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Derosiere G, Thura D, Cisek P, Duque J. Motor cortex disruption delays motor processes but not deliberation about action choices. J Neurophysiol 2019; 122:1566-1577. [PMID: 31411932 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00163.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Decisions about actions typically involve a period of deliberation that ends with the commitment to a choice and the motor processes overtly expressing that choice. Previous studies have shown that neural activity in sensorimotor areas, including the primary motor cortex (M1), correlates with deliberation features during action selection. However, the causal contribution of these areas to the decision process remains unclear. Here, we investigated whether M1 determines choice commitment or whether it simply reflects decision signals coming from upstream structures and instead mainly contributes to the motor processes that follow commitment. To do so, we tested the impact of a disruption of M1 activity, induced by continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS), on the behavior of human subjects in 1) a simple reaction time (SRT) task allowing us to estimate the duration of the motor processes and 2) a modified version of the tokens task (Cisek P, Puskas GA, El-Murr S. J Neurosci 29: 11560-11571, 2009), which allowed us to estimate subjects' time of commitment as well as accuracy criterion. The efficiency of cTBS was attested by a reduction in motor evoked potential amplitudes following M1 disruption compared with those following a sham stimulation. Furthermore, M1 cTBS lengthened SRTs, indicating that motor processes were perturbed by the intervention. Importantly, all of the behavioral results in the tokens task were similar following M1 disruption and sham stimulation, suggesting that the contribution of M1 to the deliberation process is potentially negligible. Taken together, these findings favor the view that M1 contribution is downstream of the decision process.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Decisions between actions are ubiquitous in the animal realm. Deliberation during action choices entails changes in the activity of the sensorimotor areas controlling those actions, but the causal role of these areas is still often debated. With the use of continuous theta burst stimulation, we show that disrupting the primary motor cortex (M1) delays the motor processes that follow instructed commitment but does not alter volitional deliberation, suggesting that M1 contribution may be downstream of the decision process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Derosiere
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - David Thura
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center - IMPACT Team, INSERM U1028 - CNRS UMR 5292, Bron, France
| | - Paul Cisek
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Julie Duque
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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52
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Visual and kinesthetic modes affect motor imagery classification in untrained subjects. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9838. [PMID: 31285468 PMCID: PMC6614413 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46310-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of neurophysiological mechanisms responsible for motor imagery (MI) is essential for the development of brain-computer interfaces (BCI) and bioprosthetics. Our magnetoencephalographic (MEG) experiments with voluntary participants confirm the existence of two types of motor imagery, kinesthetic imagery (KI) and visual imagery (VI), distinguished by activation and inhibition of different brain areas in motor-related α- and β-frequency regions. Although the brain activity corresponding to MI is usually observed in specially trained subjects or athletes, we show that it is also possible to identify particular features of MI in untrained subjects. Similar to real movement, KI implies muscular sensation when performing an imaginary moving action that leads to event-related desynchronization (ERD) of motor-associated brain rhythms. By contrast, VI refers to visualization of the corresponding action that results in event-related synchronization (ERS) of α- and β-wave activity. A notable difference between KI and VI groups occurs in the frontal brain area. In particular, the analysis of evoked responses shows that in all KI subjects the activity in the frontal cortex is suppressed during MI, while in the VI subjects the frontal cortex is always active. The accuracy in classification of left-arm and right-arm MI using artificial intelligence is similar for KI and VI. Since untrained subjects usually demonstrate the VI imagery mode, the possibility to increase the accuracy for VI is in demand for BCIs. The application of artificial neural networks allows us to classify MI in raising right and left arms with average accuracy of 70% for both KI and VI using appropriate filtration of input signals. The same average accuracy is achieved by optimizing MEG channels and reducing their number to only 13.
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53
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Han S, Ogawa A, Osada T, Suda A, Tanaka M, Nanjo H, Shimo Y, Hattori N, Konishi S. More subjects are required for ventrolateral than dorsolateral prefrontal TMS because of intolerability and potential drop-out. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217826. [PMID: 31158248 PMCID: PMC6546272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the human lateral prefrontal cortex, particularly the ventral region, often causes considerable discomfort to subjects. To date, in contrast to abundant literature on stimulations to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex has been less frequently stimulated, partly because some subjects are intolerable of stimulation to the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. To predict the additional number of subjects required for the stimulation of the dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortices, 20 young healthy subjects reported two evaluation scores: the discomfort caused by TMS and the resulting intolerability to complete the TMS experiments. Single-pulse stimulation (SPS) or theta-burst stimulation (TBS) was administered to the lateral prefrontal cortex. The high-resolution extended 10–20 system was used to provide accurate estimation of the voxelwise scores. The discomfort ratings with the SPS and TBS were relatively higher in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex than those in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Both the SPS and TBS elicited maximal discomfort at the stimulation position F8. The SPS and TBS to F8 under the standard TMS protocols were intolerable for approximately one half (11 and 10, respectively) of the subjects. The intolerability was further calculated for all voxels in the lateral prefrontal cortex, which enabled us to estimate the additional number of subjects required for specific target areas. These results suggest that prior knowledge of subjects’ discomfort during stimulation of the lateral prefrontal cortex can be of practical use in the experimental planning of the appropriate number of recruited subjects and provide the database for the probability of intolerability that can be used to predict the additional number of subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Han
- Department of Neurophysiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akitoshi Ogawa
- Department of Neurophysiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Osada
- Department of Neurophysiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akimitsu Suda
- Department of Neurophysiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Tanaka
- Department of Neurophysiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nanjo
- Department of Neurophysiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Shimo
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiki Konishi
- Department of Neurophysiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Sportology Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Advanced Research Institute for Health Science, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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54
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Quoilin C, Fievez F, Duque J. Preparatory inhibition: Impact of choice in reaction time tasks. Neuropsychologia 2019; 129:212-222. [PMID: 31015024 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
By applying transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over primary motor cortex (M1) to elicit motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in muscles of the contralateral hand during reaction time (RT) tasks, many studies have reported a strong global suppression of motor excitability during action preparation, a phenomenon called preparatory inhibition. Several hypotheses have been put forward regarding the role of this broad suppression, with the predominant view that it reflects inhibitory processes assisting action selection. However, this assumption is still a matter of debate. Here, we aimed at directly addressing this idea by comparing MEPs in a task that required subjects to select a finger response within a set of predefined options (choice RT task: left or right index finger abduction) or when subjects simply had to provide the same finger response on every trial, in the absence of choice (simple RT task). Moreover, we minimized any effect that could be associated with other forms of inhibition. In both versions of the task, TMS was applied on both M1 (double-coil protocol) at several time points between the go signal and the left or right index finger response, eliciting MEPs bilaterally in the prime mover (index finger agonist) and in an irrelevant muscle (pinky agonist). Overall, MEP suppression was moderate in this study compared to past research; it was only found for the irrelevant muscle. As such, MEPs in the index agonist were facilitated when elicited in a responding hand (e.g. left MEPs preceding left responses) and remained mostly unchanged in a non-responding hand (e.g. left MEPs preceding right responses). In contrast, MEPs were almost always suppressed in the pinky muscle when elicited in the non-responding hand. This finding contrasts with previous studies where preparatory inhibition usually concerns both relevant and irrelevant muscles. Yet importantly, the suppression was more consistent in the choice than in the simple RT task, supporting the view that preparatory inhibition may assist action selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Quoilin
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology, Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Fanny Fievez
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Duque
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology, Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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55
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Bolton DAE, Cole DM, Butler B, Mansour M, Rydalch G, McDannald DW, Schwartz SE. Motor preparation for compensatory reach-to-grasp responses when viewing a wall-mounted safety handle. Cortex 2019; 117:135-146. [PMID: 30974321 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study explored how motor cortical activity was influenced by visual perception of complex environments that either afforded or obstructed arm and leg reactions in young, healthy adults. Most importantly, we focused on compensatory balance reactions where the arms were required to regain stability following unexpected postural perturbation. Our first question was if motor cortical activity from the hand area automatically corresponds to the visual environment. Affordance-based priming of the motor system was assessed using single-pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) to determine if visual access to a wall-mounted support handle influenced corticospinal excitability. We evaluated if hand actions were automatically facilitated and/or suppressed by viewing an available handle within graspable range. Our second question was if the requirement for rapid movement to recover balance played a role in modulating any affordance effect in the hands. The goal was to disentangle motor demands related to postural threat from the impact of observation alone. For balance trials, a custom-built, lean and release apparatus was used to impose temporally unpredictable postural perturbations. In all balance trials, perturbations were of sufficient magnitude to evoke a compensatory change-in-support response; therefore, any recovery action needed to carefully take into account the affordances and constraints of the perceived environment to prevent a fall. Consistent with our first hypothesis, activity in an intrinsic hand muscle was increased when participants passively viewed a wall-mounted safety handle, in both seated and standing contexts. Contrary to our second hypothesis, this visual priming was absent when perturbations were imposed and the handle was needed to regain balance. Our results reveal that motor set is influenced by simply viewing objects that afford a grasp. We suggest that such preparation may provide an advantage when generating balance recovery actions that require quickly grasping a supportive handle. This priming effect likely competes with other task-dependent influences that regulate cortical motor output. Future studies should expand from limitations inherent with single-pulse TMS alone, to determine if vision of our surrounding world influences motor set in other contexts (e.g., intensified postural threat) and investigate if this priming corresponds to overt behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A E Bolton
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Science, Utah State University, United States.
