51
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The c-Rel transcription factor limits early interferon and neuroinflammatory responses to prevent herpes simplex encephalitis onset in mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21171. [PMID: 34707143 PMCID: PMC8551191 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00391-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is the predominant cause of herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE), a condition characterized by acute inflammation and viral replication in the brain. Host genetics contribute to HSE onset, including monogenic defects in type I interferon signaling in cases of childhood HSE. Mouse models suggest a further contribution of immune cell-mediated inflammation to HSE pathogenesis. We have previously described a truncating mutation in the c-Rel transcription factor (RelC307X) that drives lethal HSE in 60% of HSV-1-infected RelC307X mice. In this study, we combined dual host-virus RNA sequencing with flow cytometry to explore cell populations and mechanisms involved in RelC307X-driven HSE. At day 5 postinfection, prior to HSE clinical symptom onset, elevated HSV-1 transcription was detected together with augmented host interferon-stimulated and inflammatory gene expression in the brainstems of high-responding RelC307X mice, predictive of HSE development. This early induction of host gene expression preceded pathological infiltration of myeloid and T cells in RelC307X mice at HSE onset by day 7. Thus, we establish c-Rel as an early regulator of viral and host responses during mouse HSE. These data further highlight the importance of achieving a balanced immune response and avoiding excess interferon-driven inflammation to promote HSE resistance.
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52
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Li F, Wang N, Zheng Y, Luo Y, Zhang Y. cGAS- Stimulator of Interferon Genes Signaling in Central Nervous System Disorders. Aging Dis 2021; 12:1658-1674. [PMID: 34631213 PMCID: PMC8460300 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic nucleic acid sensors contribute to the initiation of innate immune responses by playing a critical role in the detection of pathogens and endogenous nucleic acids. The cytosolic DNA sensor cyclic-GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and its downstream effector, stimulator of interferon genes (STING), mediate innate immune signaling by promoting the release of type I interferons (IFNs) and other inflammatory cytokines. These biomolecules are suggested to play critical roles in host defense, senescence, and tumor immunity. Recent studies have demonstrated that cGAS-STING signaling is strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of central nervous system (CNS) diseases which are underscored by neuroinflammatory-driven disease progression. Understanding and regulating the interactions between cGAS-STING signaling and the nervous system may thus provide an effective approach to prevent or delay late-onset CNS disorders. Here, we present a review of recent advances in the literature on cGAS-STING signaling and provide a comprehensive overview of the modulatory patterns of the cGAS-STING pathway in CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjuan Li
- 1Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ningqun Wang
- 2Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yangmin Zheng
- 2Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yumin Luo
- 2Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yongbo Zhang
- 1Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
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53
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Liang MZ, Ke TL, Chen L. Mitochondrial Protein PGAM5 Emerges as a New Regulator in Neurological Diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:730604. [PMID: 34630036 PMCID: PMC8496500 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.730604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As mitochondrial dysfunction has increasingly been implicated in neurological diseases, much of the investigation focuses on the response of the mitochondria. It appears that mitochondria can respond to external stimuli speedy fast, in seconds. Understanding how mitochondria sense the signal and communicate with cytosolic pathways are keys to understand mitochondrial regulation in diseases or in response to trauma. It was not until recently that a novel mitochondrial protein, phosphoglycerate mutase family member 5 (PGAM5) has emerged to be a new regulator of mitochondrial homeostasis. Although controversial results reveal beneficial as well as detrimental roles of PGAM5 in cancers, these findings also suggest PGAM5 may have diverse regulation on cellular physiology. Roles of PGAM5 in neuronal tissues remain to be uncovered. This review discusses current knowledge of PGAM5 in neurological diseases and provides future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Zong Liang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Ling Ke
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Linyi Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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54
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Li J, Shui X, Sun R, Wan L, Zhang B, Xiao B, Luo Z. Microglial Phenotypic Transition: Signaling Pathways and Influencing Modulators Involved in Regulation in Central Nervous System Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:736310. [PMID: 34594188 PMCID: PMC8476879 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.736310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are macrophages that reside in the central nervous system (CNS) and belong to the innate immune system. Moreover, they are crucially involved in CNS development, maturation, and aging; further, they are closely associated with neurons. In normal conditions, microglia remain in a static state. Upon trauma or lesion occurrence, microglia can be activated and subsequently polarized into the pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory phenotype. The phenotypic transition is regulated by numerous modulators. This review focus on the literature regarding the modulators and signaling pathways involved in regulating the microglial phenotypic transition, which are rarely mentioned in other reviews. Hence, this review provides molecular insights into the microglial phenotypic transition, which could be a potential therapeutic target for neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Li
