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Bolourchi N, Shahcheraghi F, Shirazi AS, Janani A, Bahrami F, Badmasti F. Immunogenic reactivity of recombinant PKF and AbOmpA proteins as serum resistance factors against sepsis of Acinetobacter baumannii. Microb Pathog 2019; 131:9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Van Herck MA, Weyler J, Kwanten WJ, Dirinck EL, De Winter BY, Francque SM, Vonghia L. The Differential Roles of T Cells in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Obesity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:82. [PMID: 30787925 PMCID: PMC6372559 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) constitutes a spectrum of disease states characterized by hepatic steatosis and is closely associated to obesity and the metabolic syndrome. In non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), additionally, inflammatory changes and hepatocellular damage are present, representing a more severe condition, for which the treatment is an unmet medical need. Pathophysiologically, the immune system is one of the main drivers of NAFLD progression and other obesity-related comorbidities, and both the innate and adaptive immune system are involved. T cells form the cellular component of the adaptive immune system and consist of multiple differentially active subsets, i.e., T helper (Th) cells, regulatory T (Treg) cells, and cytotoxic T (Tc) cells, as well as several innate T-cell subsets. This review focuses on the role of these T-cell subsets in the pathogenesis of NAFLD, as well as the association with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, reviewing the available evidence from both animal and human studies. Briefly, Th1, Th2, Th17, and Th22 cells seem to have an attenuating effect on adiposity. Th2, Th22, and Treg cells seem to decrease insulin resistance, whereas Th1, Th17, and Tc cells have an aggravating effect. Concerning NAFLD, both Th22 and Treg cells appear to have an overall tempering effect, whereas Th17 and Tc cells seem to induce more liver damage and fibrosis progression. The evidence regarding the role of the innate T-cell subsets is more controversial and warrants further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhaïl A Van Herck
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jonas Weyler
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wilhelmus J Kwanten
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eveline L Dirinck
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Benedicte Y De Winter
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sven M Francque
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Luisa Vonghia
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
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Moustafa S, Joseph DN, Taylor RN, Whirledge S. New models of lipopolysaccharide-induced implantation loss reveal insights into the inflammatory response. Am J Reprod Immunol 2019; 81:e13082. [PMID: 30604526 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Chronic endometritis, inflammation of the uterizzvvne lining caused by common gram-negative bacterial strains or mycoplasma, has been associated with unexplained implantation failure and infertility. However, limited models of bacteria-induced implantation loss exist to study the molecular changes that occur in vivo. The goal of this study was to provide a new resource to study the process of bacteria-induced inflammation and implantation loss utilizing common experimental models: C57Bl/6 mice and primary human endometrial stromal cells. METHOD OF STUDY Prior to implantation, mated C57Bl/6 females were administered vehicle (saline) or gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at a range of concentrations by intraperitoneal injection. Implantation sites were counted, and uteri were harvested to evaluate the molecular changes that accompany LPS-mediated implantation loss. Primary human endometrial stromal cells were decidualized in vitro in the presence and absence of LPS. Total RNA and conditioned media were harvested to evaluate the expression of known decidualization-associated genes and various cytokines and chemokines. RESULTS Lipopolysaccharide treatment resulted in fewer implantation sites in mice, decreased expression of decidualization-associated genes, and altered expression and release of cytokines and chemokines. Immunohistological analysis of the uterus from LPS-exposed mice demonstrated increased apoptosis and decreased proliferation during decidualization. CONCLUSION Lipopolysaccharide exposure disrupted implantation and decidualization in mice and human endometrial stromal cells. This model could be used to study the pathophysiology of implantation failure in patients with chronic endometritis or to test potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Moustafa
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Dana N Joseph
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Robert N Taylor
- Utah Center for Reproductive Health, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Shannon Whirledge
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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54
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Karaś MA, Turska-Szewczuk A, Janczarek M, Szuster-Ciesielska A. Glycoconjugates of Gram-negative bacteria and parasitic protozoa - are they similar in orchestrating the innate immune response? Innate Immun 2019; 25:73-96. [PMID: 30782045 PMCID: PMC6830889 DOI: 10.1177/1753425918821168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is an evolutionarily ancient form of host defense that serves to limit infection. The invading microorganisms are detected by the innate immune system through germline-encoded PRRs. Different classes of PRRs, including TLRs and cytoplasmic receptors, recognize distinct microbial components known collectively as PAMPs. Ligation of PAMPs with receptors triggers intracellular signaling cascades, activating defense mechanisms. Despite the fact that Gram-negative bacteria and parasitic protozoa are phylogenetically distant organisms, they express glycoconjugates, namely bacterial LPS and protozoan GPI-anchored glycolipids, which share many structural and functional similarities. By activating/deactivating MAPK signaling and NF-κB, these ligands trigger general pro-/anti-inflammatory responses depending on the related patterns. They also use conservative strategies to subvert cell-autonomous defense systems of specialized immune cells. Signals triggered by Gram-negative bacteria and parasitic protozoa can interfere with host homeostasis and, depending on the type of microorganism, lead to hypersensitivity or silencing of the immune response. Activation of professional immune cells, through a ligand which triggers the opposite effect (antagonist versus agonist) appears to be a promising solution to restoring the immune balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena A Karaś
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie–Skłodowska
University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Turska-Szewczuk
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie–Skłodowska
University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Janczarek
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie–Skłodowska
University, Lublin, Poland
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55
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Vitkov L, Hannig M, Minnich B, Herrmann M. Periodontal sources of citrullinated antigens and TLR agonists related to RA. Autoimmunity 2018; 51:304-309. [DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2018.1527907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ljubomir Vitkov
- Department of Biosciences Vascular & Exercise Biology Unit, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Hannig
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Minnich
- Department of Biosciences Vascular & Exercise Biology Unit, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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56
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Immunostimulatory Effect of Zanthoxylum schinifolium-Based Complex Oil Prepared by Supercritical Fluid Extraction in Splenocytes and Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressed Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:8107326. [PMID: 30402134 PMCID: PMC6196913 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8107326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Complex oil of Zanthoxylum schinifolium and Perilla frutescens seed (ZPCO) is used as a traditional medicine due to its pharmacological activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunostimulatory effect of ZPCO in isolated splenocytes as well as in an immunosuppressed rat model, which was generated via oral administration of cyclophosphamide. Notably, our results showed that ZPCO exerted an immunity-enhancing effect both in vitro and in vivo. Specifically, ZPCO treatment enhanced the viability and inflammatory cytokine production of splenocytes and NK cell activity in vitro. Moreover, this product improved host defense under immunosuppressive conditions by increasing the number of immune cells and promoting the expression of cytokines involved in immune responses. Our results suggest that complex oil including Z. schinifolium should be explored as a novel immunostimulatory agent that could potentially be used for therapeutic purposes or as an ingredient in functional foods.