| | - David M Cole
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Science, Utah State University, United States; Department of Psychology, Utah State University, United States
| | - Blake Butler
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Science, Utah State University, United States
| | - Mahmoud Mansour
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Utah State University, United States
| | | | - Douglas W McDannald
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Science, Utah State University, United States
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56
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Trujillo P, van Wouwe NC, Lin YC, Stark AJ, Petersen KJ, Kang H, Zald DH, Donahue MJ, Claassen DO. Dopamine effects on frontal cortical blood flow and motor inhibition in Parkinson's disease. Cortex 2019; 115:99-111. [PMID: 30776736 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by dysfunction in frontal cortical and striatal networks that regulate action control. We investigated the pharmacological effect of dopamine agonist replacement therapy on frontal cortical activity and motor inhibition. Using Arterial Spin Labeling MRI, we examined 26 PD patients in the off- and on-dopamine agonist medication states to assess the effect of dopamine agonists on frontal cortical regional cerebral blood flow. Motor inhibition was measured by the Simon task in both medication states. We applied the dual process activation suppression model to dissociate fast response impulses from motor inhibition of incorrect responses. General linear regression model analyses determined the medication effect on regional cerebral blood flow and motor inhibition, and the relationship between regional cerebral blood flow and motor inhibitory proficiency. We show that dopamine agonist administration increases frontal cerebral blood flow, particularly in the pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA) and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Higher regional blood flow in the pre-SMA, DLPFC and motor cortex was associated with better inhibitory control, suggesting that treatments which improve frontal cortical activity could ameliorate motor inhibition deficiency in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Trujillo
- Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Ya-Chen Lin
- Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Adam J Stark
- Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kalen J Petersen
- Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Hakmook Kang
- Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - David H Zald
- Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Manus J Donahue
- Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Daniel O Claassen
- Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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57
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Pas P, Plessis SD, van den Munkhof HE, Gladwin TE, Vink M. Using subjective expectations to model the neural underpinnings of proactive inhibition. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 49:1575-1586. [PMID: 30556927 PMCID: PMC6618303 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Proactive inhibition – the anticipation of having to stop a response – relies on objective information contained in cue‐related contingencies in the environment, as well as on the subjective interpretation derived from these cues. To date, most studies of brain areas underlying proactive inhibition have exclusively considered the objective predictive value of environmental cues, by varying the probability of stop‐signals. However, by only taking into account the effect of different cues on brain activation, the subjective component of how cues affect behavior is ignored. We used a modified stop‐signal response task that includes a measurement for subjective expectation, to investigate the effect of this subjective interpretation. After presenting a cue indicating the probability that a stop‐signal will occur, subjects were asked whether they expected a stop‐signal to occur. Furthermore, response time was used to retrospectively model brain activation related to stop‐expectation. We found more activation during the cue period for 50% stop‐signal probability, when contrasting with 0%, in the mid and inferior frontal gyrus, inferior parietal lobe and putamen. When contrasting expected vs. unexpected trials, we found modest effects in the mid frontal gyrus, parietal, and occipital areas. With our third contrast, we modeled brain activation during the cue with trial‐by‐trial variances in response times. This yielded activation in the putamen, inferior parietal lobe, and mid frontal gyrus. Our study is the first to use the behavioral effects of proactive inhibition to identify the underlying brain regions, by employing an unbiased task‐design that temporally separates cue and response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Pas
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Du Plessis
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | - Matthijs Vink
- Departments of Experimental & Developmental Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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58
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Gálvez-García G, Albayay J, Rehbein L, Bascour-Sandoval C, Michael GA. Response Inhibition as a Function of Movement Complexity and Movement Type Selection. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2290. [PMID: 30534099 PMCID: PMC6275418 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to determine whether response inhibition shows the same degree of effectiveness for two sources of motor complexity: (1) Movement complexity, which is measured through two actions with different motor requirements (simple lifting action vs. complex reaching action), and (2) Movement type selection, which is measured in movements performed separately (no active-movement type selection) vs. selectively (active-movement type selection). Activation–suppression model was tested in three experiments to measure activation of the preponderant responses and subsequent suppression in a Simon task. More errors and higher magnitude of congruence effect (which reflects greater effectiveness of response suppression) were expected for more difficult motor conditions. Reaction time, movement time, kinematic errors, and movement errors were recorded. Results of Experiment 1, in which movement type selection was not active, showed that both movements did not differ in their activation and suppression, as they presented similar kinematic error rates and Simon effects. Experiment 2, in which movement type selection was active, resulted in a higher kinematic error rate and higher magnitude of Simon effect in lifting. These results were confirmed in Experiment 3, in which participants performed all experimental motor complexity conditions. Finally, Experiment 4 showed that responses with similar movement complexity did not differ in their activation and suppression, even when movement type selection was active. Thus, the present study provides evidence on the varying effectiveness of response inhibition as a function of movement complexity, but only in demanding situations in which movement type selection is active. These results can be attributed to a top-down strategy to minimize error for actions most prone to develop kinematic error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Gálvez-García
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Département de Psychologie Cognitive, Sciences Cognitives et Neuropsychologie, Institut de Psychologie, Laboratoire d'Étude des Mécanismes Cognitifs, Université Lyon 2, Lyon, France
| | - Javier Albayay
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Dipartimento di Psicologia Generale, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Lucio Rehbein
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Claudio Bascour-Sandoval
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Carrera de Kinesiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco, Chile
| | - George A Michael
- Département de Psychologie Cognitive, Sciences Cognitives et Neuropsychologie, Institut de Psychologie, Laboratoire d'Étude des Mécanismes Cognitifs, Université Lyon 2, Lyon, France
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59
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Investigating the effect of anticipating a startling acoustic stimulus on preparatory inhibition. Neurophysiol Clin 2018; 49:137-147. [PMID: 30528379 DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) show a profound suppression when elicited during the instructed-delay of reaction time (RT) tasks. One predominant hypothesis is that this phenomenon, called "preparatory inhibition", reflects the operation of processes that suppress motor activity to withhold prepared (but delayed) responses, a form of impulse control. In addition, a startling acoustic stimulus (SAS) - a loud and narrow sound - can trigger the release of prepared responses in RT tasks. We predicted that, if such premature release is clearly forbidden, then anticipating a SAS during delay periods may be associated with increased preparatory inhibition for greater impulse control. METHODS Subjects performed a behavioural (n=16) and TMS (n=11) experiment. Both used a choice RT task that required subjects to choose a response based on a preparatory cue but to only release it after an imperative signal. SAS and TMS pulses were elicited at the end of the delay period and subjects were asked to do their best to only release their response after the imperative signal, even in the presence of SAS. SAS could be either rare or frequent, in separate blocks. RESULTS Consistent with the literature, SAS shortened RTs, especially when they occurred frequently. Moreover, MEPs were suppressed when subjects delayed prepared responses but this preparatory inhibition did not depend on whether SAS were frequent or rare. DISCUSSION The stronger RT shortening with frequent rather than rare SAS may be due to increased attention and/or reduced reactive inhibition to SAS, leaving preparatory inhibition unaffected.
