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Cheng Y, Huang CCY, Ma T, Wei X, Wang X, Lu J, Wang J. Distinct Synaptic Strengthening of the Striatal Direct and Indirect Pathways Drives Alcohol Consumption. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 81:918-929. [PMID: 27470168 PMCID: PMC5124556 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repeated exposure to addictive drugs or alcohol triggers glutamatergic and gamma-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) plasticity in many neuronal populations. The dorsomedial striatum (DMS), a brain region critically involved in addiction, contains medium spiny neurons (MSNs) expressing dopamine D1 or D2 receptors, which form direct and indirect pathways, respectively. It is unclear how alcohol-evoked plasticity in the DMS contributes to alcohol consumption in a cell type-specific manner. METHODS Mice were trained to consume alcohol using an intermittent-access two-bottle-choice drinking procedure. Slice electrophysiology was used to measure glutamatergic and GABAergic strength in DMS D1- and D2-MSNs of alcohol-drinking mice and control mice. In vivo chemogenetic and pharmacologic approaches were employed to manipulate MSN activity, and their consequences on alcohol consumption were measured. RESULTS Repeated cycles of alcohol consumption and withdrawal in mice strengthened glutamatergic transmission in D1-MSNs and GABAergic transmission in D2-MSNs. In vivo chemogenetic excitation of D1-MSNs, mimicking glutamatergic strengthening, promoted alcohol consumption; the same effect was induced by D2-MSN inhibition, mimicking GABAergic strengthening. Importantly, suppression of GABAergic transmission via D2 receptor-glycogen synthase kinase-3β signaling dramatically reduced excessive alcohol consumption, as did selective inhibition of D1-MSNs or excitation of D2-MSNs. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that repeated cycles of excessive alcohol intake and withdrawal potentiate glutamatergic strength exclusively in D1-MSNs and GABAergic strength specifically in D2-MSNs of the DMS, which concurrently contribute to alcohol consumption. These results provide insight into the synaptic and cell type-specific mechanisms underlying alcohol addiction and identify targets for the development of new therapeutic approaches to alcohol abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Cheng
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas
| | - Cathy C Y Huang
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas
| | - Tengfei Ma
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas
| | - Xiaoyan Wei
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas
| | - Xuehua Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas
| | - Jiayi Lu
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas.
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52
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Yang Q, Song D, Qing H. Neural changes in Alzheimer's disease from circuit to molecule: Perspective of optogenetics. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 79:110-118. [PMID: 28522119 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), as a crucial neurodegenerative disorder, affects neural activities at many levels. Synaptic plasticity and neural circuits are most susceptible in AD, but the detailed mechanism is unclear. Optogenetic tools provide unprecedented spatio-temporal specificity to stimulate specific neural circuits or synaptic molecules to reveal the precise function of normal brain and mechanism of deficits in AD models. Furthermore, using optogenetics to stimulate neurons can rescue learning and memory loss caused by AD. It also has possibility to use light to control the Neurotransmitter receptors and their downstream signal pathway. These technical methods have broad therapeutic application prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghu Yang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Da Song
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Hong Qing
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China.
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53
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Oliveros A, Cho CH, Cui A, Choi S, Lindberg D, Hinton D, Jang MH, Choi DS. Adenosine A 2A receptor and ERK-driven impulsivity potentiates hippocampal neuroblast proliferation. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1095. [PMID: 28418405 PMCID: PMC5416704 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dampened adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) function has been implicated in addiction through enhancement of goal-directed behaviors. However, the contribution of the A2AR to the control of impulsive reward seeking remains unknown. Using mice that were exposed to differential reward of low rate (DRL) schedules during Pavlovian-conditioning, second-order schedule discrimination, and the 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT), we demonstrate that deficits of A2AR function promote impulsive responses. Antagonism of the A2AR lowered ERK1 and ERK2 phosphorylation in the dorsal hippocampus (dHip) and potentiated impulsivity during Pavlovian-conditioning and the 5-CSRTT. Remarkably, inhibition of ERK1 and ERK2 phosphorylation by U0126 in the dHip prior to Pavlovian-conditioning exacerbated impulsive reward seeking. Moreover, we found decreased A2AR expression, and reduced ERK1 and ERK2 phosphorylation in the dHip of equilibrative nucleoside transporter type 1 (ENT1-/-) null mice, which displayed exacerbated impulsivity. To determine whether impulsive response behavior is associated with hippocampal neuroblast development, we investigated expression of BrdU+ and doublecortin (DCX+) following 5-CSRTT testing. These studies revealed that impulsive behavior driven by inhibition of the A2AR is accompanied by increased neuroblast proliferation in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Oliveros
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - C H Cho
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - A Cui
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - S Choi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - D Lindberg
- Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - D Hinton
- Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - M-H Jang
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - D-S Choi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA,Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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54
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Luong L, Bannon NM, Redenti A, Chistiakova M, Volgushev M. Very low concentrations of ethanol suppress excitatory synaptic transmission in rat visual cortex. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 45:1333-1342. [PMID: 28263415 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ethanol is one of the most commonly used substances in the world. Behavioral effects of alcohol are well described, however, cellular mechanisms of its action are poorly understood. There is an apparent contradiction between measurable behavioral changes produced by low concentrations of ethanol, and lack of evidence of synaptic changes at these concentrations. Furthermore, effects of ethanol on synaptic transmission in the neocortex are poorly understood. Here, we set to determine effects of ethanol on excitatory synaptic transmission in the neocortex. We show that 1-50 mm ethanol suppresses excitatory synaptic transmission to layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons in rat visual cortex in a concentration-dependent manner. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the effects of very low concentrations of ethanol (from 1 mm) on synaptic transmission in the neocortex. We further show that a selective antagonist of A1 adenosine receptors, 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX), blocks effects of 1-10 mm ethanol on synaptic transmission. However, the reduction in excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitude by 50 mm ethanol was not affected by DPCPX. We propose that ethanol depresses excitatory synaptic transmission in the neocortex by at least two mechanisms, engaged at different concentrations: low concentrations of ethanol reduce synaptic transmission via A1 R-dependent mechanism and involve presynaptic changes, while higher concentrations activate additional, adenosine-independent mechanisms with predominantly postsynaptic action. Involvement of adenosine signaling in mediating effects of low concentrations of ethanol may have important implications for understanding alcohol's effects on brain function, and provide a mechanistic explanation to the interaction between alcohol and caffeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Luong
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road Unit 1020, Storrs, CT, 06268, USA
| | - Nicholas M Bannon
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road Unit 1020, Storrs, CT, 06268, USA
| | - Andrew Redenti
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road Unit 1020, Storrs, CT, 06268, USA
| | - Marina Chistiakova
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road Unit 1020, Storrs, CT, 06268, USA
| | - Maxim Volgushev
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road Unit 1020, Storrs, CT, 06268, USA
