51
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Polanco A, Kuang B, Yoon S. Bioprocess Technologies that Preserve the Quality of iPSCs. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 38:1128-1140. [PMID: 32941792 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is essential for the treatment of a variety of clinical indications. However, culturing enough iPSCs for clinical applications is problematic due to their sensitive pluripotent state and dependence on a supporting matrix. Developing stem cell bioprocessing strategies that are scalable and meet clinical needs requires incorporating methods that measure and monitor intrinsic markers of cell differentiation state, developmental status, and viability in real time. In addition, proper cell culture modalities that nurture the growth of high-quality stem cells in suspension are critical for industrial scale-up. In this review, we present an overview of cell culture media, suspension modalities, and monitoring techniques that preserve the quality and pluripotency of iPSCs during initiation, expansion, and manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashli Polanco
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Bingyu Kuang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Seongkyu Yoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA.
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52
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Ireland RG, Kibschull M, Audet J, Ezzo M, Hinz B, Lye SJ, Simmons CA. Combinatorial extracellular matrix microarray identifies novel bioengineered substrates for xeno-free culture of human pluripotent stem cells. Biomaterials 2020; 248:120017. [PMID: 32283392 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells in their microenvironment are exposed to a plethora of biochemical signals and biophysical forces. Interrogating the role of each factor in the cell microenvironment, however, remains difficult due to the inability to study microenvironmental cues and tease apart their interactions in high throughput. To address this need, we developed an extracellular matrix (ECM) microarray screening platform capable of tightly controlling substrate stiffness and ECM protein composition to screen the effects of these cues and their interactions on cell fate. We combined this platform with a design of experiments screening strategy to identify optimal conditions that can maintain human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) pluripotency in chemically defined, xeno-free conditions. Combinations of ECM proteins (fibronectin, vitronectin, laminin-521, and collagen IV) were deposited on polydimethylsiloxane substrates with elastic moduli ranging from ~1 to 60 kPa using a high throughput protein plotter. Through our screening approach, we identified several non-intuitive protein-protein and protein-stiffness interactions and developed three novel culture substrates. hPSCs grown on these novel culture substrates displayed higher proliferation rates and pluripotency marker expression than current gold-standard culture substrates Geltrex- and vitronectin-coated plastic. This ECM microarray and screening approach is not limited to the factors studied here and can be broadly applied to other cell types to systematically screen microenvironmental conditions to optimally guide cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald G Ireland
- Institute of Biomaterials & Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mark Kibschull
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julie Audet
- Institute of Biomaterials & Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maya Ezzo
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Boris Hinz
- Institute of Biomaterials & Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen J Lye
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada; Departments of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Physiology, and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Alliance for Human Development, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Craig A Simmons
- Institute of Biomaterials & Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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53
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Kuo HH, Gao X, DeKeyser JM, Fetterman KA, Pinheiro EA, Weddle CJ, Fonoudi H, Orman MV, Romero-Tejeda M, Jouni M, Blancard M, Magdy T, Epting CL, George AL, Burridge PW. Negligible-Cost and Weekend-Free Chemically Defined Human iPSC Culture. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 14:256-270. [PMID: 31928950 PMCID: PMC7013200 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) culture has become routine, yet the cost of pluripotent cell media, frequent medium changes, and the reproducibility of differentiation have remained restrictive. Here, we describe the formulation of a hiPSC culture medium (B8) as a result of the exhaustive optimization of medium constituents and concentrations, establishing the necessity and relative contributions of each component to the pluripotent state and cell proliferation. The reagents in B8 represent only 3% of the costs of commercial media, made possible primarily by the in-lab generation of three E. coli-expressed, codon-optimized recombinant proteins: fibroblast growth factor 2, transforming growth factor β3, and neuregulin 1. We demonstrate the derivation and culture of 34 hiPSC lines in B8 as well as the maintenance of pluripotency long term (over 100 passages). This formula also allows a weekend-free feeding schedule without sacrificing capacity for differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hsuan Kuo
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Center for Pharmacogenomics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xiaozhi Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Center for Pharmacogenomics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jean-Marc DeKeyser
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Center for Pharmacogenomics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - K Ashley Fetterman
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Center for Pharmacogenomics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Emily A Pinheiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Center for Pharmacogenomics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Carly J Weddle
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Center for Pharmacogenomics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hananeh Fonoudi