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57
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Khosravi M, Bidmeshkipour A, Cohen JL, Moravej A, Hojjat-Assari S, Naserian S, Karimi MH. Induction of CD4 +CD25 +FOXP3 + regulatory T cells by mesenchymal stem cells is associated with modulation of ubiquitination factors and TSDR demethylation. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:273. [PMID: 30359308 PMCID: PMC6203284 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0991-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known for their ability to induce the conversion of conventional T cells (Tconvs) into induced regulatory T cells (iTregs) in specific inflammatory contexts. Stable Foxp3 expression plays a major role in the phenotypic and functional stability of iTregs. However, how MSCs induce stable Foxp3 expression remains unknown. Methods We first investigated the role of cell–cell contact and cytokine secretion by bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) on the induction, stability, and suppressive functions of Tregs under various experimental conditions that lead to Foxp3 generation by flow cytometry and ELISA respectively. Second, we studied the effect of MSCs on TRAF6, GRAIL, USP7, STUB1, and UBC13 mRNA expression in CD4+ T cells in correlation with the suppressive function of iTregs by real-time PCR; also, we investigated Foxp3 Treg-specific demethylated region (TSDR) methylation in correlation with Foxp3 stability by the high-resolution melting technique. Third, we studied the effect of ex-vivo-expanded BM-MSCs on the induction of transplant tolerance in a model of fully allogeneic skin transplantation. We further analyzed the cytokine secretion patterns in grafted mice as well as the mRNA expression of ubiquitination genes in CD4+ T cells collected from the spleens of protected mice. Results We found that in-vitro MSC-induced Tregs express high mRNA levels of ubiquitination genes such as TRAF6, GRAIL, and USP7 and low levels of STUB1. Moreover, they have enhanced TSDR demethylation. Infusion of MSCs in a murine model of allogeneic skin transplantation prolonged allograft survival. When CD4+ T cells were harvested from the spleens of grafted mice, we observed that mRNA expression of the Foxp3 gene was elevated. Furthermore, Foxp3 mRNA expression was associated with increased TRAF6, GRAIL, UBC13, and USP7 and decreased STUB1 mRNA levels compared with the levels observed in vitro. Conclusions Our data suggest a possible ubiquitination mechanism by which MSCs convert Tconvs to suppressive and stable iTregs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-018-0991-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Khosravi
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.,Inserm, U955, Equipe 21, F-94000, Créteil, France
| | - Ali Bidmeshkipour
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - José L Cohen
- Université Paris-Est, UMR_S955, UPEC, F-94000, Créteil, France.,Inserm, U955, Equipe 21, F-94000, Créteil, France.,UPEC, APHP, Inserm, CIC Biothérapie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - Ali Moravej
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Centre, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Suzzan Hojjat-Assari
- Institut Français de Recherche et d'Enseignement Supérieur à l'International (IFRES-INT), Paris, France
| | - Sina Naserian
- Université Paris-Est, UMR_S955, UPEC, F-94000, Créteil, France.,Inserm, U955, Equipe 21, F-94000, Créteil, France.,Inserm, U1197, Hôpital Paul Brousse, 94807, Villejuif, France.,SivanCell, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Alborz, Iran
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Shetab Boushehri MA, Abdel-Mottaleb MMA, Béduneau A, Pellequer Y, Lamprecht A. A nanoparticle-based approach to improve the outcome of cancer active immunotherapy with lipopolysaccharides. Drug Deliv 2018; 25:1414-1425. [PMID: 29902933 PMCID: PMC6058527 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2018.1469684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This study sought to develop a simple nanoparticle-based approach to enhance the efficiency and tolerability of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a potent ligand of Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4), for immunotherapy in cancer. Despite holding promise within this context, the strong pro-inflammatory properties of LPS also account for its low tolerability given localized and systemic side effects, which restrict the administrable dosage. Herein, we investigated the effect of LPS decoration as a surface-active molecule on a polymeric matrix upon its efficiency and tolerability. The LPS-decorated nanoparticles (LPS-NP) were about 150 nm in size, with slightly negative zeta potential (about -15 mV) and acceptable LPS incorporation (about 70%). In vitro, the particles accounted for a higher induction of apoptosis in tumor cells cultured with murine splenocytes compared to LPS solution. When used for the treatment of a murine syngeneic colorectal tumor model, higher intratumoral deposition of the particle-bound LPS was observed. Furthermore, unlike LPS solution, which accounted for localized necrosis at high concentrations, treatment of tumor-bearing animals with equivalent doses of LPS-NP was well tolerated. We propose that the observed localized necrosis can be Shwartzman phenomenon, which, due to modulated 24-h post-injection systemic TNF-α and LPS concentrations, have been avoided in case of LPS-NP. This has in turn enhanced the therapeutic efficiency and enabled complete tumor regression at concentrations at which LPS solution was intolerable. The findings indicate that nanoparticles can serve as beyond carriers for the delivery of superficially decorated LPS molecules, but impact their overall efficiency and tolerability in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mona M A Abdel-Mottaleb
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany.,b Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering (EA4267) , University of Franche-Comté , Besançon , France.,c Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy , Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Arnaud Béduneau
- b Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering (EA4267) , University of Franche-Comté , Besançon , France
| | - Yann Pellequer
- b Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering (EA4267) , University of Franche-Comté , Besançon , France
| | - Alf Lamprecht
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany.,b Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering (EA4267) , University of Franche-Comté , Besançon , France
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Roque K, Shin KM, Jo JH, Lim GD, Song ES, Shin SJ, Gautam R, Lee JH, Kim YG, Cho AR, Kim CY, Kim HJ, Lee MS, Oh HG, Lee BC, Kim JH, Kim KH, Jeong HK, Kim HA, Heo Y. Association between endotoxin levels in dust from indoor swine housing environments and the immune responses of pigs. J Vet Sci 2018; 19:331-338. [PMID: 29366303 PMCID: PMC5974514 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2018.19.3.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoor animal husbandry environments are inevitably contaminated with endotoxins. Endotoxin exposure is associated with various inflammatory illnesses in animals. This cross-sectional study evaluated the relationship between the degree of endotoxin exposure and the cellular and humoral immune profiles of fattening pigs. Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein of 47 pigs from ten pig farms in Korea. Whole blood cell counts and plasma immunoglobulin (Ig) classes were determined. Peripheral-blood mononuclear cells were stimulated in vitro with concanavalin A for 48 h, and cytokines released into culture supernatants were measured. The barns in which the pigs lived were assessed for endotoxin levels in the total and respirable dust by using the limulus amebocyte lysate kinetic QCL method. Low and high endotoxin exposures were defined as ≤ 30 and > 30 EU/m3, respectively. Compared to pigs with low endotoxin exposure (n = 19), highly exposed pigs (n = 28) had higher circulating neutrophil and lymphocyte (particularly B cells) counts, IgG and IgE levels, interferon-gamma (IFNγ) and interleukin (IL)-4 productions, and lower IgA levels and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) production. The IL-4, IFNγ, and TNFα levels significantly correlated with endotoxin level and/or pig age. Constant exposure of pigs to high levels of airborne endotoxins can lead to aberrant immune profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Roque
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea
| | - Kyung Min Shin
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jo
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea
| | - Gyeong Dong Lim
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea
| | - Eun Seob Song
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea
| | - So Jung Shin
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea
| | - Ravi Gautam
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea
| | - Jae Hee Lee
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea
| | - Yeon Gyeong Kim
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea
| | - Ah Rang Cho
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea
| | - Chang Yul Kim
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea
| | - Hyun Ji Kim
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea
| | - Myung Sook Lee
- Technology Services Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Hyeong-Geu Oh
- Technology Services Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Byung-Chul Lee
- Technology Services Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Jung Hee Kim
- Dodram Pig Farmer's Cooperative, Veterinary Service Center, Daejeon 35352, Korea
| | - Kwang-Ho Kim
- Dodram Pig Farmer's Cooperative, Veterinary Service Center, Daejeon 35352, Korea
| | - Hyun Kyu Jeong
- Dodram Pig Farmer's Cooperative, Veterinary Service Center, Daejeon 35352, Korea
| | - Hyoung Ah Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Yong Heo
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Korea
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Ali IH, Jabir MS, Al-Shmgani HSA, Sulaiman GM, Sadoon AH. Pathological And Immunological Study On Infection With Escherichia Coli In ale BALB/c mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1003/1/012009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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61
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Koh YQ, Mitchell MD, Almughlliq FB, Vaswani K, Peiris HN. Regulation of inflammatory mediator expression in bovine endometrial cells: effects of lipopolysaccharide, interleukin 1 beta, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13676. [PMID: 29707922 PMCID: PMC5925570 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An abnormal uterine environment can influence maternal-fetal communication, conception rate and disrupt normal embryo development, thereby affecting fertility and the reproductive performance of dairy cows. Animal variability means that development of endometrial cell lines with appropriate characteristic are required. We evaluated the effect of an infectious agent (i.e., bacterial lipopolysaccharide; LPS) and proinflammatory mediators (i.e., Interleukin 1 beta; IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor alpha; TNFα) on inflammatory mediator gene expression and production by bovine endometrial epithelial (bEEL) and stromal (bCSC) cell lines. Expression of CXCL8/IL8, IL1A, IL1B, and IL6 cytokine genes was significantly upregulated in both epithelial and stromal cells when treated with LPS and IL-1β. LPS treatment of epithelial cells (compared with treatment by IL-1β and TNFα) exhibited greater CXCL8/IL8, IL1A, IL1B, and IL6 cytokine gene expression. Whereas, in stromal cells, IL-1β treatment (compared with LPS and TNFα) exhibited greater CXCL8/IL8, IL1A, IL1B, and IL6 cytokine gene expression. Interestingly, bEEL and bCSC cells treated with IL-1β increased IL1B gene expression, suggesting that IL-1β may act unusually in an autocrine-positive feedback loop. Cytokine production was stimulated by these agents in both cell types. We suggest that the characteristics of these two cell lines make them excellent tools for the study of intrauterine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Qin Koh
