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Salas JR, Chen BY, Wong A, Duarte S, Angarita SAK, Lipshutz GS, Witte ON, Clark PM. Noninvasive Imaging of Drug-Induced Liver Injury with 18F-DFA PET. J Nucl Med 2018; 59:1308-1315. [PMID: 29496991 PMCID: PMC6071498 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.117.206961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver failure is a significant indication for a liver transplant, and unexpected liver toxicity is a major reason that otherwise effective therapies are removed from the market. Various methods exist for monitoring liver injury but are often inadequate to predict liver failure. New diagnostic tools are needed. Methods: We evaluate in a preclinical model whether 18F-2-deoxy-2-fluoroarabinose (18F-DFA), a PET radiotracer that measures the ribose salvage pathway, can be used to monitor acetaminophen-induced liver injury and failure. Mice treated with vehicle, 100, 300, or 500 mg/kg acetaminophen for 7 or 21 h were imaged with 18F-FDG and 18F-DFA PET. Hepatic radiotracer accumulation was correlated to survival and percentage of nonnecrotic tissue in the liver. Mice treated with acetaminophen and vehicle or N-acetylcysteine were imaged with 18F-DFA PET. 18F-DFA accumulation was evaluated in human hepatocytes engrafted into the mouse liver. Results: We show that hepatic 18F-DFA accumulation is 49%-52% lower in mice treated with high-dose acetaminophen than in mice treated with low-dose acetaminophen or vehicle. Under these same conditions, hepatic 18F-FDG accumulation was unaffected. At 21 h after acetaminophen treatment, hepatic 18F-DFA accumulation can distinguish mice that will succumb to the liver injury from those that will survive it (6.2 vs. 9.7 signal to background, respectively). Hepatic 18F-DFA accumulation in this model provides a tomographic representation of hepatocyte density in the liver, with a R2 between hepatic 18F-DFA accumulation and percentage of nonnecrotic tissue of 0.70. PET imaging with 18F-DFA can be used to distinguish effective from ineffective resolution of acetaminophen-induced liver injury with N-acetylcysteine (15.6 vs. 6.2 signal to background, respectively). Human hepatocytes, in culture or engrafted into a mouse liver, have levels of ribose salvage activity similar to those of mouse hepatocytes. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that PET imaging with 18F-DFA can be used to visualize and quantify drug-induced acute liver injury and may provide information on the progression from liver injury to hepatic failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Salas
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles California
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles California
| | - Bao Ying Chen
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles California
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles California
| | - Alicia Wong
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles California
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles California
| | - Sergio Duarte
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles California
| | | | - Gerald S Lipshutz
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles California
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles California
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles California; and
| | - Owen N Witte
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles California
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles California
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles California
| | - Peter M Clark
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles California
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles California
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles California
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52
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Sambathkumar R, Akkerman R, Dastidar S, Roelandt P, Kumar M, Bajaj M, Mestre Rosa AR, Helsen N, Vanslembrouck V, Kalo E, Khurana S, Laureys J, Gysemans C, Faas MM, de Vos P, Verfaillie CM. Generation of hepatocyte- and endocrine pancreatic-like cells from human induced endodermal progenitor cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197046. [PMID: 29750821 PMCID: PMC5947914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Multipotent Adult Progenitor Cells (MAPCs) are one potential stem cell source to generate functional hepatocytes or β-cells. However, human MAPCs have less plasticity than pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), as their ability to generate endodermal cells is not robust. Here we studied the role of 14 transcription factors (TFs) in reprogramming MAPCs to induced endodermal progenitor cells (iENDO cells), defined as cells that can be long-term expanded and differentiated to both hepatocyte- and endocrine pancreatic-like cells. We demonstrated that 14 TF-iENDO cells can be expanded for at least 20 passages, differentiate spontaneously to hepatocyte-, endocrine pancreatic-, gut tube-like cells as well as endodermal tumor formation when grafted in immunodeficient mice. Furthermore, iENDO cells can be differentiated in vitro into hepatocyte- and endocrine pancreatic-like cells. However, the pluripotency TF OCT4, which is not silenced in iENDO cells, may contribute to the incomplete differentiation to mature cells in vitro and to endodermal tumor formation in vivo. Nevertheless, the studies presented here provide evidence that reprogramming of adult stem cells to an endodermal intermediate progenitor, which can be expanded and differentiate to multiple endodermal cell types, might be a valid alternative for the use of PSCs for creation of endodermal cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangarajan Sambathkumar
- KU Leuven, Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail: (CMV); (RS)
| | - Renate Akkerman
- KU Leuven, Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Leuven, Belgium
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Medical Biology, Section Immunoendocrinology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sumitava Dastidar
- KU Leuven, Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philip Roelandt
- KU Leuven, Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manoj Kumar
- KU Leuven, Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manmohan Bajaj
- KU Leuven, Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ana Rita Mestre Rosa
- KU Leuven, Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicky Helsen
- KU Leuven, Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Vanslembrouck
- KU Leuven, Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eric Kalo
- KU Leuven, Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Satish Khurana
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Jos Laureys
- KU Leuven, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology unit, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Conny Gysemans
- KU Leuven, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology unit, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marijke M. Faas
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Medical Biology, Section Immunoendocrinology, Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Medical Biology, Section Immunoendocrinology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Catherine M. Verfaillie
- KU Leuven, Interdepartmental Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail: (CMV); (RS)
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53
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Asumda FZ, Hatzistergos KE, Dykxhoorn DM, Jakubski S, Edwards J, Thomas E, Schiff ER. Differentiation of hepatocyte-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells using small molecules. Differentiation 2018; 101:16-24. [PMID: 29626713 PMCID: PMC6055513 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A variety of approaches have been developed for the derivation of hepatocyte-like cells from pluripotent stem cells. Currently, most of these strategies employ step-wise differentiation approaches with recombinant growth-factors or small-molecule analogs to recapitulate developmental signaling pathways. Here, we tested the efficacy of a small-molecule based differentiation protocol for the generation of hepatocyte-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells. Quantitative gene-expression, immunohistochemical, and western blot analyses for SOX17, FOXA2, CXCR4, HNF4A, AFP, indicated the stage-specific differentiation into definitive endoderm, hepatoblast and hepatocyte-like derivatives. Furthermore, hepatocyte-like cells displayed morphological and functional features characteristic of primary hepatocytes, as indicated by the production of ALB (albumin) and α-1-antitrypsin (A1AT), as well as glycogen storage capacity by periodic acid-Schiff staining. Together, these data support that the small-molecule based hepatic differentiation protocol is a simple, reproducible, and inexpensive method to efficiently drive the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells towards a hepatocyte-like phenotype, for downstream pharmacogenomic and regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizal Z Asumda
- Schiff Center for Liver Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
| | - Konstantinos E Hatzistergos
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Derek M Dykxhoorn
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Silvia Jakubski
- Sylvester Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Jasmine Edwards
- Sylvester Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Emmanuel Thomas
- Sylvester Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Eugene R Schiff
- Schiff Center for Liver Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
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54
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Liu W, Ren Z, Lu K, Song C, Cheung ECW, Zhou Z, Chen G. The Suppression of Medium Acidosis Improves the Maintenance and Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells at High Density in Defined Cell Culture Medium. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:485-496. [PMID: 29805300 PMCID: PMC5968841 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.24681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell density has profound impacts on the cell culture practices of human pluripotent stem cells. The regulation of cell growth, cell death, pluripotency and differentiation converge at high density, but it is largely unknown how different regulatory mechanisms act at this stage. We use a chemically defined medium to systemically examine cellular activities and the impact of medium components in high-density culture. We show that medium acidosis is the main factor that alters cell cycle, gene expression and cellular metabolism at high cell density. The low medium pH leads to inhibition of glucose consumption, cell cycle arrest, and subsequent cell death. At high cell density, the suppression of medium acidosis with sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) significantly increases culture capacity for stem cell survival, derivation, maintenance and differentiation. Our study provides a simple and effective tool to improve stem cell maintenance and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Liu
- University of Macau, Faculty of Health Sciences, Taipa, Macau
| | - Zhili Ren
- University of Macau, Faculty of Health Sciences, Taipa, Macau
| | - Kai Lu
- University of Macau, Faculty of Health Sciences, Taipa, Macau
| | - Chengcheng Song
- University of Macau, Faculty of Health Sciences, Taipa, Macau
| | | | - Zhou Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Diagnostic Laboratory Service, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Guokai Chen
- University of Macau, Faculty of Health Sciences, Taipa, Macau
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55
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Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) differentiated into hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) provide a defined and renewable source of cells for drug screening, toxicology and regenerative medicine. We previously reprogrammed human fetal foreskin fibroblast cells (HFF1) into iPSCs employing an episomal plasmid-based integration-free approach, this iPSC-line and the hESC lines H1 and H9 were used to model hepatogenesis in vitro. Biochemical characterisation confirmed glycogen storage, ICG uptake and release, urea and bile acid production, as well as CYP3A4 activity. Microarray-based transcriptome analyses was carried out using RNA isolated from the undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells and subsequent differentiation stages- definitive endoderm (DE) hepatic endoderm (HE) and HLCs. K-means identified 100 distinct clusters, for example, POU5F1/OCT4 marking the undifferentiated stage, SOX17 the DE stage, HNF4α the HE stage, and ALB specific to HLCs, fetal liver and primary human hepatocytes (PHH). This data descriptor describes these datasets which should be useful for gaining new insights into the molecular basis of hepatogenesis and associated gene regulatory networks.
