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Testing homeopathy in mouse emotional response models: pooled data analysis of two series of studies. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:954374. [PMID: 22548123 PMCID: PMC3324905 DOI: 10.1155/2012/954374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Two previous investigations were performed to assess the activity of Gelsemium sempervirens (Gelsemium s.) in mice, using emotional response models. These two series are pooled and analysed here. Gelsemium s. in various homeopathic centesimal dilutions/dynamizations (4C, 5C, 7C, 9C, and 30C), a placebo (solvent vehicle), and the reference drugs diazepam (1 mg/kg body weight) or buspirone (5 mg/kg body weight) were delivered intraperitoneally to groups of albino CD1 mice, and their effects on animal behaviour were assessed by the light-dark (LD) choice test and the open-field (OF) exploration test. Up to 14 separate replications were carried out in fully blind and randomised conditions. Pooled analysis demonstrated highly significant effects of Gelsemium s. 5C, 7C, and 30C on the OF parameter “time spent in central area” and of Gelsemium s. 5C, 9C, and 30C on the LD parameters “time spent in lit area” and “number of light-dark transitions,” without any sedative action or adverse effects on locomotion. This pooled data analysis confirms and reinforces the evidence that Gelsemium s. regulates emotional responses and behaviour of laboratory mice in a nonlinear fashion with dilution/dynamization.
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Serotonin-2C receptors in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala mediate the anxiogenic effect of acute imipramine and fluoxetine administration. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2012; 15:389-400. [PMID: 21733232 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145711000873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates that facilitation of serotonin-2C receptor (5-HT2CR)-mediated neurotransmission in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) is involved in anxiety generation. We investigated here whether BLA 5-HT2CRs exert a differential role in the regulation of defensive behaviours related to generalized anxiety (inhibitory avoidance) and panic (escape) disorders. We also evaluated whether activation of BLA 5-HT2CRs accounts for the anxiogenic effect caused by acute systemic administration of the antidepressants imipramine and fluoxetine. Male Wistar rats were tested in the elevated T-maze after intra-BLA injection of the endogenous agonist 5-HT, the 5-HT2CR agonist MK-212 or the 5-HT2CR antagonist SB-242084. This test allows the measurement of inhibitory avoidance acquisition and escape expression. We also investigated whether intra-BLA administration of SB-242084 interferes with the acute anxiogenic effect caused by imipramine and fluoxetine in the Vogel conflict test, and imipramine in the elevated T-maze. While intra-BLA administration of 5-HT and MK-212 facilitated inhibitory avoidance acquisition, suggesting an anxiogenic effect, SB-242084 had the opposite effect. None of these drugs affected escape performance. Intra-BLA injection of a sub-effective dose of SB-242084 fully blocked the anxiogenic effect caused either by the local microinjection of 5-HT or the systemic administration of imipramine and fluoxetine. Our findings indicate that 5-HT2CRs in BLA are selectively involved in the regulation of defensive behaviours associated with generalized anxiety, but not panic. The results also provide the first direct evidence that activation of BLA 5-HT2CRs accounts for the short-term aversive effect of antidepressants.