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60
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Parmigiani S, Cattaneo L. Stimulation of the Dorsal Premotor Cortex, But Not of the Supplementary Motor Area Proper, Impairs the Stop Function in a STOP Signal Task. Neuroscience 2018; 394:14-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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61
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Pani P, Giarrocco F, Giamundo M, Montanari R, Brunamonti E, Ferraina S. Visual salience of the stop signal affects the neuronal dynamics of controlled inhibition. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14265. [PMID: 30250230 PMCID: PMC6155270 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32669-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The voluntary control of movement is often tested by using the countermanding, or stop-signal task that sporadically requires the suppression of a movement in response to an incoming stop-signal. Neurophysiological recordings in monkeys engaged in the countermanding task have shown that dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) is implicated in movement control. An open question is whether and how the perceptual demands inherent the stop-signal affects inhibitory performance and their underlying neuronal correlates. To this aim we recorded multi-unit activity (MUA) from the PMd of two male monkeys performing a countermanding task in which the salience of the stop-signals was modulated. Consistently to what has been observed in humans, we found that less salient stimuli worsened the inhibitory performance. At the neuronal level, these behavioral results were subtended by the following modulations: when the stop-signal was not noticeable compared to the salient condition the preparatory neuronal activity in PMd started to be affected later and with a less sharp dynamic. This neuronal pattern is probably the consequence of a less efficient inhibitory command useful to interrupt the neural dynamic that supports movement generation in PMd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierpaolo Pani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
| | - Franco Giarrocco
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,Behavioral Neuroscience PhD Program, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Montanari
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Ferraina
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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62
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Pellegrino G, Tomasevic L, Herz DM, Larsen KM, Siebner HR. Theta Activity in the Left Dorsal Premotor Cortex During Action Re-Evaluation and Motor Reprogramming. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:364. [PMID: 30297991 PMCID: PMC6161550 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to rapidly adjust our actions to changes in the environment is a key function of human motor control. Previous work implicated the dorsal premotor cortex (dPMC) in the up-dating of action plans based on environmental cues. Here we used electroencephalography (EEG) to identify neural signatures of up-dating cue-action relationships in the dPMC and connected frontoparietal areas. Ten healthy subjects performed a pre-cued alternate choice task. Simple geometric shapes cued button presses with the right or left index finger. The shapes of the pre-cue and go-cue differed in two third of trials. In these incongruent trials, the go-cue prompted a re-evaluation of the pre-cued action plan, slowing response time relative to trials with identical cues. This re-evaluation selectively increased theta band activity without modifying activity in alpha and beta band. Source-based analysis revealed a widespread theta increase in dorsal and mesial frontoparietal areas, including dPMC, supplementary motor area (SMA), primary motor and posterior parietal cortices (PPC). Theta activity scaled positively with response slowing and increased more strongly when the pre-cue was invalid and required subjects to select the alternate response. Together, the results indicate that theta activity in dPMC and connected frontoparietal areas is involved in the re-adjustment of cue-induced action tendencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Pellegrino
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance (DRCMR), Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,San Camillo Hospital IRCCS, Venice, Italy
| | - Leo Tomasevic
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance (DRCMR), Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Damian Marc Herz
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance (DRCMR), Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kit Melissa Larsen
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance (DRCMR), Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Hartwig Roman Siebner
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance (DRCMR), Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
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63
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Deficient inhibition in alcohol-dependence: let's consider the role of the motor system! Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:1851-1858. [PMID: 29728650 PMCID: PMC6046042 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0074-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Impaired inhibitory control contributes to the development, maintenance, and relapse of alcohol-dependence, but the neural correlates of this deficit are still unclear. Because inhibitory control has been labeled as an executive function, most studies have focused on prefrontal areas, overlooking the contribution of more "primary" structures, such as the motor system. Yet, appropriate neural inhibition of the motor output pathway has emerged as a central aspect of healthy behavior. Here, we tested the hypothesis that this motor inhibition is altered in alcohol-dependence. Neural inhibitory measures of motor activity were obtained in 20 detoxified alcohol-dependent (AD) patients and 20 matched healthy subjects, using a standard transcranial magnetic stimulation procedure whereby motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) are elicited in a choice reaction time task. Moreover, behavioral inhibition and trait impulsivity were evaluated in all participants. Finally, the relapse status of patients was assessed 1 year after the experiment. As expected, AD patients displayed poorer behavioral inhibition and higher trait impulsivity than controls. More importantly, the MEP data revealed a considerable shortage of neural motor inhibition in AD patients. Interestingly, this neural defect was strongest in the patients who ended up relapsing during the year following the experiment. Our data suggest a strong motor component in the neural correlates of altered inhibitory control in AD patients. They also highlight an intriguing relationship with relapse and the perspective of a new biomarker to follow strategies aiming at reducing relapse in AD patients.
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64
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Gijssels T, Ivry RB, Casasanto D. tDCS to premotor cortex changes action verb understanding: Complementary effects of inhibitory and excitatory stimulation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11452. [PMID: 30061670 PMCID: PMC6065381 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29600-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Processing the meaning of action language correlates with somatotopic activity in premotor cortex (PMC). A previous neurostimulation study supported a causal contribution of PMC activity to action verb understanding, but the direction of the effect was unexpected: inhibiting PMC made participants respond faster to action verbs. Here we investigated the effects of PMC excitation and inhibition on action verb understanding using tDCS. Right-handed participants received tDCS stimulation with the anodal electrode (presumed to be excitatory) and cathodal electrode (presumed to be inhibitory) placed over left and right PMC, respectively, or with the reverse configuration. After completing the stimulation protocol, participants made lexical decisions on unimanual action verbs (e.g., throw) and abstract verbs (e.g., think). tDCS configuration selectively affected how accurately participants responded to unimanual action verbs. When the anode was positioned over left PMC we observed a relative impairment in performance for right-hand responses (i.e. the hand with which these participants typically perform unimanual actions). By contrast, when the cathode was positioned over left PMC we observed a relative improvement. tDCS configuration did not differentially affect responses to abstract verbs. These complementary effects of excitatory and inhibitory tDCS clarify the functional role of premotor hand areas in understanding action language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Gijssels
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States of America
- Department of Linguistics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Richard B Ivry
- Department of Psychology & Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States of America
| | - Daniel Casasanto
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States of America.
- Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States of America.
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States of America.
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Hordacre B, Moezzi B, Ridding MC. Neuroplasticity and network connectivity of the motor cortex following stroke: A transcranial direct current stimulation study. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:3326-3339. [PMID: 29655257 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that has potential for clinical utility in neurorehabilitation. However, recent evidence indicates that the responses to tDCS are highly variable. This study investigated whether electroencephalographic (EEG) measures of functional connectivity of the target network were associated with the response to ipsilesional anodal tDCS in stroke survivors. Ten chronic stroke patients attended two experimental sessions in a randomized cross-over trial and received anodal or sham tDCS. Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to quantify change in corticospinal excitability following tDCS. At the beginning of each session, functional connectivity was estimated using the debiased-weighted phase lag index from EEG recordings at rest. Magnetic resonance imaging identified lesion location and lesion volume. Partial least squares regression identified models of connectivity which maximally accounted for variance in anodal tDCS responses. Stronger connectivity of a network with a seed approximating the stimulated ipsilesional motor cortex, and clusters of electrodes approximating the ipsilesional parietal cortex and contralesional frontotemporal cortex in the alpha band (8-13 Hz) was strongly associated with a greater increase of corticospinal excitability following anodal tDCS. This association was not observed following sham stimulation. Addition of a structural measure(s) of injury (lesion volume) provided an improved model fit for connectivity between the seed electrode and ipsilesional parietal cortex, but not the contralesional frontotemporal cortex. TDCS has potential to greatly assist stroke rehabilitation and functional connectivity appears a robust and specific biomarker of response which may assist clinical translation of this therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenton Hordacre
- The Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Health Sciences, The University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5001, Australia
| | - Bahar Moezzi
- The Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Michael C Ridding
- The Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
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66
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Hand-Arm Bimanual Intensive Therapy Improves Prefrontal Cortex Activation in Children With Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy. Pediatr Phys Ther 2018; 30:93-100. [PMID: 29578992 DOI: 10.1097/pep.0000000000000486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the changes in the prefrontal cortical (PFC) activation following hand-arm bimanual intensive therapy (HABIT) in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy (HCP). METHODS Nine children with HCP and 15 children who were developing typically participated in the study. Children with HCP received 50 hours of HABIT. We assessed pre- and post-HABIT PFC activation using functional near-infrared spectroscopy neuroimaging. Bimanual coordination and motor task performance were assessed using the Assisting Hand Assessment (AHA), the average number of shapes matched, the shape matching errors, the reaction time, the 9-hole peg test, and the box and blocks test. RESULTS The PFC activation decreased following HABIT and became similar to what was seen in the children who were developing typically. Post-HABIT PFC activation improvements paralleled with the improvements seen in the AHA and the behavioral outcomes. CONCLUSION HABIT potentially improves the PFC's involvement in the action planning of the upper extremity movements in children with HCP.