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinyu Shui
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ruizheng Sun
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lily Wan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Boxin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhaohui Luo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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55
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Buhlman LM, Krishna G, Jones TB, Thomas TC. Drosophila as a model to explore secondary injury cascades after traumatic brain injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:112079. [PMID: 34463269 PMCID: PMC8458259 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophilae are emerging as a valuable model to study traumatic brain injury (TBI)-induced secondary injury cascades that drive persisting neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative pathology that imposes significant risk for long-term neurological deficits. As in mammals, TBI in Drosophila triggers axonal injury, metabolic crisis, oxidative stress, and a robust innate immune response. Subsequent neurodegeneration stresses quality control systems and perpetuates an environment for neuroprotection, regeneration, and delayed cell death via highly conserved cell signaling pathways. Fly injury models continue to be developed and validated for both whole-body and head-specific injury to isolate, evaluate, and modulate these parallel pathways. In conjunction with powerful genetic tools, the ability for longitudinal evaluation, and associated neurological deficits that can be tested with established behavioral tasks, Drosophilae are an attractive model to explore secondary injury cascades and therapeutic intervention after TBI. Here, we review similarities and differences between mammalian and fly pathophysiology and highlight strategies for their use in translational neurotrauma research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori M Buhlman
- Biomedical Sciences Program, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA.
| | - Gokul Krishna
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - T Bucky Jones
- Department of Anatomy, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Theresa Currier Thomas
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
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56
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Mastorakos P, Russo MV, Zhou T, Johnson K, McGavern DB. Antimicrobial immunity impedes CNS vascular repair following brain injury. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:1280-1293. [PMID: 34556874 PMCID: PMC8488012 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-01012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and cerebrovascular injury are leading causes of disability and mortality worldwide. Systemic infections often accompany these disorders and can worsen outcomes. Recovery after brain injury depends on innate immunity, but the effect of infections on this process is not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that systemically introduced microorganisms and microbial products interfered with meningeal vascular repair after TBI in a type I interferon (IFN-I)-dependent manner, with sequential infections promoting chronic disrepair. Mechanistically, we discovered that MDA5-dependent detection of an arenavirus encountered after TBI disrupted pro-angiogenic myeloid cell programming via induction of IFN-I signaling. Systemic viral infection similarly blocked restorative angiogenesis in the brain parenchyma after intracranial hemorrhage, leading to chronic IFN-I signaling, blood-brain barrier leakage and a failure to restore cognitive-motor function. Our findings reveal a common immunological mechanism by which systemic infections deviate reparative programming after central nervous system injury and offer a new therapeutic target to improve recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Mastorakos
- Viral Immunology & Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Surgical Neurology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Matthew V Russo
- Viral Immunology & Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tianzan Zhou
- Viral Immunology & Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kory Johnson
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dorian B McGavern
- Viral Immunology & Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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57
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Chen K, Lai C, Su Y, Bao WD, Yang LN, Xu PP, Zhu LQ. cGAS-STING-mediated IFN-I response in host defense and neuro-inflammatory diseases. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 20:362-371. [PMID: 34561985 PMCID: PMC9413793 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210924110144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of foreign or misplaced nucleic acids is a danger signal that triggers innate immune responses through activating cytosolic DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and binding to its downstream signaling effector stimulator of interferon genes (STING). Then the cGAS-STING pathway activation links nucleic acid sensing to immune responses and pathogenic entities clearance. However, overactivation of this signaling pathway leads to fatal immune disorders and contributes to the progression of many human inflammatory diseases. Therefore, optimal activation of this pathway is crucial for the elimination of invading pathogens and the maintenance of immune homeostasis. In this review, we will summarize its fundamental roles in initiating host defense against invading pathogens and discuss its pathogenic roles in multiple neuro-inflammatory diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab of Neurological Disorder of Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Chuan Lai
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab of Neurological Disorder of Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yin Su
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen Dai Bao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab of Neurological Disorder of Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Liu Nan Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab of Neurological Disorder of Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ping-Ping Xu