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Roncon CM, Biesdorf C, Santana RG, Zangrossi H, Graeff FG, Audi EA. The panicolytic-like effect of fluoxetine in the elevated T-maze is mediated by serotonin-induced activation of endogenous opioids in the dorsal periaqueductal grey. J Psychopharmacol 2012; 26:525-31. [PMID: 22279131 DOI: 10.1177/0269881111434619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT), opioids and the dorsal periaqueductal grey (DPAG) have been implicated in the pathophysiology of panic disorder. In order to study 5-HT-opioid interaction, the opioid antagonist naloxone was injected either systemically (1 mg/kg, i.p.) or intra-DPAG (0.2 μg/0.5 μL) to assess its interference with the effect of chronic fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, i.p., daily for 21 days) or of intra-DPAG 5-HT (8 μg/0.5 μL). Drug effects were measured in the one-escape task of the rat elevated T-maze, an animal model of panic. Pretreatment with systemic naloxone antagonized the lengthening of escape latency caused by chronic fluoxetine, considered a panicolytic-like effect that parallels the drug's therapeutic response in the clinics. Pretreatment with naloxone injected intra-DPAG antagonized both the panicolytic effect of chronic fluoxetine as well as that of 5-HT injected intra-DPAG. Neither the performance of the inhibitory avoidance task in the elevated T-maze, a model of generalized anxiety nor locomotion measured in a circular arena was affected by the above drug treatments. These results indicate that the panicolytic effect of fluoxetine is mediated by endogenous opioids that are activated by 5-HT in the DPAG. They also allow reconciliation between the serotonergic and opioidergic hypotheses of panic disorder pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila M Roncon
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
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Odor-enriched environment rescues long-term social memory, but does not improve olfaction in social isolated adult mice. Behav Brain Res 2012; 228:440-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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55
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Espinosa-Raya J, Neri-Gómez T, Orozco-Suárez S, Campos MG, Guerra-Araiza C. Chronic administration of tibolone modulates anxiety-like behavior and enhances cognitive performance in ovariectomized rats. Horm Behav 2012; 61:76-83. [PMID: 22067260 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may be prescribed to prevent the symptoms of menopause. This therapy may include estrogenic and/or progestin components and may increase the incidence of endometrial and breast cancers. Tibolone (TIB), which is also made up of estrogen and progestin components, is often used to reduce the impact of HRT. However, the effect of TIB on the processes of learning, memory and anxiety has yet to be fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term effect on learning, memory processes and anxiety in ovariectomized rats caused by different doses of TIB (0 mg/kg, 0.01 mg/kg, 0.1 mg/kg 1.0 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg, administered daily via the oral route for 18 weeks). Two behavioral animal models, the autoshaping and T maze models were employed. The concentrations of acetyl choline transferase (ChAT) and tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) in the hippocampus were directly measured by Western blot. No significant changes were observed in the autoshaping model and spontaneous activity test. In the T maze, increased latency was observed with TIB doses of 1 and 10 mg/kg compared to the vehicle. We observed that the ChAT content decreased with increasing doses of TIB, whereas TPH content increased with doses of 1 and 10 mg/kg of TIB. These data indicate that high doses of TIB improved emotional learning, which may be related to the modulation of the cholinergic and serotonergic systems by TIB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Espinosa-Raya
- Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón S/N, Col. Sto. Tomás, México D.F. 11340, Mexico
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56
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Bassi GS, Kanashiro A, Santin FM, de Souza GEP, Nobre MJ, Coimbra NC. Lipopolysaccharide-induced sickness behaviour evaluated in different models of anxiety and innate fear in rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 110:359-69. [PMID: 22059515 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2011.00824.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The fact that there is a complex and bidirectional communication between the immune and nervous systems has been well demonstrated. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of gram-negative bacteria, is widely used to systematically stimulate the immune system and generate profound physiological and behavioural changes, also known as 'sickness behaviour' (e.g. anhedonia, lethargy, loss of appetite, anxiety, sleepiness). Different ethological tools have been used to analyse the behavioural modifications induced by LPS; however, many researchers analysed only individual tests, a single LPS dose or a unique ethological parameter, thus leading to disagreements regarding the data. In the present study, we investigated the effects of different doses of LPS (10, 50, 200 and 500 μg/kg, i.p.) in young male Wistar rats (weighing 180-200 g; 8-9 weeks old) on the ethological and spatiotemporal parameters of the elevated plus maze, light-dark box, elevated T maze, open-field tests and emission of ultrasound vocalizations. There was a dose-dependent increase in anxiety-like behaviours caused by LPS, forming an inverted U curve peaked at LPS 200 μg/kg dose. However, these anxiety-like behaviours were detected only by complementary ethological analysis (stretching, grooming, immobility responses and alarm calls), and these reactions seem to be a very sensitive tool in assessing the first signs of sickness behaviour. In summary, the present work clearly showed that there are resting and alertness reactions induced by opposite neuroimmune mechanisms (neuroimmune bias) that could lead to anxiety behaviours, suggesting that misunderstanding data could occur when only few ethological variables or single doses of LPS are analysed. Finally, it is hypothesized that this bias is an evolutionary tool that increases animals' security while the body recovers from a systemic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel S Bassi