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56
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Du C, Feng Y, Qiu D, Xu Y, Pang M, Cai N, Xiang AP, Zhang Q. Highly efficient and expedited hepatic differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells by pure small-molecule cocktails. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018. [PMID: 29523187 PMCID: PMC5845228 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0794-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The advent of human-induced pluripotent stem cells holds great promise for producing ample individualized hepatocytes. Although previous efforts have succeeded in generating hepatocytes from human pluripotent stem cells in vitro by viral-based expression of transcription factors and/or addition of growth factors during the differentiation process, the safety issue of viral transduction and high cost of cytokines would hinder the downstream applications. Recently, the use of small molecules has emerged as a powerful tool to induce cell fate transition for their superior stability, safety, cell permeability, and cost-effectiveness. Methods In the present study, we established a novel efficient hepatocyte differentiation strategy of human pluripotent stem cells with pure small-molecule cocktails. This method induced hepatocyte differentiation in a stepwise manner, including definitive endoderm differentiation, hepatic specification, and hepatocyte maturation within only 13 days. Results The differentiated hepatic-like cells were morphologically similar to hepatocytes derived from growth factor-based methods and primary hepatocytes. These cells not only expressed specific hepatic markers at the transcriptional and protein levels, but also possessed main liver functions such as albumin production, glycogen storage, cytochrome P450 activity, and indocyanine green uptake and release. Conclusions Highly efficient and expedited hepatic differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells could be achieved by our present novel, pure, small-molecule cocktails strategy, which provides a cost-effective platform for in vitro studies of the molecular mechanisms of human liver development and holds significant potential for future clinical applications. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-018-0794-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Du
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China.,Cell-gene Therapy Translational Medicine Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China.,Cell-gene Therapy Translational Medicine Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongbo Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China.,Cell-gene Therapy Translational Medicine Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China.,Cell-gene Therapy Translational Medicine Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Mao Pang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China.,Cell-gene Therapy Translational Medicine Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Andy Peng Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China.,Cell-gene Therapy Translational Medicine Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China.,Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China. .,Cell-gene Therapy Translational Medicine Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China. .,Biotherapy Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China. .,Biotherapy Center & Cell-gene Therapy Translational Medicine Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
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57
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Beckwitt CH, Clark AM, Wheeler S, Taylor DL, Stolz DB, Griffith L, Wells A. Liver 'organ on a chip'. Exp Cell Res 2018; 363:15-25. [PMID: 29291400 PMCID: PMC5944300 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The liver plays critical roles in both homeostasis and pathology. It is the major site of drug metabolism in the body and, as such, a common target for drug-induced toxicity and is susceptible to a wide range of diseases. In contrast to other solid organs, the liver possesses the unique ability to regenerate. The physiological importance and plasticity of this organ make it a crucial system of study to better understand human physiology, disease, and response to exogenous compounds. These aspects have impelled many to develop liver tissue systems for study in isolation outside the body. Herein, we discuss these biologically engineered organoids and microphysiological systems. These aspects have impelled many to develop liver tissue systems for study in isolation outside the body. Herein, we discuss these biologically engineered organoids and microphysiological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin H Beckwitt
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; The McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Research and Development Service, VA Pittsburgh Health System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA
| | - Amanda M Clark
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Sarah Wheeler
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - D Lansing Taylor
- Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; The McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; The McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Linda Griffith
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alan Wells
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; The McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Research and Development Service, VA Pittsburgh Health System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA.
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58
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Current Perspectives Regarding Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Liver Cirrhosis. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 2018:4197857. [PMID: 29670867 PMCID: PMC5833156 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4197857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cirrhosis is a major cause of mortality and a common end of various progressive liver diseases. Since the effective treatment is currently limited to liver transplantation, stem cell-based therapy as an alternative has attracted interest due to promising results from preclinical and clinical studies. However, there is still much to be understood regarding the precise mechanisms of action. A number of stem cells from different origins have been employed for hepatic regeneration with different degrees of success. The present review presents a synopsis of stem cell research for the treatment of patients with liver cirrhosis according to the stem cell type. Clinical trials to date are summarized briefly. Finally, issues to be resolved and future perspectives are discussed with regard to clinical applications.
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Meseguer-Ripolles J, Khetani SR, Blanco JG, Iredale M, Hay DC. Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Human Tissue: Platforms to Evaluate Drug Metabolism and Safety. AAPS J 2017; 20:20. [PMID: 29270863 PMCID: PMC5804345 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0171-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the improvements in drug screening, high levels of drug attrition persist. Although high-throughput screening platforms permit the testing of compound libraries, poor compound efficacy or unexpected organ toxicity are major causes of attrition. Part of the reason for drug failure resides in the models employed, most of which are not representative of normal organ biology. This same problem affects all the major organs during drug development. Hepatotoxicity and cardiotoxicity are two interesting examples of organ disease and can present in the late stages of drug development, resulting in major cost and increased risk to the patient. Currently, cell-based systems used within industry rely on immortalized or primary cell lines from donated tissue. These models possess significant advantages and disadvantages, but in general display limited relevance to the organ of interest. Recently, stem cell technology has shown promise in drug development and has been proposed as an alternative to current industrial systems. These offerings will provide the field with exciting new models to study human organ biology at scale and in detail. We believe that the recent advances in production of stem cell-derived hepatocytes and cardiomyocytes combined with cutting-edge engineering technologies make them an attractive alternative to current screening models for drug discovery. This will lead to fast failing of poor drugs earlier in the process, delivering safer and more efficacious medicines for the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Salman R Khetani
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Bioengineering (MC 063) 851 S Morgan St, 218 SEO, Chicago, Illinois, 60607, USA
| | - Javier G Blanco
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Mairi Iredale
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - David C Hay
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK.
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60
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Kotaka M, Toyoda T, Yasuda K, Kitano Y, Okada C, Ohta A, Watanabe A, Uesugi M, Osafune K. Adrenergic receptor agonists induce the differentiation of pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatoblasts into hepatocyte-like cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16734. [PMID: 29196668 PMCID: PMC5711806 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16858-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Current induction methods of hepatocytes from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are neither low cost nor stable. By screening a chemical library of 1,120 bioactive compounds and known drugs, we identified the α1-adrenergic receptor agonist methoxamine hydrochloride as a small molecule that promotes the differentiation of hiPSC-derived hepatoblasts into ALBUMIN+ hepatocyte-like cells. Other α1-adrenergic receptor agonists also induced the differentiation of hepatocyte-like cells, and an α1-receptor antagonist blocked the hepatic-inducing activity of methoxamine hydrochloride and that of the combination of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and Oncostatin M (OsM), two growth factors often used for the induction of hepatoblasts into hepatocyte-like cells. We also confirmed that treatment with methoxamine hydrochloride activates the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway downstream of IL-6 family cytokines including OsM. These findings allowed us to establish hepatic differentiation protocols for both mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and hiPSCs using small molecules at the step from hepatoblasts into hepatocyte-like cells. The results of the present study suggest that α1-adrenergic agonists induce hepatocyte-like cells by working downstream of HGF and OsM to activate STAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Kotaka
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Taro Toyoda
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Katsutaro Yasuda
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yuko Kitano
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Chihiro Okada
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Mitsubishi Space Software Co., Ltd., 5-4-36 Tsukaguchi-honmachi, Amagasaki, Hyogo, 661-0001, Japan
| | - Akira Ohta
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akira Watanabe
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Motonari Uesugi
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho Uji-city, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kenji Osafune
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
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Yan F, Wang Y, Zhang W, Chang M, He Z, Xu J, Shang C, Chen T, Liu J, Wang X, Pei X, Wang Y. Human embryonic stem cell-derived hepatoblasts are an optimal lineage stage for hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 2017; 66:717-735. [PMID: 28236326 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Maturation of hepatic cells can be gradually acquired through multiple stages of hepatic lineage specification, while it is unclear whether hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is maturationally lineage-dependent. We investigated the susceptibility to HCV at multiple stages of human embryonic stem cells, definitive endodermal cells, hepatic stem cells, hepatoblasts (hHBs), and mature hepatocytes. Susceptibility to infection occurred initially at the stage of human hepatic stem cells; however, hHBs proved to have the highest permissiveness and infectivity compared with all other stages. The hHBs' susceptibility to HCV correlated with the translocation of occludin, an HCV receptor, from cytoplasm to plasma membrane of HBs. Vascular endothelial cell growth factor enhanced the HCV susceptibility of hHBs through rearrangement of occludin by dephosphorylation; this minimized hHB polarization and prevented hHBs from further maturation. The transcription profiles of different hepatic lineage stages indicated that expression of innate immune response genes was correlated with hepatic maturation; interferon β played an important role in protecting hHBs from HCV infection. HCV-infected hHBs were able to engraft and integrate into the livers of Fah-/- Rag2-/- mice and maintained an hHB phenotype for over 12 weeks during the time when HCV antigen was evident. After suppression of interferon β in hHBs, HCV infection was significantly enhanced in the engrafted humanized liver tissue of host mice. CONCLUSION Human embryonic stem cell-derived hHBs are the optimal hosts for HCV infectivity; the realization that HCV entry and replication occur primarily at a particular hepatic lineage stage enables us to understand the HCV infection factors, life cycle, and infection dynamics that are facets of the pathogenesis as well as suggesting targets for anti-HCV treatment. (Hepatology 2017;66:717-735).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yan