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical ResearchFaculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Murray D. Mitchell
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical ResearchFaculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Fatema B. Almughlliq
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical ResearchFaculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Kanchan Vaswani
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical ResearchFaculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Hassendrini N. Peiris
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical ResearchFaculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
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GAUTAM R, HEO Y, LIM G, SONG E, ROQUE K, LEE J, KIM Y, CHO A, SHIN S, KIM C, BANG G, BAHNG J, KIM H. Altered immune responses in broiler chicken husbandry workers and their association with endotoxin exposure. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2018; 56:10-19. [PMID: 28835578 PMCID: PMC5800861 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2017-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to bioaerosols in indoor animal farms associates with respiratory illnesses, but little is known about the immune modulation to chicken farmers. This study aimed to compare the general immunity of chicken farmers with those of control subjects with non-agricultural jobs. Blood taken from the farmers and controls was subjected to plasma IgE and IgG subclass measurements. Isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were stimulated and cytokine production was measured. Indoor total and respirable dust levels and their endotoxin (LPS) and aflatoxin (AF) levels in the farms were measured. In total, 29 chicken farmers on 19 farms and 14 age- and sex-matched office workers participated. Hematological differences were not observed. The farmers tended to have higher serum IgE and IgG subclass levels with significance for IgG1. The cytokines released by PBMC from farmers indicated skewing toward Type-2 helper T-cell responses: interferon (IFN)-γ:interleukin (IL)-4 and IFNγ:IL-13 ratios were significantly lower than for control PBMC. The farms had 707.1 EU/m3 LPS in total dust, and 15.8 EU/m3 LPS in respirable dust. Farmers exhibited immune skewing towards allergic immune responses that correlated with the LPS levels on their farms. Chicken farmers may be at risk of respiratory allergies due to occupational endotoxin exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi GAUTAM
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong HEO
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Republic of Korea
| | - GyeongDong LIM
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Republic of Korea
| | - EunSeob SONG
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Republic of Korea
| | - Katharine ROQUE
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Republic of Korea
| | - JaeHee LEE
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Republic of Korea
| | - YeonGyeong KIM
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Republic of Korea
| | - AhRang CHO
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Republic of Korea
| | - SoJung SHIN
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Republic of Korea
| | - ChangYul KIM
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Republic of Korea
| | - GiHwan BANG
- Harim Institute of Life Science, Harim Corporation, Republic of Korea
| | - JiYun BAHNG
- Harim Institute of Life Science, Harim Corporation, Republic of Korea
| | - HyoungAh KIM
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea
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63
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Matveeva O, Bogie JFJ, Hendriks JJA, Linker RA, Haghikia A, Kleinewietfeld M. Western lifestyle and immunopathology of multiple sclerosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1417:71-86. [PMID: 29377214 PMCID: PMC5947729 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence for a sudden and unprecedented rise in the incidence of multiple sclerosis (MS) in Westernized countries over the past decades, emphasizing the role of environmental factors. Among many candidates, rapid changes in dietary habits seem to play a role in the pathogenesis of MS. Here, we summarize and discuss the available evidence for the role of dietary nutrients, such as table salt, fatty acids, and flavonoids, in the development and pathogenesis of MS. We also discuss new and emerging risk factors accompanying Western lifestyle, such as shift work, sleep, and circadian disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Matveeva
- VIB Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, Center for Inflammation Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jeroen F J Bogie
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jerome J A Hendriks
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ralf A Linker
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aiden Haghikia
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Markus Kleinewietfeld
- VIB Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, Center for Inflammation Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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64
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Effect of Endotoxemia in Suckling Rats on Pancreatic Integrity and Exocrine Function in Adults: A Review Report. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2018; 2018:6915059. [PMID: 29576768 PMCID: PMC5821989 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6915059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Endotoxin (LPS), the component of Gram-negative bacteria, is responsible for sepsis and neonatal mortality, but low concentrations of LPS produced tissue protection in experimental studies. The effects of LPS applied to the suckling rats on the pancreas of adult animals have not been previously explored. We present the impact of neonatal endotoxemia on the pancreatic exocrine function and on the acute pancreatitis which has been investigated in the adult animals. Endotoxemia was induced in suckling rats by intraperitoneal application of LPS from Escherichia coli or Salmonella typhi. In the adult rats, pretreated in the early period of life with LPS, histological manifestations of acute pancreatitis have been reduced. Pancreatic weight and plasma lipase activity were decreased, and SOD concentration was reversed and accompanied by a significant reduction of lipid peroxidation products (MDA + 4 HNE) in the pancreatic tissue. In the pancreatic acini, the significant increases in protein signals for toll-like receptor 4 and for heat shock protein 60 were found. Signal for the CCK1 receptor was reduced and pancreatic secretory responses to caerulein were diminished, whereas basal enzyme secretion was unaffected. These pioneer studies have shown that exposition of suckling rats to endotoxin has an impact on the pancreas in the adult organism.
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65
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Jang B, Xu L, Moorthy MS, Zhang W, Zeng L, Kang M, Kwak M, Oh J, Jin JO. Lipopolysaccharide-coated CuS nanoparticles promoted anti-cancer and anti-metastatic effect by immuno-photothermal therapy. Oncotarget 2017; 8:105584-105595. [PMID: 29285274 PMCID: PMC5739661 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To meet the ultimate goal of cancer therapy, which is treating not only the primary tumor but also preventing metastatic cancer, the concept of combining immunotherapy with photothermal therapy (PTT) is gaining great interest. Here, we studied the new material, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) coated copper sulfide nanoparticles (LPS-CuS), for the immuno-photothermal therapy. We evaluated the effect of LPS-CuS for induction of apoptosis of CT26 cells and activation of dendritic cells. Moreover, the LPS-CuS and laser irradiation was examined anti-metastasis effect by liver metastasis model mouse in vivo. Through PTT, LPS-CuS induced elimination of CT26 tumor in BALB/c mice, which produced cancer antigens. In addition, released LPS and cancer antigen by PTT promoted dendritic cell activation in tumor draining lymph node (drLN), and consequently, enhanced the tumor antigen-specific immune responses. Finally, the primary tumor cured mice by LPS-CuS-mediated PTT completely resisted secondary tumor injection in the spleen and also prevented liver metastasis. Our results demonstrated the potential usage of LPS-CuS for the immuno-photothermal therapy against various types of cancer by showing the clear elimination of primary colon carcinoma with complete prevention of spleen and liver metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bian Jang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Marine-Integrated Bionics Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Marine-Integrated Biomedical Technology (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program of Biomedical Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Li Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Madhappan S Moorthy
- Marine-Integrated Bionics Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Wei Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Zeng
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyeong Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Minseok Kwak
- Marine-Integrated Bionics Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Junghwan Oh
- Marine-Integrated Bionics Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Marine-Integrated Biomedical Technology (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program of Biomedical Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Jun-O Jin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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66
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Borken F, Markwart R, Requardt RP, Schubert K, Spacek M, Verner M, Rückriem S, Scherag A, Oehmichen F, Brunkhorst FM, Rubio I. Chronic Critical Illness from Sepsis Is Associated with an Enhanced TCR Response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:4781-4791. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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67
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A herbal formula comprising Rosae Multiflorae Fructus and Lonicerae Japonicae Flos, attenuates collagen-induced arthritis and inhibits TLR4 signalling in rats. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20042. [PMID: 26860973 PMCID: PMC4748217 DOI: 10.1038/srep20042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RL, a traditional remedy for Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), comprises two edible herbs, Rosae Multiflorae Fructus and Lonicerae Japonicae Flos. We have reported that RL could inhibit the production of inflammatory mediators in immune cells. Here we investigated the effects and the mechanism of action of RL in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rats. RL significantly increased food intake and weight gain of CIA rats without any observable adverse effect; ameliorated joint erythema and swelling; inhibited immune cell infiltration, bone erosion and osteophyte formation in joints; reduced joint protein expression levels of TLR4, phospho-TAK1, phospho-NF-κB p65, phospho-c-Jun and phospho-IRF3; lowered levels of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-17A and MCP-1 in sera and TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and IL-17A in joints); elevated serum IL-10 level; reinvigorated activities of antioxidant SOD, CAT and GSH-Px in the liver and serum; reduced Th17 cell proportions in splenocytes; inhibited splenocyte proliferation and activation; and lowered serum IgG level. In conclusion, RL at nontoxic doses inhibited TLR4 signaling and potently improved clinical conditions of CIA rats. These findings provide further pharmacological justifications for the traditional use of RL in RA management.