- Endoscopy Center, Wuhan Children's Hospital , Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Ling-Qiang Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab of Neurological Disorder of Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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58
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Barrett JP, Knoblach SM, Bhattacharya S, Gordish-Dressman H, Stoica BA, Loane DJ. Traumatic Brain Injury Induces cGAS Activation and Type I Interferon Signaling in Aged Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:710608. [PMID: 34504493 PMCID: PMC8423402 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.710608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging adversely affects inflammatory processes in the brain, which has important implications in the progression of neurodegenerative disease. Following traumatic brain injury (TBI), aged animals exhibit worsened neurological function and exacerbated microglial-associated neuroinflammation. Type I Interferons (IFN-I) contribute to the development of TBI neuropathology. Further, the Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase (cGAS) and Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) pathway, a key inducer of IFN-I responses, has been implicated in neuroinflammatory activity in several age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we set out to investigate the effects of TBI on cGAS/STING activation, IFN-I signaling and neuroinflammation in young and aged C57Bl/6 male mice. Using a controlled cortical impact model, we evaluated transcriptomic changes in the injured cortex at 24 hours post-injury, and confirmed activation of key neuroinflammatory pathways in biochemical studies. TBI induced changes were highly enriched for transcripts that were involved in inflammatory responses to stress and host defense. Deeper analysis revealed that TBI increased expression of IFN-I related genes (e.g. Ifnb1, Irf7, Ifi204, Isg15) and IFN-I signaling in the injured cortex of aged compared to young mice. There was also a significant age-related increase in the activation of the DNA-recognition pathway, cGAS, which is a key mechanism to propagate IFN-I responses. Finally, enhanced IFN-I signaling in the aged TBI brain was confirmed by increased phosphorylation of STAT1, an important IFN-I effector molecule. This age-related activation of cGAS and IFN-I signaling may prove to be a mechanistic link between microglial-associated neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the aged TBI brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Barrett
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Susan M Knoblach
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, United States.,Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Surajit Bhattacharya
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Heather Gordish-Dressman
- Center for Translational Science, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Bogdan A Stoica
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Veterans Affairs (VA) Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - David J Loane
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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59
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Guo C, Ma YY. Calcium Permeable-AMPA Receptors and Excitotoxicity in Neurological Disorders. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:711564. [PMID: 34483848 PMCID: PMC8416103 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.711564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitotoxicity is one of the primary mechanisms of cell loss in a variety of diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Other than the previously established signaling pathways of excitotoxicity, which depend on the excessive release of glutamate from axon terminals or over-activation of NMDA receptors (NMDARs), Ca2+ influx-triggered excitotoxicity through Ca2+-permeable (CP)-AMPA receptors (AMPARs) is detected in multiple disease models. In this review, both acute brain insults (e.g., brain trauma or spinal cord injury, ischemia) and chronic neurological disorders, including Epilepsy/Seizures, Huntington’s disease (HD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), chronic pain, and glaucoma, are discussed regarding the CP-AMPAR-mediated excitotoxicity. Considering the low expression or absence of CP-AMPARs in most cells, specific manipulation of the CP-AMPARs might be a more plausible strategy to delay the onset and progression of pathological alterations with fewer side effects than blocking NMDARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyong Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Yao-Ying Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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60
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Zinger A, Soriano S, Baudo G, De Rosa E, Taraballi F, Villapol S. Biomimetic Nanoparticles as a Theranostic Tool for Traumatic Brain Injury. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2021; 31:2100722. [PMID: 34413716 PMCID: PMC8356641 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202100722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) triggers both central and peripheral inflammatory responses. Existing pharmacological drugs are unable to effectively and quickly target the brain inflamed regions, setting up a major roadblock towards effective brain trauma treatments. Nanoparticles (NPs) have been used in multiple diseases as drug delivery tools with remarkable success due to their rapid diffusion and specificity in the target organ. Here, leukocyte-based biomimetic NPs are fabricated as a theranostic tool to directly access inflamed regions in a TBI mouse model. This NP systemic delivery is visualized using advanced in vivo imaging techniques, including intravital microscopy and in vivo imaging system. The results demonstrate selective targeting of NPs to the injured brain and increased NPs accumulation among the peripheral organs 24 h after TBI. Interestingly, increased microglial proliferation, decreased macrophage infiltration, and reduced brain lesion following the NPs treatments compared to sham vehicle-treated mice are also found. In summary, the results suggest that NPs represent a promising future theranostic tool for TBI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Zinger