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China.,Transfusion Immunology Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wencheng Zhang
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyang Chang
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiying He
- Department of Cell Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinbo Xu
- Transfusion Immunology Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Changzhen Shang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of National Education, Ministry for Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology, Inner Mongolia University, Huhhot, China
| | - Xuetao Pei
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China.,South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, AMMS, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunfang Wang
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
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62
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Human embryoid bodies to hepatocyte-like clusters: Preparing for translation. LIVER RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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63
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Jeon H, Kang K, Park SA, Kim WD, Paik SS, Lee SH, Jeong J, Choi D. Generation of Multilayered 3D Structures of HepG2 Cells Using a Bio-printing Technique. Gut Liver 2017; 11:121-128. [PMID: 27559001 PMCID: PMC5221869 DOI: 10.5009/gnl16010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Chronic liver disease is a major widespread cause of death, and whole liver transplantation is the only definitive treatment for patients with end-stage liver diseases. However, many problems, including donor shortage, surgical complications and cost, hinder their usage. Recently, tissue-engineering technology provided a potential breakthrough for solving these problems. Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has been used to mimic tissues and organs suitable for transplantation, but applications for the liver have been rare. Methods A 3D bioprinting system was used to construct 3D printed hepatic structures using alginate. HepG2 cells were cultured on these 3D structures for 3 weeks and examined by fluorescence microscopy, histology and immunohistochemistry. The expression of liver-specific markers was quantified on days 1, 7, 14, and 21. Results The cells grew well on the alginate scaffold, and liver-specific gene expression increased. The cells grew more extensively in 3D culture than two-dimensional culture and exhibited better structural aspects of the liver, indicating that the 3D bioprinting method recapitulates the liver architecture. Conclusions The 3D bioprinting of hepatic structures appears feasible. This technology may become a major tool and provide a bridge between basic science and the clinical challenges for regenerative medicine of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeryeon Jeon
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyojin Kang
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su A Park
- Department of Nature-Inspired Nano Convergence Systems, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Wan Doo Kim
- Department of Nature-Inspired Nano Convergence Systems, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seung Sam Paik
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Science Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaemin Jeong
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dongho Choi
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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64
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Future Challenges in the Generation of Hepatocyte-Like Cells From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-017-0150-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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65
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Footprint-free human fetal foreskin derived iPSCs: A tool for modeling hepatogenesis associated gene regulatory networks. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6294. [PMID: 28740077 PMCID: PMC5524812 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06546-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are similar to embryonic stem cells and can be generated from somatic cells. We have generated episomal plasmid-based and integration-free iPSCs (E-iPSCs) from human fetal foreskin fibroblast cells (HFF1). We used an E-iPSC-line to model hepatogenesis in vitro. The HLCs were characterized biochemically, i.e. glycogen storage, ICG uptake and release, UREA and bile acid production, as well as CYP3A4 activity. Ultra-structure analysis by electron microscopy revealed the presence of lipid and glycogen storage, tight junctions and bile canaliculi- all typical features of hepatocytes. Furthermore, the transcriptome of undifferentiated E-iPSC, DE, HE and HLCs were compared to that of fetal liver and primary human hepatocytes (PHH). K-means clustering identified 100 clusters which include developmental stage-specific groups of genes, e.g. OCT4 expression at the undifferentiated stage, SOX17 marking the DE stage, DLK and HNF6 the HE stage, HNF4α and Albumin is specific to HLCs, fetal liver and adult liver (PHH) stage. We use E-iPSCs for modeling gene regulatory networks associated with human hepatogenesis and gastrulation in general.
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66
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Clinical Application of Pluripotent Stem Cells: An Alternative Cell-Based Therapy for Treating Liver Diseases? Transplantation 2017; 100:2548-2557. [PMID: 27495745 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide shortage of donor livers for organ and hepatocyte transplantation has prompted the search for alternative therapies for intractable liver diseases. Cell-based therapy is envisaged as a useful therapeutic option to recover and stabilize the lost metabolic function for acute liver failure, end-stage and congenital liver diseases, or for those patients who are not considered eligible for organ transplantation. In recent years, research to identify alternative and reliable cell sources for transplantation that can be derived by reproducible methods has been encouraged. Human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), which comprise both embryonic and induced PSCs, may offer many advantages as an alternative to hepatocytes for liver cell therapy. Their capacity for expansion, hepatic differentiation and self-renewal make them a promising source of unlimited numbers of hepatocyte-like cells for treating and repairing damaged livers. Immunogenicity and tumorigenicity of human PSCs remain the bottleneck for successful clinical application. However, recent advances made to develop disease-corrected hepatocyte-like cells from patients' human-induced PSCs by gene editing have opened up many potential gateways for the autologous treatment of hereditary liver diseases, which may likely reduce the risk of rejection and the need for lifelong immunosuppression. Well-defined methods to reduce the expression of oncogenic genes in induced PSCs, including protocols for their complete and safe hepatic differentiation, should be established to minimize the tumorigenicity of transplanted cells. On top of this, such new strategies are currently being rigorously tested and validated in preclinical studies before they can be safely transferred to clinical practice with patients.
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67
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Zakikhan K, Pournasr B, Vosough M, Nassiri-Asl M. In Vitro Generated Hepatocyte-Like Cells: A Novel Tool in Regenerative Medicine and Drug Discovery. CELL JOURNAL 2017; 19:204-217. [PMID: 28670513 PMCID: PMC5412779 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2016.4362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) are generated from either various human pluripotent stem
cells (hPSCs) including induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and embryonic stem cells
(ESCs), or direct cell conversion, mesenchymal stem cells as well as other stem cells like
gestational tissues. They provide potential cell sources for biomedical applications. Liver
transplantation is the gold standard treatment for the patients with end stage liver disease,
but there are many obstacles limiting this process, like insufficient number of donated
healthy livers. Meanwhile, the number of patients receiving a liver organ transplant for
a better life is increasing. In this regard, HLCs may provide an adequate cell source to
overcome these shortages. New molecular engineering approaches such as CRISPR/
Cas system applying in iPSCs technology provide the basic principles of gene correction
for monogenic inherited metabolic liver diseases, as another application of HLCs. It has
been shown that HLCs could replace primary human hepatocytes in drug discovery and
hepatotoxicity tests. However, generation of fully functional HLCs is still a big challenge;
several research groups have been trying to improve current differentiation protocols to
achieve better HLCs according to morphology and function of cells. Large-scale generation
of functional HLCs in bioreactors could make a new opportunity in producing enough
hepatocytes for treating end-stage liver patients as well as other biomedical applications
such as drug studies. In this review, regarding the biomedical value of HLCs, we focus
on the current and efficient approaches for generating hepatocyte-like cells in vitro and
discuss about their applications in regenerative medicine and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobra Zakikhan
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Behshad Pournasr
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Regenerative Biomedicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marjan Nassiri-Asl
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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68
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Sasaki A, Hiwatashi K, Kumagai M, Hata K, Kobayashi M. Relationships between the expression of hepatocyte nuclear factors and factors essential for lipoprotein production in a human mesenchymal stem cell line, UE7T-13. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 81:262-270. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1254530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
To clarify the mechanisms regulating lipoprotein production by hepatocyte nuclear factors (HNFs), we generated four kinds of transfectants in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells: UE7T-13, stably expressing FOXA2 (also known as HNF3β), HNF4α, HNF1α or co-expressing HNF4α, and HNF1α (HNF4α/HNF1α). In HNF4α/HNF1α transfectants, cellular contents of triglycerides (TG) and cholesterol were markedly higher than in UE7T-13 cells and comparable to those in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. However, TG and cholesterol, which are secreted from cells as components of lipoproteins, were hardly detected in the medium for any of the transfectants. ApoB100 and MTP, which are essential for the formation and secretion of lipoproteins, were undetectable and detected at low levels, respectively, in HNF4α/HNF1α transfectants. We suggest that enforced co-expression of HNF4α and HNF1α is effective for cellular lipid accumulation, while additional factors are probably required for lipoprotein formation and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Sasaki
- Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
- Food Processing Research Station, Akita Research Institute of Food and Brewing, Akita, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Hiwatashi
- Food Processing Research Station, Akita Research Institute of Food and Brewing, Akita, Japan
| | - Masanori Kumagai
- Food Processing Research Station, Akita Research Institute of Food and Brewing, Akita, Japan
| | - Keishi Hata
- Food Processing Research Station, Akita Research Institute of Food and Brewing, Akita, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
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69