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68
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Kang JG, Sung HJ, Amar MJ, Pryor M, Remaley AT, Allen MD, Noguchi AC, Springer DA, Kwon J, Chen J, Park JH, Wang PY, Hwang PM. Low ambient oxygen prevents atherosclerosis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2016; 94:277-86. [PMID: 26830628 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1386-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Large population studies have shown that living at higher altitudes, which lowers ambient oxygen exposure, is associated with reduced cardiovascular disease mortality. However, hypoxia has also been reported to promote atherosclerosis by worsening lipid metabolism and inflammation. We sought to address these disparate reports by reducing the ambient oxygen exposure of ApoE-/- mice. We observed that long-term adaptation to 10% O2 (equivalent to oxygen content at ∼5000 m), compared to 21% O2 (room air at sea level), resulted in a marked decrease in aortic atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice. This effect was associated with increased expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10), known to be anti-atherogenic and regulated by hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1α (HIF-1α). Supporting these observations, ApoE-/- mice that were deficient in IL-10 (IL10-/- ApoE-/- double knockout) failed to show reduced atherosclerosis in 10% oxygen. Our study reveals a specific mechanism that can help explain the decreased prevalence of ischemic heart disease in populations living at high altitudes and identifies ambient oxygen exposure as a potential factor that could be modulated to alter pathogenesis. Key messages: Chronic low ambient oxygen exposure decreases atherosclerosis in mice. Anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels are increased by low ambient O2. This is consistent with the established role of HIF-1α in IL10 transactivation. Absence of IL-10 results in the loss of the anti-atherosclerosis effect of low O2. This mechanism may contribute to decreased atherosclerosis at high altitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Gyeong Kang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ho Joong Sung
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,College of Health Science, Eulji University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Marcelo J Amar
- Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Branch, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Milton Pryor
- Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Branch, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Branch, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jaeyul Kwon
- School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jichun Chen
- Hematology Branch, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, Korea
| | - Ji-hoon Park
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ping-yuan Wang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul M Hwang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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69
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Zariri A, van der Ley P. Biosynthetically engineered lipopolysaccharide as vaccine adjuvant. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 14:861-76. [PMID: 25797360 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1026808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a dominant component of the Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane, is a strong activator of the innate immune system, and thereby an important determinant in the adaptive immune response following bacterial infection. This adjuvant activity can be harnessed following immunization with bacteria-derived vaccines that naturally contain LPS, and when LPS or molecules derived from it are added to purified vaccine antigens. However, the downside of the strong biological activity of LPS is its ability to contribute to vaccine reactogenicity. Modification of the LPS structure allows triggering of a proper immune response needed in a vaccine against a particular pathogen while at the same time lowering its toxicity. Extensive modifications to the basic structure are possible by using our current knowledge of bacterial genes involved in LPS biosynthesis and modification. This review focuses on biosynthetic engineering of the structure of LPS and implications of these modifications for generation of safe adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Zariri
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (InTraVacc), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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70
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Lipopolysaccharide directly stimulates Th17 differentiation in vitro modulating phosphorylation of RelB and NF-κB1. Immunol Lett 2015; 165:10-9. [PMID: 25794633 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize a wide range of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) and are preferentially expressed in innate immune cells. TLR-mediated activation of these cells activates the adaptive immune system. However, it has become clear that TLRs are not only expressed but also functionally active in CD4 T cells. The intestines are continuously exposed to TLR ligands, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a TLR4 ligand, and TLR4 is expressed higher in Th17 cells than Th1 and Th2 cells. In addition, development of Th17 cells in the gut mucosa is more dependent on gut microbiota than Th1, Th2, and Treg. Thus, we examined whether LPS directly regulates Th17 differentiation. LPS directly stimulated Th17 differentiation in vitro. In Th17 cells, LPS increased phosphorylation of NF-κB1, resulting in an increase of p50, the processed form of NF-κB1, whereas it decreased phosphorylation of RelB, leading to the up-regulation of RelB. Subcutaneous injection of LPS increased the frequency of IL-17 producing cells in inguinal lymph nodes, worsening experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Additionally, expression of TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, and TLR5 was reduced upon T cell activation and LPS showed modest effect on TLR4 expression. These findings provide the first evidence that TLR4 activation directly regulate Th17 differentiation.
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71
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Epeldegui M, Martínez-Maza O. Immune Activation: Contribution to AIDS-Associated Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 6:79-90. [PMID: 28702272 DOI: 10.1615/forumimmundisther.2016014177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection is associated with a greatly elevated risk for the development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), which while diminished, remains elevated in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era. Chronic B cell activation, driven by contact with HIV virions, B cell-stimulatory cytokines, viruses (EBV, HPV, HCV), and by high levels of antigenic stimulation occurs in HIV infected persons, and it is seen at even higher levels in those who go on to develop AIDS-NHL. Evidence from multiple studies indicates that elevated serum levels of several B cell-stimulatory cytokines and biomarkers are seen preceding AIDS-NHL, as well as in immunocompetent persons that develop NHL. Phenotypic changes in circulating B cells also are seen preceding AIDS-NHL, including the expression of AICDA, and of cell-surface molecules and miRNA that are associated with activated B cells. HAART only partially normalizes the immune system of treated HIV+ persons as they still show clear evidence for ongoing inflammation and immune activation in, even those who show complete suppression of HIV viremia. Together, this provides ample evidence to support the notion that chronic activation of B cells contributes to the genesis of B cell lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Epeldegui
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Otoniel Martínez-Maza
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, Los Angeles, CA.,UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA
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72
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Markwart R, Condotta SA, Requardt RP, Borken F, Schubert K, Weigel C, Bauer M, Griffith TS, Förster M, Brunkhorst FM, Badovinac VP, Rubio I. Immunosuppression after sepsis: systemic inflammation and sepsis induce a loss of naïve T-cells but no enduring cell-autonomous defects in T-cell function. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115094. [PMID: 25541945 PMCID: PMC4277344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis describes the life-threatening systemic inflammatory response (SIRS) of an organism to an infection and is the leading cause of mortality on intensive care units (ICU) worldwide. An acute episode of sepsis is characterized by the extensive release of cytokines and other mediators resulting in a dysregulated immune response leading to organ damage and/or death. This initial pro-inflammatory burst often transits into a state of immune suppression characterised by loss of immune cells and T-cell dysfunction at later disease stages in sepsis survivors. However, despite these appreciations, the precise nature of the evoked defect in T-cell immunity in post-acute phases of SIRS remains unknown. Here we present an in-depth functional analysis of T-cell function in post-acute SIRS/sepsis. We document that T-cell function is not compromised on a per cell basis in experimental rodent models of infection-free SIRS (LPS or CpG) or septic peritonitis. Transgenic antigen-specific T-cells feature an unaltered cytokine response if challenged in vivo and ex vivo with cognate antigens. Isolated CD4(+)/CD8(+) T-cells from post-acute septic animals do not exhibit defects in T-cell receptor-mediated activation at the the level of receptor-proximal signalling, activation marker upregulation or expansion. However, SIRS/sepsis induced transient lymphopenia and gave rise to an environment of immune attenuation at post acute disease stages. Thus, systemic inflammation has an acute impact on T-cell numbers and adaptive immunity, but does not cause major cell-autonomous enduring functional defects in T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robby Markwart
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Robert P. Requardt
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Farina Borken
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Katja Schubert
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Cynthia Weigel
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Bauer
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Dept. for Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas S. Griffith
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Martin Förster
- Clinic of Internal Medicine I, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Frank M. Brunkhorst
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Center for Clinical Studies, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Ignacio Rubio
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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73
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Ha CWY, Lam YY, Holmes AJ. Mechanistic links between gut microbial community dynamics, microbial functions and metabolic health. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:16498-16517. [PMID: 25469018 PMCID: PMC4248193 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i44.16498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbes comprise a high density, biologically active community that lies at the interface of an animal with its nutritional environment. Consequently their activity profoundly influences many aspects of the physiology and metabolism of the host animal. A range of microbial structural components and metabolites directly interact with host intestinal cells and tissues to influence nutrient uptake and epithelial health. Endocrine, neuronal and lymphoid cells in the gut also integrate signals from these microbial factors to influence systemic responses. Dysregulation of these host-microbe interactions is now recognised as a major risk factor in the development of metabolic dysfunction. This is a two-way process and understanding the factors that tip host-microbiome homeostasis over to dysbiosis requires greater appreciation of the host feedbacks that contribute to regulation of microbial community composition. To date, numerous studies have employed taxonomic profiling approaches to explore the links between microbial composition and host outcomes (especially obesity and its comorbidities), but inconsistent host-microbe associations have been reported. Available data indicates multiple factors have contributed to discrepancies between studies. These include the high level of functional redundancy in host-microbiome interactions combined with individual variation in microbiome composition; differences in study design, diet composition and host system between studies; and inherent limitations to the resolution of rRNA-based community profiling. Accounting for these factors allows for recognition of the common microbial and host factors driving community composition and development of dysbiosis on high fat diets. New therapeutic intervention options are now emerging.