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Oliveros A, Starski P, Lindberg D, Choi S, Heppelmann CJ, Dasari S, Choi DS. Label-Free Neuroproteomics of the Hippocampal-Accumbal Circuit Reveals Deficits in Neurotransmitter and Neuropeptide Signaling in Mice Lacking Ethanol-Sensitive Adenosine Transporter. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:1445-1459. [PMID: 27998058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The neural circuit of the dorsal hippocampus (dHip) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) contributes to cue-induced learning and addictive behaviors, as demonstrated by the escalation of ethanol-seeking behaviors observed following deletion of the adenosine equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1-/-) in mice. Here we perform quantitative LC-MS/MS neuroproteomics in the dHip and NAc of ENT1-/- mice. Using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, we identified proteins associated with increased long-term potentiation, ARP2/3-mediated actin cytoskeleton signaling and protein expression patterns suggesting deficits in glutamate degradation, GABAergic signaling, as well as significant changes in bioenergetics and energy homeostasis (oxidative phosphorylation, TCA cycle, and glycolysis). These pathways are consistent with previously reported behavioral and biochemical phenotypes that typify mice lacking ENT1. Moreover, we validated decreased expression of the SNARE complex protein VAMP1 (synaptobrevin-1) in the dHip as well as decreased expression of pro-dynorphin (PDYN), neuroendocrine convertase (PCSK1), and Leu-Enkephalin (dynorphin-A) in the NAc. Taken together, our proteomic approach provides novel pathways indicating that ENT1-regulated signaling is essential for neurotransmitter release and neuropeptide processing, both of which underlie learning and reward-seeking behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Oliveros
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Phillip Starski
- Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Daniel Lindberg
- Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Sun Choi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Carrie J Heppelmann
- Proteomics Research Center, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Surendra Dasari
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Doo-Sup Choi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States.,Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
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Fouyssac M, Everitt BJ, Belin D. Cellular basis of the intrastriatal functional shifts that underlie the development of habits: relevance for drug addiction. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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57
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Furlong TM, Supit AS, Corbit LH, Killcross S, Balleine BW. Pulling habits out of rats: adenosine 2A receptor antagonism in dorsomedial striatum rescues meth-amphetamine-induced deficits in goal-directed action. Addict Biol 2017; 22:172-183. [PMID: 26515740 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Addiction is characterized by a persistent loss of behavioral control resulting in insensitivity to negative feedback and abnormal decision-making. Here, we investigated the influence of methamphetamine (METH)-paired contextual cues on decision-making in rats. Choice between goal-directed actions was sensitive to outcome devaluation in a saline-paired context but was impaired in the METH-paired context, a deficit that was also found when negative feedback was provided. Reductions in c-Fos-related immunoreactivity were found in dorsomedial striatum (DMS) but not dorsolateral striatum after exposure to the METH context suggesting this effect reflected a loss specifically in goal-directed control in the METH context. This reduction in c-Fos was localized to non-enkephalin-expressing neurons in the DMS, likely dopamine D1-expressing direct pathway neurons, suggesting a relative change in control by the D1-direct versus D2-indirect pathways originating in the DMS may have been induced by METH-context exposure. To test this suggestion, we infused the adenosine 2A receptor antagonist ZM241385 into the DMS prior to test to reduce activity in D2 neurons relative to D1 neurons in the hope of reducing the inhibitory output from this region of the striatum. We found that this treatment fully restored sensitivity to negative feedback in a test conducted in the METH-paired context. These results suggest that drug exposure alters decision-making by downregulation of the circuitry mediating goal-directed action, an effect that can be ameliorated by acute A2A receptor inhibition in this circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teri M. Furlong
- Brain & Mind Research Institute; University of Sydney; Australia
| | - Alva S.A. Supit
- Brain & Mind Research Institute; University of Sydney; Australia
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58
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He Y, Li Y, Chen M, Pu Z, Zhang F, Chen L, Ruan Y, Pan X, He C, Chen X, Li Z, Chen JF. Habit Formation after Random Interval Training Is Associated with Increased Adenosine A 2A Receptor and Dopamine D 2 Receptor Heterodimers in the Striatum. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:151. [PMID: 28082865 PMCID: PMC5184771 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Striatal adenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs) modulate striatal synaptic plasticity and instrumental learning, possibly by functional interaction with the dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs) and metabotropic glutamate receptors 5 (mGluR5) through receptor-receptor heterodimers, but in vivo evidence for these interactions is lacking. Using in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA), we studied the subregional distribution of the A2AR-D2R and A2AR-mGluR5 heterodimer complexes in the striatum and their adaptive changes over the random interval and random ratio training of instrumental learning. After confirming the specificity of the PLA detection of the A2AR-D2R heterodimers with the A2AR knockout and D2R knockout mice, we detected a heterogeneous distribution of the A2AR-D2R heterodimer complexes in the striatum, being more abundant in the dorsolateral than the dorsomedial striatum. Importantly, habit formation after the random interval training was associated with the increased formation of the A2AR-D2R heterodimer complexes, with prominant increase in the dorsomedial striatum. Conversely, goal-directed behavior after the random ratio schedule was not associated with the adaptive change in the A2AR-D2R heterodimer complexes. In contrast to the A2AR-D2R heterodimers, the A2AR-mGluR5 heterodimers showed neither subregional variation in the striatum nor adaptive changes over either the random ratio (RR) or random interval (RI) training of instrumental learning. These findings suggest that development of habit formation is associated with increased formation of the A2AR-D2R heterodimer protein complexes which may lead to reduced dependence on D2R signaling in the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan He
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Geriatrics and Neurology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Mozi Chen
- Ma'anshan Municipal Hospital Group and Municipal People's Hospital Ma'anshan, China
| | - Zhilan Pu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Feiyang Zhang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Long Chen
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Yang Ruan
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinran Pan
- Department of Geriatrics and Neurology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Chaoxiang He
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Xingjun Chen
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhihui Li
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiang-Fan Chen
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, China; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Boston UniversityBoston, MA, USA
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59
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Abstract
The main characteristic of alcohol use disorder is the consumption of large quantities of alcohol despite the negative consequences. The transition from the moderate use of alcohol to excessive, uncontrolled alcohol consumption results from neuroadaptations that cause aberrant motivational learning and memory processes. Here, we examine studies that have combined molecular and behavioural approaches in rodents to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that keep the social intake of alcohol in check, which we term 'stop pathways', and the neuroadaptations that underlie the transition from moderate to uncontrolled, excessive alcohol intake, which we term 'go pathways'. We also discuss post-transcriptional, genetic and epigenetic alterations that underlie both types of pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Ron
- Corresponding author: Dorit Ron, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, BOX 0663, San Francisco, CA 94143-0663,
| | - Segev Barak
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- School of Psychological Sciences and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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60