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Goldring C, Antoine DJ, Bonner F, Crozier J, Denning C, Fontana RJ, Hanley NA, Hay DC, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Juhila S, Kitteringham N, Silva-Lima B, Norris A, Pridgeon C, Ross JA, Sison Young R, Tagle D, Tornesi B, van de Water B, Weaver RJ, Zhang F, Park BK. Stem cell-derived models to improve mechanistic understanding and prediction of human drug-induced liver injury. Hepatology 2017; 65:710-721. [PMID: 27775817 PMCID: PMC5266558 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Current preclinical drug testing does not predict some forms of adverse drug reactions in humans. Efforts at improving predictability of drug-induced tissue injury in humans include using stem cell technology to generate human cells for screening for adverse effects of drugs in humans. The advent of induced pluripotent stem cells means that it may ultimately be possible to develop personalized toxicology to determine interindividual susceptibility to adverse drug reactions. However, the complexity of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury means that no current single-cell model, whether of primary liver tissue origin, from liver cell lines, or derived from stem cells, adequately emulates what is believed to occur during human drug-induced liver injury. Nevertheless, a single-cell model of a human hepatocyte which emulates key features of a hepatocyte is likely to be valuable in assessing potential chemical risk; furthermore, understanding how to generate a relevant hepatocyte will also be critical to efforts to build complex multicellular models of the liver. Currently, hepatocyte-like cells differentiated from stem cells still fall short of recapitulating the full mature hepatocellular phenotype. Therefore, we convened a number of experts from the areas of preclinical and clinical hepatotoxicity and safety assessment, from industry, academia, and regulatory bodies, to specifically explore the application of stem cells in hepatotoxicity safety assessment and to make recommendations for the way forward. In this short review, we particularly discuss the importance of benchmarking stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells to their terminally differentiated human counterparts using defined phenotyping, to make sure the cells are relevant and comparable between labs, and outline why this process is essential before the cells are introduced into chemical safety assessment. (Hepatology 2017;65:710-721).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Goldring
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Daniel J. Antoine
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Jonathan Crozier
- European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing (EPAA), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Chris Denning
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Robert J. Fontana
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Neil A. Hanley
- Centre for Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Manchester; Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre Manchester, UK
| | - David C. Hay
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Satu Juhila
- R&D, In Vitro Biology, Orion Pharma, Espoo, Finland
| | - Neil Kitteringham
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Alan Norris
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Chris Pridgeon
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - James A. Ross
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rowena Sison Young
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Danilo Tagle
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Belen Tornesi
- Abbvie Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bob van de Water
- Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, University of Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Richard J. Weaver
- Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier (I.R.I.S), Suresnes, 92284, Cedex France
| | - Fang Zhang
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - B. Kevin Park
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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70
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Chen Z, Sun M, Yuan Q, Niu M, Yao C, Hou J, Wang H, Wen L, Liu Y, Li Z, He Z. Generation of functional hepatocytes from human spermatogonial stem cells. Oncotarget 2017; 7:8879-95. [PMID: 26840458 PMCID: PMC4891011 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To generate functional human hepatocytes from stem cells and/or extra-hepatic tissues could provide an important source of cells for treating liver diseases. Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) have an unlimited plasticity since they can dedifferentiate and transdifferentiate to other cell lineages. However, generation of mature and functional hepatocytes from human SSCs has not yet been achieved. Here we have for the first time reported direct transdifferentiation of human SSCs to mature and functional hepatocytes by three-step induction using the defined condition medium. Human SSCs were first transdifferentiated to hepatic stem cells, as evidenced by their morphology and biopotential nature of co-expressing hepatocyte and cholangiocyte markers but not hallmarks for embryonic stem cells. Hepatic stem cells were further induced to differentiate into mature hepatocytes identified by their morphological traits and strong expression of CK8, CK18, ALB, AAT, TF, TAT, and cytochrome enzymes rather than CK7 or CK19. Significantly, mature hepatocytes derived from human SSCs assumed functional attributes of human hepatocytes, because they could produce albumin, remove ammonia, and uptake and release indocyanine green. Moreover, expression of β-CATENIN, HNF4A, FOXA1 and GATA4 was upregulated during the transdifferentiation of human SSCs to mature hepatocytes. Collectively, human SSCs could directly transdifferentiate to mature and functional hepatocytes. This study could offer an invaluable source of human hepatocytes for curing liver disorders and drug toxicology screening and provide novel insights into mechanisms underlying human liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji- Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Min Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji- Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Qingqing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji- Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Minghui Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji- Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Chencheng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji- Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Jingmei Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji- Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji- Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Liping Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji- Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji- Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Andrology, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Zuping He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji- Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China.,Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Andrology, Shanghai 200001, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai 200127, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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71
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Liu Y, Jin L, Lou P, Gu Y, Li M, Li X. Dynamic microRNAome profiles in the developing porcine liver. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 81:127-134. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1240602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that micro (mi)RNAs play important roles in various biological process. To evaluate the roles of miRNA in the porcine liver, we investigated the dynamic profiles of microRNAomes using liver tissue from pigs during the embryonic period (embryonic day 90), weaning stage (postnatal day 30), and adult stage (7 years old). A total of 186 unique miRNAs were differentially expressed during liver development. We also identified that 17, 13, and 6 miRNAs were specifically abundant at embryonic day 90, postnatal day 30, and at 7 years, respectively. Besides regulating basic cellular roles in development, miRNAs expressed at the three developmental stages also participated in regulating “embryonic liver development,” “early hepatic growth and generating a functioning liver,” and “energy metabolic processes,” respectively. Our study indicates that miRNAs are extensively involved in liver development, and provides a valuable resource for the further elucidation of miRNA regulatory roles during liver development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Liu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Long Jin
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Pengbo Lou
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiren Gu
- Genetics of the Pigs, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingzhou Li
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuewei Li
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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72
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Jeong J, Kim KN, Chung MS, Kim HJ. Functional comparison of human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells as sources of hepatocyte-like cells. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2016; 13:740-749. [PMID: 30603455 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-016-0094-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into many cell types including mature hepatocytes, and can be used in the development of new drugs, treatment of diseases, and in basic research. In this study, we established a protocol leading to efficient hepatic differentiation, and compared the capacity to differentiate into the hepatocyte lineage of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Optimal combinations of cytokines and growth factors were added to embryoid bodies produced by both types of cell. Differentiation of the cells was assessed with optical and electron microscopes, and hepatic-specific transcripts and proteins were detected by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemistry, respectively. Both types of embryoid body produced polygonal hepatocyte-like cells accompanied by time-dependent up regulation of genes for α-fetoprotein, albumin (ALB), asialoglycoprotein1, CK8, CK18, CK19, CYP1A2, and CYP3A4, which are expressed in fetal and adult hepatocytes. Both types of cell displayed functions characteristic of mature hepatocytes such as accumulation of glycogen, secretion of ALB, and uptake of indocyanine green. And these cells are transplanted into mouse model. Our findings indicate that hESCs and hiPSCs have similar abilities to differentiate into hepatocyte in vitro using the protocol developed here, and these cells are transplantable into damaged liver. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at 10.1007/s13770-016-0094-y and is accessible for authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaemin Jeong
- 1Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu Nam Kim
- 2Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Sung Chung
- 1Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- 3Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763 Korea
| | - Han Joon Kim
- 1Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- 3Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763 Korea
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73
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Ghosh D, Mehta N, Patil A, Sengupta J. Ethical issues in biomedical use of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrhm.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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74
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Alternative Cell Sources to Adult Hepatocytes for Hepatic Cell Therapy. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1506:17-42. [PMID: 27830543 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6506-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Adult hepatocyte transplantation is limited by scarce availability of suitable donor liver tissue for hepatocyte isolation. New cell-based therapies are being developed to supplement whole-organ liver transplantation, to reduce the waiting-list mortality rate, and to obtain more sustained and significant metabolic correction. Fetal livers and unsuitable neonatal livers for organ transplantation have been proposed as potential useful sources of hepatic cells for cell therapy. However, the major challenge is to use alternative cell sources for transplantation that can be derived from reproducible methods. Different types of stem cells with hepatic differentiation potential are eligible for generating large numbers of functional hepatocytes for liver cell therapy to treat degenerative disorders, inborn hepatic metabolic diseases, and organ failure. Clinical trials are designed to fully establish the safety profile of such therapies and to define target patient groups and standardized protocols.