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74
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Kianmehr Z, Soleimanjahi H, Ardestani SK, Fotouhi F, Abdoli A. Influence of Brucella abortus lipopolysaccharide as an adjuvant on the immunogenicity of HPV-16 L1VLP vaccine in mice. Med Microbiol Immunol 2014; 204:205-13. [PMID: 25187406 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-014-0356-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Brucella abortus lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has less toxicity and no pyrogenic properties in comparison with other bacterial LPS. It is a toll-like receptor 4 agonist and has been shown to have the potential use as a vaccine adjuvant. In this study, the immunostimulatory properties of LPS from smooth and rough strains of B. abortus (S19 and RB51) as adjuvants were investigated for the human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) L1 virus-like particles (L1VLPs) vaccines. C57BL/6 mice were immunized subcutaneously three times either with HPV-16 L1VLPs alone, or in combination with smooth LPS (S-LPS), rough LPS (R-LPS), aluminum hydroxide or a mixture of them as adjuvant. The humoral immunity was evaluated by measuring the specific and total IgG levels, and also the T-cell immune response of mice was evaluated by measuring different cytokines such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-17. Results showed that serum anti-HPV16 L1VLP IgG antibody titers was significantly higher in mice immunized with a combination of VLPs and R-LPS or S-LPS compared with other immunized groups. Co-administration of HPV-16 L1VLPs with R-LPS elicited the highest levels of splenocytes cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17 and TNF-α) and also effectively induced improvement of a Th1-type cytokine response characterized with a high ratio of IFN-γ/IL-10. The data indicate that B. abortus LPS particularly RB51-LPS enhances the immune responses to HPV-16 L1VLPs and suggests its potential as an adjuvant for the development of a potent prophylactic HPV vaccine and other candidate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Kianmehr
- Immunology Lab, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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75
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Bohannon JK, Hernandez A, Enkhbaatar P, Adams WL, Sherwood ER. The immunobiology of toll-like receptor 4 agonists: from endotoxin tolerance to immunoadjuvants. Shock 2014; 40:451-62. [PMID: 23989337 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) is a structural component of the gram-negative outer membrane. The lipid A moiety of LPS binds to the LPS receptor complex expressed by leukocytes, endothelial cells, and parenchymal cells and is the primary component of gram-negative bacteria that is recognized by the immune system. Activation of the LPS receptor complex by native lipid A induces robust cytokine production, leukocyte activation, and inflammation, which is beneficial for clearing bacterial infections at the local level but can cause severe systemic inflammation and shock at higher challenge doses. Interestingly, prior exposure to LPS renders the host resistant to shock caused by subsequent LPS challenge, a phenomenon known as endotoxin tolerance. Treatment with lipid A has also been shown to augment the host response to infection and to serve as a potent vaccine adjuvant. However, the adverse effects associated with the pronounced inflammatory response limit the use of native lipid A as a clinical immunomodulator. More recently, analogs of lipid A have been developed that possess attenuated proinflammatory activity but retain attractive immunomodulatory properties. The lipid A analog monophosphoryl lipid A exhibits approximately 1/1,000th of the toxicity of native lipid A but retains potent immunoadjuvant activity. As such, monophosphoryl lipid A is currently used as an adjuvant in several human vaccine preparations. Because of the potency of lipid A analogs as immunoadjuvants, numerous laboratories are actively working to identify and develop new lipid A mimetics and to optimize their efficacy and safety. Based on those characteristics, lipid A analogs represent an attractive family of immunomodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Bohannon
- *Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; †Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; and ‡School of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; and §Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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76
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Keestra AM, de Zoete MR, Bouwman LI, Vaezirad MM, van Putten JPM. Unique features of chicken Toll-like receptors. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:316-323. [PMID: 23628643 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a major class of innate immune pattern recognition receptors that have a key role in immune homeostasis and the defense against infections. The research explosion that followed the discovery of TLRs more than a decade ago has boosted fundamental knowledge on the function of the immune system and the resistance against disease, providing a rational for clinical modulation of the immune response. In addition, the conserved nature of the ancient TLR system throughout the animal kingdom has enabled a comparative biology approach to understand the evolution, structural architecture, and function of TLRs. In the present review we focus on TLR biology in the avian species, and, especially, on the unique functional properties of the chicken TLR repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Marijke Keestra
- Department of Infectious Disease & Immunology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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77
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Hwang I, Choi D, See H, Kim W, Chung IS, Shon DH. Beneficial effects of the mixed adjuvant of CpG plus monophosphoryl lipid a in immunization with a recombinant protein vaccine for hepatitis A. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13765-012-2398-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Gandhapudi SK, Chilton PM, Mitchell TC. TRIF is required for TLR4 mediated adjuvant effects on T cell clonal expansion. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56855. [PMID: 23457630 PMCID: PMC3574014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) is an important pattern recognition receptor with the ability to drive potent innate immune responses and also to modulate adaptive immune responses needed for long term protection. Activation of TLR4 by its ligands is mediated by engagement of the adapter proteins MyD88 (myeloid differentiation factor 88) and TRIF (Toll-interleukin 1 receptor domain-containing adapter inducing interferon-beta). Previously, we showed that TRIF, but not MyD88, plays an important role in allowing TLR4 agonists to adjuvant early T cell responses. In this study, we investigated the T cell priming events that are regulated specifically by the TRIF signaling branch of TLR4. We found that TRIF deficiency prevented the TLR4 agonist lipid A from enhancing T cell proliferation and survival in an adoptive transfer model of T cell priming. TRIF deficient DC showed defective maturation as evidenced by their failure to upregulate co-stimulatory molecules in response to lipid A stimulation. Importantly, TRIF alone caused CD86 and CD40 upregulation on splenic DC, but both TRIF and MyD88 were required for CD80 upregulation. The impairment of T cell adjuvant effects and defective DC maturation in TRIF lps/lps mice after TLR4 stimulation was mainly due to loss of type I IFN production, indicating that type I interferons are central to TLR4's adjuvant effects. These results are useful for the continued development of TLR4 based vaccine adjuvants that avoid inflammatory risks while retaining beneficial immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva K. Gandhapudi
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Paula M. Chilton
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Thomas C. Mitchell
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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79
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Skogstrand K, Thysen AH, Jørgensen CS, Rasmussen EM, Andersen AB, Lillebaek T, Hougaard DM, Houen G. Antigen-induced cytokine and chemokine release test for tuberculosis infection using adsorption of stimulated whole blood on filter paper and multiplex analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2012; 72:204-11. [PMID: 22283828 DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2011.649014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro stimulation of whole blood or isolated blood cells with specific antigens is used for several purposes. Immediately following incubation with antigens, samples have to be centrifuged to stop the reactions by remaining cells and the supernatant refrigerated or analysed directly to preserve the analytes of interest, which makes samples difficult to prepare outside laboratories. We have tested whether spotting whole blood on filter paper after activation can be used in one of the tests for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (MTI), the QuantiFERON®-TB Gold In Tube test (QFT), where the spotting technique can make it suitable for use in locations without facilities like a centrifuge and a refrigerator. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples from 22 individuals undergoing screening for MTI and 10 healthy controls were incubated, centrifuged and IFN-γ measured by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), as described in the kit insert. In parallel, activated blood was spotted on filter paper (Schleicher & Schuell) and dried. The dried blood spot samples were analysed for 21 inflammatory markers with an in-house assay based on Luminex technology. RESULTS Our multiplex measurements of inflammatory markers in samples from suspected MTI patients confirmed the IFN-γ findings in the QFT. IL-2, GM-CSF, IL-5, and IL-1β were also found as useful markers for MTI. We were not able to distinguish between active tuberculosis and latent MTI. CONCLUSION Applying blood on filter paper after incubation makes in vitro stimulation tests feasible in locations where heat and electricity is unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Skogstrand
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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80
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The prolyl isomerase Pin1 modulates development of CD8+ cDC in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29808. [PMID: 22238658 PMCID: PMC3251613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pin1 has previously been described to regulate cells that participate in both innate and adaptive immunity. Thus far, however, no role for Pin1 has been described in modulating conventional dendritic cells, innate antigen presenting cells that potently activate naïve T cells, thereby bridging innate and adaptive immune responses. Methodology/Principal Findings When challenged with LPS, Pin1-null mice failed to accumulate spleen conventional dendritic cells (cDC). Analysis of steady-state spleen DC populations revealed that Pin1-null mice had fewer CD8+ cDC. This defect was recapitulated by culturing Pin1-null bone marrow with the DC-instructive cytokine Flt3 Ligand. Additionally, injection of Flt3 Ligand for 9 days failed to induce robust expansion of CD8+ cDC in Pin1-null mice. Upon infection with Listeria monocytogenes, Pin1-null mice were defective in stimulating proliferation of adoptively transferred WT CD8+ T cells, suggesting that decreases in Pin1 null CD8+ cDC may affect T cell responses to infection in vivo. Finally, upon analyzing expression of proteins involved in DC development, elevated expression of PU.1 was detected in Pin1-null cells, which resulted from an increase in PU.1 protein half-life. Conclusions/Significance We have identified a novel role for Pin1 as a modulator of CD8+ cDC development. Consistent with reduced numbers of CD8+ cDC in Pin1-null mice, we find that the absence of Pin1 impairs CD8+ T cell proliferation in response to infection with Listeria monocytogenes. These data suggest that, via regulation of CD8+ cDC production, Pin1 may serve as an important modulator of adaptive immunity.