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Vassiliadis P, Grandjean J, Derosiere G, de Wilde Y, Quemener L, Duque J. Using a Double-Coil TMS Protocol to Assess Preparatory Inhibition Bilaterally. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:139. [PMID: 29568258 PMCID: PMC5852071 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) applied over the primary motor cortex (M1), elicits motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in contralateral limb muscles which are valuable indicators of corticospinal excitability (CSE) at the time of stimulation. So far, most studies have used single-coil TMS over one M1, yielding MEPs in muscles of a single limb-usually the hand. However, tracking CSE in the two hands simultaneously would be useful in many contexts. We recently showed that, in the resting state, double-coil stimulation of the two M1 with a 1 ms inter-pulse interval (double-coil1 ms TMS) elicits MEPs in both hands that are comparable to MEPs obtained using single-coil TMS. To further evaluate this new technique, we considered the MEPs elicited by double-coil1 ms TMS in an instructed-delay choice reaction time task where a prepared response has to be withheld until an imperative signal is displayed. Single-coil TMS studies have repetitively shown that in this type of task, the motor system is transiently inhibited during the delay period, as evident from the broad suppression of MEP amplitudes. Here, we aimed at investigating whether a comparable inhibitory effect can be observed with MEPs elicited using double-coil1 ms TMS. To do so, we compared the amplitude as well as the coefficient of variation (CV) of MEPs produced by double-coil1 ms or single-coil TMS during action preparation. We observed that MEPs were suppressed (smaller amplitude) and often less variable (smaller CV) during the delay period compared to baseline. Importantly, these effects were equivalent whether single-coil or double-coil1 ms TMS was used. This suggests that double-coil1 ms TMS is a reliable tool to assess CSE, not only when subjects are at rest, but also when they are involved in a task, opening new research horizons for scientists interested in the corticospinal correlates of human behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Vassiliadis
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julien Grandjean
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gerard Derosiere
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ysaline de Wilde
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Louise Quemener
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Duque
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Cirillo J, Cowie MJ, MacDonald HJ, Byblow WD. Response inhibition activates distinct motor cortical inhibitory processes. J Neurophysiol 2018; 119:877-886. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00784.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We routinely cancel preplanned movements that are no longer required. If stopping is forewarned, proactive processes are engaged to selectively decrease motor cortex excitability. However, without advance information there is a nonselective reduction in motor cortical excitability. In this study we examined modulation of human primary motor cortex inhibitory networks during response inhibition tasks with informative and uninformative cues using paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation. Long- (LICI) and short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), indicative of GABAB- and GABAA-receptor mediated inhibition, respectively, were examined from motor evoked potentials obtained in task-relevant and task-irrelevant hand muscles when response inhibition was preceded by informative and uninformative cues. When the participants (10 men and 8 women) were cued to stop only a subcomponent of the bimanual response, the remaining response was delayed, and the extent of delay was greatest in the more reactive context, when cues were uninformative. For LICI, inhibition was reduced in both muscles during all types of response inhibition trials compared with the pre-task resting baseline. When cues were uninformative and left-hand responses were suddenly canceled, task-relevant LICI positively correlated with response times of the responding right hand. In trials where left-hand responding was highly probable or known (informative cues), task-relevant SICI was reduced compared with that when cued to rest, revealing a motor set indicative of responding. These novel findings indicate that the GABAB-receptor-mediated pathway may set a default inhibitory tone according to task context, whereas the GABAA-receptor-mediated pathways are recruited proactively with response certainty. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We examined how informative and uninformative cues that trigger both proactive and reactive processes modulate GABAergic inhibitory networks within human primary motor cortex. We show that GABAB inhibition was released during the task regardless of cue type, whereas GABAA inhibition was reduced when responding was highly probable or known compared with rest. GABAB-receptor-mediated inhibition may set a default inhibitory tone, whereas GABAA circuits may be modulated proactively according to response certainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Cirillo
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Exercise Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Matthew J. Cowie
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Exercise Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hayley J. MacDonald
- Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Winston D. Byblow
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Exercise Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Set-Related Inhibitory and Excitatory Inputs from the Dorsal Premotor Cortex to the Ipsilateral Motor Cortex Assessed by Dual-Coil Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Brain Topogr 2018; 31:795-810. [DOI: 10.1007/s10548-018-0635-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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70
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Rossi A, Giovannelli F, Gavazzi G, Righi S, Cincotta M, Viggiano M. Electrophysiological Activity Prior to Self-initiated Movements is Related to Impulsive Personality Traits. Neuroscience 2018; 372:266-272. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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71
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Hinder MR, Puri R, Kemp S, Waitzer S, Reissig P, Stöckel T, Fujiyama H. Distinct modulation of interhemispheric inhibitory mechanisms during movement preparation reveals the influence of cognition on action control. Cortex 2018; 99:13-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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72
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Cheng Y, Zhang G, Shen W, Huang LX, Zhang L, Xie SS, Zhang XD, Liu B. Impact of previous episodes of hepatic encephalopathy on short-term brain function recovery after liver transplantation: a functional connectivity strength study. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:237-249. [PMID: 29170933 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0155-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Neuropsychological studies have documented an incomplete reversal of pre-existing cognitive dysfunction in cirrhotic patients after liver transplantation (LT) and have found this is more severe in patients with hepatic encephalopathy (HE). In this study, we aimed to investigate the impact of prior HE episodes on post-transplantation brain function recovery. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data was collected from 30 healthy controls and 33 cirrhotic patients (HE, n = 15 and noHE, n = 18) before and one month after LT. Long- and short-range functional connectivity strength (FCS) analysis indicated that before transplantation both noHE and HE groups showed diffuse FCS abnormalities relative to healthy controls. For the noHE group, the abnormal FCS found before LT largely returned to normal levels after LT, except for in the cerebellum, precuneus, and orbital middle frontal gyrus. However, the abnormal FCS prior to LT was largely preserved in the HE group, including high-level cognition-related (frontal and parietal lobes) and vision-related areas (occipital lobe, cuneus, and precuneus). In addition, comparisons between HE and noHE groups revealed that weaker FCS in default mode network (DMN) in HE group persisted from pre- to post- LT. Correlation analysis showed that changes in FCS in the left postcentral and right middle frontal gyrus correlated with alterations in neuropsychological performance and ammonia levels. In conclusion, the findings in this study demonstrate potential adverse effects of pre-LT episode of HE on post-LT brain function recovery, and reveal that DMN may be the most affected brain region by HE episodes, which can't be reversed by LT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Cheng
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Gaoyan Zhang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cognitive Computing and Application, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road No. 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wen Shen
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Li-Xiang Huang
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Transplantation Surgery, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Xie
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Baolin Liu
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cognitive Computing and Application, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road No. 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Technology and Systems, National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
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73
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Modulation of Corticospinal Excitability of Trunk Muscles in Preparation of Rapid Arm Movement. Neuroscience 2018; 369:231-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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74
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Neige C, Massé-Alarie H, Gagné M, Bouyer LJ, Mercier C. Modulation of corticospinal output in agonist and antagonist proximal arm muscles during motor preparation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188801. [PMID: 29186189 PMCID: PMC5706717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown modulation of corticospinal output of the agonist muscle when a known-movement is prepared but withheld until a response signal appearance, reflecting motor preparation processes. However, modulation in the antagonist muscles has not been described, despite the fact that reaching movements require precise coordination between the activation of agonist and antagonist muscles. In this study, participants performed an instructed-delay reaction time (RT) task, with randomized elbow flexion and extension movements. The aim was to assess the time course modulation of corticospinal output in two antagonist muscles, by simultaneously quantified the amplitude of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in biceps brachii and triceps brachii, and the amplitude and direction of elbow movements evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Depending on the prepared movement direction, a specific modulation of corticospinal output was observed, MEPs and TMS-evoked movements amplitude being relatively greater for extension compared to flexion. At the end of motor preparation, a decrease in MEPs amplitude was observed for both biceps brachii and triceps brachii, regardless of the prepared movement direction. In contrast, the probability of evoking movement in the flexion direction and the amplitude of TMS-evoked movement decreased at the end of preparation for flexion, but not for extension. Together, these results confirm the existence of inhibitory processes at the end of the motor preparation, probably to avoid a premature motor response. Moreover, they provide evidence of differences in the corticospinal control of elbow flexor and extensor muscles with patterns of modulation that are not necessarily reciprocal during motor preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécilia Neige
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Rehabilitation, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Hugo Massé-Alarie
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Gagné
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Laurent J. Bouyer
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Rehabilitation, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Catherine Mercier
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Rehabilitation, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