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Bicket A, Mehrabi P, Naydenova Z, Wong V, Donaldson L, Stagljar I, Coe IR. Novel regulation of equlibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) by receptor-stimulated Ca2+-dependent calmodulin binding. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 310:C808-20. [PMID: 27009875 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00243.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs) facilitate the flux of nucleosides, such as adenosine, and nucleoside analog (NA) drugs across cell membranes. A correlation between adenosine flux and calcium-dependent signaling has been previously reported; however, the mechanistic basis of these observations is not known. Here we report the identification of the calcium signaling transducer calmodulin (CaM) as an ENT1-interacting protein, via a conserved classic 1-5-10 motif in ENT1. Calcium-dependent human ENT1-CaM protein interactions were confirmed in human cell lines (HEK293, RT4, U-87 MG) using biochemical assays (HEK293) and the functional assays (HEK293, RT4), which confirmed modified nucleoside uptake that occurred in the presence of pharmacological manipulations of calcium levels and CaM function. Nucleoside and NA drug uptake was significantly decreased (∼12% and ∼39%, respectively) by chelating calcium (EGTA, 50 μM; BAPTA-AM, 25 μM), whereas increasing intracellular calcium (thapsigargin, 1.5 μM) led to increased nucleoside uptake (∼26%). Activation of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors (in U-87 MG) by glutamate (1 mM) and glycine (100 μM) significantly increased nucleoside uptake (∼38%) except in the presence of the NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801 (50 μM), or CaM antagonist, W7 (50 μM). These data support the existence of a previously unidentified novel receptor-dependent regulatory mechanism, whereby intracellular calcium modulates nucleoside and NA drug uptake via CaM-dependent interaction of ENT1. These findings suggest that ENT1 is regulated via receptor-dependent calcium-linked pathways resulting in an alteration of purine flux, which may modulate purinergic signaling and influence NA drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Bicket
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Pedram Mehrabi
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Zlatina Naydenova
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Victoria Wong
- Donnelly Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Igor Stagljar
- Donnelly Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Imogen R Coe
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada;
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61
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Ayers-Ringler JR, Jia YF, Qiu YY, Choi DS. Role of astrocytic glutamate transporter in alcohol use disorder. World J Psychiatry 2016; 6:31-42. [PMID: 27014596 PMCID: PMC4804266 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v6.i1.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is one of the most widespread neuropsychiatric conditions, having a significant health and socioeconomic impact. According to the 2014 World Health Organization global status report on alcohol and health, the harmful use of alcohol is responsible for 5.9% of all deaths worldwide. Additionally, 5.1% of the global burden of disease and injury is ascribed to alcohol (measured in disability adjusted life years, or disability adjusted life years). Although the neurobiological basis of AUD is highly complex, the corticostriatal circuit contributes significantly to the development of addictive behaviors. In-depth investigation into the changes of the neurotransmitters in this circuit, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyricacid, and glutamate, and their corresponding neuronal receptors in AUD and other addictions enable us to understand the molecular basis of AUD. However, these discoveries have also revealed a dearth of knowledge regarding contributions from non-neuronal sources. Astrocytes, though intimately involved in synaptic function, had until recently been noticeably overlooked in their potential role in AUD. One major function of the astrocyte is protecting neurons from excitotoxicity by removing glutamate from the synapse via excitatory amino acid transporter type 2. The importance of this key transporter in addiction, as well as ethanol withdrawal, has recently become evident, though its regulation is still under investigation. Historically, pharmacotherapy for AUD has been focused on altering the activity of neuronal glutamate receptors. However, recent clinical evidence has supported the animal-based findings, showing that regulating glutamate homeostasis contributes to successful management of recovery from AUD.
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62
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Ayers-Ringler JR, Oliveros A, Qiu Y, Lindberg DM, Hinton DJ, Moore RM, Dasari S, Choi DS. Label-Free Proteomic Analysis of Protein Changes in the Striatum during Chronic Ethanol Use and Early Withdrawal. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:46. [PMID: 27014007 PMCID: PMC4786553 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying the neuronal signaling changes in alcohol addiction and withdrawal are complex and multifaceted. The cortico-striatal circuit is highly implicated in these processes, and the striatum plays a significant role not only in the early stages of addiction, but in the developed-addictive state as well, including withdrawal symptoms. Transcriptional analysis is a useful method for determining changes in gene expression, however, the results do not always accurately correlate with protein levels. In this study, we employ label-free proteomic analysis to determine changes in protein expression within the striatum during chronic ethanol use and early withdrawal. The striatum, composed primarily of medium spiny GABAergic neurons, glutamatergic and dopaminergic nerve terminals and astrocytes, is relatively homogeneous for proteomic analysis. We were able to analyze more than 5000 proteins from both the dorsal (caudate and putamen) and ventral (nucleus accumbens) striatum and identified significant changes following chronic intermittent ethanol exposure and acute (8 h) withdrawal compared to ethanol naïve and ethanol exposure groups respectively. Our results showed significant changes in proteins involved in glutamate and opioid peptide signaling, and also uncovered novel pathways including mitochondrial function and lipid/cholesterol metabolism, as revealed by changes in electron transport chain proteins and RXR activation pathways. These results will be useful in the development of novel treatments for alcohol withdrawal and thereby aid in recovery from alcohol use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alfredo Oliveros
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yanyan Qiu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Daniel M Lindberg
- Neurobiology of Disease PhD Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | - David J Hinton
- Neurobiology of Disease PhD Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Raymond M Moore
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Surendra Dasari
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Doo-Sup Choi
- Neurobiology of Disease PhD Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo ClinicRochester, MN, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic College of MedicineRochester, MN, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of MedicineRochester, MN, USA
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63
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Li Y, He Y, Chen M, Pu Z, Chen L, Li P, Li B, Li H, Huang ZL, Li Z, Chen JF. Optogenetic Activation of Adenosine A2A Receptor Signaling in the Dorsomedial Striatopallidal Neurons Suppresses Goal-Directed Behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:1003-13. [PMID: 26216520 PMCID: PMC4748425 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The striatum has an essential role in neural control of instrumental behaviors by reinforcement learning. Adenosine A(2A) receptors (A(2A)Rs) are highly enriched in the striatopallidal neurons and are implicated in instrumental behavior control. However, the temporal importance of the A(2A)R signaling in relation to the reward and specific contributions of the striatopallidal A(2A)Rs in the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) and the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) to the control of instrumental learning are not defined. Here, we addressed temporal relationship and sufficiency of transient activation of optoA(2A)R signaling precisely at the time of the reward to the control of instrumental learning, using our newly developed rhodopsin-A2AR chimeras (optoA(2A)R). We demonstrated that transient light activation of optoA(2A)R signaling in the striatopallidal neurons in 'time-locked' manner with the reward delivery (but not random optoA(2A)R activation) was sufficient to change the animal's sensitivity to outcome devaluation without affecting the acquisition or extinction phases of instrumental learning. We further demonstrated that optogenetic activation of striatopallidal A(2A)R signaling in the DMS suppressed goal-directed behaviors, as focally genetic knockdown of striatopallidal A(2A)Rs in the DMS enhanced goal-directed behavior by the devaluation test. By contrast, optogenetic activation or focal AAV-Cre-mediated knockdown of striatopallidal A(2A)R in the DLS had relatively limited effects on instrumental learning. Thus, the striatopallidal A(2A)R signaling in the DMS exerts inhibitory and predominant control of goal-directed behavior by acting precisely at the time of reward, and may represent a therapeutic target to reverse abnormal habit formation that is associated with compulsive obsessive disorder and drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- The Institute of Molecular Medicine, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan He