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75
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Yanagihara K, Liu Y, Kanie K, Takayama K, Kokunugi M, Hirata M, Fukuda T, Suga M, Nikawa H, Mizuguchi H, Kato R, Furue MK. Prediction of Differentiation Tendency Toward Hepatocytes from Gene Expression in Undifferentiated Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:1884-1897. [PMID: 27733097 PMCID: PMC5165660 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional hepatocytes derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have potential as tools for predicting drug-induced hepatotoxicity in the early phases of drug development. However, the propensity of hPSC lines to differentiate into specific lineages is reported to differ. The ability to predict low propensity of hPSCs to differentiate into hepatocytes would facilitate the selection of useful hPSC clones and substantially accelerate development of hPSC-derived hepatocytes for pharmaceutical research. In this study, we compared the expression of genes associated with hepatic differentiation in five hPSC lines including human ES cell line, H9, which is known to differentiate into hepatocytes, and an hPSC line reported with a poor propensity for hepatic differentiation. Genes distinguishing between undifferentiated hPSCs, hPSC-derived hepatoblast-like differentiated cells, and primary human hepatocytes were drawn by two-way cluster analysis. The order of expression levels of genes in undifferentiated hPSCs was compared with that in hPSC-derived hepatoblast-like cells. Three genes were selected as predictors of low propensity for hepatic differentiation. Expression of these genes was investigated in 23 hPSC clones. Review of representative cells by induction of hepatic differentiation suggested that low prediction scores were linked with low hepatic differentiation. Thus, our model using gene expression ranking and bioinformatic analysis could reasonably predict poor differentiation propensity of hPSC lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Yanagihara
- 1 Laboratory of Stem Cell Cultures, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation , Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yujung Liu
- 1 Laboratory of Stem Cell Cultures, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation , Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kei Kanie
- 2 Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University , Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuo Takayama
- 3 Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University , Osaka, Japan .,4 The Keihanshin Consortium for Fostering the Next Generation of Global Leaders in Research (K-CONNEX), Kyoto University , Kyoto, Japan .,5 Laboratory of Hepatocyte Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation , Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Minako Kokunugi
- 1 Laboratory of Stem Cell Cultures, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation , Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan .,6 Department of Oral Biology & Engineering Integrated Health Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University , Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mitsuhi Hirata
- 1 Laboratory of Stem Cell Cultures, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation , Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takayuki Fukuda
- 1 Laboratory of Stem Cell Cultures, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation , Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mika Suga
- 1 Laboratory of Stem Cell Cultures, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation , Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nikawa
- 6 Department of Oral Biology & Engineering Integrated Health Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University , Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- 3 Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University , Osaka, Japan .,5 Laboratory of Hepatocyte Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation , Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan .,7 Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University , Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryuji Kato
- 2 Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University , Nagoya, Japan
| | - Miho K Furue
- 1 Laboratory of Stem Cell Cultures, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation , Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
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76
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Kanninen LK, Harjumäki R, Peltoniemi P, Bogacheva MS, Salmi T, Porola P, Niklander J, Smutný T, Urtti A, Yliperttula ML, Lou YR. Laminin-511 and laminin-521-based matrices for efficient hepatic specification of human pluripotent stem cells. Biomaterials 2016; 103:86-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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77
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Improved human endometrial stem cells differentiation into functional hepatocyte-like cells on a glycosaminoglycan/collagen-grafted polyethersulfone nanofibrous scaffold. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2016; 105:2516-2529. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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78
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Pettinato G, Ramanathan R, Fisher RA, Mangino MJ, Zhang N, Wen X. Scalable Differentiation of Human iPSCs in a Multicellular Spheroid-based 3D Culture into Hepatocyte-like Cells through Direct Wnt/β-catenin Pathway Inhibition. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32888. [PMID: 27616299 PMCID: PMC5018737 DOI: 10.1038/srep32888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of acute liver failure by cell transplantation is hindered by a shortage of human hepatocytes. Current protocols for hepatic differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) result in low yields, cellular heterogeneity, and limited scalability. In the present study, we have developed a novel multicellular spheroid-based hepatic differentiation protocol starting from embryoid bodies of hiPSCs (hiPSC-EBs) for robust mass production of human hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) using two novel inhibitors of the Wnt pathway. The resultant hiPSC-EB-HLCs expressed liver-specific genes, secreted hepatic proteins such as Albumin, Alpha Fetoprotein, and Fibrinogen, metabolized ammonia, and displayed cytochrome P450 activities and functional activities typical of mature primary hepatocytes, such as LDL storage and uptake, ICG uptake and release, and glycogen storage. Cell transplantation of hiPSC-EB-HLC in a rat model of acute liver failure significantly prolonged the mean survival time and resolved the liver injury when compared to the no-transplantation control animals. The transplanted hiPSC-EB-HLCs secreted human albumin into the host plasma throughout the examination period (2 weeks). Transplantation successfully bridged the animals through the critical period for survival after acute liver failure, providing promising clues of integration and full in vivo functionality of these cells after treatment with WIF-1 and DKK-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pettinato
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Rajesh Ramanathan
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Robert A Fisher
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin J. Mangino
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Xuejun Wen
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, People’s Republic of China
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79
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Lipoprotein profiles of hepatic cell lines at various stages of differentiation. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2016; 53:93-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-016-0091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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80
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Mallanna SK, Cayo MA, Twaroski K, Gundry RL, Duncan SA. Mapping the Cell-Surface N-Glycoproteome of Human Hepatocytes Reveals Markers for Selecting a Homogeneous Population of iPSC-Derived Hepatocytes. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 7:543-556. [PMID: 27569060 PMCID: PMC5032032 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
When comparing hepatic phenotypes between iPSC-derived hepatocyte-like cells from different liver disease patients, cell heterogeneity can confound interpretation. We proposed that homogeneous cell populations could be generated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Using cell-surface capture proteomics, we identified a total of 300 glycoproteins on hepatocytes. Analyses of the expression profiles during the differentiation of iPSCs revealed that SLC10A1, CLRN3, and AADAC were highly enriched during the final stages of hepatocyte differentiation. FACS purification of hepatocyte-like cells expressing SLC10A1, CLRN3, or AADAC demonstrated enrichment of cells with hepatocyte characteristics. Moreover, transcriptome analyses revealed that cells expressing the liver gene regulatory network were enriched while cells expressing a pluripotent stem cell network were depleted. In conclusion, we report an extensive catalog of cell-surface N-linked glycoproteins expressed in primary hepatocytes and identify cell-surface proteins that facilitate the purification of homogeneous populations of iPSC-derived hepatocyte-like cells. Identified N-linked glycoproteins occupying surface of primary human hepatocytes SLC10A1, CLRN3, and AADAC are expressed on ∼25% of iPSC-derived hepatocytes FACS with these markers enriches hepatic character in iPSC-derived hepatocytes SLC10A1 sorted cells provide homogeneous populations of hepatocyte-like cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Mallanna
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Max A Cayo
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Program in Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Kirk Twaroski
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Program in Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - Rebekah L Gundry
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Stephen A Duncan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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81
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Mathapati S, Siller R, Impellizzeri AAR, Lycke M, Vegheim K, Almaas R, Sullivan GJ. Small-Molecule-Directed Hepatocyte-Like Cell Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN STEM CELL BIOLOGY 2016; 38:1G.6.1-1G.6.18. [PMID: 27532814 DOI: 10.1002/cpsc.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) generated in vitro from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) provide an invaluable resource for basic research, regenerative medicine, drug screening, toxicology, and modeling of liver disease and development. This unit describes a small-molecule-driven protocol for in vitro differentiation of hPSCs into HLCs without the use of growth factors. hPSCs are coaxed through a developmentally relevant route via the primitive streak to definitive endoderm (DE) using the small molecule CHIR99021 (a Wnt agonist), replacing the conventional growth factors Wnt3A and activin A. The small-molecule-derived DE is then differentiated to hepatoblast-like cells in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide. The resulting hepatoblasts are then differentiated to HLCs with N-hexanoic-Tyr, Ile-6 aminohexanoic amide (Dihexa, a hepatocyte growth factor agonist) and dexamethasone. The protocol provides an efficient and reproducible procedure for differentiation of hPSCs into HLCs utilizing small molecules. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Mathapati
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Richard Siller
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Agata A R Impellizzeri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway.,Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Max Lycke
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Karianne Vegheim
- Department of Pediatric Research, Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Runar Almaas
- Department of Pediatric Research, Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gareth J Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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82
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Takayama K. [Establishment of a Method of Hepatocyte Differentiation from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells for Innovative Drug Development]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2016; 135:1141-6. [PMID: 26423870 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.15-00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte-like cells differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells (such as human embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells) are expected to be utilized in drug screening. However, the hepatocyte differentiation efficiency and hepatic functions of hepatocyte-like cells were not sufficient to perform ES/iPS cell-based drug discovery. Therefore, we decided to improve the method of hepatocyte differentiation from human ES/iPS cells. To enhance this hepatocyte differentiation efficiency, hepatocyte-related transcription factors, such as forkhead box protein A2 (FOXA2) and hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 alpha (HNF1α), were overexpressed during the hepatocyte differentiation process. In addition, to enhance the functions of hepatocyte-like cells, these cells were cultured in three dimensional (3D) conditions using a Nanopillar plate. By FOXA2 and HNF1α overexpression, human ES/iPS cells could efficiently (more than 80%) differentiate into albumin-positive hepatocyte-like cells. Various hepatic functions, including albumin secretion and drug metabolism capacities, of the hepatocyte-like cells were significantly enhanced by performing 3D cell culture. These results suggest that the method of hepatocyte differentiation could be improved by using gene transfer and 3D cell culture technologies. We believe that these new hepatocyte-like cells would be useful tools in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Takayama
- iPS Cell-based Research Project on Hepatic Toxicity and Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
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83
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Mandal A, Raju S, Viswanathan C. Cryopreserved hepatic progenitor cells derived from human embryonic stem cells can arrest progression of liver fibrosis in rats. Cell Biol Int 2016; 40:1107-15. [PMID: 27453189 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocytes generated from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are considered to be an excellent candidate for restoring the liver function deficiencies. We have earlier standardized a three-step differentiation protocol to generate functional hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) from hESCs, which expressed the major hepatic markers. We have also found that the HLCs remain stable and functional even after extended period of in vitro culture and cryopreservation. In the present study, we have aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of cryopreserved-thawed hESC-derived hepatic progenitor cells following transplantation in carbon tetrachloride-induced fibrotic rat livers. Significant therapeutic effects, including improved hepatic histology and normal serum biochemistry of hepatic enzymes along with increased survival rate, were observed in the cell transplanted rats. This result is an encouraging indication to develop methods for clinical application of hESC-derived hepatic lineage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arundhati Mandal
- Regenerative Medicine, Reliance Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd., Dhirubhai Ambani Life Sciences Centre, R-282, TTC Industrial Area of MIDC, Thane Belapur Road, Rabale, Navi Mumbai, 400701, India
| | - Sheena Raju
- Regenerative Medicine, Reliance Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd., Dhirubhai Ambani Life Sciences Centre, R-282, TTC Industrial Area of MIDC, Thane Belapur Road, Rabale, Navi Mumbai, 400701, India
| | - Chandra Viswanathan
- Regenerative Medicine, Reliance Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd., Dhirubhai Ambani Life Sciences Centre, R-282, TTC Industrial Area of MIDC, Thane Belapur Road, Rabale, Navi Mumbai, 400701, India.