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Center for Pharmacogenomics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael V Orman
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Center for Pharmacogenomics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marisol Romero-Tejeda
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Center for Pharmacogenomics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mariam Jouni
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Center for Pharmacogenomics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Malorie Blancard
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Center for Pharmacogenomics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tarek Magdy
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Center for Pharmacogenomics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Conrad L Epting
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alfred L George
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Center for Pharmacogenomics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Paul W Burridge
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Center for Pharmacogenomics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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54
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Hamidi S, Nakaya Y, Nagai H, Alev C, Kasukawa T, Chhabra S, Lee R, Niwa H, Warmflash A, Shibata T, Sheng G. Mesenchymal-epithelial transition regulates initiation of pluripotency exit before gastrulation. Development 2020; 147:147/3/dev184960. [PMID: 32014865 DOI: 10.1242/dev.184960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The pluripotent epiblast gives rise to all tissues and organs in the adult body. Its differentiation starts at gastrulation, when the epiblast generates mesoderm and endoderm germ layers through epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Although gastrulation EMT coincides with loss of epiblast pluripotency, pluripotent cells in development and in vitro can adopt either mesenchymal or epithelial morphology. The relationship between epiblast cellular morphology and its pluripotency is not well understood. Here, using chicken epiblast and mammalian pluripotency stem cell (PSC) models, we show that PSCs undergo a mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) prior to EMT-associated pluripotency loss. Epiblast MET and its subsequent EMT are two distinct processes. The former, a partial MET, is associated with reversible initiation of pluripotency exit, whereas the latter, a full EMT, is associated with complete and irreversible pluripotency loss. We provide evidence that integrin-mediated cell-matrix interaction is a key player in pluripotency exit regulation. We propose that epiblast partial MET is an evolutionarily conserved process among all amniotic vertebrates and that epiblast pluripotency is restricted to an intermediate cellular state residing between the fully mesenchymal and fully epithelial states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiane Hamidi
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nakaya
- Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), RIKEN, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nagai
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan.,Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), RIKEN, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Cantas Alev
- Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), RIKEN, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.,Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takeya Kasukawa
- Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Sapna Chhabra
- Systems, Synthetic and Physical Biology Graduate Program, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251, USA
| | - Ruda Lee
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Niwa
- Department of Pluripotent Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Aryeh Warmflash
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Tatsuo Shibata
- Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), RIKEN, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Guojun Sheng
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan .,Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), RIKEN, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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55
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McKee C, Brown C, Chaudhry GR. Self-Assembling Scaffolds Supported Long-Term Growth of Human Primed Embryonic Stem Cells and Upregulated Core and Naïve Pluripotent Markers. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121650. [PMID: 31888235 PMCID: PMC6952907 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance and expansion of human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in two-dimensional (2-D) culture is technically challenging, requiring routine manipulation and passaging. We developed three-dimensional (3-D) scaffolds to mimic the in vivo microenvironment for stem cell proliferation. The scaffolds were made of two 8-arm polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymers functionalized with thiol (PEG-8-SH) and acrylate (PEG-8-Acr) end groups, which self-assembled via a Michael addition reaction. When primed ESCs (H9 cells) were mixed with PEG polymers, they were encapsulated and grew for an extended period, while maintaining their viability, self-renewal, and differentiation potential both in vitro and in vivo. Three-dimensional (3-D) self-assembling scaffold-grown cells displayed an upregulation of core pluripotency genes, OCT4, NANOG, and SOX2. In addition, the expression of primed markers decreased, while the expression of naïve markers substantially increased. Interestingly, the expression of mechanosensitive genes, YAP and TAZ, was also upregulated. YAP inhibition by Verteporfin abrogated the increased expression of YAP/TAZ as well as core and naïve pluripotent markers. Evidently, the 3-D culture conditions induced the upregulation of makers associated with a naïve state of pluripotency in the primed cells. Overall, our 3-D culture system supported the expansion of a homogenous population of ESCs and should be helpful in advancing their use for cell therapy and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina McKee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA; (C.M.); (C.B.)