- The Institute of Molecular Medicine, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mozi Chen
- The Institute of Molecular Medicine, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhilan Pu
- The Institute of Molecular Medicine, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Li
- Molecular Biology Center, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Li
- The Institute of Molecular Medicine, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- The Institute of Molecular Medicine, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhi-Li Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihui Li
- The Institute of Molecular Medicine, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiang-Fan Chen
- The Institute of Molecular Medicine, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Neurology, Boston University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Ingwersen J, Wingerath B, Graf J, Lepka K, Hofrichter M, Schröter F, Wedekind F, Bauer A, Schrader J, Hartung HP, Prozorovski T, Aktas O. Dual roles of the adenosine A2a receptor in autoimmune neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:48. [PMID: 26920550 PMCID: PMC4768407 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0512-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conditions of inflammatory tissue distress are associated with high extracellular levels of adenosine, due to increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) degradation upon cellular stress or the release of extracellular ATP upon cell death, which can be degraded to adenosine by membrane-bound ecto-enzymes like CD39 and CD73. Adenosine is recognised to mediate anti-inflammatory effects via the adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR), as shown in experimental models of arthritis. Here, using pharmacological interventions and genetic inactivation, we investigated the roles of A2aR in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS We used two independent mouse EAE variants, i.e. active immunization in C57BL/6 with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35-55 or transfer-EAE by proteolipid protein (PLP)139-155-stimulated T lymphocytes and EAE in mice treated with A2aR-agonist CGS21680 at different stages of disease course and in mice lacking A2aR (A2aR(-/-)) compared to direct wild-type littermates. In EAE, we analysed myelin-specific proliferation and cytokine synthesis ex vivo, as well as inflammation and demyelination by immunohistochemistry. In vitro, we investigated the effect of A2aR on migration of CD4(+) T cells, macrophages and microglia, as well as the impact of A2aR on phagocytosis of macrophages and microglia. Statistical tests were Mann-Whitney U and Student's t test. RESULTS We found an upregulation of A2aR in the central nervous system (CNS) in EAE, predominantly detected on T cells and macrophages/microglia within the inflamed tissue. Preventive EAE treatment with A2aR-specific agonist inhibited myelin-specific T cell proliferation ex vivo and ameliorated disease, while application of the same agonist after disease onset exacerbated non-remitting EAE progression and resulted in more severe tissue destruction. Accordingly, A2aR-deficient mice showed accelerated and exacerbated disease manifestation with increased frequencies of IFN-γ-, IL-17- and GM-CSF-producing CD4(+) T helper cells and higher numbers of inflammatory lesions in the early stage. However, EAE quickly ameliorated and myelin debris accumulation was lower in A2aR(-/-) mice. In vitro, activation of A2aR inhibited phagocytosis of myelin by macrophages and primary microglia as well as migration of CD4(+) T cells, macrophages and primary microglia. CONCLUSIONS A2aR activation exerts a complex pattern in chronic autoimmune neurodegeneration: while providing anti-inflammatory effects on T cells and thus protection at early stages, A2aR seems to play a detrimental role during later stages of disease and may thus contribute to sustained tissue damage within the inflamed CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ingwersen
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - B Wingerath
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - J Graf
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - K Lepka
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - M Hofrichter
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - F Schröter
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany. .,Current address: Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, HeinrichHeine University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - F Wedekind
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-2, Research Center Jülich, Leo-Brandt-Str., 52425, Jülich, Germany.
| | - A Bauer
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-2, Research Center Jülich, Leo-Brandt-Str., 52425, Jülich, Germany.
| | - J Schrader
- Cardiovascular Physiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - H-P Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - T Prozorovski
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - O Aktas
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Lindberg D, Shan D, Ayers-Ringler J, Oliveros A, Benitez J, Prieto M, McCullumsmith R, Choi DS. Purinergic signaling and energy homeostasis in psychiatric disorders. Curr Mol Med 2016; 15:275-95. [PMID: 25950756 DOI: 10.2174/1566524015666150330163724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purinergic signaling regulates numerous vital biological processes in the central nervous system (CNS). The two principle purines, ATP and adenosine act as excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, respectively. Compared to other classical neurotransmitters, the role of purinergic signaling in psychiatric disorders is not well understood or appreciated. Because ATP exerts its main effect on energy homeostasis, neuronal function of ATP has been underestimated. Similarly, adenosine is primarily appreciated as a precursor of nucleotide synthesis during active cell growth and division. However, recent findings suggest that purinergic signaling may explain how neuronal activity is associated neuronal energy charge and energy homeostasis, especially in mental disorders. In this review, we provide an overview of the synaptic function of mitochondria and purines in neuromodulation, synaptic plasticity, and neuron-glia interactions. We summarize how mitochondrial and purinergic dysfunction contribute to mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), depression, and addiction. Finally, we discuss future implications regarding the pharmacological targeting of mitochondrial and purinergic function for the treatment of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - D-S Choi
- Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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66
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Mayfield J, Arends MA, Harris RA, Blednov YA. Genes and Alcohol Consumption: Studies with Mutant Mice. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 126:293-355. [PMID: 27055617 PMCID: PMC5302130 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, we review the effects of global null mutant and overexpressing transgenic mouse lines on voluntary self-administration of alcohol. We examine approximately 200 publications pertaining to the effects of 155 mouse genes on alcohol consumption in different drinking models. The targeted genes vary in function and include neurotransmitter, ion channel, neuroimmune, and neuropeptide signaling systems. The alcohol self-administration models include operant conditioning, two- and four-bottle choice continuous and intermittent access, drinking in the dark limited access, chronic intermittent ethanol, and scheduled high alcohol consumption tests. Comparisons of different drinking models using the same mutant mice are potentially the most informative, and we will highlight those examples. More mutants have been tested for continuous two-bottle choice consumption than any other test; of the 137 mouse genes examined using this model, 97 (72%) altered drinking in at least one sex. Overall, the effects of genetic manipulations on alcohol drinking often depend on the sex of the mice, alcohol concentration and time of access, genetic background, as well as the drinking test.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mayfield
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - M A Arends
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - R A Harris
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.