- Institute for Neuroscience and Behaviour, Campus Universitarius of Ribeirão Preto of the University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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57
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Kalandakanond-Thongsong S, Daendee S, Srikiatkhachorn A. Effect of the acute and chronic estrogen on anxiety in the elevated T-maze. Physiol Behav 2011; 105:357-63. [PMID: 21907223 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite the extensive studies on the influences of estrogen (E(2)) on anxiety-like behaviors, there is still conflicting evidence regarding the specific effects of E(2) on anxiety. These discrepancies may be a result of different replacement regimens. The goals of this study were to evaluate anxiety-like behavior in ovariectomized rats (Ovx) using the elevated T-maze (ETM) test for the following variables: (1) the effects of acute versus chronic E(2) dosing, (2) the effects of chronic E(2) at different doses and, (3) the effects of Tamoxifen (Tam) co-administered with E(2). Rats in the acute E(2) dosing group (aE(2)) showed reduced inhibitory avoidance responses with prolong escape latencies compared to Ovx; while rats in the chronic E(2) dosing group (cE(2)) showed reduced inhibitory avoidance responses only. These results suggest that E(2) contains anxiolytic effects when given once or repeatedly. Moreover, when various doses of E(2) (1-100 μg/kg) were chronically given to the Ovx rats, all doses produced impaired inhibitory avoidance responses compared to Ovx, suggesting that chronic replacement of E(2) had no dose-dependent effect on anxiety-like behavior. Interestingly, in the 3-week delay replacement regimen, the low dose E(2) (1 μg/kg, s.c.) group displayed no anxiolytic effects as their inhibitory avoidance responses in the ETM were not different from their Ovx counterparts. On the contrary, the Ovx group that received Tam+E(2) (Tam 1 mg/kg, PO and E(2) 1 μg/kg, s.c.) had reduced inhibitory avoidance responses compared to other groups. These findings indicate that when Tam is co-administered with chronic low dose estrogen, it can act as an estrogen receptor agonist and result in anti-anxiety effects. Therefore, it is likely that the anxiolytic-like behavior relative to generalized anxiety disorder can be conserved when estrogen is given acutely or chronically; while the anxiolytic-like behavior relative to panic disorder can be conserved only when estrogen is given acutely.
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58
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Duzzioni M, Duarte FS, Leme LR, Gavioli EC, De Lima TC. Anxiolytic-like effect of central administration of NOP receptor antagonist UFP-101 in rats submitted to the elevated T-maze. Behav Brain Res 2011; 222:206-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 03/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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59
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Mendes-Gomes J, Miguel TT, Amaral VCS, Nunes-de-Souza RL. Corticosterone does not change open elevated plus maze-induced antinociception in mice. Horm Behav 2011; 60:408-13. [PMID: 21798262 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that the exposure of rodents to the standard elevated plus-maze (sEPM: 2 open and 2 enclosed arms) elicits defensive behavioral reactions and antinociception and also activates the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. We have recently reported that EPM-induced antinociception is particularly observed when rats and mice are exposed to a totally open EPM (oEPM: 4 open arms). Given that the oEPM seems to be a more aversive situation than the sEPM, we hypothesized that oEPM exposure would induce higher plasma levels of corticosterone than sEPM exposure in mice. In this study, we investigated the influence of exposure to eEPM (enclosed EPM: 4 enclosed arms), sEPM or oEPM on plasma corticosterone levels in mice, with or without prior nociceptive stimulation (2.5% formalin injection into the right hind paw). We also tested whether the nociceptive response in the formalin test and oEPM-induced antinociception are altered by adrenalectomy. Results showed that oEPM-exposed mice spent less time licking the injected paw than sEPM- and eEPM-exposed animals. All three types of EPM exposure increased plasma corticosterone when compared to the basal group, but sEPM- and oEPM-exposed mice showed higher corticosterone levels than eEPM-exposed mice. Prior nociceptive stimulation (formalin injection) did not enhance the plasma corticosterone response induced by the three types of EPM exposure. Indeed, formalin injection appeared to provoke a ceiling effect on plasma corticosterone concentration. Furthermore, neither the nociceptive response in the formalin test nor oEPM-induced antinociception was changed by adrenalectomy. Present results suggest that oEPM antinociception does not depend on corticosterone release in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Mendes-Gomes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicobiologia, FFCLRP - USP Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, CEP 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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60