- OU-WB Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
| | - Christina Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA; (C.M.); (C.B.)
- OU-WB Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
| | - G. Rasul Chaudhry
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA; (C.M.); (C.B.)
- OU-WB Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-248-370-3350
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56
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Paiva S, Joanne P, Migdal C, Soler EL, Hovhannisyan Y, Nicolas A, Agbulut O. Polyacrylamide Hydrogels with Rigidity-Independent Surface Chemistry Show Limited Long-Term Maintenance of Pluripotency of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells on Soft Substrates. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 6:340-351. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Solenne Paiva
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), CNRS UMR 8256, Inserm ERL U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Joanne
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), CNRS UMR 8256, Inserm ERL U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Camille Migdal
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LTM, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Inserm, BIG-BGE, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Yeranuhi Hovhannisyan
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), CNRS UMR 8256, Inserm ERL U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Alice Nicolas
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LTM, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Onnik Agbulut
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), CNRS UMR 8256, Inserm ERL U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, 75005 Paris, France
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57
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Lim JJ, Kim HJ, Rhie BH, Lee MR, Choi MJ, Hong SH, Kim KS. Maintenance of hPSCs under Xeno-Free and Chemically Defined Culture Conditions. Int J Stem Cells 2019; 12:484-496. [PMID: 31658510 PMCID: PMC6881038 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc19090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, the majority of human embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cells have been derived on feeder layers and chemically undefined medium. Those media components related to feeder cells, or animal products, often greatly affect the consistency of the cell culture. There are clear advantages of a defined, xeno-free, and feeder-free culture system for human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) cultures, since consistency in the formulations prevents lot-to-lot variability. Eliminating all non-human components reduces health risks for downstream applications, and those environments reduce potential immunological reactions from stem cells. Therefore, development of feeder-free hPSCs culture systems has been an important focus of hPSCs research. Recently, researchers have established a variety of culture systems in a defined combination, xeno-free matrix and medium that supports the growth and differentiation of hPSCs. Here we described detailed hPSCs culture methods under feeder-free and chemically defined conditions using vitronetin and TeSR-E8 medium including supplement bioactive lysophospholipid for promoting hPSCs proliferation and maintaining stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Jin Lim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung Joon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung-Ho Rhie
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Man Ryul Lee
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bioscience, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Myeong Jun Choi
- 1st Research Center, Axceso Biopharma Co., Ltd., Yongin, Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Kye-Seong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.,College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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58
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Liu W, Deng C, Godoy-Parejo C, Zhang Y, Chen G. Developments in cell culture systems for human pluripotent stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2019; 11:968-981. [PMID: 31768223 PMCID: PMC6851012 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i11.968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are important resources for cell-based therapies and pharmaceutical applications. In order to realize the potential of hPSCs, it is critical to develop suitable technologies required for specific applications. Most hPSC technologies depend on cell culture, and are critically influenced by culture medium composition, extracellular matrices, handling methods, and culture platforms. This review summarizes the major technological advances in hPSC culture, and highlights the opportunities and challenges in future therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Liu
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
- Bioimaging and Stem Cell Core Facility, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Chunhao Deng
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Carlos Godoy-Parejo
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Yumeng Zhang
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Guokai Chen
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China.