| | - Y A Blednov
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
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Disrupted sleep-wake regulation in type 1 equilibrative nucleoside transporter knockout mice. Neuroscience 2015; 303:211-9. [PMID: 26143012 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The type 1 equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT1) is implicated in regulating levels of extracellular adenosine ([AD]ex). In the basal forebrain (BF) levels of [AD]ex increase during wakefulness and closely correspond to the increases in the electroencephalogram (EEG) delta (0.75-4.5Hz) activity (NRδ) during subsequent non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS). Thus in the BF, [AD]ex serves as a biochemical marker of sleep homeostasis. Waking EEG activity in theta range (5-9Hz, Wθ) is also described as a marker of sleep homeostasis. An hour-by-hour temporal relationship between the Wθ and NRδ is unclear. In this study we examined the relationship between these EEG markers of sleep homeostasis during spontaneous sleep-wakefulness and during sleep deprivation (SD) and recovery sleep in the ENT1 gene knockout (ENT1KO) mouse. We observed that baseline NREMS amount was decreased during the light period in ENT1KO mice, accompanied by a weak correlation between Wθ of each hour and NRδ of its subsequent hour when compared to their wild-type (WT) littermates. Perfusion of low dose of adenosine into BF not only strengthened the Wθ-NRδ relationship, but also increased NREMS to match with the WT littermates suggesting decreased [AD]ex in ENT1KO mice. However, the SD-induced [AD]ex increase in the BF and the linear correlation between the EEG markers of sleep homeostasis were unaffected in ENT1KO mice suggesting that during SD, sources other than ENT1 contribute to increase in [AD]ex. Our data provide evidence for a differential regulation of wakefulness-associated [AD]ex during spontaneous vs prolonged waking.
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68
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Fritz BM, Boehm SL. Adenosinergic regulation of binge-like ethanol drinking and associated locomotor effects in male C57BL/6J mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 135:83-9. [PMID: 26033424 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We recently observed that the addition of caffeine (a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist) to a 20% ethanol solution significantly altered the intoxication profile of male C57BL/6J (B6) mice induced by voluntary binge-like consumption in the 'Drinking-in-the-Dark' (DID) paradigm. In the current study, the roles of A1 and A2A adenosine receptor subtypes, specifically, in binge-like ethanol consumption and associated locomotor effects were explored. Adult male B6 mice (PND 60-70) were allowed to consume 20% ethanol (v/v) or 2% sucrose (w/v) for 6days via DID. On day 7, mice received a systemic administration (i.p.) of the A1 antagonist DPCPX (1, 3, 6mg/kg), the A2A antagonist MSX-3 (1, 2, 4mg/kg), or vehicle immediately prior to fluid access in DID. Antagonism of the A1 receptor via DPCPX was found to dose-dependently decrease binge-like ethanol intake and associated blood ethanol concentrations (p's<0.05), although no effect was observed on sucrose intake. Antagonism of A2A had no effect on ethanol or sucrose consumption, however, MSX-3 elicited robust locomotor stimulation in mice consuming either solution (p's<0.05). Together, these findings suggest unique roles for the A1 and A2A adenosine receptor subtypes in binge-like ethanol intake and its associated locomotor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Fritz
- Indiana Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, IN, United States.
| | - Stephen L Boehm
- Indiana Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, IN, United States
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69
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Ruby CL, Vadnie CA, Hinton DJ, Abulseoud OA, Walker DL, O'Connor KM, Noterman MF, Choi DS. Adenosinergic regulation of striatal clock gene expression and ethanol intake during constant light. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:2432-40. [PMID: 24755889 PMCID: PMC4138755 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythm and sleep disruptions occur frequently in individuals with alcohol use disorders (AUD) and present significant barriers to treatment. Recently, a variant of adenosine transporter, equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1), was associated with the co-occurrence of sleep problems and AUD. We have previously shown that mice lacking ENT1 (ENT1 KO) have reduced adenosine levels in the striatum and drink more alcohol compared with wild types (WT). However, it is unknown whether ENT1 deletion disrupts circadian rhythms, which may contribute to alcohol preference in ENT1 KO mice. Here we used these mice to determine whether endogenous adenosine regulates circadian genetic and behavioral rhythms and influences alcohol intake during chronodisruption. We examined circadian locomotor activity in ENT1 KO vs WT littermates and found that ENT1 KO mice were both active earlier and hyperactive compared with WT mice at night. We used real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry to estimate striatal clock gene levels and found that PER2 expression in the striatum was blunted by ENT1 deletion or A2A receptor (A2AR) antagonism. Next, we exposed ENT1 KO and WT mice to constant light (LL) and found further elevation in ethanol intake in ENT1 KO, but not in WT mice, supporting the notion that circadian dysfunction may contribute to increased alcohol intake in ENT1 KO mice. Finally, we showed that A2AR agonist administration normalized PER1 and PER2 expression and circadian locomotor activity in ENT1 KO mice. Together, our results demonstrate that adenosine signaling regulates cellular and behavioral circadian timing and influences alcohol intake during chronodisruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Ruby
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA,Department of Biology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA, USA
| | - Chelsea A Vadnie
- Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - David J Hinton
- Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Osama A Abulseoud
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Denise L Walker
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Katheryn M O'Connor
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Maria F Noterman
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Doo-Sup Choi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA,Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA, Tel: +1 507 284 5602, Fax: +1 507 266 0824, E-mail:
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Tyler CR, Allan AM. Prenatal alcohol exposure alters expression of neurogenesis-related genes in an ex vivo cell culture model. Alcohol 2014; 48:483-92. [PMID: 24954023 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal alcohol exposure can lead to long-lasting changes in functional and genetic programs of the brain, which may underlie behavioral alterations seen in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). Aberrant fetal programming during gestational alcohol exposure is a possible mechanism by which alcohol imparts teratogenic effects on the brain; however, current methods used to investigate the effects of alcohol on development often rely on either direct application of alcohol in vitro or acute high doses in vivo. In this study, we used our established moderate prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) model, resulting in maternal blood alcohol content of approximately 20 mM, and subsequent ex vivo cell culture to assess expression of genes related to neurogenesis. Proliferating and differentiating neural progenitor cell culture conditions were established from telencephalic tissue derived from embryonic day (E) 15-17 tissue exposed to alcohol via maternal drinking throughout pregnancy. Gene expression analysis on mRNA derived in vitro was performed using a microarray, and quantitative PCR was conducted for genes to validate the microarray. Student's t tests were performed for statistical comparison of each exposure under each culture condition using a 95% confidence interval. Eleven percent of genes on the array had significantly altered mRNA expression in the prenatal alcohol-exposed neural progenitor culture under proliferating conditions. These include reduced expression of Adora2a, Cxcl1, Dlg4, Hes1, Nptx1, and Vegfa and increased expression of Fgf13, Ndn, and Sox3; bioinformatics analysis indicated that these genes are involved in cell growth and proliferation. Decreased levels of Dnmt1 and Dnmt3a were also found under proliferating conditions. Under differentiating conditions, 7.3% of genes had decreased mRNA expression; these include Cdk5rap3, Gdnf, Hey2, Heyl, Pard6b, and Ptn, which are associated with survival and differentiation as indicated by bioinformatics analysis. This study is the first to use chronic low to moderate PAE, to more accurately reflect maternal alcohol consumption, and subsequent neural progenitor cell culture to demonstrate that PAE throughout gestation alters expression of genes involved in neural development and embryonic neurogenesis.