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Biojone C, Casarotto PC, Resstel LB, Zangrossi H, Guimarães FS, Moreira FA. Anti-aversive effects of the atypical antipsychotic, aripiprazole, in animal models of anxiety. J Psychopharmacol 2011; 25:801-7. [PMID: 20699351 DOI: 10.1177/0269881110376690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Aripiprazole is a unique antipsychotic that seems to act as a partial agonist at dopamine D2-receptors, contrasting with other drugs in this class, which are silent antagonists. Aripiprazole may also bind to serotonin receptors. Both neurotransmitters may play major roles in aversion-, anxiety- and panic-related behaviours. Thus, the present work tested the hypothesis that this antipsychotic could also have anti-aversive properties. Male Wistar rats received injections of aripiprazole (0.1-10 mg/kg) and were tested in the open field, in the elevated plus and T mazes (EPM and ETM, respectively) and in a contextual fear conditioning paradigm. Aripiprazole (1 mg/kg) increased the percentage of entries onto the open arms of the EPM and attenuated escape responses in the ETM. In the latter model, the dose of 0.1 mg/kg also decreased the latency to leave the enclosed arm, suggesting anxiolytic- and panicolytic-like properties. This dose also decreased the time spent in freezing in a contextual fear conditioning. No significant motor effects were observed at these doses. The present data support the hypothesis that aripiprazole could inhibit anxiety-related responses. Acting as a partial agonist at dopamine receptors, this drug could effectively treat schizophrenia and, in contrast with most antipsychotic drugs, alleviate aversive states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Biojone
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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61
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Pobbe RLH, Zangrossi H, Blanchard DC, Blanchard RJ. Involvement of dorsal raphe nucleus and dorsal periaqueductal gray 5-HT receptors in the modulation of mouse defensive behaviors. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2011; 21:306-15. [PMID: 20570114 PMCID: PMC3250220 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Revised: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous findings point to the involvement of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) and dorsal periaqueductal gray (dPAG) serotonergic receptors in the mediation of defensive responses that are associated with specific subtypes of anxiety disorders. These studies have mostly been conducted with rats tested in the elevated T-maze, an experimental model of anxiety that was developed to allow the measurement, in the same animal, of two behaviors mentioned: inhibitory avoidance and one-way escape. Such behavioral responses have been respectively related to generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and panic disorder (PD). In order to assess the generality of these findings, in the current study we investigated the effects of the injection of 5-HT-related drugs into the DRN and dPAG of another rodent species, mouse, on the mouse defense test battery (MDTB), a test of a range of defensive behaviors to an unconditioned threat, a predator. Male CD-1 mice were tested in the MDTB after intra-DRN administration of the 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist WAY-100635 or after intra-dPAG injection of two serotonergic agonists, the 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT and the 5-HT(2A/2C) receptor agonist DOI. Intra-DRN injection of WAY-100635 did not change behavioral responses of mice confronted with a rat in the MDTB. In the dPAG, both 8-OH-DPAT and DOI consistently impaired mouse escape behavior assessed in the MDTB. Intra-dPAG infusion of 8-OH-DPAT also decreased measures of mouse risk assessment in the rat exposure test. In conclusion, the current findings are in partial agreement with previous results obtained with rats tested in the elevated T-maze. Although there is a high level of similarity between the behavioral effects obtained in rats (elevated T-maze) and mice (MDTB and RET) with the infusion of 5-HT agonists into the dPAG, the same is not true regarding the effects of blockade of DRN 5-HT(1A) receptors in these rodent species. These data suggest that there may be differences between mice and rats regarding the involvement of the DRN in the mediation of defensive behaviors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anxiety Disorders/metabolism
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Escape Reaction/drug effects
- Immobility Response, Tonic/drug effects
- Infusions, Intraventricular
- Male
- Mice
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/agonists
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/physiology
- Neurons/drug effects
- Panic Disorder/metabolism
- Periaqueductal Gray/drug effects
- Raphe Nuclei/drug effects
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A/physiology
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/physiology
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C/physiology
- Receptors, Serotonin/physiology
- Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Agonists/administration & dosage
- Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Antagonists/administration & dosage
- Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology
- Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists/administration & dosage
- Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Species Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger L H Pobbe
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii, 1993 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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62
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Yamashita PSDM, de Bortoli VC, Zangrossi H. 5-HT2C receptor regulation of defensive responses in the rat dorsal periaqueductal gray. Neuropharmacology 2011; 60:216-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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63
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Sela VR, Roncon CM, Zangrossi H, Graeff FG, Audi EA. Pindolol potentiates the panicolytic effect of paroxetine in the elevated T-maze. Life Sci 2010; 87:445-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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64