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59
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Stubb A, Guzmán C, Närvä E, Aaron J, Chew TL, Saari M, Miihkinen M, Jacquemet G, Ivaska J. Superresolution architecture of cornerstone focal adhesions in human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4756. [PMID: 31628312 PMCID: PMC6802214 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12611-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While it is clear that key transcriptional programmes are important for maintaining pluripotency, the requirement for cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix remains poorly defined. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) form colonies encircled by an actin ring and large stable cornerstone focal adhesions (FA). Using superresolution two-colour interferometric photo-activated localisation microscopy, we examine the three-dimensional architecture of cornerstone adhesions and report vertical lamination of FA proteins with three main structural features distinct from previously studied focal adhesions: 1) integrin β5 and talin are present at high density, at the edges of cornerstone FA, adjacent to a vertical kank-rich protein wall, 2) vinculin localises higher than previously reported, displaying a head-above-tail orientation, and 3) surprisingly, actin and α-actinin are present in two discrete z-layers. Finally, we report that depletion of kanks diminishes FA patterning, and actin organisation within the colony, indicating a role for kanks in hPSC colony architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Stubb
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Camilo Guzmán
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
- Nanophotonics and Bioimaging Facility, INL-International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330, Braga, Portugal
| | - Elisa Närvä
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Jesse Aaron
- Advanced Imaging Center, HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VI, 20147, USA
| | - Teng-Leong Chew
- Advanced Imaging Center, HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VI, 20147, USA
| | - Markku Saari
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Mitro Miihkinen
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Guillaume Jacquemet
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Ivaska
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20520, Turku, Finland.
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60
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Electrophoretic mobility of neuron-like cells regenerated from iPSCs with induction of retinoic acid- and nerve growth factor-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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61
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Characterization of dystroglycan binding in adhesion of human induced pluripotent stem cells to laminin-511 E8 fragment. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13037. [PMID: 31506597 PMCID: PMC6737067 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49669-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) grow indefinitely in culture and have the potential to regenerate various tissues. In the development of cell culture systems, a fragment of laminin-511 (LM511-E8) was found to improve the proliferation of stem cells. The adhesion of undifferentiated cells to LM511-E8 is mainly mediated through integrin α6β1. However, the involvement of non-integrin receptors remains unknown in stem cell culture using LM511-E8. Here, we show that dystroglycan (DG) is strongly expressed in hiPSCs. The fully glycosylated DG is functionally active for laminin binding, and although it has been suggested that LM511-E8 lacks DG binding sites, the fragment does weakly bind to DG. We further identified the DG binding sequence in LM511-E8, using synthetic peptides, of which, hE8A5-20 (human laminin α5 2688–2699: KTLPQLLAKLSI) derived from the laminin coiled-coil domain, exhibited DG binding affinity and cell adhesion activity. Deletion and mutation studies show that LLAKLSI is the active core sequence of hE8A5-20, and that, K2696 is a critical amino acid for DG binding. We further demonstrated that hiPSCs adhere to hE8A5-20-conjugated chitosan matrices. The amino acid sequence of DG binding peptides would be useful to design substrata for culture system of undifferentiated and differentiated stem cells.