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75
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Kishore A, Popa T, James P, Krishnan S, Robert S, Meunier S. Severity of Writer’s Cramp is Related to Faulty Motor Preparation. Cereb Cortex 2017; 28:3564-3577. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Asha Kishore
- Comprehensive Care Centre for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Kerala, India
| | - Traian Popa
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Praveen James
- Comprehensive Care Centre for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Kerala, India
| | - Syam Krishnan
- Comprehensive Care Centre for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Kerala, India
| | - Sunitha Robert
- Comprehensive Care Centre for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Kerala, India
| | - Sabine Meunier
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
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Pas P, van den Munkhof HE, du Plessis S, Vink M. Striatal activity during reactive inhibition is related to the expectation of stop-signals. Neuroscience 2017; 361:192-198. [PMID: 28844007 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Successful response inhibition relies on the suppression of motor cortex activity. The striatum has previously been linked to motor cortex suppression during the act of inhibition (reactive), but activation was also seen during anticipation of stop signals (proactive). More specifically, striatal activation increased with a higher stop probability. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging with specific regions of interest, we investigate for the first time whether activation in the striatum during reactive inhibition is related to previously formed expectations. We used a modified stop-signal response task in which subjects were asked trial by trial, after being presented a stop-signal probability cue, whether they actually expected a stop to occur. This enabled us to investigate the subjective expectation of a stop signal during each trial. We found that striatal activity during reactive inhibition was higher when subjects expected stop signals. These results help explain conflicting findings of previous studies on the association between striatal activation and inhibition, since we demonstrate a crucial role of the subjects' expectation of a stop signal and thus their ability to prepare for a stop in advance. In conclusion, the current results show for the first time that striatal contributions to reactive response inhibition are, in part, related to subjective anticipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Pas
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | - Matthijs Vink
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
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77
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Lv Q, Wang Z, Zhang C, Fan Q, Zhao Q, Zeljic K, Sun B, Xiao Z, Wang Z. Divergent Structural Responses to Pharmacological Interventions in Orbitofronto-Striato-Thalamic and Premotor Circuits in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. EBioMedicine 2017; 22:242-248. [PMID: 28774738 PMCID: PMC5552245 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior efforts to dissect etiological and pharmacological modulations in brain morphology in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are often undermined by methodological and sampling constraints, yielding conflicting conclusions and no reliable neuromarkers. Here we evaluated alteration of regional gray matter volume including effect size (Cohen's d value) in 95 drug-naïve patients (age range: 18-55) compared to 95 healthy subjects (age: 18-63), then examined pharmacological effects in 65 medicated (age: 18-57) and 73 medication-free patients (age: 18-61). Robustness of statistical outcomes and effect sizes was rigorously tested with Monte Carlo cross-validation. Relative to controls, both drug-naïve and medication-free patients exhibited comparable volumetric increases mainly in the left thalamus (d=0.90, 0.82, respectively), left ventral striatum (d=0.88, 0.67), bilateral medial orbitofrontal cortex (d=0.86, 0.71; 0.90, 0.73), and left inferior temporal gyrus (d=0.83, 0.66), and decreased volumes in left premotor/presupplementary motor areas (d=-0.83, -0.71). Interestingly, abnormalities in the thalamus and medial orbitofrontal cortex were present in medicated patients whereas entirely absent in premotor and ventral striatum. It suggests that pharmacotherapy elicited divergent responses in orbitofronto-striato-thalamic and premotor circuits, which warrants the design of longitudinal studies investigating the potential of these neuromarkers in stratified treatments of OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Lv
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, China
| | - Chencheng Zhang
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Qing Fan
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, China
| | - Kristina Zeljic
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Bomin Sun
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zeping Xiao
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Zheng Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
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78
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McNair NA, Behrens AD, Harris IM. Automatic Recruitment of the Motor System by Undetected Graspable Objects: A Motor-evoked Potential Study. J Cogn Neurosci 2017; 29:1918-1931. [PMID: 28686138 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Previous behavioral and neuroimaging studies have suggested that the motor properties associated with graspable objects may be automatically accessed when people passively view these objects. We directly tested this by measuring the excitability of the motor pathway when participants viewed pictures of graspable objects that were presented during the attentional blink (AB), when items frequently go undetected. Participants had to identify two briefly presented objects separated by either a short or long SOA. Motor-evoked potentials were measured from the right hand in response to a single TMS pulse delivered over the left primary motor cortex 250 msec after the onset of the second target. Behavioral results showed poorer identification of objects at short SOA compared with long SOA, consistent with an AB, which did not differ between graspable and nongraspable objects. However, motor-evoked potentials measured during the AB were significantly higher for graspable objects than for nongraspable objects, irrespective of whether the object was successfully identified or undetected. This provides direct evidence that the motor system is automatically activated during visual processing of objects that afford a motor action.
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79
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Greater corticostriatal activation associated with facial motor imagery compared with motor execution. Neuroreport 2017; 28:610-617. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Criaud M, Longcamp M, Anton JL, Nazarian B, Roth M, Sescousse G, Strafella AP, Ballanger B, Boulinguez P. Testing the physiological plausibility of conflicting psychological models of response inhibition: A forward inference fMRI study. Behav Brain Res 2017. [PMID: 28647596 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The neural mechanisms underlying response inhibition and related disorders are unclear and controversial for several reasons. First, it is a major challenge to assess the psychological bases of behaviour, and ultimately brain-behaviour relationships, of a function which is precisely intended to suppress overt measurable behaviours. Second, response inhibition is difficult to disentangle from other parallel processes involved in more general aspects of cognitive control. Consequently, different psychological and anatomo-functional models coexist, which often appear in conflict with each other even though they are not necessarily mutually exclusive. The standard model of response inhibition in go/no-go tasks assumes that inhibitory processes are reactively and selectively triggered by the stimulus that participants must refrain from reacting to. Recent alternative models suggest that action restraint could instead rely on reactive but non-selective mechanisms (all automatic responses are automatically inhibited in uncertain contexts) or on proactive and non-selective mechanisms (a gating function by which reaction to any stimulus is prevented in anticipation of stimulation when the situation is unpredictable). Here, we assessed the physiological plausibility of these different models by testing their respective predictions regarding event-related BOLD modulations (forward inference using fMRI). We set up a single fMRI design which allowed for us to record simultaneously the different possible forms of inhibition while limiting confounds between response inhibition and parallel cognitive processes. We found BOLD dynamics consistent with non-selective models. These results provide new theoretical and methodological lines of inquiry for the study of basic functions involved in behavioural control and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Criaud
- Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France; INSERM, U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Lyon, F-69000, France; CNRS, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Lyon, F-69000, France; Centre de Neuroscience Cognitive, Bron, France; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorder Unit & E.J. Safra Parkinson Disease Program, Toronto Western Hospital, UHN, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour - Systems Neuroscience, Toronto Western Research Institute, UHN, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marieke Longcamp
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, CNRS UMR 7291 & Aix-Marseille Université, France
| | - Jean-Luc Anton
- Centre IRMf de Marseille, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, CNRS UMR7289 & Aix- Marseille Université, France
| | - Bruno Nazarian
- Centre IRMf de Marseille, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, CNRS UMR7289 & Aix- Marseille Université, France
| | - Muriel Roth
- Centre IRMf de Marseille, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, CNRS UMR7289 & Aix- Marseille Université, France
| | - Guillaume Sescousse
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio P Strafella
- Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorder Unit & E.J. Safra Parkinson Disease Program, Toronto Western Hospital, UHN, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour - Systems Neuroscience, Toronto Western Research Institute, UHN, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bénédicte Ballanger
- INSERM, U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Lyon, F-69000, France; CNRS, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Lyon, F-69000, France; Centre de Neuroscience Cognitive, Bron, France
| | - Philippe Boulinguez
- Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France; INSERM, U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Lyon, F-69000, France; CNRS, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Lyon, F-69000, France; Centre de Neuroscience Cognitive, Bron, France.
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81
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The role of dorsal premotor cortex in mental rotation: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Brain Cogn 2017; 116:71-78. [PMID: 28606388 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although activation of dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) has been consistently observed in the neuroimaging studies of mental rotation, the functional meaning of PMd activation is still unclear and multiple alternative explanations have been suggested. The present study used repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to investigate the role of PMd in mental rotation. Two tasks were used, involving mental rotation of hands and abstract objects, with either matching (same stimuli) or mirror stimuli. Compared to sham stimulation, TMS over right and left PMd regions significantly affected accuracy in the object task, specifically for the same stimuli. Furthermore, response times were longer following right PMd stimulation in both the object and the hand tasks, but again, selectively for the same stimuli. The effect of rotational angle on response times and accuracies was greater for the same stimuli. Moreover TMS over PMd impaired the performance accuracy selectively in these stimuli, mainly in a task that included abstract objects. For these reasons, the present findings indicate a contribution of PMd to mental rotation.