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Clark PJ, Ghasem PR, Mika A, Day HE, Herrera JJ, Greenwood BN, Fleshner M. Wheel running alters patterns of uncontrollable stress-induced cfos mRNA expression in rat dorsal striatum direct and indirect pathways: A possible role for plasticity in adenosine receptors. Behav Brain Res 2014; 272:252-63. [PMID: 25017571 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that adenosine is a major regulator of striatum activity, in part, through the antagonistic modulation of dopaminergic function. Exercise can influence adenosine and dopamine activity, which may subsequently promote plasticity in striatum adenosine and dopamine systems. Such changes could alter activity of medium spiny neurons and impact striatum function. The purpose of this study was twofold. The first was to characterize the effect of long-term wheel running on adenosine 1 (A1R), adenosine 2A (A2AR), dopamine 1 (D1R), and dopamine 2 (D2R) receptor mRNA expression in adult rat dorsal and ventral striatum structures using in situ hybridization. The second was to determine if changes to adenosine and dopamine receptor mRNA from running are associated with altered cfos mRNA induction in dynorphin- (direct pathway) and enkephalin- (indirect pathway) expressing neurons of the dorsal striatum following stress exposure. We report that chronic running, as well as acute uncontrollable stress, reduced A1R and A2AR mRNA levels in the dorsal and ventral striatum. Running also modestly elevated D2R mRNA levels in striatum regions. Finally, stress-induced cfos was potentiated in dynorphin and attenuated in enkephalin expressing neurons of running rats. These data suggest striatum adenosine and dopamine systems are targets for neuroplasticity from exercise, which may contribute to changes in direct and indirect pathway activity. These findings may have implications for striatum mediated motor and cognitive processes, as well as exercise facilitated stress-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Clark
- Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, 354 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States.
| | - Parsa R Ghasem
- Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, 354 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Agnieszka Mika
- Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, 354 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Heidi E Day
- Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, 354 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States; Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Muenzinger D244, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Jonathan J Herrera
- Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, 354 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Benjamin N Greenwood
- Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, 354 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Monika Fleshner
- Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, 354 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
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Shillinglaw JE, Everitt IK, Robinson DL. Assessing behavioral control across reinforcer solutions on a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement in rats. Alcohol 2014; 48:337-44. [PMID: 24680666 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Instrumental behavior can shift from flexible, goal-directed actions to automatic, stimulus-response actions. The satiety-specific devaluation test assesses behavioral flexibility by evaluating reward seeking after temporary devaluation of the reinforcer via satiety; a decrease in responding compared to control conditions indicates goal-directed behavior. We have observed variability in the outcome of this test that may be dependent on the reinforcer. Another test of habit, contingency degradation, involves changing the action-outcome association over the course of retraining and determines whether reward seeking is sensitive to changing contingencies. We hypothesized that the outcome of the contingency-degradation test would remain consistent across reinforcers, while the satiety-specific devaluation test may vary across reinforcers because it depends on the ability of the reinforcer to induce satiety. Therefore, we trained rats to self-administer 1.5% sucrose, 10% sucrose, 10% ethanol, or 10 mM monosodium glutamate (MSG) on a fixed-ratio (FR5) schedule that has been shown to promote long-term, goal-directed responding. Next, behavioral flexibility was evaluated in three satiety-specific devaluation tests over 6 weeks. Finally, we investigated reward seeking after contingency-degradation training. All groups displayed sensitivity to satiety-specific devaluation in the first test, indicating goal-directed behavior. While the 10% sucrose and ethanol groups remained goal-directed, the 1.5% sucrose and MSG groups exhibited habit-like behavior in later tests. Nevertheless, all groups displayed decreased responding in an extinction session after contingency-degradation training, indicating goal-directed behavior. These results demonstrate that tests of behavioral flexibility can yield dissimilar results in the same rats. Next, rats from the 1.5% sucrose group underwent the entire experiment again, now self-administering 10% sucrose. These rats showed pronounced goal-directed behavior in satiety-specific and contingency-degradation tests under 10% sucrose conditions, further suggesting that the reinforcer solution affected the outcome of the satiety-specific devaluation test. We conclude that reinforcer characteristics should be considered when investigating habit-like behavior in alcohol research.