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62
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Rowland TJ, Dumbović G, Hass EP, Rinn JL, Cech TR. Single-cell imaging reveals unexpected heterogeneity of telomerase reverse transcriptase expression across human cancer cell lines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:18488-18497. [PMID: 31451652 PMCID: PMC6744858 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1908275116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase is pathologically reactivated in most human cancers, where it maintains chromosomal telomeres and allows immortalization. Because telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is usually the limiting component for telomerase activation, numerous studies have measured TERT mRNA levels in populations of cells or in tissues. In comparison, little is known about TERT expression at the single-cell and single-molecule level. To address this, we analyzed TERT expression across 10 human cancer lines using single-molecule RNA fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and made several unexpected findings. First, there was substantial cell-to-cell variation in number of transcription sites and ratio of transcription sites to gene copies. Second, previous classification of lines as having monoallelic or biallelic TERT expression was found to be inadequate for capturing the TERT gene expression patterns. Finally, spliced TERT mRNA had primarily nuclear localization in cancer cells and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), in stark contrast to the expectation that spliced mRNA should be predominantly cytoplasmic. These data reveal unappreciated heterogeneity, complexity, and unconventionality in TERT expression across human cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teisha J Rowland
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
| | - Gabrijela Dumbović
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
| | - Evan P Hass
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
| | - John L Rinn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
| | - Thomas R Cech
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303;
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
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63
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Shin K, Lechtenberg BC, Fujimoto LM, Yao Y, Bartra SS, Plano GV, Marassi FM. Structure of human Vitronectin C-terminal domain and interaction with Yersinia pestis outer membrane protein Ail. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax5068. [PMID: 31535027 PMCID: PMC6739113 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax5068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Vitronectin (Vn) is a major component of blood that controls many processes central to human biology. It is a drug target and a key factor in cell and tissue engineering applications, but despite long-standing efforts, little is known about the molecular basis for its functions. Here, we define the domain organization of Vn, report the crystal structure of its carboxyl-terminal domain, and show that it harbors the binding site for the Yersinia pestis outer membrane protein Ail, which recruits Vn to the bacterial cell surface to evade human host defenses. Vn forms a single four-bladed β/α-propeller that serves as a hub for multiple functions. The structure explains key features of native Vn and provides a blueprint for understanding and targeting this essential human protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungsoo Shin
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bernhard C. Lechtenberg
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lynn M. Fujimoto
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yong Yao
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sara Schesser Bartra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
| | - Gregory V. Plano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
| | - Francesca M. Marassi
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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64
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Sung TC, Yang JS, Yeh CC, Liu YC, Jiang YP, Lu MW, Ling QD, Kumar SS, Chang Y, Umezawa A, Chen H, Higuchi A. The design of a thermoresponsive surface for the continuous culture of human pluripotent stem cells. Biomaterials 2019; 221:119411. [PMID: 31419657 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Commonly, stem cell culture is based on batch-type culture, which is laborious and expensive. We continuously cultured human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) on thermoresponsive dish surfaces, where hPSCs were partially detached on the same thermoresponsive dish by decreasing the temperature of the thermoresponsive dish to be below the lower critical solution temperature for only 30 min. Then, the remaining cells were continuously cultured in fresh culture medium, and the detached stem cells were harvested in the exchanged culture medium. hPSCs were continuously cultured for ten cycles on the thermoresponsive dish surface, which was prepared by coating the surface with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-styrene) and oligovitronectin-grafted poly(acrylic acid-co-styrene) or recombinant vitronectin for hPSC binding sites to maintain hPSC pluripotency. After ten cycles of continuous culture on the thermoresponsive dish surface, the detached cells expressed pluripotency proteins and had the ability to differentiate into cells derived from the three germ layers in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the detached cells differentiated into specific cell lineages, such as cardiomyocytes, with high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Cheng Sung
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 270, Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, No. 300, Jhongda RD., Jhongli, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Sin Yang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, No. 300, Jhongda RD., Jhongli, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chen Yeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and R&D Center for Membrane Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli, Taoyuan, 320, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chu Liu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, No. 300, Jhongda RD., Jhongli, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Peng Jiang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, No. 300, Jhongda RD., Jhongli, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Wei Lu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, No. 300, Jhongda RD., Jhongli, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan
| | - Qing-Dong Ling
- Cathay Medical Research Institute, Cathay General Hospital, No. 32, Ln 160, Jian-Cheng Road, Hsi-Chi City, Taipei, 221, Taiwan; Institute of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, National Central University, No. 300, Jhongda RD., Jhongli, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan
| | - S Suresh Kumar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yung Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and R&D Center for Membrane Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli, Taoyuan, 320, Taiwan.
