormal development of the SCO resulted in the permanent absence of Reissner's fibre (RF) and led to changes in the protein composition of the CSF. Since the SCO is the source of a large mass of sialilated glycoproteins that form the RF and of those that remain CSF-soluble, we hypothesize that the absence of this large mass of negatively charged molecules from the SA domain results in SA stenosis and impairs the bulk flow of CSF through the aqueduct.
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90
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Yang DT, Joshi G, Cho PY, Johnson JA, Murphy RM. Transthyretin as both a sensor and a scavenger of β-amyloid oligomers. Biochemistry 2013; 52:2849-61. [PMID: 23570378 DOI: 10.1021/bi4001613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR) is a homotetrameric transport protein, assembled from monomers that each contain two four-stranded β-sheets and a short α-helix and loop. In the tetramer, the "inner" β-sheet forms a hydrophobic pocket while the helix and loop are solvent-exposed. β-Amyloid (Aβ) aggregates bind to TTR, and the level of binding is significantly reduced in mutants L82A (on the loop) and L110A (on the inner β-sheet). Protection against Aβ toxicity was demonstrated for wild-type TTR but not L82A or L110A, providing a direct link between TTR-Aβ binding and TTR-mediated cytoprotection. Protection is afforded at substoichiometric (1:100) TTR:Aβ molar ratios, and the level of binding of Aβ to TTR is highest for partially aggregated materials and decreased for freshly prepared or heavily aggregated Aβ, suggesting that TTR binds selectively to soluble toxic Aβ aggregates. A novel technique, nanoparticle tracking, is used to show that TTR arrests Aβ aggregation by both preventing formation of new aggregates and inhibiting growth of existing aggregates. TTR tetramers are normally quite stable; tetrameric structure is necessary for the protein's transport functions, and mutations that decrease tetramer stability have been linked to TTR amyloid diseases. However, TTR monomers bind more Aβ than do tetramers, presumably because the hydrophobic inner sheet is solvent-exposed upon tetramer disassembly. Wild-type and L110A tetramers, but not L82A, were destabilized upon being co-incubated with Aβ, suggesting that binding of Aβ to L82 triggers tetramer dissociation. Taken together, these results suggest a novel mechanism of action for TTR: the EF helix/loop "senses" the presence of soluble toxic Aβ oligomers, triggering destabilization of TTR tetramers and exposure of the hydrophobic inner sheet, which then "scavenges" these toxic oligomers and prevents them from causing cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis T Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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91
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Lortet S, Lacombe E, Boulanger N, Rihet P, Nguyen C, Kerkerian-Le Goff L, Salin P. Striatal molecular signature of subchronic subthalamic nucleus high frequency stimulation in parkinsonian rat. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60447. [PMID: 23593219 PMCID: PMC3617149 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study addresses the molecular mechanisms underlying the action of subthalamic nucleus high frequency stimulation (STN-HFS) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and its interaction with levodopa (L-DOPA), focusing on the striatum. Striatal gene expression profile was assessed in rats with nigral dopamine neuron lesion, either treated or not, using agilent microarrays and qPCR verification. The treatments consisted in anti-akinetic STN-HFS (5 days), chronic L-DOPA treatment inducing dyskinesia (LIDs) or the combination of the two treatments that exacerbated LIDs. STN-HFS modulated 71 striatal genes. The main biological processes associated with the differentially expressed gene products include regulation of growth, of apoptosis and of synaptic transmission, and extracellular region is a major cellular component implicated. In particular, several of these genes have been shown to support survival or differentiation of striatal or of dopaminergic neurons. These results indicate that STN HFS may induce widespread anatomo-functional rearrangements in the striatum and create a molecular environment favorable for neuroprotection and neuroplasticity. STN-HFS and L-DOPA treatment share very few common gene regulation features indicating that the molecular substrates underlying their striatal action are mostly different; among the common effects is the down-regulation of Adrb1, which encodes the adrenergic beta-1-receptor, supporting a major role of this receptor in Parkinson's disease. In addition to genes already reported to be associated with LIDs (preprodynorphin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, metabotropic glutamate receptor 4, cannabinoid receptor 1), the comparison between DOPA and DOPA/HFS identifies immunity-related genes as potential players in L-DOPA side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylviane Lortet
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM UMR 7288, Marseille, France.