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Dos Santos-Rodrigues A, Grañé-Boladeras N, Bicket A, Coe IR. Nucleoside transporters in the purinome. Neurochem Int 2014; 73:229-37. [PMID: 24704797 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The purinome is a rich complex of proteins and cofactors that are involved in fundamental aspects of cellular homeostasis and cellular responses. The purinome is evolutionarily ancient and is made up of thousands of members. Our understanding of the mechanisms linking some parts of this complex network and the physiological relevance of the various connections is well advanced. However, our understanding of other parts of the purinome is less well developed. Our research focuses on the adenosine or nucleoside transporters (NTs), which are members of the membrane purinome. Nucleoside transporters are integral membrane proteins that are responsible for the flux of nucleosides, such as adenosine, and nucleoside analog drugs, used in a variety of anti-cancer, anti-viral and anti-parasite therapies, across cell membranes. Nucleoside transporters form the SLC28 and SLC29 families of solute carriers and the protein members of these families are widely distributed in human tissues including the central nervous system (CNS). NTs modulate purinergic signaling in the CNS primarily through their effects on modulating prevailing adenosine levels inside and outside the cell. By clearing the extracellular milieu of adenosine, NTs can terminate adenosine receptor-dependent signaling and this raises the possibility of regulatory feedback loops that tie together receptor signaling with transporter function. Despite the important role of NTs as modulators of purinergic signaling in the human body, very little is known about the nature or underlying mechanisms of regulation of either the SLC28 or SLC29 families, particularly within the context of the CNS purinome. Here we provide a brief overview of our current understanding of the regulation of members of the SLC29 family and highlight some interesting avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia Grañé-Boladeras
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Faculty of Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alex Bicket
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Imogen R Coe
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Biology, Faculty of Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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74
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Sharma R, Sahota P, Thakkar MM. Role of adenosine and the orexinergic perifornical hypothalamus in sleep-promoting effects of ethanol. Sleep 2014; 37:525-33. [PMID: 24587575 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.3490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Strong clinical and preclinical evidence suggests that acute ethanol promotes sleep. However, very little is known about how and where ethanol acts to promote sleep. We hypothesized that ethanol may induce sleep by increasing extracellular levels of adenosine and inhibiting orexin neurons in the perifornical hypothalamus. DESIGN Experiments 1 and 2: Within-Subject Design; Experiment 3: Between-Subject Design. SETTING N/A. PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS N/A. INTERVENTIONS N/A. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Using adult male Sprague-Dawley rats as our animal model, we performed three experiments to test our hypothesis. Our first experiment examined the effect of A1 receptor blockade in the orexinergic perifornical hypothalamus on sleep- promoting effects of ethanol. Bilateral microinjection of the selective A1 receptor antagonist 1,3-dipropyl-8-phenylxanthine (500 μM; 250 nL/side) into orexinergic perifornical hypothalamus significantly reduced nonrapid eye movement sleep with a concomitant increase in wakefulness, suggesting that blockade of adenosine A1 receptor attenuates ethanol-induced sleep promotion. Our second experiment examined adenosine release in the orexinergic perifornical hypothalamus during local ethanol infusion. Local infusion of pharmacologically relevant doses of ethanol significantly and dose-dependently increased adenosine release. Our final experiment used c-Fos immunohistochemistry to examine the effects of ethanol on the activation of orexin neurons. Acute ethanol exposure significantly reduced the number of orexin neurons containing c-Fos, suggesting an inhibition of orexin neurons after ethanol intake. CONCLUSIONS Based on our results, we believe that ethanol promotes sleep by increasing adenosine in the orexinergic perifornical hypothalamus, resulting in A1 receptor-mediated inhibition of orexin neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Sharma
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital and Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Pradeep Sahota
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital and Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Mahesh M Thakkar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital and Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
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75
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Bodhinathan K, Slesinger PA. Alcohol modulation of G-protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channels: from binding to therapeutics. Front Physiol 2014; 5:76. [PMID: 24611054 PMCID: PMC3933770 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol (ethanol)-induced behaviors may arise from direct interaction of alcohol with discrete protein cavities within brain proteins. Recent structural and biochemical studies have provided new insights into the mechanism of alcohol-dependent activation of G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels, which regulate neuronal responses in the brain reward circuit. GIRK channels contain an alcohol binding pocket formed at the interface of two adjacent channel subunits. Here, we discuss the physiochemical properties of the alcohol pocket and the roles of G protein βγ subunits and membrane phospholipid PIP2 in regulating the alcohol response of GIRK channels. Some of the features of alcohol modulation of GIRK channels may be common to other alcohol-sensitive brain proteins. We discuss the possibility of alcohol-selective therapeutics that block alcohol access to the pocket. Understanding alcohol recognition and modulation of brain proteins is essential for development of therapeutics for alcohol abuse and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Bodhinathan
- Structural Biology and Peptide Biology Laboratories, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul A Slesinger
- Structural Biology and Peptide Biology Laboratories, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies La Jolla, CA, USA ; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, NY, USA
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76
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Adenosine and glutamate in neuroglial interaction: implications for circadian disorders and alcoholism. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 11:103-19. [PMID: 25236726 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-08894-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that the function of glia is not restricted to the support of neuronal function. In fact, astrocytes are essential for neuronal activity in the brain and play an important role in the regulation of complex behavior. Astrocytes actively participate in synapse formation and brain information processing by releasing and uptaking glutamate, D-serine, adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), and adenosine. In the central nervous system, adenosine-mediated neuronal activity modulates the actions of other neurotransmitter systems. Adenosinergic fine-tuning of the glutamate system in particular has been shown to regulate circadian rhythmicity and sleep, as well as alcohol-related behavior and drinking. Adenosine gates both photic (light-induced) glutamatergic and nonphotic (alerting) input to the circadian clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. Astrocytic, SNARE-mediated ATP release provides the extracellular adenosine that drives homeostatic sleep. Acute ethanol increases extracellular adenosine, which mediates the ataxic and hypnotic/sedative effects of alcohol, while chronic ethanol leads to downregulated adenosine signaling that underlies insomnia, a major predictor of relapse. Studies using mice lacking the equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 have illuminated how adenosine functions through neuroglial interactions involving glutamate uptake transporter GLT-1 [referred to as excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) in human] and possibly water channel aquaporin 4 to regulate ethanol sensitivity, reward-related motivational processes, and alcohol intake.
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77
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Chen JF. Adenosine receptor control of cognition in normal and disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 119:257-307. [PMID: 25175970 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801022-8.00012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine and adenosine receptors (ARs) are increasingly recognized as important therapeutic targets for controlling cognition under normal and disease conditions for its dual roles of neuromodulation as well as of homeostatic function in the brain. This chapter first presents the unique ability of adenosine, by acting on the inhibitory A1 and facilitating A2A receptor, to integrate dopamine, glutamate, and BNDF signaling and to modulate synaptic plasticity (e.g., long-term potentiation and long-term depression) in brain regions relevant to learning and memory, providing the molecular and cellular bases for adenosine receptor (AR) control of cognition. This led to the demonstration of AR modulation of social recognition memory, working memory, reference memory, reversal learning, goal-directed behavior/habit formation, Pavlovian fear conditioning, and effort-related behavior. Furthermore, human and animal studies support that AR activity can also, through cognitive enhancement and neuroprotection, reverse cognitive impairments in animal models of Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease, and schizophrenia. Lastly, epidemiological evidence indicates that regular human consumption of caffeine, the most widely used psychoactive drug and nonselective AR antagonists, is associated with the reduced cognitive decline in aging and AD patients, and with the reduced risk in developing PD. Thus, there is a convergence of the molecular studies revealing AR as molecular targets for integrating neurotransmitter signaling and controlling synaptic plasticity, with animal studies demonstrating the strong procognitive impact upon AR antagonism in normal and disease brains and with epidemiological and clinical evidences in support of caffeine and AR drugs for therapeutic modulation of cognition. Since some of adenosine A2A receptor antagonists are already in phase III clinical trials for motor benefits in PD patients with remarkable safety profiles, additional animal and human studies to better understand the mechanism underlying the AR-mediated control of cognition under normal and disease conditions will provide the required rationale to stimulate the necessary clinical investigation to rapidly translate adenosine and AR drug as a novel strategy to control memory impairment in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Fan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; The Molecular Medicine Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.