- Center for Musculoskeletal RegenerationHouston Methodist Academic InstituteDepartment of Orthopedics and Sports MedicineHouston Methodist HospitalHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Sirena Soriano
- Center for Neuroregeneration and Department of NeurosurgeryHouston Methodist Research InstituteHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Gherardo Baudo
- Center for Musculoskeletal RegenerationHouston Methodist Academic InstituteDepartment of Orthopedics and Sports MedicineHouston Methodist HospitalHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Enrica De Rosa
- Center for Musculoskeletal RegenerationHouston Methodist Academic InstituteDepartment of Orthopedics and Sports MedicineHouston Methodist HospitalHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Francesca Taraballi
- Center for Musculoskeletal RegenerationHouston Methodist Academic InstituteDepartment of Orthopedics and Sports MedicineHouston Methodist HospitalHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Sonia Villapol
- Center for Neuroregeneration and Department of NeurosurgeryHouston Methodist Research InstituteHoustonTX77030USA
- Weill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkNY10065USA
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61
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Todd BP, Chimenti MS, Luo Z, Ferguson PJ, Bassuk AG, Newell EA. Traumatic brain injury results in unique microglial and astrocyte transcriptomes enriched for type I interferon response. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:151. [PMID: 34225752 PMCID: PMC8259035 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02197-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability that lacks neuroprotective therapies. Following a TBI, secondary injury response pathways are activated and contribute to ongoing neurodegeneration. Microglia and astrocytes are critical neuroimmune modulators with early and persistent reactivity following a TBI. Although histologic glial reactivity is well established, a precise understanding of microglia and astrocyte function following trauma remains unknown. Methods Adult male C57BL/6J mice underwent either fluid percussion or sham injury. RNA sequencing of concurrently isolated microglia and astrocytes was conducted 7 days post-injury to evaluate cell-type-specific transcriptional responses to TBI. Dual in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence were used to validate the TBI-induced gene expression changes in microglia and astrocytes and to identify spatial orientation of cells expressing these genes. Comparative analysis was performed between our glial transcriptomes and those from prior reports in mild TBI and other neurologic diseases to determine if severe TBI induces unique states of microglial and astrocyte activation. Results Our findings revealed sustained, lineage-specific transcriptional changes in both microglia and astrocytes, with microglia showing a greater transcriptional response than astrocytes at this subacute time point. Microglia and astrocytes showed overlapping enrichment for genes related to type I interferon signaling and MHC class I antigen presentation. The microglia and astrocyte transcriptional response to severe TBI was distinct from prior reports in mild TBI and other neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases. Conclusion Concurrent lineage-specific analysis revealed novel TBI-specific transcriptional changes; these findings highlight the importance of cell-type-specific analysis of glial reactivity following TBI and may assist with the identification of novel, targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany P Todd
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Michael S Chimenti
- Iowa Institute of Human Genetics, Bioinformatics Division, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Zili Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Polly J Ferguson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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62
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Chen XQ, Xing Z, Chen QD, Salvi RJ, Zhang X, Tycko B, Mobley WC, Yu YE. Mechanistic Analysis of Age-Related Clinical Manifestations in Down Syndrome. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:700280. [PMID: 34276349 PMCID: PMC8281234 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.700280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD) due to trisomy for all or part of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21). It is also associated with other phenotypes including distinctive facial features, cardiac defects, growth delay, intellectual disability, immune system abnormalities, and hearing loss. All adults with DS demonstrate AD-like brain pathology, including amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, by age 40 and dementia typically by age 60. There is compelling evidence that increased APP gene dose is necessary for AD in DS, and the mechanism for this effect has begun to emerge, implicating the C-terminal APP fragment of 99 amino acid (β-CTF). The products of other triplicated genes on Hsa21 might act to modify the impact of APP triplication by altering the overall rate of biological aging. Another important age-related DS phenotype is hearing loss, and while its mechanism is unknown, we describe its characteristics here. Moreover, immune system abnormalities in DS, involving interferon pathway genes and aging, predispose to diverse infections and might modify the severity of COVID-19. All these considerations suggest human trisomy 21 impacts several diseases in an age-dependent manner. Thus, understanding the possible aging-related mechanisms associated with these clinical manifestations of DS will facilitate therapeutic interventions in mid-to-late adulthood, while at the same time shedding light on basic mechanisms of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Qiao Chen
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Zhuo Xing
- The Children's Guild Foundation Down Syndrome Research Program, Genetics and Genomics Program and Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Quang-Di Chen
- Department of Communicative Disorders and Sciences and Center for Hearing and Deafness, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Richard J Salvi