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Rosso C, Perlbarg V, Valabregue R, Obadia M, Kemlin-Méchin C, Moulton E, Leder S, Meunier S, Lamy JC. Anatomical and functional correlates of cortical motor threshold of the dominant hand. Brain Stimul 2017; 10:952-958. [PMID: 28551318 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resting Motor threshold (rMT) provides information about cortical motor excitability. Interestingly, the influences of the structural or functional variability of the motor system on the rMT inter-individual variability have been poorly investigated. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS To investigate relationships between rMT and measures of brain structures and function of the motor system. The hypothesis is that cortical excitability not only depends on the primary motor cortex (M1) but also on the integration of information originating from its vicinity such as premotor (PMd and SMA) and post-central (S1) cortices. METHODS We measured brain structures, including grey and white matter properties (cortical volume and fiber coherence respectively), and functional interaction (resting-state functional connectivity-FC) in areas contributing to the corticospinal tract axons, i. e, M1, S1, SMA and PMd in the dominant hemisphere of 21 healthy subjects. RESULTS The rMT was inversely correlated with the FC between PMd and M1 (r = -0.496, 95%CI: -0.764; -0.081; p = 0.02) and the grey matter volume of the dominant hemisphere (r = -0.463, 95%CI: -0.746; -0.039; p = 0.03). The multiple regression analysis model retained the FC between M1 and PMd (coefficient: -25 ± 9) as well as the grey matter volume of the dominant hemisphere (coefficient: -0.15 ± 0.06) explaining 44% of the variance of the rMT (p: 0.005). When adding age and coil-to-cortex distance, two factors known to influence rMT, the model reached a R2 of 75% (p: 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS These results underline the major role of the PMd and the cortico-cortical connections toward M1 in the excitation of the corticospinal fibers likely through trans-synaptic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Rosso
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France; AP-HP, Urgences Cérébro-Vasculaires, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France.
| | - Vincent Perlbarg
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'imagerie biomédicale (LIB), F-75013, Paris, France; Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core Facility, iCONICS, IHU-A-ICM, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France
| | - Romain Valabregue
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France; Centre de Neuro-imagerie de Recherche, CENIR, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Mickaël Obadia
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France; AP-HP, Urgences Cérébro-Vasculaires, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Claire Kemlin-Méchin
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Eric Moulton
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Sara Leder
- AP-HP, Urgences Cérébro-Vasculaires, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Sabine Meunier
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Charles Lamy
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France; Centre de Neuro-imagerie de Recherche, CENIR, F-75013, Paris, France
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Tong Y, Pendy JT, Li WA, Du H, Zhang T, Geng X, Ding Y. Motor Imagery-Based Rehabilitation: Potential Neural Correlates and Clinical Application for Functional Recovery of Motor Deficits after Stroke. Aging Dis 2017; 8:364-371. [PMID: 28580191 PMCID: PMC5440115 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2016.1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor imagery (MI), defined as the mental implementation of an action in the absence of movement or muscle activation, is a rehabilitation technique that offers a means to replace or restore lost motor function in stroke patients when used in conjunction with conventional physiotherapy procedures. This article briefly reviews the concepts and neural correlates of MI in order to promote improved understanding, as well as to enhance the clinical utility of MI-based rehabilitation regimens. We specifically highlight the role of the cerebellum and basal ganglia, premotor, supplementary motor, and prefrontal areas, primary motor cortex, and parietal cortex. Additionally, we examine the recent literature related to MI and its potential as a therapeutic technique in both upper and lower limb stroke rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanna Tong
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - John T. Pendy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - William A. Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Huishan Du
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- China Rehabilitation Research Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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84
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Duque J, Greenhouse I, Labruna L, Ivry RB. Physiological Markers of Motor Inhibition during Human Behavior. Trends Neurosci 2017; 40:219-236. [PMID: 28341235 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies in humans have shown that many behaviors engage processes that suppress excitability within the corticospinal tract. Inhibition of the motor output pathway has been extensively studied in the context of action stopping, where a planned movement needs to be abruptly aborted. Recent TMS work has also revealed markers of motor inhibition during the preparation of movement. Here, we review the evidence for motor inhibition during action stopping and action preparation, focusing on studies that have used TMS to monitor changes in the excitability of the corticospinal pathway. We discuss how these physiological results have motivated theoretical models of how the brain selects actions, regulates movement initiation and execution, and switches from one state to another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Duque
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Ian Greenhouse
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ludovica Labruna
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Richard B Ivry
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Individual Differences in Resting Corticospinal Excitability Are Correlated with Reaction Time and GABA Content in Motor Cortex. J Neurosci 2017; 37:2686-2696. [PMID: 28179557 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3129-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals differ in the intrinsic excitability of their corticospinal pathways and, perhaps more generally, their entire nervous system. At present, we have little understanding of the mechanisms underlying these differences and how variation in intrinsic excitability relates to behavior. Here, we examined the relationship between individual differences in intrinsic corticospinal excitability, local cortical GABA levels, and reaction time (RT) in a group of 20 healthy human adults. We measured corticospinal excitability at rest with transcranial magnetic stimulation, local concentrations of basal GABA with magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and RT with a behavioral task. All measurements were repeated in two separate sessions, and tests of reliability confirmed the presence of stable individual differences. There was a negative correlation between corticospinal excitability and RT, such that larger motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) measured at rest were associated with faster RTs. Interestingly, larger MEPs were associated with higher levels of GABA in M1, but not in three other cortical regions. Together, these results suggest that individuals with more excitable corticospinal pathways are faster to initiate planned responses and have higher levels of GABA within M1, possibly to compensate for a more excitable motor system.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study brings together physiological, behavioral, and neurochemical evidence to examine variability in the excitability of the human motor system. Previous work has focused on state-based factors (e.g., preparedness, uncertainty), with little attention given to the influence of inherent stable characteristics. Here, we examined how the excitability of the motor system relates to reaction time and the regional content of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. Importantly, motor pathway excitability and GABA concentrations were measured at rest, outside a task context, providing assays of intrinsic properties of the individuals. Individuals with more excitable motor pathways had faster reaction times and, paradoxically, higher concentrations of GABA. We propose that greater GABA capacity in the motor cortex counteracts an intrinsically more excitable motor system.
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86
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Lindholm P, Lamusuo S, Taiminen T, Virtanen A, Pertovaara A, Forssell H, Hagelberg N, Jääskeläinen S. The analgesic effect of therapeutic rTMS is not mediated or predicted by comorbid psychiatric or sleep disorders. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e5231. [PMID: 27858874 PMCID: PMC5591122 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000005231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanisms underlying alleviation of neuropathic pain by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of primary motor cortex (M1) and right secondary somatosensory cortex (S2) are only partly known. Patients with chronic neuropathic pain often have comorbidities like depression and sleep problems. Through functional connectivity, rTMS of M1 and S2 may activate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the target for treating depression with rTMS. Thus, the analgesic effect of rTMS could be mediated indirectly via improvement of psychiatric comorbidities or sleep. We examined whether rTMS has an independent analgesic effect or whether its clinical benefits depend on effects on mood or sleep. We also evaluated if comorbid psychiatric or sleep disorders predict the treatment outcome. METHODS Sixteen patients with chronic drug-resistant neuropathic orofacial pain participated in this randomized controlled crossover rTMS study. Patients' psychiatric history was evaluated by a specialist in psychiatry. Intensity and interference of pain, mood, and the quality of sleep and life were evaluated at baseline and after 2 active (primary somatosensory cortex [S1]/M1 and S2) and placebo rTMS treatments. A logistic regression analysis was done to investigate predictors of treatment outcome. RESULTS The analgesic effect of the right S2 stimulation was not associated with improvement of psychiatric conditions or sleep, whereas S1/M1 stimulation improved sleep without significant analgesic effect (P = 0.013-0.046 in sleep scores). Psychiatric and sleep disorders were more common in patients than in the general population (P = 0.000-0.001 in sleep scores), but these comorbidities did not predict the rTMS treatment outcome. CONCLUSION We conclude that rTMS to the right S2 does not exert its beneficial analgesic effects in chronic neuropathic orofacial pain via indirect improvement of comorbid psychiatric or sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauliina Lindholm
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience Department of Clinical Neurophysiology Department of Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of Dentistry Pain Clinic, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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87
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Reward anticipation modulates primary motor cortex excitability during task preparation. Neuroimage 2016; 142:483-488. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Quoilin C, Lambert J, Jacob B, Klein PA, Duque J. Comparison of Motor Inhibition in Variants of the Instructed-Delay Choice Reaction Time Task. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161964. [PMID: 27579905 PMCID: PMC5007028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Using instructed-delay choice reaction time (RT) paradigms, many previous studies have shown that the motor system is transiently inhibited during response preparation: motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the primary motor cortex are typically suppressed during the delay period. This effect has been observed in both selected and non-selected effectors, although MEP changes in selected effectors have been more inconsistent across task versions. Here, we compared changes in MEP amplitudes in three different variants of an instructed-delay choice RT task. All variants required participants to choose between left and right index finger movements but the responses were either provided “in the air” (Variant 1), on a regular keyboard (Variant 2), or on a response device designed to control from premature responses (Variant 3). The task variants also differed according to the visual layout (more concrete in Variant 3) and depending on whether participants received a feedback of their performance (absent in Variant 1). Behavior was globally comparable between the three variants of the task although the propensity to respond prematurely was highest in Variant 2 and lowest in Variant 3. MEPs elicited in a non-selected hand were similarly suppressed in the three variants of the task. However, significant differences emerged when considering MEPs elicited in the selected hand: these MEPs were suppressed in Variants 1 and 3 whereas they were often facilitated in Variant 2, especially in the right dominant hand. In conclusion, MEPs elicited in selected muscles seem to be more sensitive to small variations to the task design than those recorded in non-selected effectors, probably because they reflect a complex combination of inhibitory and facilitatory influences on the motor output system. Finally, the use of a standard keyboard seems to be particularly inappropriate because it encourages participants to respond promptly with no means to control for premature responses, probably increasing the relative amount of facilitatory influences at the time motor inhibition is probed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Quoilin
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Julien Lambert
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benvenuto Jacob
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Julie Duque
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Neuronal Substrates Underlying Performance Variability in Well-Trained Skillful Motor Task in Humans. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:1245259. [PMID: 27516909 PMCID: PMC4969546 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1245259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor performance fluctuates trial by trial even in a well-trained motor skill. Here we show neural substrates underlying such behavioral fluctuation in humans. We first scanned brain activity with functional magnetic resonance imaging while healthy participants repeatedly performed a 10 s skillful sequential finger-tapping task. Before starting the experiment, the participants had completed intensive training. We evaluated task performance per trial (number of correct sequences in 10 s) and depicted brain regions where the activity changes in association with the fluctuation of the task performance across trials. We found that the activity in a broader range of frontoparietocerebellar network, including the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), anterior cingulate and anterior insular cortices, and left cerebellar hemisphere, was negatively correlated with the task performance. We further showed in another transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) experiment that task performance deteriorated, when we applied anodal tDCS to the right DLPFC. These results indicate that fluctuation of brain activity in the nonmotor frontoparietocerebellar network may underlie trial-by-trial performance variability even in a well-trained motor skill, and its neuromodulation with tDCS may affect the task performance.