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78
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Hinton DJ, Lee MR, Jang JS, Choi DS. Type 1 equilibrative nucleoside transporter regulates astrocyte-specific glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in the striatum. Brain Behav 2014; 4:903-14. [PMID: 25365803 PMCID: PMC4178301 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenosine signaling has been implicated in several neurological and psychiatric disorders. Previously, we found that astrocytic excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) and aquaporin 4 (AQP4) are downregulated in the striatum of mice lacking type 1 equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT1). METHODS To further investigate the gene expression profile in the striatum, we preformed Illumina Mouse Whole Genome BeadChip microarray analysis of the caudate-putamen (CPu) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) in ENT1 null mice. Gene expression was validated by RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence. Using transgenic mice expressing enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) under the control of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter, we examined EGFP expression in an ENT1 null background. RESULTS Glial fibrillary acidic protein was identified as a top candidate gene that was reduced in ENT1 null mice compared to wild-type littermates. Furthermore, EGFP expression was significantly reduced in GFAP-EGFP transgenic mice in an ENT1 null background in both the CPu and NAc. Finally, pharmacological inhibition or siRNA knockdown of ENT1 in cultured astrocytes also reduced GFAP mRNA levels. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our findings demonstrate that ENT1 regulates GFAP expression and possibly astrocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Hinton
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine Rochester, Minnesota, 55905 ; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine Rochester, Minnesota, 55905 ; Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
| | - Moonnoh R Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
| | - Jin Sung Jang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
| | - Doo-Sup Choi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine Rochester, Minnesota, 55905 ; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine Rochester, Minnesota, 55905 ; Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
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Ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73)-mediated formation of adenosine is critical for the striatal adenosine A2A receptor functions. J Neurosci 2013; 33:11390-9. [PMID: 23843511 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5817-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is a neuromodulator acting through inhibitory A1 receptors (A1Rs) and facilitatory A2ARs, which have similar affinities for adenosine. It has been shown that the activity of intracellular adenosine kinase preferentially controls the activation of A1Rs, but the source of the adenosine activating A2ARs is unknown. We now show that ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73), the major enzyme able to convert extracellular AMP into adenosine, colocalizes with A2ARs in the basal ganglia. In addition to astrocytes, striatal CD73 is prominently localized to postsynaptic sites. Notably, CD73 coimmunoprecipitated with A2ARs and proximity ligation assays confirmed the close proximity of CD73 and A2ARs in the striatum. Accordingly, the cAMP formation in synaptosomes as well as the hypolocomotion induced by a novel A2AR prodrug that requires CD73 metabolization to activate A2ARs were observed in wild-type mice, but not in CD73 knock-out (KO) mice or A2AR KO mice. Moreover, CD73 KO mice displayed increased working memory performance and a blunted amphetamine-induced sensitization, mimicking the phenotype of global or forebrain-A2AR KO mice, as well as upon pharmacological A2AR blockade. These results show that CD73-mediated formation of extracellular adenosine is responsible for the activation of striatal A2AR function. This study points to CD73 as a new target that can fine-tune A2AR activity, and a novel therapeutic target to manipulate A2AR-mediated control of striatal function and neurodegeneration.
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80
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Nam HW, Bruner RC, Choi DS. Adenosine signaling in striatal circuits and alcohol use disorders. Mol Cells 2013; 36:195-202. [PMID: 23912595 PMCID: PMC3887972 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-0192-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine signaling has been implicated in the pathophysiology of alcohol use disorders and other psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression. Numerous studies have indicated a role for A1 receptors (A1R) in acute ethanol-induced motor incoordination, while A2A receptors (A2AR) mainly regulate the rewarding effect of ethanol in mice. Recent findings have demonstrated that dampened A2AR-mediated signaling in the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) promotes ethanol-seeking behaviors. Moreover, decreased A2AR function is associated with decreased CREB activity in the DMS, which enhances goal-oriented behaviors and contributes to excessive ethanol drinking in mice. Interestingly, caffeine, the most commonly used psychoactive substance, is known to inhibit both the A1R and A2AR. This dampened adenosine receptor function may mask some of the acute intoxicating effects of ethanol. Furthermore, based on the fact that A2AR activity plays a role in goal-directed behavior, caffeine may also promote ethanol-seeking behavior. The A2AR is enriched in the striatum and exclusively expressed in striatopallidal neurons, which may be responsible for the regulation of inhibitory behavioral control over drug rewarding processes through the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia circuit. Furthermore, the antagonistic interactions between adenosine and dopamine receptors in the striatum also play an integral role in alcoholism and addiction-related disorders. This review focuses on regulation of adenosine signaling in striatal circuits and the possible implication of caffeine in goal-directed behaviors and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Wook Nam
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Robert C. Bruner
- Molecular Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Doo-Sup Choi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
- Molecular Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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81
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Conditioned reinforcement and locomotor activating effects of caffeine and ethanol combinations in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 110:168-73. [PMID: 23872371 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A growing trend among ethanol drinkers, especially young adults, is to combine caffeinated energy drinks with ethanol during a drinking episode. The primary active ingredient of these mixers is caffeine, which may significantly interact with ethanol. We tested the two hypotheses that caffeine would enhance ethanol-conditioned place preference and also enhance ethanol-stimulated locomotor activity. The interactive pharmacology of ethanol and caffeine was examined in C57BL/6J (B6) mice in a conditioned place preference procedure with 1.75 g/kg ethanol and 3 mg/kg caffeine. Additionally, we used B6 mice to evaluate ethanol/caffeine combinations on locomotor activity using 3 doses of ethanol (1.75, 2.5 and 3.25 g/kg) and 2 two doses of caffeine (3 and 15 mg/kg). Both ethanol and caffeine administered alone increased preference for the drug paired side, although the effect of caffeine was more modest than that of ethanol. The drug combination produced significant place preference itself, but this was not greater than that for ethanol alone. Additionally, the combination of caffeine and ethanol significantly increased locomotion compared to giving either drug alone. The effect was strongest with a stimulatory dose of ethanol (1.75 g/kg) and waned with increasing doses of ethanol. Thus, combinations of caffeine and ethanol had significant conditioned reinforcing and locomotor activating effects in mice.
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