- Department of Communicative Disorders and Sciences and Center for Hearing and Deafness, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Xuming Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Benjamin Tycko
- Hackensack-Meridian Health Center for Discovery and Innovation, Nutley, NJ, United States.,Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - William C Mobley
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Y Eugene Yu
- The Children's Guild Foundation Down Syndrome Research Program, Genetics and Genomics Program and Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States.,Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics Program, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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63
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Neuroimmune cleanup crews in brain injury. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:480-494. [PMID: 33941486 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability. Mounting evidence indicates that the immune system is critically involved in TBI pathogenesis, where it is deployed to dispose of neurotoxic material generated from head trauma and to instruct the wound healing process. However, the immune response to brain damage must be carefully held in check as aberrant regulation of immune signaling can lead to deleterious neuroinflammation, brain pathology, and neurological dysfunction. Efficient clearance of neurotoxic material by microglia (the brain's resident phagocytes) and the glymphatic-meningeal lymphatic drainage system are paramount to keeping the immune system in balance following head trauma. In this review, we highlight emerging evidence that defines pivotal roles for microglia and the recently discovered glymphatic-meningeal lymphatic system in TBI pathogenesis.
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Hegdekar N, Lipinski MM, Sarkar C. N-Acetyl-L-leucine improves functional recovery and attenuates cortical cell death and neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury in mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9249. [PMID: 33927281 PMCID: PMC8084982 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88693-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of mortality and long-term disability around the world. Even mild to moderate TBI can lead to lifelong neurological impairment due to acute and progressive neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation induced by the injury. Thus, the discovery of novel treatments which can be used as early therapeutic interventions following TBI is essential to restrict neuronal cell death and neuroinflammation. We demonstrate that orally administered N-acetyl-l-leucine (NALL) significantly improved motor and cognitive outcomes in the injured mice, led to the attenuation of cell death, and reduced the expression of neuroinflammatory markers after controlled cortical impact (CCI) induced experimental TBI in mice. Our data indicate that partial restoration of autophagy flux mediated by NALL may account for the positive effect of treatment in the injured mouse brain. Taken together, our study indicates that treatment with NALL would be expected to improve neurological function after injury by restricting cortical cell death and neuroinflammation. Therefore, NALL is a promising novel, neuroprotective drug candidate for the treatment of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Hegdekar
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Marta M Lipinski
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Chinmoy Sarkar
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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Sharma R, Zamani A, Dill LK, Sun M, Chu E, Robinson MJ, O'Brien TJ, Shultz SR, Semple BD. A systemic immune challenge to model hospital-acquired infections independently regulates immune responses after pediatric traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:72. [PMID: 33731173 PMCID: PMC7968166 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02114-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of disability in young children, yet the factors contributing to poor outcomes in this population are not well understood. TBI patients are highly susceptible to nosocomial infections, which are mostly acquired within the first week of hospitalization, and such infections may modify TBI pathobiology and recovery. In this study, we hypothesized that a peripheral immune challenge such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS)—mimicking a hospital-acquired infection—would worsen outcomes after experimental pediatric TBI, by perpetuating the inflammatory immune response. Methods Three-week-old male mice received either a moderate controlled cortical impact or sham surgery, followed by a single LPS dose (1 mg/kg i.p.) or vehicle (0.9% saline) at 4 days post-surgery, then analysis at 5 or 8 days post-injury (i.e., 1 or 4 days post-LPS). Results LPS-treated mice exhibited a time-dependent reduction in general activity and social investigation, and increased anxiety, alongside substantial body weight loss, indicating transient sickness behaviors. Spleen-to-body weight ratios were also increased in LPS-treated mice, indicative of persistent activation of adaptive immunity at 4 days post-LPS. TBI + LPS mice showed an impaired trajectory of weight gain post-LPS, reflecting a synergistic effect of TBI and the LPS-induced immune challenge. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated innate immune cell activation in blood, brain, and spleen post-LPS; however, this was not potentiated by TBI. Cytokine protein levels in serum, and gene expression levels in the brain, were altered in response to LPS but not TBI across the time course. Immunofluorescence analysis of brain sections revealed increased glia reactivity due to injury, but no additive effect of LPS was observed. Conclusions Together, we found that a transient, infection-like systemic challenge had widespread effects on the brain and immune system, but these were not synergistic with prior TBI in pediatric mice. These findings provide novel insight into the potential influence of a secondary immune challenge to the injured pediatric brain, with future studies needed to elucidate the chronic effects of this two-hit insult. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02114-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Sharma