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Facilitation of 5-HT1A-mediated neurotransmission in dorsal periaqueductal grey matter accounts for the panicolytic-like effect of chronic fluoxetine. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2010; 13:1079-88. [PMID: 19941697 DOI: 10.1017/s146114570999099x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic administration of antidepressants such as fluoxetine and imipramine increases the responsiveness of 5-HT(1A) receptors in dorsal periaqueductal grey matter (DPAG), a midbrain area consistently implicated in the pathogenesis of panic disorder. This effect has been related to the clinically relevant anti-panic action of these drugs. In this study we determined whether long-term administration of fluoxetine also affects 5-HT efflux in DPAG. As a comparison, the effect of chronic treatment with the anxiolytic 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist buspirone on DPAG 5-HT levels was assessed. We also investigated whether the inhibitory effect of chronic fluoxetine on escape behaviour in the rat elevated T-maze, considered as a panicolytic-like effect, is counteracted by intra-DPAG injection of the 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist WAY 100635. Male Wistar rats were treated (1 or 21 d, i.p.) with fluoxetine, buspirone or vehicle, once daily. After treatment, 5-HT in DPAG was measured by in-vivo microdialysis coupled to HPLC. In another study, rats treated (21 d, i.p.) with either fluoxetine or vehicle also received intra-DPAG injection of WAY 100635 or saline 10 min before being tested in the elevated T-maze. Chronic, but not acute, administration of fluoxetine significantly raised extracellular levels of 5-HT in DPAG. Long-term treatment with buspirone was ineffective. In the elevated T-maze, intra-DPAG injection of WAY 100635 fully blocked the anti-escape effect of chronic administration of fluoxetine. Therefore, chronic fluoxetine facilitates 5-HT(1A)-mediated neurotransmission within DPAG and this effect accounts for the panicolytic-like effect of this antidepressant in the elevated T-maze.
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65
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The lateral habenula regulates defensive behaviors through changes in 5-HT-mediated neurotransmission in the dorsal periaqueductal gray matter. Neurosci Lett 2010; 479:87-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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66
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Oliveira L, Graeff FG, Pereira SRC, Oliveira-Silva IF, Franco GC, Ribeiro AM. Correlations among central serotonergic parameters and age-related emotional and cognitive changes assessed through the elevated T-maze and the Morris water maze. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2010; 32:187-196. [PMID: 20431986 PMCID: PMC2861747 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-009-9123-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Emotion and spatial cognitive aspects were assessed in adult and middle-aged rats using the elevated T-maze (ETM) and the Morris water maze (MWM) tasks. Both adult and middle-aged rats were able to acquire inhibitory avoidance behaviour, though the middle-aged subjects showed larger latencies along the trials, including the baseline, which was significantly longer than that showed by adult rats. Further, compared to adult rats, middle-aged rats had longer escape latency. In spite of the worse performance in the second session of the spatial cognitive task, the middle-aged rats were able to learn the task and remember the information along the whole probe trial test. Both thalamic serotonin (5-HT) concentration and amygdala serotonergic activity (5-HIAA/5-HT) are significantly correlated, respectively, to escape latency and behavioural extinction in the MWM only for middle-aged rats. A significant correlation between the 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio in the amygdala and behavioural extinction for middle-aged, but not for adult, rats was observed. This result suggests that serotonergic activity in the amygdala may regulate behavioural flexibility in aged animals. In addition, a significant negative correlation was found between hippocampal 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio and the path length at the second training session of the MWM task, although only for adult subjects. This was the only session where a significant difference between the performance of middle-aged and adult rats has occurred. Although the involvement of the hippocampus in learning and memory is well established, the present work shows, for the first time, a correlation between a serotonergic hippocampal parameter and performance of a spatial task, which is lost with ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Oliveira
- Laboratório de Neurociências Comportamental e Molecular, LaNeC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Frederico G. Graeff
- Departmento de Neurociências e Ciências Comportamentais, FMRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900 Brazil
| | - Silvia R. C. Pereira
- Laboratório de Neurociências Comportamental e Molecular, LaNeC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Ieda F. Oliveira-Silva
- Laboratório de Neurociências Comportamental e Molecular, LaNeC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Glaura C. Franco
- Laboratório de Estatística, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Angela Maria Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Neurociências Comportamental e Molecular, LaNeC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901 Brazil
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67
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Schunck T, Mathis A, Erb G, Namer IJ, Demazières A, Luthringer R. Effects of lorazepam on brain activity pattern during an anxiety symptom provocation challenge. J Psychopharmacol 2010; 24:701-8. [PMID: 19460871 DOI: 10.1177/0269881109104864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Human models of anxiety are useful to develop new effective anxiolytics. The objective of this study was to use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to test the hypothesis that a single dose of lorazepam modifies brain activation during an anxiety challenge. Eighteen healthy male subjects underwent fMRI associated with a challenge based on the anticipation of aversive electrical stimulations after pretreatment, either with placebo or with 1.0 mg of oral lorazepam. Anxiety was rated before fMRI and after, referring to the threat condition periods, using State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Hamilton scales. The conditioning procedure induced anxiety, as indicated by clinical rating score changes. Lorazepam did not modify anxiety rating as compared to placebo. Lorazepam reduced cerebral activity in superior frontal gyrus, anterior insula/inferior frontal gyrus and cingulate gyrus. The current finding provides the first evidence of the modulatory effects of an established anxiolytic agent on brain activation related to anticipatory anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Schunck