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81
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Bal SM, Slütter B, Verheul R, Bouwstra JA, Jiskoot W. Adjuvanted, antigen loaded N-trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles for nasal and intradermal vaccination: adjuvant- and site-dependent immunogenicity in mice. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 45:475-81. [PMID: 22009113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) nanoparticles have been shown to increase the immunogenicity of subunit antigens after nasal and intradermal administration. This work describes a second generation of TMC nanoparticles containing ovalbumin as a model antigen (TMC/OVA nanoparticles) and an immunopotentiator (TMC/OVA/immunopotentiator nanoparticles). The selection of immunopotentiators included Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands lipopolysaccharide (LPS), PAM(3)CSK(4) (PAM), CpG DNA, the NOD-like receptor 2 ligand muramyl dipeptide (MDP) and the GM1 ganglioside receptor ligand, cholera toxin B subunit (CTB). The TMC/OVA/immunopotentiator nanoparticles were characterised physico-chemically and their immunogenicity was assessed by determining the serum IgG, IgG1, IgG2a titres and secretory IgA levels in nasal washes after intradermal and nasal vaccination in mice. After nasal vaccination, TMC/OVA nanoparticles containing LPS or MDP elicited higher IgG, IgG1 and sIgA levels than non-adjuvanted TMC/OVA particles, whereas nanoparticles containing CTB, PAM or CpG did not. After intradermal vaccination, the TMC/OVA/CpG and TMC/OVA/LPS nanoparticles provoked higher IgG titres than plain TMC/OVA particles. Altogether, our results show that co-encapsulation of an additional immunopotentiator with the antigen into TMC nanoparticles can further improve the immunogenicity of the vaccine. However, the strength and quality of the response depends on the immunopotentiator as well as the route of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Bal
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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82
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Gowdy KM, Nugent JL, Martinu T, Potts E, Snyder LD, Foster WM, Palmer SM. Protective role of T-bet and Th1 cytokines in pulmonary graft-versus-host disease and peribronchiolar fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 46:249-56. [PMID: 21960548 PMCID: PMC3297167 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0131oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
T-box expressed in T cells (T-bet) is a critical transcription factor for T helper (Th) 1 responses. Although Th1 cells are thought to contribute to certain alloimmune responses, their role in pulmonary graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is uncertain. We have established a murine model of acute pulmonary GVHD after hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) and inhaled LPS exposure. We tested the hypothesis that pulmonary GVHD can occur independent of Th1 cells using T-bet-deficient donors. B10.BR(H2(k)) mice underwent allogeneic (Allo) or syngeneic (Syn) HCT with cells from either C57Bl/6J(H2(b)) mice (Allo wild-type [WT] or SynWT) or C57Bl/6J mice lacking T-bet (AlloTbet(-/-) or SynTbet(-/-)). After HCT, mice were exposed daily to aerosolized LPS and subsequently bronchoalveolar lavage and lung tissue were analyzed for cytokines, lymphocytic inflammation, pathology, and fibrosis. Independent of LPS exposure, AlloTbet(-/-) mice developed pulmonary GVHD manifested by lymphocytic inflammation. Furthermore, AlloTbet(-/-) mice developed features of chronic pulmonary GVHD, including increased peribronchiolar fibrosis and collagen content. LPS exposure increased neutrophil recruitment and decreased static compliance in AlloTbet(-/-) mice as compared with LPS-exposed AlloWT mice or LPS-exposed SynTbet(-/-) mice. In addition, LPS-exposed AlloTbet(-/-) mice had increased pulmonary IL-17, IL-13, and Th17 cells, and diminished regulatory T cells compared with the other groups. Our results demonstrate that Th1 cytokines are dispensable in pulmonary GVHD. In the absence of T-bet, there is increased production of Th17 and Th2 cytokines that is associated with peribronchiolar fibrosis and is further enhanced by LPS. These results suggest that the interplay between local innate immunity and non-Th1 T cell subsets contribute to chronic pulmonary GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kymberly M Gowdy
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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Duthie MS, Windish HP, Fox CB, Reed SG. Use of defined TLR ligands as adjuvants within human vaccines. Immunol Rev 2011; 239:178-96. [PMID: 21198672 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00978.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Our improved understanding of how innate immune responses can be initiated and how they can shape adaptive B- and T-cell responses is having a significant impact on vaccine development by directing the development of defined adjuvants. Experience with first generation vaccines, as well as rapid advances in developing defined vaccines containing Toll-like receptor ligands (TLRLs), indicate that an expanded number of safe and effective vaccines containing such molecules will be available in the future. In this review, we outline current knowledge regarding TLRs, detailing the different cell types that express TLRs, the various signaling pathways TLRs utilize, and the currently known TLRLs. We then discuss the current status of TLRLs within vaccine development programs, including the importance of appropriate formulation, and how recent developments can be used to better define the mechanisms of action of vaccines. Finally, we introduce the possibility of using TLRLs, either in combination or with non-TLRLs, to synergistically potentiate vaccine-induced responses to provide not only prophylactic, but therapeutic protection against infectious diseases and cancer.