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84
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Ashtiani MK, Zandi M, Barzin J, Tahamtani Y, Ghanian MH, Moradmand A, Ehsani M, Nezari H, Larijani MR, Baharvand H. Substrate-mediated commitment of human embryonic stem cells for hepatic differentiation. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104:2861-72. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Kazemi Ashtiani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology; Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR; Tehran Iran
- Biomaterials Department; Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute; Tehran Iran
| | - Mojgan Zandi
- Biomaterials Department; Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute; Tehran Iran
| | - Jalal Barzin
- Biomaterials Department; Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute; Tehran Iran
| | - Yaser Tahamtani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology; Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR; Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Ghanian
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology; Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR; Tehran Iran
- Biomaterials Department; Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute; Tehran Iran
| | - Azadeh Moradmand
- Biomaterials Department; Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute; Tehran Iran
| | - Morteza Ehsani
- Biomaterials Department; Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute; Tehran Iran
| | - Hossein Nezari
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology; Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR; Tehran Iran
| | - Mehran Rezaei Larijani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology; Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR; Tehran Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology; Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR; Tehran Iran
- Department of Developmental Biology; University of Science and Culture; Tehran Iran
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85
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Roquet N, Soleimany AP, Ferris AC, Aaronson S, Lu TK. Synthetic recombinase-based state machines in living cells. Science 2016; 353:aad8559. [PMID: 27463678 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad8559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
State machines underlie the sophisticated functionality behind human-made and natural computing systems that perform order-dependent information processing. We developed a recombinase-based framework for building state machines in living cells by leveraging chemically controlled DNA excision and inversion operations to encode states in DNA sequences. This strategy enables convenient readout of states (by sequencing and/or polymerase chain reaction) as well as complex regulation of gene expression. We validated our framework by engineering state machines in Escherichia coli that used one, two, or three chemical inputs to control up to 16 DNA states. These state machines were capable of recording the temporal order of all inputs and performing multi-input, multi-output control of gene expression. We also developed a computational tool for the automated design of gene regulation programs using recombinase-based state machines. Our scalable framework should enable new strategies for recording and studying how combinational and temporal events regulate complex cell functions and for programming sophisticated cell behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Roquet
- Synthetic Biology Group, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Synthetic Biology Center, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Biophysics Program, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ava P Soleimany
- Synthetic Biology Group, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Synthetic Biology Center, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alyssa C Ferris
- Synthetic Biology Group, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Synthetic Biology Center, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Biochemistry Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
| | - Scott Aaronson
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Timothy K Lu
- Synthetic Biology Group, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Synthetic Biology Center, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Biophysics Program, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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86
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Kang SJ, Lee HM, Park YI, Yi H, Lee H, So B, Song JY, Kang HG. Chemically induced hepatotoxicity in human stem cell-induced hepatocytes compared with primary hepatocytes and HepG2. Cell Biol Toxicol 2016; 32:403-17. [PMID: 27287938 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-016-9342-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell-induced hepatocytes (SC-iHeps) have been suggested as a valuable model for evaluating drug toxicology. Here, human-induced pluripotent stem cells (QIA7) and embryonic stem cells (WA01) were differentiated into hepatocytes, and the hepatotoxic effects of acetaminophen (AAP) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) were compared with primary hepatocytes (p-Heps) and HepG2. In a cytotoxicity assay, the IC50 of SC-iHeps was similar to that in p-Heps and HepG2 in the AAP groups but different from that in p-Heps of the AFB1 groups. In a multi-parameter assay, phenotypic changes in mitochondrial membrane potential, calcium influx and oxidative stress were similar between QIA7-iHeps and p-Heps following AAP and AFB1 treatment but relatively low in WA01-iHeps and HepG2. Most hepatic functional markers (hepatocyte-specific genes, albumin/urea secretion, and the CYP450 enzyme activity) were decreased in a dose-dependent manner following AAP and AFB1 treatment in SC-iHeps and p-Heps but not in HepG2. Regarding CYP450 inhibition, the cell viability of SC-iHeps and p-Heps was increased by ketoconazole, a CYP3A4 inhibitor. Collectively, SC-iHeps and p-Heps showed similar cytotoxicity and hepatocyte functional effects for AAP and AFB1 compared with HepG2. Therefore, SC-iHeps have phenotypic characteristics and sensitivity to cytotoxic chemicals that are more similar to p-Heps than to HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Jin Kang
- Veterinary Drugs and Biologics Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 480, Anyang 6-dong, Anyang, 430-824, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk-Mi Lee
- Veterinary Drugs and Biologics Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 480, Anyang 6-dong, Anyang, 430-824, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Il Park
- Veterinary Drugs and Biologics Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 480, Anyang 6-dong, Anyang, 430-824, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Yi
- Veterinary Drugs and Biologics Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 480, Anyang 6-dong, Anyang, 430-824, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hunjoo Lee
- CHEM.I.NET Ltd, Mok-dong, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, 158-818, Republic of Korea
| | - ByungJae So
- Veterinary Drugs and Biologics Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 480, Anyang 6-dong, Anyang, 430-824, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Song
- Veterinary Drugs and Biologics Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 480, Anyang 6-dong, Anyang, 430-824, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan-Goo Kang
- Veterinary Drugs and Biologics Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 480, Anyang 6-dong, Anyang, 430-824, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
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87
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Szkolnicka D, Hay DC. Concise Review: Advances in Generating Hepatocytes from Pluripotent Stem Cells for Translational Medicine. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1421-6. [PMID: 27015786 PMCID: PMC4982058 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The liver is one of the major organs in the human body. Severe or prolonged exposure of the liver to different factors may cause life-threatening disease, which necessitates donor organ transplantation. While orthotopic liver transplantation can be used to effectively treat liver failure, it is an invasive procedure, which is severely limited by organ donation. Therefore, alternative sources of liver support have been proposed and studied. This includes the use of pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes as a renewable source of cells for therapy. In addition to cell-based therapies, in vitro engineered liver tissue provides powerful models for human drug discovery and disease modeling. This review focuses on the generation of hepatocyte-like cells from pluripotent stem cells and their application in translational medicine. Stem Cells 2016;34:1421-1426.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara Szkolnicka
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - David C Hay
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
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88
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Lucendo-Villarin B, Rashidi H, Cameron K, Hay DC. Pluripotent stem cell derived hepatocytes: using materials to define cellular differentiation and tissue engineering. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:3433-3442. [PMID: 27746914 PMCID: PMC5024673 DOI: 10.1039/c6tb00331a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cell derived liver cells (hepatocytes) represent a promising alternative to primary tissue for biological and clinical applications. To date, most hepatocyte maintenance and differentiation systems have relied upon the use of animal derived components. This serves as a significant barrier to large scale production and application of stem cell derived hepatocytes. Recently, the use of defined biologics has overcome those limitations in two-dimensional monolayer culture. In order to improve the cell phenotype further, three-dimensional culture systems have been employed to better mimic the in vivo situation, drawing upon materials chemistry, engineering and biology. In this review we discuss efforts in the field, to differentiate pluripotent stem cells towards hepatocytes under defined conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lucendo-Villarin
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine , University of Edinburgh , 5 Little France Drive , Edinburgh , EH16 4UU , Scotland , UK . ; Tel: +44(0)1316519500
| | - H Rashidi
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine , University of Edinburgh , 5 Little France Drive , Edinburgh , EH16 4UU , Scotland , UK . ; Tel: +44(0)1316519500
| | - K Cameron
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine , University of Edinburgh , 5 Little France Drive , Edinburgh , EH16 4UU , Scotland , UK . ; Tel: +44(0)1316519500
| | - D C Hay
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine , University of Edinburgh , 5 Little France Drive , Edinburgh , EH16 4UU , Scotland , UK . ; Tel: +44(0)1316519500
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89
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Tasnim F, Toh YC, Qu Y, Li H, Phan D, Narmada BC, Ananthanarayanan A, Mittal N, Meng RQ, Yu H. Functionally Enhanced Human Stem Cell Derived Hepatocytes in Galactosylated Cellulosic Sponges for Hepatotoxicity Testing. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:1947-57. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farah Tasnim
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology,
#04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Yi-Chin Toh
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology,
#04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Yinghua Qu
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology,
#04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Huan Li
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology,
#04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Derek Phan
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology,
#04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Balakrishnan C. Narmada
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology,
#04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Abhishek Ananthanarayanan
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology,
#04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Nikhil Mittal
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology,
#04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Ryan Q Meng
- Preclinical Development and Safety, Asia Pacific, Janssen Research & Development, 999 South Pudong Road, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Hanry Yu
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology,
#04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
- Department
of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, MD9-03-03, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- NUS Graduate
School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, #05-01, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117576, Singapore
- Mechanobiology
Institute, T-Laboratories, #05-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 3 Science Drive 2, S16-05-08, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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90