- FORENAP-FRP - MR Department, Rouffach, France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy L. Munro
- Cindy L. Munro is nurse coeditor of the American Journal of Critical Care. She is a professor in the School of Nursing at Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, and serves as an adult nurse practitioner on a volunteer basis at Petersburg Health Care Alliance in Virginia
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69
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Buspirone transdermal administration for menopausal syndromes, in vitro and in animal model studies. Int J Pharm 2010; 387:26-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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70
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Guimarães FS, Zangrossi H, Del Ben CM, Graeff FG. Serotonin in Panic and Anxiety Disorders. HANDBOOK OF BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-7339(10)70105-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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71
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Calixto AV, Duarte FS, Duzzioni M, Nascimento Häckl LP, Faria MS, De Lima TCM. Role of ventral hippocampal nitric oxide/cGMP pathway in anxiety-related behaviors in rats submitted to the elevated T-maze. Behav Brain Res 2009; 207:112-7. [PMID: 19800925 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Revised: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The L-arginine/nitric oxide (NO)/cGMP pathways have been implicated in the control of a variety of physiological mechanisms and are believed to participate in the modulation of anxiety in the CNS. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of N(G)-nitro-L-arginine-methyl-ester (L-NAME), a non-selective inhibitor of NO synthase (NOS); 7-nitroindazole (7-NI), a preferential inhibitor of neuronal NOS; and sodium nitroprusside (SNP), an NO donor, administered into the ventral hippocampus (VH) of rats submitted to the elevated T-maze (ETM). The ETM, an animal model derived from the elevated plus-maze, allows the measurement of two defensive behavioral responses in the same rat: inhibitory avoidance and escape. Results showed that L-NAME and 7-NI impaired the acquisition of inhibitory avoidance and prolonged escape latency in the ETM, suggesting an anxiolytic-like and panicolytic-like effect, respectively. SNP facilitated the acquisition of inhibitory avoidance without interfering with escape performance, suggesting an anxiogenic-like effect. Treatment with methylene blue did not alter per se any of the behavioral responses measured in the ETM, but blocked the effect promoted by SNP. Thus, altogether these results suggest that NO in the VH is critically involved in the modulation of defensive behavior of rats exposed to the ETM.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Calixto
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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72
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Bellavite P, Magnani P, Marzotto M, Conforti A. Assays of homeopathic remedies in rodent behavioural and psychopathological models. HOMEOPATHY 2009; 98:208-27. [PMID: 19945676 DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Revised: 09/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The first part of this paper reviews the effects of homeopathic remedies on several models of anxiety-like behaviours developed and described in rodents. The existing literature in this field comprises some fifteen exploratory studies, often published in non-indexed and non-peer-reviewed journals. Only a few results have been confirmed by multiple laboratories, and concern Ignatia, Gelsemium, Chamomilla (in homeopathic dilutions/potencies). Nevertheless, there are some interesting results pointing to the possible efficacy of other remedies, and confirming a statistically significant effect of high dilutions of neurotrophic molecules and antibodies. In the second part of this paper we report some recent results obtained in our laboratory, testing Aconitum, Nux vomica, Belladonna, Argentum nitricum, Tabacum (all 5CH potency) and Gelsemium (5, 7, 9 and 30CH potencies) on mice using ethological models of behaviour. The test was performed using coded drugs and controls in double blind (operations and calculations). After an initial screening that showed all the tested remedies (except for Belladonna) to have some effects on the behavioural parameters (light-dark test and open-field test), but with high experimental variability, we focused our study on Gelsemium, and carried out two complete series of experiments. The results showed that Gelsemium had several effects on the exploratory behaviour of mice, which in some models were highly statistically significant (p < 0.001), in all the dilutions/dynamizations used, but with complex differences according to the experimental conditions and test performed. Finally, some methodological issues of animal research in this field of homeopathy are discussed. The "Gelsemium model" - encompassing experimental studies in vitro and in vivo from different laboratories and with different methods, including significant effects of its major active principle gelsemine - may play a pivotal rule for investigations on other homeopathic remedies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bellavite
- Department of Morphological Biomedical Sciences, University of Verona, Italy.