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Level 6, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Akram Zamani
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Level 6, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Larissa K Dill
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Level 6, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, VIC, Australia
| | - Mujun Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Level 6, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Erskine Chu
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Level 6, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Marcus J Robinson
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Level 6, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Level 6, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Bridgette D Semple
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Level 6, The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia. .,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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66
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Sharma S, Tiarks G, Haight J, Bassuk AG. Neuropathophysiological Mechanisms and Treatment Strategies for Post-traumatic Epilepsy. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:612073. [PMID: 33708071 PMCID: PMC7940684 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.612073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death in young adults and a risk factor for acquired epilepsy. Severe TBI, after a period of time, causes numerous neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative problems with varying comorbidities; and brain homeostasis may never be restored. As a consequence of disrupted equilibrium, neuropathological changes such as circuit remodeling, reorganization of neural networks, changes in structural and functional plasticity, predisposition to synchronized activity, and post-translational modification of synaptic proteins may begin to dominate the brain. These pathological changes, over the course of time, contribute to conditions like Alzheimer disease, dementia, anxiety disorders, and post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE). PTE is one of the most common, devastating complications of TBI; and of those affected by a severe TBI, more than 50% develop PTE. The etiopathology and mechanisms of PTE are either unknown or poorly understood, which makes treatment challenging. Although anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) are used as preventive strategies to manage TBI, control acute seizures and prevent development of PTE, their efficacy in PTE remains controversial. In this review, we discuss novel mechanisms and risk factors underlying PTE. We also discuss dysfunctions of neurovascular unit, cell-specific neuroinflammatory mediators and immune response factors that are vital for epileptogenesis after TBI. Finally, we describe current and novel treatments and management strategies for preventing PTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaunik Sharma
- Medical Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Grant Tiarks
- Medical Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Joseph Haight
- Medical Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Alexander G Bassuk
- Medical Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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Fryer AL, Abdullah A, Taylor JM, Crack PJ. The Complexity of the cGAS-STING Pathway in CNS Pathologies. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:621501. [PMID: 33633536 PMCID: PMC7900568 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.621501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation driven by type-I interferons in the CNS is well established to exacerbate the progression of many CNS pathologies both acute and chronic. The role of adaptor protein Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) is increasingly appreciated to instigate type-I IFN-mediated neuroinflammation. As an upstream regulator of type-I IFNs, STING modulation presents a novel therapeutic opportunity to mediate inflammation in the CNS. This review will detail the current knowledge of protective and detrimental STING activity in acute and chronic CNS pathologies and the current therapeutic avenues being explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia L Fryer
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Amar Abdullah
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Juliet M Taylor
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter J Crack
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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68
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Zhou Y, Fan R, Botchway BOA, Zhang Y, Liu X. Infliximab Can Improve Traumatic Brain Injury by Suppressing the Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2803-2811. [PMID: 33501626 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02293-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has both high morbidity and mortality rates and can negatively influence physical and mental health, while also causing extreme burden to both individual and society. Hitherto, there is no effective treatment for TBI because of the complexity of the brain anatomy and physiology. Currently, management strategies mainly focus on controlling inflammation after TBI. Tumor necrotizing factor alpha (TNF-α) plays a crucial role in neuroinflammation post-TBI. TNF-α acts as the initiator of downstream inflammatory signaling pathways, and its activation can trigger a series of inflammatory reactions. Infliximab is a monoclonal anti-TNF-α antibody that reduces inflammation. Herein, we review the latest findings pertaining to the role of TNF-α and infliximab in TBI. We seek to present a comprehensive clinical application prospect of infliximab in TBI and, thus, discuss potential strategies of infliximab in treating TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiru Zhou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Shaoxing City, China
| | - Ruihua Fan
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing City, China
| | - Benson O A Botchway
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Shaoxing City, China
| | - Xuehong Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Shaoxing City, China.