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90
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Age-Related Changes in Frontal Network Structural and Functional Connectivity in Relation to Bimanual Movement Control. J Neurosci 2016; 36:1808-22. [PMID: 26865607 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3355-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Changes in both brain structure and neurophysiological function regulating homotopic as well as heterotopic interhemispheric interactions (IHIs) are assumed to be responsible for the bimanual performance deficits in older adults. However, how the structural and functional networks regulating bimanual performance decline in older adults, as well as the interplay between brain structure and function remain largely unclear. Using a dual-site transcranial magnetic stimulation paradigm, we examined the age-related changes in the interhemispheric effects from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and dorsal premotor cortex onto the contralateral primary motor cortex (M1) during the preparation of a complex bimanual coordination task in human. Structural properties of these interactions were assessed with diffusion-based fiber tractography. Compared with young adults, older adults showed performance declines in the more difficult bimanual conditions, less optimal brain white matter (WM) microstructure, and a decreased ability to regulate the interaction between dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and M1. Importantly, we found that WM microstructure, neurophysiological function, and bimanual performance were interrelated in older adults, whereas only the task-related changes in IHI predicted bimanual performance in young adults. These results reflect unique interactions between structure and function in the aging brain, such that declines in WM microstructural organization likely lead to dysfunctional regulation of IHI, ultimately accounting for bimanual performance deficits. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The structural and functional changes in the aging brain are associated with a decline in movement control, compromising functional independence. We used MRI and noninvasive brain stimulation techniques to investigate white matter microstructural organization and neurophysiological function in the aging brain, in relation to bimanual movement control. We found that less optimal brain microstructural organization and task-related modulations in neurophysiological function resulted in poor bimanual performance in older adults. By interrelating brain structure, neurophysiological function, and behavior, the current study provides a comprehensive picture of biological alterations in the aging brain that underlie declines in bimanual performance.
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Burle B, van den Wildenberg WPM, Spieser L, Ridderinkhof KR. Preventing (impulsive) errors: Electrophysiological evidence for online inhibitory control over incorrect responses. Psychophysiology 2016; 53:1008-19. [PMID: 27005956 PMCID: PMC4949675 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In a rich environment, with multiple action affordances, selective action inhibition is critical in preventing the execution of inappropriate responses. Here, we studied the origin and the dynamics of incorrect response inhibition and how it can be modulated by task demands. We used EEG in a conflict task where the probability of compatible and incompatible trials was varied. This allowed us to modulate the strength of the prepotent response, and hence to increase the risk of errors, while keeping the probability of the two responses equal. The correct response activation and execution was not affected by compatibility or by probability. In contrast, incorrect response inhibition in the primary motor cortex ipsilateral to the correct response was more pronounced on incompatible trials, especially in the condition where most of the trials were compatible, indicating a modulation of inhibitory strength within the course of the action. Two prefrontal activities, one medial and one lateral, were also observed before the response, and their potential links with the observed inhibitory pattern observed are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borís Burle
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LNC UMR 7291, Marseille, France
| | - Wery P M van den Wildenberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain & Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laure Spieser
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LNC UMR 7291, Marseille, France
| | - K Richard Ridderinkhof
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain & Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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92
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De Pretto M, Sallard E, Spierer L. State dependency of inhibitory control performance: an electrical neuroimaging study. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 44:1826-32. [PMID: 27116703 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral and brain responses to stimuli not only depend on their physical features but also on the individuals' neurocognitive states before stimuli onsets. While the influence of pre-stimulus fluctuations in brain activity on low-level perceptive processes is well established, the state dependency of high-order executive processes remains unclear. Using a classical inhibitory control Go/NoGo task, we examined whether and how fluctuations in the brain activity during the period preceding the stimuli triggering inhibition influenced inhibitory control performance. Seventeen participants completed the Go/NoGo task while 64-channel electroencephalogram was recorded. We compared the event-related potentials preceding the onset of the NoGo stimuli associated with inhibition failures false alarms (FA) vs. successful inhibition correct rejections (CR) with data-driven statistical analyses of global measures of the topography and strength of the scalp electric field. Distributed electrical source estimations were used to localize the origin of the event-related potentials modulations. We observed differences in the global field power of the event-related potentials (FA > CR) without concomitant topographic modulations over the 40 ms period immediately preceding NoGo stimuli. This result indicates that the same brain networks were engaged in the two conditions, but more strongly before FA than CR. Source estimations revealed that this effect followed from a higher activity before FA than CR within bilateral inferior frontal gyri and the right inferior parietal lobule. These findings suggest that uncontrolled quantitative variations in pre-stimulus activity within attentional and control brain networks influence inhibition performance. The present data thereby demonstrate the state dependency of cognitive processes of up to high-order executive levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael De Pretto
- Neurology Unit, Medicine Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Fribourg, PER 09, Chemin du Musée 5, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Etienne Sallard
- Neurology Unit, Medicine Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Fribourg, PER 09, Chemin du Musée 5, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Lucas Spierer
- Neurology Unit, Medicine Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Fribourg, PER 09, Chemin du Musée 5, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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93
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Jacquet PO, Roy AC, Chambon V, Borghi AM, Salemme R, Farnè A, Reilly KT. Changing ideas about others' intentions: updating prior expectations tunes activity in the human motor system. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26995. [PMID: 27243157 PMCID: PMC4886635 DOI: 10.1038/srep26995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Predicting intentions from observing another agent's behaviours is often thought to depend on motor resonance - i.e., the motor system's response to a perceived movement by the activation of its stored motor counterpart, but observers might also rely on prior expectations, especially when actions take place in perceptually uncertain situations. Here we assessed motor resonance during an action prediction task using transcranial magnetic stimulation to probe corticospinal excitability (CSE) and report that experimentally-induced updates in observers' prior expectations modulate CSE when predictions are made under situations of perceptual uncertainty. We show that prior expectations are updated on the basis of both biomechanical and probabilistic prior information and that the magnitude of the CSE modulation observed across participants is explained by the magnitude of change in their prior expectations. These findings provide the first evidence that when observers predict others' intentions, motor resonance mechanisms adapt to changes in their prior expectations. We propose that this adaptive adjustment might reflect a regulatory control mechanism that shares some similarities with that observed during action selection. Such a mechanism could help arbitrate the competition between biomechanical and probabilistic prior information when appropriate for prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre O. Jacquet
- Evolution and Social Cognition Group, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC), Département d’Etudes Cognitives, INSERM U960, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France
- Evolution and Social Cognition Group, Institut Jean Nicod, Département d’Etudes Cognitives, CNRS UMR8129, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Alice C. Roy
- Dynamique Du Langage, CNRS UMR 5596, University Lumières Lyon II, 69363 Lyon, France
| | - Valérian Chambon
- Evolution and Social Cognition Group, Institut Jean Nicod, Département d’Etudes Cognitives, CNRS UMR8129, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France
- Department of Neuroscience, Biotech Campus-University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anna M. Borghi
- Department of Psychology, Bologna University, 40127 Bologna, Italy
- Institute of Sciences and Technologies of Cognition, CNR, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Roméo Salemme
- ImpAct Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center CRNL, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, & Hospices Civils de Lyon, Neuro-immersion & Mouvement et Handicap, 69675 Bron, France
- University Claude Bernard Lyon I, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Alessandro Farnè
- ImpAct Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center CRNL, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, & Hospices Civils de Lyon, Neuro-immersion & Mouvement et Handicap, 69675 Bron, France
- University Claude Bernard Lyon I, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Karen T. Reilly
- ImpAct Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center CRNL, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, & Hospices Civils de Lyon, Neuro-immersion & Mouvement et Handicap, 69675 Bron, France
- University Claude Bernard Lyon I, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
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94
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95
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Fujiyama H, Van Soom J, Rens G, Cuypers K, Heise KF, Levin O, Swinnen SP. Performing two different actions simultaneously: The critical role of interhemispheric interactions during the preparation of bimanual movement. Cortex 2016; 77:141-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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96
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Dorso-Lateral Frontal Cortex of the Ferret Encodes Perceptual Difficulty during Visual Discrimination. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23568. [PMID: 27025995 PMCID: PMC4812342 DOI: 10.1038/srep23568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Visual discrimination requires sensory processing followed by a perceptual decision. Despite a growing understanding of visual areas in this behavior, it is unclear what role top-down signals from prefrontal cortex play, in particular as a function of perceptual difficulty. To address this gap, we investigated how neurons in dorso-lateral frontal cortex (dl-FC) of freely-moving ferrets encode task variables in a two-alternative forced choice visual discrimination task with high- and low-contrast visual input. About two-thirds of all recorded neurons in dl-FC were modulated by at least one of the two task variables, task difficulty and target location. More neurons in dl-FC preferred the hard trials; no such preference bias was found for target location. In individual neurons, this preference for specific task types was limited to brief epochs. Finally, optogenetic stimulation confirmed the functional role of the activity in dl-FC before target touch; suppression of activity in pyramidal neurons with the ArchT silencing opsin resulted in a decrease in reaction time to touch the target but not to retrieve reward. In conclusion, dl-FC activity is differentially recruited for high perceptual difficulty in the freely-moving ferret and the resulting signal may provide top-down behavioral inhibition.