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Twaroski K, Mallanna SK, Jing R, DiFurio F, Urick A, Duncan SA. FGF2 mediates hepatic progenitor cell formation during human pluripotent stem cell differentiation by inducing the WNT antagonist NKD1. Genes Dev 2016; 29:2463-74. [PMID: 26637527 PMCID: PMC4691950 DOI: 10.1101/gad.268961.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Twaroski et al. identified naked cuticle homolog 1 (NKD1) as being directly regulated by FGFR activity during the transition from endoderm to hepatic progenitor cell. Loss of NKD1 suppresses the formation of hepatic progenitor cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells, and this phenotype can be rescued by using a pharmacological antagonist of canonical WNT signaling. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are required to specify hepatic fate within the definitive endoderm through activation of the FGF receptors (FGFRs). While the signaling pathways involved in hepatic specification are well understood, the mechanisms through which FGFs induce hepatic character within the endoderm are ill defined. Here we report the identification of genes whose expression is directly regulated by FGFR activity during the transition from endoderm to hepatic progenitor cell. The FGFR immediate early genes that were identified include those encoding transcription factors, growth factors, and signaling molecules. One of these immediate early genes encodes naked cuticle homolog 1 (NKD1), which is a repressor of canonical WNT (wingless-type MMTV integration site) signaling. We show that loss of NKD1 suppresses the formation of hepatic progenitor cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells and that this phenotype can be rescued by using a pharmacological antagonist of canonical WNT signaling. We conclude that FGF specifies hepatic fate at least in large part by inducing expression of NKD1 to transiently suppress the canonical WNT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk Twaroski
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Program in Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53226, USA
| | - Sunil K Mallanna
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Program in Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53226, USA; Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425, USA
| | - Ran Jing
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Program in Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53226, USA; Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425, USA
| | - Francesca DiFurio
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Program in Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53226, USA; Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425, USA
| | - Amanda Urick
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Program in Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53226, USA; Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425, USA
| | - Stephen A Duncan
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Program in Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53226, USA; Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425, USA
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91
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Carpentier A, Nimgaonkar I, Chu V, Xia Y, Hu Z, Liang TJ. Hepatic differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells in miniaturized format suitable for high-throughput screen. Stem Cell Res 2016; 16:640-50. [PMID: 27062358 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment of protocols to differentiate human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) including embryonic (ESC) and induced pluripotent (iPSC) stem cells into functional hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) creates new opportunities to study liver metabolism, genetic diseases and infection of hepatotropic viruses (hepatitis B and C viruses) in the context of specific genetic background. While supporting efficient differentiation to HLCs, the published protocols are limited in terms of differentiation into fully mature hepatocytes and in a smaller-well format. This limitation handicaps the application of these cells to high-throughput assays. Here we describe a protocol allowing efficient and consistent hepatic differentiation of hPSCs in 384-well plates into functional hepatocyte-like cells, which remain differentiated for more than 3weeks. This protocol affords the unique opportunity to miniaturize the hPSC-based differentiation technology and facilitates screening for molecules in modulating liver differentiation, metabolism, genetic network, and response to infection or other external stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Carpentier
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Ila Nimgaonkar
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Virginia Chu
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yuchen Xia
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zongyi Hu
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - T Jake Liang
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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92
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Kanninen LK, Porola P, Niklander J, Malinen MM, Corlu A, Guguen-Guillouzo C, Urtti A, Yliperttula ML, Lou YR. Hepatic differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells on human liver progenitor HepaRG-derived acellular matrix. Exp Cell Res 2016; 341:207-17. [PMID: 26854693 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Human hepatocytes are extensively needed in drug discovery and development. Stem cell-derived hepatocytes are expected to be an improved and continuous model of human liver to study drug candidates. Generation of endoderm-derived hepatocytes from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, is a complex, challenging process requiring specific signals from soluble factors and insoluble matrices at each developmental stage. In this study, we used human liver progenitor HepaRG-derived acellular matrix (ACM) as a hepatic progenitor-specific matrix to induce hepatic commitment of hPSC-derived definitive endoderm (DE) cells. The DE cells showed much better attachment to the HepaRG ACM than other matrices tested and then differentiated towards hepatic cells, which expressed hepatocyte-specific makers. We demonstrate that Matrigel overlay induced hepatocyte phenotype and inhibited biliary epithelial differentiation in two hPSC lines studied. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that the HepaRG ACM, a hepatic progenitor-specific matrix, plays an important role in the hepatic differentiation of hPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisa K Kanninen
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pauliina Porola
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Niklander
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Melina M Malinen
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Corlu
- Inserm UMR991, Liver Metabolisms and Cancer, Université de Rennes 1, F-35043 Rennes, France
| | | | - Arto Urtti
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marjo L Yliperttula
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yan-Ru Lou
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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93
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Hansel MC, Davila JC, Vosough M, Gramignoli R, Skvorak KJ, Dorko K, Marongiu F, Blake W, Strom SC. The Use of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for the Study and Treatment of Liver Diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 67:14.13.1-14.13.27. [PMID: 26828329 DOI: 10.1002/0471140856.tx1413s67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Liver disease is a major global health concern. Liver cirrhosis is one of the leading causes of death in the world and currently the only therapeutic option for end-stage liver disease (e.g., acute liver failure, cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis, cholestatic diseases, metabolic diseases, and malignant neoplasms) is orthotropic liver transplantation. Transplantation of hepatocytes has been proposed and used as an alternative to whole organ transplant to stabilize and prolong the lives of patients in some clinical cases. Although these experimental therapies have demonstrated promising and beneficial results, their routine use remains a challenge due to the shortage of donor livers available for cell isolation, variable quality of those tissues, the potential need for lifelong immunosuppression in the transplant recipient, and high costs. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies and more reliable clinical treatments are urgently needed. Recent and continuous technological advances in the development of stem cells suggest they may be beneficial in this respect. In this review, we summarize the history of stem cell and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology in the context of hepatic differentiation and discuss the potential applications the technology may offer for human liver disease modeling and treatment. This includes developing safer drugs and cell-based therapies to improve the outcomes of patients with currently incurable health illnesses. We also review promising advances in other disease areas to highlight how the stem cell technology could be applied to liver diseases in the future. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc C Hansel
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Julio C Davila
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roberto Gramignoli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristen J Skvorak
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kenneth Dorko
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Fabio Marongiu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Experimental Pathology, Unit of Experimental Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - William Blake
- Genetically Modified Models Center of Emphasis, Pfizer, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Stephen C Strom
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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94
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Manzini BM, da Silva Santos Duarte A, Sankaramanivel S, Ramos AL, Latuf-Filho P, Escanhoela C, Kharmandayan P, Olalla Saad ST, Boin I, Malheiros Luzo ÂC. Useful properties of undifferentiated mesenchymal stromal cells and adipose tissue as the source in liver-regenerative therapy studied in an animal model of severe acute fulminant hepatitis. Cytotherapy 2016; 17:1052-65. [PMID: 26139545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS End-stage liver diseases frequently require liver transplantation. Cell therapy could be an alternative. This study aimed to analyze whether undifferentiated mesenchymal stromal cells (U-MSCs) or MSC-derived hepatocyte-like cells (DHLCs) from adipose tissue (AT), umbilical cord blood (UCB) and bone marrow (BM) would better restore damaged liver. METHODS AT was obtained from lipo-aspiration, UCB from an Umbilical Cord Blood Bank and BM from a BM Transplantation Unit. AT (collagenase digestion), UCB and BM (Ficoll gradient) were cultured (Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, low glucose, FBS) for 3 days. Detached adherent cells, at passage 4, were characterized as MSCs. Genetic stability was investigated by means of telomerase enzyme activity and karyotype. Hepatocyte differentiation protocol was performed with the use of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, hepatocyte growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor and nicotinamide (7 days); maturation medium (oncostatin, dexamethasone, insulin, transferrin and selenium) was added at 36 days. Hepatogenesis analyses were performed by use of morphology and albumin, AF, tyrosine-aminotransferase and glutamine synthetase gene expression and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction on days 9, 18, 25 and 36. Functionality was assessed through glycogen storage detection, indocyanine green absorption and transplantation procedure. U-MSCs and DHLCs were injected 48 h after induced fulminant hepatitis (intraperitoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride) in SCID/BALB-c mice. Histopathologic analyses were performed on days 7 and 15. Human origin included albumin and CK19 human markers. RESULTS All MSCs differentiated into functional hepatocyte-like cells, stored glycogen and absorbed indocyanine green. AT-MSC DHLC gene expression was more consistent with a normal hepatogenic-differentiation profile. UCB-MSCs expanded weakly, impairing their use for the transplantation procedure. AT and BM U-MSCs and DHLCs regenerated liver injury equally. Regenerated hepatocytes exhibited human origin. CONCLUSIONS AT might be the source and U-MSCS the stem cells useful for liver-regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Maria Manzini
- Umbilical Cord Blood Bank, Hematology Hemotherapy Centre/INCT do Sangue, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Aline Lisie Ramos
- Hematology Hemotherapy Centre/INCT do Sangue, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Latuf-Filho
- Research Center in Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cecilia Escanhoela
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Kharmandayan
- Plastic Surgery Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sara Teresinha Olalla Saad
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Haematology Hemotherapy Centre/INCT do Sangue, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ilka Boin
- Liver Transplantation Unit-Gastroenterology Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ângela Cristina Malheiros Luzo
- Umbilical Cord Blood Bank, Hematology Hemotherapy Centre/INCT do Sangue, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Liver Transplantation Unit-Gastroenterology Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas São Paulo, Brazil.