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69
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Traumatic Brain Injury Causes Chronic Cortical Inflammation and Neuronal Dysfunction Mediated by Microglia. J Neurosci 2021; 41:1597-1616. [PMID: 33452227 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2469-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can lead to significant neuropsychiatric problems and neurodegenerative pathologies, which develop and persist years after injury. Neuroinflammatory processes evolve over this same period. Therefore, we aimed to determine the contribution of microglia to neuropathology at acute [1 d postinjury (dpi)], subacute (7 dpi), and chronic (30 dpi) time points. Microglia were depleted with PLX5622, a CSF1R antagonist, before midline fluid percussion injury (FPI) in male mice and cortical neuropathology/inflammation was assessed using a neuropathology mRNA panel. Gene expression associated with inflammation and neuropathology were robustly increased acutely after injury (1 dpi) and the majority of this expression was microglia independent. At 7 and 30 dpi, however, microglial depletion reversed TBI-related expression of genes associated with inflammation, interferon signaling, and neuropathology. Myriad suppressed genes at subacute and chronic endpoints were attributed to neurons. To understand the relationship between microglia, neurons, and other glia, single-cell RNA sequencing was completed 7 dpi, a critical time point in the evolution from acute to chronic pathogenesis. Cortical microglia exhibited distinct TBI-associated clustering with increased type-1 interferon and neurodegenerative/damage-related genes. In cortical neurons, genes associated with dopamine signaling, long-term potentiation, calcium signaling, and synaptogenesis were suppressed. Microglial depletion reversed the majority of these neuronal alterations. Furthermore, there was reduced cortical dendritic complexity 7 dpi, reduced neuronal connectively 30 dpi, and cognitive impairment 30 dpi. All of these TBI-associated functional and behavioral impairments were prevented by microglial depletion. Collectively, these studies indicate that microglia promote persistent neuropathology and long-term functional impairments in neuronal homeostasis after TBI.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Millions of traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) occur in the United States alone each year. Survivors face elevated rates of cognitive and psychiatric complications long after the inciting injury. Recent studies of human brain injury link chronic neuroinflammation to adverse neurologic outcomes, suggesting that evolving inflammatory processes may be an opportunity for intervention. Here, we eliminate microglia to compare the effects of diffuse TBI on neurons in the presence and absence of microglia and microglia-mediated inflammation. In the absence of microglia, neurons do not undergo TBI-induced changes in gene transcription or structure. Microglial elimination prevented TBI-induced cognitive changes 30 d postinjury (dpi). Therefore, microglia have a critical role in disrupting neuronal homeostasis after TBI, particularly at subacute and chronic timepoints.
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70
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Bhuiyan P, Wang YW, Sha HH, Dong HQ, Qian YN. Neuroimmune connections between corticotropin-releasing hormone and mast cells: novel strategies for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:2184-2197. [PMID: 33818491 PMCID: PMC8354134 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.310608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing hormone is a critical component of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, which plays a major role in the body’s immune response to stress. Mast cells are both sensors and effectors in the interaction between the nervous and immune systems. As first responders to stress, mast cells can initiate, amplify and prolong neuroimmune responses upon activation. Corticotropin-releasing hormone plays a pivotal role in triggering stress responses and related diseases by acting on its receptors in mast cells. Corticotropin-releasing hormone can stimulate mast cell activation, influence the activation of immune cells by peripheral nerves and modulate neuroimmune interactions. The latest evidence shows that the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone induces the degranulation of mast cells under stress conditions, leading to disruption of the blood-brain barrier, which plays an important role in neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, autism spectrum disorder and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Recent studies suggest that stress increases intestinal permeability and disrupts the blood-brain barrier through corticotropin-releasing hormone-mediated activation of mast cells, providing new insight into the complex interplay between the brain and gastrointestinal tract. The neuroimmune target of mast cells is the site at which the corticotropin-releasing hormone directly participates in the inflammatory responses of nerve terminals. In this review, we focus on the neuroimmune connections between corticotropin-releasing hormone and mast cells, with the aim of providing novel potential therapeutic targets for inflammatory, autoimmune and nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piplu Bhuiyan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yi-Wei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wuxi People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Huan-Huan Sha