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92
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Zhao L, Buxbaum JN, Reixach N. Age-related oxidative modifications of transthyretin modulate its amyloidogenicity. Biochemistry 2013; 52:1913-26. [PMID: 23414091 DOI: 10.1021/bi301313b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The transthyretin amyloidoses are diseases of protein misfolding characterized by the extracellular deposition of fibrils and other aggregates of the homotetrameric protein transthyretin (TTR) in peripheral nerves, heart, and other tissues. Age is the major risk factor for the development of these diseases. We hypothesized that an age-associated increase in the level of protein oxidation could be involved in the onset of the senile forms of the TTR amyloidoses. To test this hypothesis, we have produced and characterized relevant age-related oxidative modifications of the wild type (WT) and the Val122Ile (V122I) TTR variant, both involved in cardiac TTR deposition in the elderly. Our studies show that methionine/cysteine-oxidized TTR and carbonylated TTR from either the WT or the V122I variant are thermodynamically less stable than their nonoxidized counterparts. Moreover, carbonylated WT and carbonylated V122I TTR have a stronger propensity to form aggregates and fibrils than WT and V122I TTR, respectively, at physiologically attainable pH values. It is well-known that TTR tetramer dissociation, the limiting step for aggregation and amyloid fibril formation, can be prevented by small molecules that bind the TTR tetramer interface. Here, we report that carbonylated WT TTR is less amenable to resveratrol-mediated tetramer stabilization than WT TTR. All the oxidized forms of TTR tested are cytotoxic to a human cardiomyocyte cell line known to be a target for cardiac-specific TTR variants. Overall, these studies demonstrate that age-related oxidative modifications of TTR can contribute to the onset of the senile forms of the TTR amyloidoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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93
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Murakoshi Y, Takahashi T, Mihara H. Modification of a Small β-Barrel Protein, To Give Pseudo-Amyloid Structures, Inhibits Amyloid β-Peptide Aggregation. Chemistry 2013; 19:4525-31. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy is a common complication of many of the systemic amyloidoses. Although the cause of neuropathy is not entirely clear, it is likely related to amyloid deposition within the nerve. This may lead to focal, multifocal, or diffuse neuropathies involving sensory, motor and/or autonomic fibers. The presenting symptoms depend on the distribution of nerves affected. One of the most common phenotypes is sensorimotor polyneuropathy, which is characterized by symptoms of neuropathic pain, numbness, and in advanced cases weakness. Symptoms begin in the feet and ultimately progress to the proximal legs and hands. The most common focal neuropathy is a median neuropathy at the wrist, clinically known as carpal tunnel syndrome. Carpal tunnel symptoms may include pain and sensory disturbances in the lateral palm and fingers; hand weakness may ensue if the focal neuropathy is severe. Autonomic neuropathy may affect a variety of organ systems such as the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary systems. Symptoms may be non-specific making the diagnosis of autonomic neuropathy more difficult to identify. However, it is important to recognize and distinguish autonomic neuropathy from diseases of the end-organs themselves. This article reviews the inherited and acquired amyloidoses that affect the peripheral nervous system including familial amyloid polyneuropathy, and primary, secondary and senile amyloidosis. We emphasize the clinical presentation of the neurologic aspects of these diseases, physical examination findings, appropriate diagnostic evaluation, treatment and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C Shin
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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95
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Serum and cerebrospinal fluid levels of transthyretin in Lewy body disorders with and without dementia. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48042. [PMID: 23133543 PMCID: PMC3485000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) without (non-demented, PDND) and with dementia (PDD), and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are subsumed under the umbrella term Lewy body disorders (LBD). The main component of the underlying pathologic substrate, i.e. Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, is misfolded alpha-synuclein (Asyn), and--in particular in demented LBD patients--co-occurring misfolded amyloid-beta (Abeta). Lowered blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of transthyretin (TTR)--a clearance protein mainly produced in the liver and, autonomously, in the choroid plexus--are associated with Abeta accumulation in Alzheimer's disease. In addition, a recent study suggests that TTR is involved in Asyn clearance. We measured TTR protein levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of 131 LBD patients (77 PDND, 26 PDD, and 28 DLB) and 72 controls, and compared TTR levels with demographic and clinical data as well as neurodegenerative markers in the CSF. Five single nucleotide polymorphisms of the TTR gene which are considered to influence the ability of the protein to carry its ligands were also analyzed. CSF TTR levels were significantly higher in LBD patients compared to controls. Post-hoc analysis demonstrated that this effect was driven by PDND patients. In addition, CSF TTR levels correlated negatively with CSF Abeta(1-42), total tau and phospho-tau levels. Serum TTR levels did not significantly differ among the studied groups. There were no relevant associations between TTR levels and genetic, demographic and clinical data, respectively. These results suggest an involvement of the clearance protein TTR in LBD pathophysiology, and should motivate to elucidate TTR-related mechanisms in LBD in more detail.