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84
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Li J, Guo J, Su Z, Hu M, Liu W, Wei Q. Calcineurin subunit B activates dendritic cells and acts as a cancer vaccine adjuvant. Int Immunol 2011; 23:327-34. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxr008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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85
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Szczęsny G, Olszewski WL, Zagozda M, Rutkowska J, Czapnik Ż, Swoboda-Kopeć E, Górecki A. Genetic factors responsible for long bone fractures non-union. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2011; 131:275-81. [PMID: 20730440 PMCID: PMC3034037 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-010-1171-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Approximately 10-15% of all fractures of long bones heal with delay, prolonged immobilization and repetitive operative interventions. Despite intense investigations, the pathomechanism of impaired healing of skeletal tissue remains unclear. An important role in the pathomechanism of mal-union of close fractures plays subclinically proceeding infections. AIM The question arises whether colonization and proliferation of bacteria in the fracture gap could be related to the mutation of genes for factors regulating local antimicrobial response, such as pathogen recognizing receptors (PRR), cytokines and chemokines. METHODS We carried out studies in patients with delayed long bone fractures estimating the frequency of mutation of genes crucial for pathogen recognition (TLR2, TLR4 and CD14), and elimination (CRP, IL-6, IL-1ra), as well as wound healing (TGF-β). The molecular milieu regulating healing process (IGF-1, COLL1a, TGF-β, BMP-2, and PDGF) was validated by Western blot analysis of the gap tissue. RESULTS Microbiological investigations showed the presence of viable bacterial strains in 34 out of 108 gaps in patients with non-healing fractures (31.5%) and in 20 out of 122 patients with uneventful healing (16.4%) (P < 0.05). The occurrence of mutated TLR4 1/W but not 2/W gene was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the non-healing infected than sterile group. In the non-healing infected group 1/W mutated gene frequency was also higher than in healing infected. In the TGF-β codon 10 a significantly higher frequency of mutated homozygote T and heterozygote C/T in the non-healing infected versus non-healing sterile subgroup was observed (P < 0.05). Similar difference was observed in the non-healing infected versus healing infected subgroup (P < 0.05). The CRP (G1059C), IL1ra (genotype 2/2), IL-6 (G176C), CD14 (G-159T), TLR2 (G2259A) and TLR4/2 (Thr399Ile) polymorphisms did not play evident role in the delay of fracture healing. CONCLUSIONS Individuals bearing the mutant TLR 4 gene 1/W (Asp299Gly) and TGF-β gene codon 10 mutant T and T/C allele may predispose to impaired pathogen recognition and elimination, leading to prolonged pathogen existence in the fracture gaps and healing delays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Szczęsny
- Department of Surgical Research and Transplantology, Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego Str., Warsaw, Poland ,Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Waldemar L. Olszewski
- Department of Surgical Research and Transplantology, Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego Str., Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Zagozda
- Department of Surgical Research and Transplantology, Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego Str., Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Rutkowska
- Department of Surgical Research and Transplantology, Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego Str., Warsaw, Poland
| | - Żanetta Czapnik
- Department of Surgical Research and Transplantology, Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego Str., Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Górecki
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
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86
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Educating CD4 T cells with vaccine adjuvants: lessons from lipopolysaccharide. Trends Immunol 2010; 31:429-35. [PMID: 20880743 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) adjuvants are capable of driving T cell immunity. The TLR4 agonist LPS activates antigen-presenting cells through myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) and TIR domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon-beta (TRIF)-dependent signaling pathways, initiating CD4 T helper cell clonal expansion and differentiation. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) supports the development of diverse T helper (Th) lineages depending on the tissue microenvironment. For instance, peripheral immunization with LPS drives Th1 priming in lymphoid tissue and Th17 priming in the gut. This could be due to commensal bacteria inducing Th17-stabilizing cytokines within the intestinal lamina propria. Here, we detail how the response to LPS stimulates CD4 T cell priming in lymphoid tissue and the intestinal mucosa. How this knowledge might be exploited to target specific features of T cell immunity by vaccine adjuvants is also considered.
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87
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Resolvin E1-induced intestinal alkaline phosphatase promotes resolution of inflammation through LPS detoxification. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:14298-303. [PMID: 20660763 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0914730107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Resolvin-E1 (RvE1) has been demonstrated to promote inflammatory resolution in numerous disease models. Given the importance of epithelial cells to coordination of mucosal inflammation, we hypothesized that RvE1 elicits an epithelial resolution signature. Initial studies revealed that the RvE1-receptor (ChemR23) is expressed on intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and that microarray profiling of cells exposed to RvE1 revealed regulation of inflammatory response gene expression. Notably, RvE1 induced intestinal alkaline phosphatase (ALPI) expression and significantly enhanced epithelial ALPI enzyme activity. One role recently attributed to ALPI is the detoxification of bacterial LPS. In our studies, RvE1-exposed epithelia detoxified LPS (assessed by attenuation of NF-kappaB signaling). Furthermore, in epithelial-bacterial interaction assays, we determined that ALPI retarded the growth of Escherichia coli. To define these features in vivo, we used a murine dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) model of colitis. Compared with vehicle controls, administration of RvE1 resulted in significant improvement of disease activity indices (e.g., body weight, colon length) concomitant with increased ALPI expression in the intestinal epithelium. Moreover, inhibition of ALPI activity resulted in increased severity of colitis in DSS-treated animals and partially abrogated the protective influence of RvE1. Together, these data implicate a previously unappreciated role for ALPI in RvE1-mediated inflammatory resolution.
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88
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Gene expression profiling of PBMCs from Holstein and Jersey cows sub-clinically infected with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 137:1-11. [PMID: 20447698 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Infection of calves with intracellular Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) commonly results in a granulomatous, chronic inflammatory bowel disease known as Johne's disease. The asymptomatic stage of this infection can persist for the entire production life of an adult cow, resulting in reduced performance and premature culling, as well as transmission of MAP to progeny and herd-mates. It has been previously shown that the gene expression profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy cows, and those chronically infected with MAP are inherently different, and that these changes may be indicative of disease progression. Since resistance to MAP infection is a heritable trait, and has been proposed to differ amongst domestic dairy cattle breeds, the objective of the present study was to compare gene expression profiles of PBMCs from healthy adult Holstein and Jersey cows to those considered to be sub-clinically infected with MAP, as indicated by serum ELISA. Microarray analysis using a platform containing more than 10,000 probes and ontological analysis identified differences in gene expression between a) healthy and infected cows, including genes involved in the inflammatory response, and calcium binding, and b) infected Holsteins and Jerseys, including genes involved in the immune response, and antigen processing and presentation. These results suggest a mixed pro- and anti-inflammatory phenotype of PBMCs from MAP-infected as compared to healthy control animals, and inherently different levels of immune and inflammatory-related gene expression between MAP-infected Holsteins and Jerseys.
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89
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Chandran SS, Verhoeven D, Teijaro JR, Fenton MJ, Farber DL. TLR2 engagement on dendritic cells promotes high frequency effector and memory CD4 T cell responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 183:7832-41. [PMID: 19933854 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ligation of TLR by distinct pathogen components provides essential signals for T cell priming, although how individual TLR engagement affects primary and memory T cell responses is not well defined. In this study, we demonstrate distinct effects of TLR2 vs TLR4 engagement on primary and memory CD4 T cell responses due to differential effects on APC. Priming of influenza hemagglutinin (HA)-specific naive CD4 T cells with HA peptide and the TLR2 agonist Pam3CysK in vivo resulted in a high frequency of activated HA-specific CD4 T cells that predominantly produced IL-2 and IL-17, whereas priming with HA peptide and the TLR4 agonist LPS yielded a lower frequency of HA-specific CD4 T cells and predominant IFN-gamma producers. TLR2 agonist priming depended on TLR2 expression by APC, as wild-type CD4 T cells did not expand in response to peptide and Pam3CysK in TLR2-deficient hosts. TLR2-mediated priming also led to an increased frequency of Ag-specific memory CD4 T cells compared with TLR4 priming and mediated enhanced secondary responses to influenza challenge. Our results show that TLR engagement on APC influences both primary and secondary CD4 T cell responses, and suggest that long-term functional capacities of T cells are set by innate signals during early phases of an infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita S Chandran
- Department of Surgery and Microbiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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90
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Legrand D, Mazurier J. A critical review of the roles of host lactoferrin in immunity. Biometals 2010; 23:365-76. [PMID: 20143251 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-010-9297-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf) is an essential element of innate immunity, which refers to antigen-nonspecific defense mechanisms that a host uses immediately or within hours after exposure to an antigen. Following infection, Lf is released from neutrophils (PMNs) in blood and inflamed tissues and, such as other soluble pattern-recognition receptors of the innate immunity, Lf recognizes unique microbial molecules called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs): LPS from the gram-negative cell wall and bacterial unmethylated CpG DNA. However, unlike classical PAMPs receptors involved in the activation of immune cells, Lf may act either as a competitor for these receptors or as a partner molecule, depending on the physiological status of the organism. These immunomodulatory properties are explained by the ability of Lf to interact with proteoglycans and receptors on the surface of mammalian cells: cells of the innate (NK cells, neutrophils, macrophages, basophils, neutrophils and mast cells) and adaptive [lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells (APCs)] immune systems, and also epithelial and endothelial cells. Through these interactions, Lf is able to modulate the migration, maturation and functions of immune cells, and thus to influence both adaptive and innate immunities. The understanding of the roles of the host-expressed Lf in immunity comes from in vivo and in vitro studies with exogenous Lf which, although informative, rarely reflect the pathological, or non-pathological, conditions in the organism. In this review, the data from the literature will be critically analyzed in order to present a real picture of the regulatory roles of host Lf in immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Legrand
- Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit, UMR 8576 CNRS-USTL, IFR 147, Bâtiment C9, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, France.