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73
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Mecawi AS, Araujo IG, Fonseca FV, Almeida-Pereira G, Côrtes WS, Rocha FF, Reis LC. BEHAVIOURAL CHANGES INDUCED BY ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITION DURING PREGNANCY AND LACTATION IN ADULT OFFSPRING RATS. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2009; 36:495-500. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2008.05108.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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74
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Pandaranandaka J, Poonyachoti S, Kalandakanond-Thongsong S. Differential effects of exogenous and endogenous estrogen on anxiety as measured by elevated T-maze in relation to the serotonergic system. Behav Brain Res 2009; 198:142-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2008] [Revised: 10/18/2008] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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75
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Gomes KS, de Carvalho-Netto EF, Monte KCDS, Acco B, Nogueira PJDC, Nunes-de-Souza RL. Contrasting effects of acute and chronic treatment with imipramine and fluoxetine on inhibitory avoidance and escape responses in mice exposed to the elevated T-maze. Brain Res Bull 2009; 78:323-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Revised: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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76
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Involvement of median raphe nucleus 5-HT1A receptors in the regulation of generalized anxiety-related defensive behaviours in rats. Neurosci Lett 2008; 445:204-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Revised: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 09/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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77
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Ferrari MCF, Busatto GF, McGuire PK, Crippa JAS. Structural magnetic ressonance imaging in anxiety disorders: an update of research findings. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2008; 30:251-64. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-44462008000300013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present report is to present a systematic and critical review of the more recent literature data about structural abnormalities detected by magnetic ressonance in anxiety disorders. METHOD: A review of the literature in the last five years was conducted by a search of the Medline, Lilacs and SciELO indexing services using the following key words: "anxiety", "panic", "agoraphobia", "social anxiety", "posttraumatic" and "obsessive-compulsive", crossed one by one with "magnetic resonance", "voxel-based", "ROI" and "morphometry". RESULTS: We selected 134 articles and 41 of them were included in our review. Recent studies have shown significant morphological abnormalities in various brain regions of patients with anxiety disorders and healthy controls. Despite some apparently contradictory findings, perhaps reflecting the variability and limitations of the methodologies used, certain brain regions appear to be altered in a consistent and relatively specific manner in some anxiety disorders. These include the hippocampus and the anterior cingulate cortex in posttraumatic stress disorder and the orbitofrontal cortex in obsessive-compulsive disorder. CONCLUSIONS: The present review indicates that structural neuroimaging has contributed to a better understanding of the neurobiology of anxiety disorders. Further development of neuroimaging techniques, better sample standardization and the integration of data across neuroimaging modalities may extend progress in this area.
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Involvement of the lateral habenula in the regulation of generalized anxiety- and panic-related defensive responses in rats. Life Sci 2008; 82:1256-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2008.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Revised: 03/24/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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79
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Guimarães FS, Carobrez AP, Graeff FG. Chapter 4.3 Modulation of anxiety behaviors by 5-HT-interacting drugs. HANDBOOK OF ANXIETY AND FEAR 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-7339(07)00012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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80
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Miyata S, Shimoi T, Hirano S, Yamada N, Hata Y, Yoshikawa N, Ohsawa M, Kamei J. Effects of Serotonergic Anxiolytics on the Freezing Behavior in the Elevated Open-Platform Test in Mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2007; 105:272-8. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.fp0070314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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