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- Department of Reproduction, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Hao Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 270, Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China; Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Science, No. 16, Xinsan Road, Hi-tech Industry Park, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Akon Higuchi
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 270, Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, No. 300, Jhongda RD., Jhongli, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan; Department of Reproduction, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan; Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Science, No. 16, Xinsan Road, Hi-tech Industry Park, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Center for Emergent Matter Science, Riken, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
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65
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Han U, Kim YJ, Kim W, Park JH, Hong J. Construction of nano-scale cellular environments by coating a multilayer nanofilm on the surface of human induced pluripotent stem cells. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:13541-13551. [PMID: 31290516 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr02375e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Interactions with peripheral environments, such as extracellular matrix (ECM) and other cells, and their balance play a crucial role in the maintenance of pluripotency and self-renewal of human pluripotent stem cells. In this study, we focused on a nano-sized artificial cellular environment that is directly attached to the cytoplasmic membrane as a facile method that can effect intercellular interactions at the single-cell level. We designed multilayered nanofilms that are self-assembled on the surface of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), by repetitive adsorption of fibronectin and heparin or chondroitin sulfate. However, the surface modification process could also lead to the loss of cell-cell adhesion, which may result in apoptotic cell death. We investigated the proliferation and pluripotency of the iPSCs coated with the nanofilm in order to establish the suitable nanofilm structure and coating conditions. As a result, the cell viability reduced with the increase in the duration of the coating process, but the undifferentiated state and proliferation of the cells were maintained until 2 bilayers were coated. To suppress the dissociation-induced apoptosis, Y-27632, the Rho-associated kinase inhibitor (ROCKi), was added to the coating solution; this allowed the coating of up to 4 bilayers of the nanofilm onto the iPSCs. These results are expected to accelerate the pace of iPSC studies on 3-dimensional cultures and naïve pluripotency, in which the regulation of cellular interactions plays a critical role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uiyoung Han
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yu Jin Kim
- Department of Medical Biomaterials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Wijin Kim
- Department of Medical Biomaterials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ju Hyun Park
- Department of Medical Biomaterials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jinkee Hong
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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66
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Nallanthighal S, Heiserman JP, Cheon DJ. The Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Cancer Stemness. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:86. [PMID: 31334229 PMCID: PMC6624409 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As our understanding of cancer cell biology progresses, it has become clear that tumors are a heterogenous mixture of different cell populations, some of which contain so called "cancer stem cells" (CSCs). Hallmarks of CSCs include self-renewing capability, tumor-initiating capacity and chemoresistance. The extracellular matrix (ECM), a major structural component of the tumor microenvironment, is a highly dynamic structure and increasing evidence suggests that ECM proteins establish a physical and biochemical niche for CSCs. In cancer, abnormal ECM dynamics occur due to disrupted balance between ECM synthesis and secretion and altered expression of matrix-remodeling enzymes. Tumor-derived ECM is biochemically distinct in its composition and is stiffer compared to normal ECM. In this review, we will provide a brief overview of how different components of the ECM modulate CSC properties then discuss how physical, mechanical, and biochemical cues from the ECM drive cancer stemness. Given the fact that current CSC targeting therapies face many challenges, a better understanding of CSC-ECM interactions will be crucial to identify more effective therapeutic strategies to eliminate CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dong-Joo Cheon
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
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67
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Hagbard L, Cameron K, August P, Penton C, Parmar M, Hay DC, Kallur T. Developing defined substrates for stem cell culture and differentiation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0230. [PMID: 29786564 PMCID: PMC5974452 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, a variety of different reagents for stem cell maintenance and differentiation have been commercialized. These reagents share a common goal in facilitating the manufacture of products suitable for cell therapy while reducing the amount of non-defined components. Lessons from developmental biology have identified signalling molecules that can guide the differentiation process in vitro, but less attention has been paid to the extracellular matrix used. With the introduction of more biologically relevant and defined matrices, that better mimic specific cell niches, researchers now have powerful resources to fine-tune their in vitro differentiation systems, which may allow the manufacture of therapeutically relevant cell types. In this review article, we revisit the basics of the extracellular matrix, and explore the important role of the cell-matrix interaction. We focus on laminin proteins because they help to maintain pluripotency and drive cell fate specification.This article is part of the theme issue 'Designer human tissue: coming to a lab near you'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katherine Cameron