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95
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Oshikata-Miyazaki A, Takezawa T. Development of an oxygenation culture method for activating the liver-specific functions of HepG2 cells utilizing a collagen vitrigel membrane chamber. Cytotechnology 2015; 68:1801-11. [PMID: 26660096 PMCID: PMC5023555 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-015-9934-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently developed a collagen vitrigel membrane (CVM) chamber possessing a scaffold composed of high-density collagen fibrils. In this study, we first confirmed that the advantage of CVM chamber in comparison to the traditional culture chamber with porous polyethylene terephthalate membrane is to preserve a culture medium poured in its inside even though the under side is not a liquid phase but solid and gas phases. Subsequently, we designed three different culture systems to grow HepG2 cells in a culture medium (liquid phase) on the CVM which the under side is a culture medium, a plastic surface (solid phase) or 5 % CO2 in air (gas phase) and aimed to develop a brief culture method useful for activating the liver-specific functions and analyzing the pharmacokinetics of fluorescein diacetate. HepG2 cells cultured for 2 days on the liquid–solid interface and subsequently for 1 day on the liquid–gas interface represented excellent cell viability and morphology in comparison to the others, and remarkably improved albumin secretion and urea synthesis to almost the same level of freshly isolated human hepatocytes and CYP3A4 activity to about half the level of differentiated HepaRG cells. Also, the cells rapidly absorbed fluorescein diacetate, distributed it in cytosol, metabolized it into fluorescein, and speedily excreted fluorescein into both bile canaliculus-like networks and extracellular solution. These data suggest that hepatic structure and functions of monolayered HepG2 cells can be induced within a day after the oxygenation from beneath the CVM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Oshikata-Miyazaki
- Division of Animal Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ohwashi 1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Takezawa
- Division of Animal Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ohwashi 1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan.
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96
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Song W, Lu YC, Frankel AS, An D, Schwartz RE, Ma M. Engraftment of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes in immunocompetent mice via 3D co-aggregation and encapsulation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16884. [PMID: 26592180 PMCID: PMC4655358 DOI: 10.1038/srep16884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular therapies for liver diseases and in vitro models for drug testing both require functional human hepatocytes (Hum-H), which have unfortunately been limited due to the paucity of donor liver tissues. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) represent a promising and potentially unlimited cell source to derive Hum-H. However, the hepatic functions of these hPSC-derived cells to date are not fully comparable to adult Hum-H and are more similar to fetal ones. In addition, it has been challenging to obtain functional hepatic engraftment of these cells with prior studies having been done in immunocompromised animals. In this report, we demonstrated successful engraftment of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived hepatocyte-like cells (iPS-H) in immunocompetent mice by pre-engineering 3D cell co-aggregates with stromal cells (SCs) followed by encapsulation in recently developed biocompatible hydrogel capsules. Notably, upon transplantation, human albumin and α1-antitrypsin (A1AT) in mouse sera secreted by encapsulated iPS-H/SCs aggregates reached a level comparable to the primary Hum-H/SCs control. Further immunohistochemistry of human albumin in retrieved cell aggregates confirmed the survival and function of iPS-H. This proof-of-concept study provides a simple yet robust approach to improve the engraftment of iPS-H, and may be applicable to many stem cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Yen-Chun Lu
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Angela S. Frankel
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Duo An
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Robert E. Schwartz
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Minglin Ma
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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97
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Ryabinin VE. [Problems and prospects of creation of extracorporal systems for support of functional livers status]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2015; 61:545-59. [PMID: 26539863 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20156105545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The review considers features of efferent therapy employing extracorporeal systems, the devices known as "artificial liver" and "bioartificial liver" in the treatment of liver insufficiency. Analysis of literature data shows the need for further development of these biomedical studies and the search for optimal solutions in the selection of the source of hepatocytes, the development of bioreactors and biomaterials forming the basis of devices like "bioartificial liver". Taking into consideration certain advantages and disadvantages typical for various methods of extracorporeal support of the functional state of the liver one can evaluate prior experience in the treatment of liver diseases and approaches to the development of new, more effective medical technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- V E Ryabinin
- South-Ural State Medical University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
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98
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Mandal A, Raju S, Viswanathan C. Long-term culture and cryopreservation does not affect the stability and functionality of human embryonic stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2015; 52:243-51. [PMID: 26487432 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-015-9956-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are predicted to be an unlimited source of hepatocytes which can pave the way for applications such as cell replacement therapies or as a model of human development or even to predict the hepatotoxicity of drug compounds. We have optimized a 23-d differentiation protocol to generate hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) from hESCs, obtaining a relatively pure population which expresses the major hepatic markers and is functional and mature. The stability of the HLCs in terms of hepato-specific marker expression and functionality was found to be intact even after an extended period of in vitro culture and cryopreservation. The hESC-derived HLCs have shown the capability to display sensitivity and an alteration in the level of CYP enzyme upon drug induction. This illustrates the potential of such assays in predicting the hepatotoxicity of a drug compound leading to advancement of pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arundhati Mandal
- Regenerative Medicine, Reliance Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, Dhirubhai Ambani Life Sciences Centre, R-282, TTC Industrial Area of MIDC, Thane Belapur Road, Rabale, Navi Mumbai, 400 701, India.
| | - Sheena Raju
- Regenerative Medicine, Reliance Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, Dhirubhai Ambani Life Sciences Centre, R-282, TTC Industrial Area of MIDC, Thane Belapur Road, Rabale, Navi Mumbai, 400 701, India
| | - Chandra Viswanathan
- Regenerative Medicine, Reliance Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, Dhirubhai Ambani Life Sciences Centre, R-282, TTC Industrial Area of MIDC, Thane Belapur Road, Rabale, Navi Mumbai, 400 701, India
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99
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Konorov SO, Schulze HG, Gage BK, Kieffer TJ, Piret JM, Blades MW, Turner RFB. Process Analytical Utility of Raman Microspectroscopy in the Directed Differentiation of Human Pancreatic Insulin-Positive Cells. Anal Chem 2015; 87:10762-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav O. Konorov
- Michael
Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC Canada, V6T 1Z4
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC Canada, V6T 1Z1
| | - H. Georg Schulze
- Michael
Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Blair K. Gage
- Department
of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC Canada, V6T 1Z3
| | - Timothy J. Kieffer
- Department
of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC Canada, V6T 1Z3
- Department
of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, 910 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC Canada, V5Z 4E3
| | - James M. Piret
- Michael
Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC Canada, V6T 1Z4
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC Canada, V6T 1Z3
| | - Michael W. Blades
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC Canada, V6T 1Z1
| | - Robin F. B. Turner
- Michael
Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC Canada, V6T 1Z4
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC Canada, V6T 1Z1
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC Canada, V6T 1Z4
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Kimbrel EA, Lanza R. Current status of pluripotent stem cells: moving the first therapies to the clinic. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2015; 14:681-92. [PMID: 26391880 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) hold great promise for drug discovery and regenerative medicine owing to their ability to differentiate into any cell type in the body. After more than three decades of research, including delays due to the potential tumorigenicity of PSCs and inefficiencies in differentiation methods, the field is at a turning point, with a number of clinical trials across the globe now testing PSC-derived products in humans. Ocular diseases dominate these first-in-man trials, and Phase l/ll results are showing promising safety data as well as possible efficacy. In addition, the advent of induced PSC (iPSC) technology is enabling the development of a wide range of cell-based disease models from genetically predisposed patients, thereby facilitating drug discovery. In this Review, we discuss the recent progress and remaining challenges for the use of PSCs in regenerative medicine and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A Kimbrel
- Ocata Therapeutics, 33 Locke Drive, Marlborough, Massachusetts 01752, USA
| | - Robert Lanza
- Ocata Therapeutics, 33 Locke Drive, Marlborough, Massachusetts 01752, USA
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