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hong-Quan Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yan-Ning Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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Bu L, Wang H, Hou P, Guo S, He M, Xiao J, Li P, Zhong Y, Jia P, Cao Y, Liang G, Yang C, Chen L, Guo D, Li CM. The Ubiquitin E3 Ligase Parkin Inhibits Innate Antiviral Immunity Through K48-Linked Polyubiquitination of RIG-I and MDA5. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1926. [PMID: 32983119 PMCID: PMC7492610 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first-line defense against antiviral or antimicrobial infection. RIG-I and MDA5, which mediate the recognition of pathogen-derived nucleic acids, are essential for production of type I interferons (IFN). Here, we identified mitochondrion depolarization inducer carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) inhibited the response and antiviral activity of type I IFN during viral infection. Furthermore, we found that the PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Parkin mediated mitophagy, thus negatively regulating the activation of RIG-I and MDA5. Parkin directly interacted with and catalyzed the K48-linked polyubiquitination and subsequent degradation of RIG-I and MDA5. Thus, we demonstrate that Parkin limits RLR-triggered innate immunity activation, suggesting Parkin as a potential therapeutic target for the control of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Bu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, the Infection and Immunity Center (TIIC), School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Panpan Hou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, the Infection and Immunity Center (TIIC), School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuting Guo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Miao He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, the Infection and Immunity Center (TIIC), School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingshu Xiao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, the Infection and Immunity Center (TIIC), School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ping Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, the Infection and Immunity Center (TIIC), School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yongheng Zhong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, the Infection and Immunity Center (TIIC), School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Penghui Jia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, the Infection and Immunity Center (TIIC), School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuanyuan Cao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Guanzhan Liang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, the Infection and Immunity Center (TIIC), School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chenwei Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, the Infection and Immunity Center (TIIC), School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lang Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Deyin Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, the Infection and Immunity Center (TIIC), School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chun-Mei Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, the Infection and Immunity Center (TIIC), School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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PERK-STING Signaling Drives Neuroinflammation in Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurosci 2020; 40:2384-2386. [PMID: 32188742 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2881-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Paudel YN, Angelopoulou E, Piperi C, Othman I, Shaikh MF. HMGB1-Mediated Neuroinflammatory Responses in Brain Injuries: Potential Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134609. [PMID: 32610502 PMCID: PMC7370155 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain injuries are devastating conditions, representing a global cause of mortality and morbidity, with no effective treatment to date. Increased evidence supports the role of neuroinflammation in driving several forms of brain injuries. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein is a pro-inflammatory-like cytokine with an initiator role in neuroinflammation that has been implicated in Traumatic brain injury (TBI) as well as in early brain injury (EBI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Herein, we discuss the implication of HMGB1-induced neuroinflammatory responses in these brain injuries, mediated through binding to the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), toll-like receptor4 (TLR4) and other inflammatory mediators. Moreover, we provide evidence on the biomarker potential of HMGB1 and the significance of its nucleocytoplasmic translocation during brain injuries along with the promising neuroprotective effects observed upon HMGB1 inhibition/neutralization in TBI and EBI induced by SAH. Overall, this review addresses the current advances on neuroinflammation driven by HMGB1 in brain injuries indicating a future treatment opportunity that may overcome current therapeutic gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yam Nath Paudel
- Neuropharmacology Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor 47500, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (Y.N.P.); (C.P.); (M.F.S.); Tel.: +6-01-8396-0285 (Y.N.P.); +30-210-746-2610 (C.P.); +60-3-5514-6000 (ext. 44483) or +60-3-5514-4483 (M.F.S.); Fax: +30-210-746-2703 (C.P.); +601-4283-2410 (M.F.S.)
| | - Efthalia Angelopoulou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
- Correspondence: (Y.N.P.); (C.P.); (M.F.S.); Tel.: +6-01-8396-0285 (Y.N.P.); +30-210-746-2610 (C.P.); +60-3-5514-6000 (ext. 44483) or +60-3-5514-4483 (M.F.S.); Fax: +30-210-746-2703 (C.P.); +601-4283-2410 (M.F.S.)
| | - Iekhsan Othman
- Neuropharmacology Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor 47500, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd. Farooq Shaikh
- Neuropharmacology Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor 47500, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (Y.N.P.); (C.P.); (M.F.S.); Tel.: +6-01-8396-0285 (Y.N.P.); +30-210-746-2610 (C.P.); +60-3-5514-6000 (ext. 44483) or +60-3-5514-4483 (M.F.S.); Fax: +30-210-746-2703 (C.P.); +601-4283-2410 (M.F.S.)
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