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96
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Johnson SM, Connelly S, Fearns C, Powers ET, Kelly JW. The transthyretin amyloidoses: from delineating the molecular mechanism of aggregation linked to pathology to a regulatory-agency-approved drug. J Mol Biol 2012; 421:185-203. [PMID: 22244854 PMCID: PMC3350832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR) is one of the many proteins that are known to misfold and aggregate (i.e., undergo amyloidogenesis) in vivo. The process of TTR amyloidogenesis causes nervous system and/or heart pathology. While several of these maladies are associated with mutations that destabilize the native TTR quaternary and/or tertiary structure, wild-type TTR amyloidogenesis also leads to the degeneration of postmitotic tissue. Over the past 20 years, much has been learned about the factors that influence the propensity of TTR to aggregate. This biophysical information led to the development of a therapeutic strategy, termed "kinetic stabilization," to prevent TTR amyloidogenesis. This strategy afforded the drug tafamidis which was recently approved by the European Medicines Agency for the treatment of TTR familial amyloid polyneuropathy, the most common familial TTR amyloid disease. Tafamidis is the first and currently the only medication approved to treat TTR familial amyloid polyneuropathy. Here we review the biophysical basis for the kinetic stabilization strategy and the structure-based drug design effort that led to this first-in-class pharmacologic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Stephen Connelly
- Department of Molecular Biology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Colleen Fearns
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Evan T. Powers
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Jeffery W. Kelly
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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97
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Du J, Cho PY, Yang DT, Murphy RM. Identification of beta-amyloid-binding sites on transthyretin. Protein Eng Des Sel 2012; 25:337-45. [PMID: 22670059 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzs026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR) binds to the Alzheimer-related peptide beta-amyloid (Aβ), and may protect against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. In this work, the specific domains on TTR involved with binding to Aβ were probed. An array was constructed of peptides derived from overlapping sequences from TTR. Strong binding of Aβ to TIAALLSPYSYS (residues 106-117) was detected, corresponding to strand G on the inner β-sheet of TTR. Aβ bound weakly to four contiguous peptides spanning residues 59-83, which includes strand E through the E/F helix and loop. To further pinpoint specific residues on TTR involved with Aβ binding, nine alanine mutants were generated: I68A, I73A, K76A, L82A, I84A, S85A, L17A, T106A and L110A. Aβ binding was significantly inhibited only in L82A and L110A, indicating that Aβ binding to TTR is mediated through these bulky hydrophobic leucines. Aβ binding to L17A and S85A was significantly higher than to wild-type TTR. Enhancement of binding in L17A is postulated to arise from reduced steric restriction to the interior L110 site, since these two residues are adjacent in the native protein. The S85A mutation caused a reduction in TTR tetramer stability; increased Aβ binding is postulated to be a direct consequence of the reduced quaternary stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Du
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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98
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Oliveira SM, Cardoso I, Saraiva MJ. Transthyretin: roles in the nervous system beyond thyroxine and retinol transport. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2012; 7:181-189. [PMID: 30764010 DOI: 10.1586/eem.12.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR) is a plasma- and cerebrospinal fluid-circulating protein. Besides the primordially attributed systemic role as a transporter molecule of thyroxine (T4) and retinol (through the binding to retinol-binding protein [RBP]), TTR has been recognized as a protein with important functions in several aspects of the nervous system physiology. TTR has been shown to play an important role in behavior, cognition, amidated neuropeptide processing and nerve regeneration. Furthermore, it has been proposed that TTR is neuroprotective in Alzheimer's disease and cerebral ischemia. Mutations in TTR are a well-known cause of familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy, an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder characterized by systemic deposition of TTR amyloid fibrils, particularly in the peripheral nervous system. The purpose of this review is to highlight the roles of TTR in the nervous system, beyond its systemic role as a transporter molecule of T4 and RBP-retinol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Marisa Oliveira
- a Molecular Neurobiology, IBMC- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Cardoso
- a Molecular Neurobiology, IBMC- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal
- b Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Saraiva
- a Molecular Neurobiology, IBMC- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal
- c ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.
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Abstract
There has been much progress in our understanding of transthyretin (TTR)-related amyloidosis including familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP), senile systemic amyloidosis and its related disorders from many clinical and experimental aspects. FAP is an inherited severe systemic amyloidosis caused by mutated TTR, and characterized by amyloid deposition mainly in the peripheral nervous system and the heart. Liver transplantation is the only available treatment for the disease. FAP is now recognized not to be a rare disease, and to have many variations based on genetical and biochemical variations of TTR. This chapter covers the recent advances in the clinical and pathological aspects of, and therapeutic approaches to FAP, and the trend as to the molecular pathogenesis of TTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamura Nagasaka
- Department of Neurology, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, 409-3898, Chuou-city, Yamanashi, Japan,
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100
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Li X, Buxbaum JN. Transthyretin and the brain re-visited: is neuronal synthesis of transthyretin protective in Alzheimer's disease? Mol Neurodegener 2011; 6:79. [PMID: 22112803 PMCID: PMC3267701 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-6-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the mid-1990's a trickle of publications from scattered independent laboratories have presented data suggesting that the systemic amyloid precursor transthyretin (TTR) could interact with the amyloidogenic β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The notion that one amyloid precursor could actually inhibit amyloid fibril formation by another seemed quite far-fetched. Further it seemed clear that within the CNS, TTR was only produced in choroid plexus epithelial cells, not in neurons. The most enthusiastic of the authors proclaimed that TTR sequestered Aβ in vivo resulting in a lowered TTR level in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of AD patients and that the relationship was salutary. More circumspect investigators merely showed in vitro interaction between the two molecules. A single in vivo study in Caenorhabditis elegans suggested that wild type human TTR could suppress the abnormalities seen when Aβ was expressed in the muscle cells of the worm. Subsequent studies in human Aβ transgenic mice, including those from our laboratory, also suggested that the interaction reduced the Aβ deposition phenotype. We have reviewed the literature analyzing the relationship including recent data examining potential mechanisms that could explain the effect. We have proposed a model which is consistent with most of the published data and current notions of AD pathogenesis and can serve as a hypothesis which can be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Li
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd,, MEM-230, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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