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91
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McAleer JP, Liu B, Li Z, Ngoi SM, Dai J, Oft M, Vella AT. Potent intestinal Th17 priming through peripheral lipopolysaccharide-based immunization. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 88:21-31. [PMID: 20130220 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0909631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a potent natural adjuvant, commonly used to amplify Th1 responses. Here, we report that systemic immunization using LPS generates large numbers of specific Th17 cells in murine small intestinal lamina propria. The priming of these Th17 cells required IL-23p19 production by bone marrow-derived cells. In contrast, IL-23 had no impact on Th1 differentiation or overall numbers of Ag-specific regulatory T cells. Experiments using T-cell adoptive transfers revealed a previously unappreciated mechanism for how Th17 responses are amplified in vivo: stimulation through LPS expanded precommitted Th17 cells rather than causing Th17 differentiation. Second, LPS drove Th17 cell expansion independently of IL-23, demonstrating that this cytokine is not necessary for expansion and possibly functions at an earlier stage in Th17 priming. Our data provide an impetus for using LPS-based peripheral vaccination to augment specific T-cell-mediated immunity in the gut mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy P McAleer
- Department of Immunology,University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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92
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Davtyan H, Mkrtichyan M, Movsesyan N, Petrushina I, Mamikonyan G, Cribbs DH, Agadjanyan MG, Ghochikyan A. DNA prime-protein boost increased the titer, avidity and persistence of anti-Abeta antibodies in wild-type mice. Gene Ther 2010; 17:261-71. [PMID: 19865176 PMCID: PMC2820600 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2009.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 09/13/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we reported that a DNA vaccine, composed of three copies of a self B cell epitope of amyloid-beta (Abeta(42)) and the foreign T-cell epitope, Pan DR epitope (PADRE), generated strong anti-Abeta immune responses in wild-type and amyloid precursor protein transgenic animals. Although DNA vaccines have several advantages over peptide-protein vaccines, they induce lower immune responses in large animals and humans compared with those in mice. The focus of this study was to further enhance anti-Abeta(11) immune responses by developing an improved DNA vaccination protocol of the prime-boost regimen, in which the priming step would use DNA and the boosting step would use recombinant protein. Accordingly, we generated DNA and recombinant protein-based epitope vaccines and showed that priming with DNA followed by boosting with a homologous recombinant protein vaccine significantly increases the anti-Abeta antibody responses and do not change the immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) profile of humoral immune responses. Furthermore, the antibodies generated by this prime-boost regimen were long-lasting and possessed a higher avidity for binding with an Abeta(42) peptide. Thus, we showed that a heterologous prime-boost regimen could be an effective protocol for developing a potent Alzheimer's disease (AD) vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Davtyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, The Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA, USA
| | - M Mkrtichyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, The Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA, USA
| | - N Movsesyan
- The Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - I Petrushina
- The Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - G Mamikonyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, The Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA, USA
| | - DH Cribbs
- The Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - MG Agadjanyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, The Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA, USA
- The Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Ghochikyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, The Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA, USA
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93
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Liu G, Zhang L, Zhao Y. Modulation of immune responses through direct activation of Toll-like receptors to T cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 160:168-75. [PMID: 20128825 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which are a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), are involved critically in the generation and regulation of innate immunity as well as initiation of subsequent adaptive immune responses. However, recent research results showed that different subsets of T cells express certain types of TLRs during development and activation stages. Importantly, TLRs participate in the direct regulation of adaptive immune response, possibly as co-stimulatory molecules. In this review we summarize recent studies about the novel regulation of TLRs on the homeostasis and immunity of different T cell subtypes including CD4+CD25+T regulatory cells (Treg) and interleukin (IL)-17-producing CD4+T cells (T helper type 17). The direct involvement of TLRs in T cell-mediated immunity prompted us to reconsider the role of TLRs in the occurrence of autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases and graft rejection. The important effects of TLRs in T cell-intrinsic components also prompt us to explore novel vaccine adjuvants for modifying desired immune responses in an efficient way.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Liu
- Transplantation Biology Research Division, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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94
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Sánchez-Lemus E, Benicky J, Pavel J, Saavedra JM. In vivo Angiotensin II AT1 receptor blockade selectively inhibits LPS-induced innate immune response and ACTH release in rat pituitary gland. Brain Behav Immun 2009; 23:945-57. [PMID: 19427376 PMCID: PMC2749886 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration induces an innate immune response and stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. We studied Angiotensin II AT(1) receptor participation in the LPS effects with focus on the pituitary gland. LPS (50 microg/kg, i.p.) enhanced, 3h after administration, gene expression of pituitary CD14 and that of Angiotensin II AT(1A) receptors in pituitary and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN); stimulated ACTH and corticosterone release; decreased pituitary CRF(1) receptor mRNA and increased all plasma and pituitary pro-inflammatory factors studied. The AT(1) receptor blocker (ARB) candesartan (1mg/kg/day, s.c. daily for 3 days before LPS) blocked pituitary and PVN AT(1) receptors, inhibited LPS-induced ACTH but not corticosterone secretion and decreased LPS-induced release of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 to the circulation. The ARB reduced LPS-induced pituitary gene expression of IL-6, LIF, iNOS, COX-2 and IkappaB-alpha; and prevented LPS-induced increase of nNOS/eNOS activity. The ARB did not affect LPS-induced TNF-alpha and IL-1beta gene expression, IL-6 or IL-1beta protein content or LPS-induced decrease of CRF(1) receptors. When administered alone, the ARB increased basal plasma corticosterone levels and basal PGE(2) mRNA in pituitary. Our results demonstrate that the pituitary gland is a target for systemically administered LPS. AT(1) receptor activity is necessary for the complete pituitary response to LPS and is limited to specific pro-inflammatory pathways. There is a complementary and complex influence of the PVN and circulating cytokines on the initial pituitary response to LPS. Our findings support the proposal that ARBs may be considered for the treatment of inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Sánchez-Lemus
- Section on Pharmacology, Division of Intramural Research Programs, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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95
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Watson DS, Szoka FC. Role of lipid structure in the humoral immune response in mice to covalent lipid-peptides from the membrane proximal region of HIV-1 gp41. Vaccine 2009; 27:4672-83. [PMID: 19520200 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2009] [Revised: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The membrane proximal region (MPR) of HIV-1 gp41 is a desirable target for development of a vaccine that elicits neutralizing antibodies since the patient-derived monoclonal antibodies, 2F5 and 4E10, bind to the MPR and neutralize primary HIV isolates. The 2F5 and 4E10 antibodies cross-react with lipids and structural studies suggest that MPR immunogens may be presented in a membrane environment. We hypothesized that covalent attachment of lipid anchors would enhance the humoral immune response to MPR-derived peptides presented in liposomal bilayers. In a comparison of eight lipids conjugated to an extended 2F5 epitope peptide, a sterol, cholesterol hemisuccinate (CHEMS), was found to promote the strongest anti-peptide IgG titers (6.4 x 10(4)) in sera of BALB/C mice. Two lipid anchors, palmitic acid and phosphatidylcholine, failed to elicit a detectable serum anti-peptide IgG response. Association with the liposomal vehicle contributed to the ability of a lipopeptide to elicit anti-peptide antibodies, but no other single factor, such as position of the lipid anchor, peptide helical content, lipopeptide partition coefficient, or presence of phosphate on the anchor clearly determined lipopeptide potency. Conjugation to CHEMS also rendered a 4E10 epitope peptide immunogenic (5.6 x 10(2) IgG titer in serum). Finally, attachment of CHEMS to a peptide spanning both the 2F5 and 4E10 epitopes elicited serum IgG antibodies that bound to each of the individual epitopes as well as to recombinant gp140. Further research into the mechanism of how structure influences the immune response to the MPR may lead to immunogens that could be useful in prime-boost regimens for focusing the immune response in an HIV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S Watson
- Departments of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0912, USA
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96
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Vandermeulen G, Daugimont L, Richiardi H, Vanderhaeghen ML, Lecouturier N, Ucakar B, Préat V. Effect of Tape Stripping and Adjuvants on Immune Response After Intradermal DNA Electroporation. Pharm Res 2009; 26:1745-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-009-9885-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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