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Paul August
- Icagen, Discovery Biology, Tucson Innovation Center, Oro Valley, AZ 85755, USA
| | - Christopher Penton
- Icagen, Discovery Biology, Tucson Innovation Center, Oro Valley, AZ 85755, USA
| | - Malin Parmar
- Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - David C Hay
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
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68
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Hill CJ, Fleming JR, Mousavinejad M, Nicholson R, Tzokov SB, Bullough PA, Bogomolovas J, Morgan MR, Mayans O, Murray P. Self-Assembling Proteins as High-Performance Substrates for Embryonic Stem Cell Self-Renewal. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1807521. [PMID: 30866118 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201807521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The development of extracellular matrix mimetics that imitate niche stem cell microenvironments and support cell growth for technological applications is intensely pursued. Specifically, mimetics are sought that can enact control over the self-renewal and directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) for clinical use. Despite considerable progress in the field, a major impediment to the clinical translation of hPSCs is the difficulty and high cost of large-scale cell production under xeno-free culture conditions using current matrices. Here, a bioactive, recombinant, protein-based polymer, termed ZTFn , is presented that closely mimics human plasma fibronectin and serves as an economical, xeno-free, biodegradable, and functionally adaptable cell substrate. The ZTFn substrate supports with high performance the propagation and long-term self-renewal of human embryonic stem cells while preserving their pluripotency. The ZTFn polymer can, therefore, be proposed as an efficient and affordable replacement for fibronectin in clinical grade cell culturing. Further, it can be postulated that the ZT polymer has significant engineering potential for further orthogonal functionalization in complex cell applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Hill
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Nuffield Building, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | | | - Masoumeh Mousavinejad
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Nuffield Building, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Rachael Nicholson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Nuffield Building, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Svetomir B Tzokov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Per A Bullough
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Julius Bogomolovas
- Department of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mark R Morgan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Nuffield Building, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Olga Mayans
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Patricia Murray
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Nuffield Building, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
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69
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MacDonald JA, Takai Y, Ishihara O, Seki H, Woods DC, Tilly JL. Extracellular matrix signaling activates differentiation of adult ovary-derived oogonial stem cells in a species-specific manner. Fertil Steril 2019; 111:794-805. [PMID: 30871765 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test if ovarian microenvironmental cues affect oogonial stem cell (OSC) function in a species-specific manner. DESIGN Animal and human study. SETTING Research laboratory. PATIENT(S)/ANIMAL(S) Human ovarian cells obtained from cryopreserved ovarian cortical tissue of reproductive-age women, and ovarian cells and tissues from female C57BL/6 mice. INTERVENTION(S) Mouse ovarian tissue, mouse OSCs (mOSCs) and human OSCs (hOSCs) were analyzed for extracellular matrix (ECM) protein expression, and OSCs isolated from adult mouse and human ovaries were cultured in the absence or presence of ECM proteins without or with an integrin signaling inhibitor. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Gene expression and in vitro derived (IVD) oocyte formation. RESULT(S) Culture of mOSCs on a collagen-based ECM significantly elevated the rate of differentiation of the cells into IVD oocytes. Mouse OSCs expressed many integrins, including Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-binding subunits, and ECM-mediated increases in mOSC differentiation were blocked by addition of integrin-antagonizing RGD peptides. In comparison, hOSCs expressed a different pattern of integrin subunits compared with mOSCs, and hOSCs were unresponsive to a collagen-based ECM; however, hOSCs exhibited increased differentiation into IVD oocytes when cultured on laminin. CONCLUSION(S) These data, along with in silico analysis of ECM protein profiles in human ovaries, indicate that ovarian ECM-based niche components function in a species-specific manner to control OSC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A MacDonald