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97
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Wilhelm E, Quoilin C, Petitjean C, Duque J. A Double-Coil TMS Method to Assess Corticospinal Excitability Changes at a Near-Simultaneous Time in the Two Hands during Movement Preparation. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:88. [PMID: 27014020 PMCID: PMC4779885 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Many previous transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies have investigated corticospinal excitability changes occurring when choosing which hand to use for an action, one of the most frequent decision people make in daily life. So far, these studies have applied single-pulse TMS eliciting motor-evoked potential (MEP) in one hand when this hand is either selected or non-selected. Using such method, hand choices were shown to entail the operation of two inhibitory mechanisms, suppressing MEPs in the targeted hand either when it is non-selected (competition resolution, CR) or selected (impulse control, IC). However, an important limitation of this “Single-Coil” method is that MEPs are elicited in selected and non-selected conditions during separate trials and thus those two settings may not be completely comparable. Moreover, a more important problem is that MEPs are computed in relation to the movement of different hands. The goal of the present study was to test a “Double-Coil” method to evaluate IC and CR preceding the same hand responses by applying Double-Coil TMS over the two primary motor cortices (M1) at a near-simultaneous time (1 ms inter-pulse interval). Methods: MEPs were obtained in the left (MEPLEFT) and right (MEPRIGHT) hands while subjects chose between left and right hand key-presses in blocks using a Single-Coil or a Double-Coil method; in the latter blocks, TMS was either applied over left M1 first (TMSLRM1 group, n = 12) or right M1 first (TMSRLM1 group, n = 12). Results: MEPLEFT were suppressed preceding both left (IC) and right (CR) hand responses whereas MEPRIGHT were only suppressed preceding left (CR) but not right (IC) hand responses. This result was observed regardless of whether Single-Coil or Double-Coil TMS was applied in the two subject groups. However, in the TMSLRM1 group, the MEP suppression was attenuated in Double-Coil compared to Single-Coil blocks for both IC and CR, when probed with MEPLEFT (elicited by the second pulse). Conclusions: Although Double-Coil TMS may be a reliable method to assess bilateral motor excitability provided that a RM1-LM1 pulse order is used, further experiments are required to understand the reduced MEPLEFT changes in Double-Coil blocks when the LM1-RM1 pulse order was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Wilhelm
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain Brussels, Belgium
| | - Caroline Quoilin
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Petitjean
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Duque
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain Brussels, Belgium
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98
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Hanakawa T. Organizing motor imageries. Neurosci Res 2016; 104:56-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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99
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Okada N, Takahashi K, Nishimura Y, Koike S, Ishii-Takahashi A, Sakakibara E, Satomura Y, Kinoshita A, Takizawa R, Kawasaki S, Nakakita M, Ohtani T, Okazaki Y, Kasai K. Characterizing prefrontal cortical activity during inhibition task in methamphetamine-associated psychosis versus schizophrenia: a multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy study. Addict Biol 2016; 21:489-503. [PMID: 25619621 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine abuse and dependence, frequently accompanied by schizophrenia-like psychotic symptoms [methamphetamine-associated psychosis (MAP)], is a serious public health problem worldwide. Few studies, however, have characterized brain dysfunction associated with MAP, nor investigated similarities and differences in brain dysfunction between MAP and schizophrenia. We compared prefrontal cortical activity associated with stop-signal inhibitory task in 21 patients with MAP, 14 patients with schizophrenia and 21 age- and gender-matched healthy controls using a 52-channel near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) system. Both the MAP and the schizophrenia groups showed significantly reduced activation in the bilateral ventrolateral prefrontal cortex compared with controls; however, only the MAP group showed reduced activation in the frontopolar prefrontal cortex. The MAP group demonstrated significant positive correlations between task performance and hemodynamic responses in the bilateral ventrolateral, polar and left dorsolateral regions of the prefrontal cortex. The MAP and schizophrenia groups demonstrated a significant difference in the relationship of impulsivity to hemodynamic changes in the bilateral premotor cortex. These findings characterize similarities and differences in prefrontal cortical dysfunction between psychosis associated with methamphetamine and schizophrenia. The reduced hemodynamic changes in the bilateral ventrolateral prefrontal cortex suggest a common underlying pathophysiology of MAP and schizophrenia, whereas those in the frontopolar prefrontal cortex point to an impaired state that is either inherent or caused specifically by methamphetamine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Okada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry; Graduate School of Medicine; The University of Tokyo; Japan
- Department of Psychiatry; Tokyo Metropolitan Matsuzawa Hospital; Japan
| | | | - Yukika Nishimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry; Graduate School of Medicine; The University of Tokyo; Japan
- Department of Psychiatry; Tokyo Metropolitan Matsuzawa Hospital; Japan
| | - Shinsuke Koike
- Department of Neuropsychiatry; Graduate School of Medicine; The University of Tokyo; Japan
- Office for Mental Health Support; Division for Counseling and Support; The University of Tokyo; Japan
| | - Ayaka Ishii-Takahashi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry; Graduate School of Medicine; The University of Tokyo; Japan
| | - Eisuke Sakakibara
- Department of Neuropsychiatry; Graduate School of Medicine; The University of Tokyo; Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Satomura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry; Graduate School of Medicine; The University of Tokyo; Japan
| | - Akihide Kinoshita
- Department of Neuropsychiatry; Graduate School of Medicine; The University of Tokyo; Japan
| | - Ryu Takizawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry; Graduate School of Medicine; The University of Tokyo; Japan
| | - Shingo Kawasaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry; Graduate School of Medicine; The University of Tokyo; Japan
- Application Development Office; Hitachi Medical Corporation; Japan
| | - Mayumi Nakakita
- Department of Psychiatry; Tokyo Metropolitan Matsuzawa Hospital; Japan
- Department of Psychiatry; Sawa Hospital; Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ohtani
- Department of Neuropsychiatry; Graduate School of Medicine; The University of Tokyo; Japan
- Department of Psychiatry; Tokyo Metropolitan Matsuzawa Hospital; Japan
- Safety and Health Organization; Chiba University; Japan
| | - Yuji Okazaki
- Department of Psychiatry; Tokyo Metropolitan Matsuzawa Hospital; Japan
- Department of Psychiatry; Michinoo Hospital; Japan
| | - Kiyoto Kasai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry; Graduate School of Medicine; The University of Tokyo; Japan
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100
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Brown MJ, Staines WR. Differential effects of continuous theta burst stimulation over left premotor cortex and right prefrontal cortex on modulating upper limb somatosensory input. Neuroimage 2016; 127:97-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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