- Laboratory of Aging and Infertility Research, Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yasushi Takai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Osamu Ishihara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Seki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Dori C Woods
- Laboratory of Aging and Infertility Research, Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jonathan L Tilly
- Laboratory of Aging and Infertility Research, Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Hydrogels with enhanced protein conjugation efficiency reveal stiffness-induced YAP localization in stem cells depends on biochemical cues. Biomaterials 2019; 202:26-34. [PMID: 30826537 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Polyacrylamide hydrogels have been widely used in stem cell mechanotransduction studies. Conventional conjugation methods of biochemical cues to polyacrylamide hydrogels suffer from low conjugation efficiency, which leads to poor attachment of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) on soft substrates. In addition, while it is well-established that stiffness-dependent regulation of stem cell fate requires cytoskeletal tension, and is mediated through nuclear translocation of transcription regulator, Yes-associated protein (YAP), the role of biochemical cues in stiffness-dependent YAP regulation remains largely unknown. Here we report a method that enhances the conjugation efficiency of biochemical cues on polyacrylamide hydrogels compared to conventional methods. This modified method enables robust hPSC attachment, proliferation and maintenance of pluripotency across varying substrate stiffness (3 kPa-38 kPa). Using this hydrogel platform, we demonstrate that varying the types of biochemical cues (Matrigel, laminin, GAG-peptide) or density of Matrigel can alter stiffness-dependent YAP localization in hPSCs. In particular, we show that stiffness-dependent YAP localization is overridden at low or high density of Matrigel. Furthermore, human mesenchymal stem cells display stiffness-dependent YAP localization only at intermediate fibronectin density. The hydrogel platform with enhanced conjugation efficiency of biochemical cues provides a powerful tool for uncovering the role of biochemical cues in regulating mechanotransduction of various stem cell types.
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71
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Kessel S, Thakar N, Jia Z, Wolvetang EJ, Monteiro MJ. GRGD‐decorated three‐dimensional nanoworm hydrogels for culturing human embryonic stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kessel
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 Queensland Australia
| | - Nilay Thakar
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 Queensland Australia
| | - Zhongfan Jia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 Queensland Australia
| | - Ernst J. Wolvetang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 Queensland Australia
| | - Michael J. Monteiro
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 Queensland Australia
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Karagiannis P, Takahashi K, Saito M, Yoshida Y, Okita K, Watanabe A, Inoue H, Yamashita JK, Todani M, Nakagawa M, Osawa M, Yashiro Y, Yamanaka S, Osafune K. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Their Use in Human Models of Disease and Development. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:79-114. [PMID: 30328784 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00039.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of somatic cell nuclear transfer proved that somatic cells can carry the same genetic code as the zygote, and that activating parts of this code are sufficient to reprogram the cell to an early developmental state. The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) nearly half a century later provided a molecular mechanism for the reprogramming. The initial creation of iPSCs was accomplished by the ectopic expression of four specific genes (OCT4, KLF4, SOX2, and c-Myc; OSKM). iPSCs have since been acquired from a wide range of cell types and a wide range of species, suggesting a universal molecular mechanism. Furthermore, cells have been reprogrammed to iPSCs using a myriad of methods, although OSKM remains the gold standard. The sources for iPSCs are abundant compared with those for other pluripotent stem cells; thus the use of iPSCs to model the development of tissues, organs, and other systems of the body is increasing. iPSCs also, through the reprogramming of patient samples, are being used to model diseases. Moreover, in the 10 years since the first report, human iPSCs are already the basis for new cell therapies and drug discovery that have reached clinical application. In this review, we examine the generation of iPSCs and their application to disease and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Karagiannis
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Takahashi
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Megumu Saito
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Yoshinori Yoshida
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Keisuke Okita
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Akira Watanabe
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Haruhisa Inoue
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Jun K Yamashita
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Masaya Todani
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Masato Nakagawa
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Mitsujiro Osawa
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Yoshimi Yashiro
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Shinya Yamanaka
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Kenji Osafune
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
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Eguizabal C, Aran B, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM, Geens M, Heindryckx B, Panula S, Popovic M, Vassena R, Veiga A. Two decades of embryonic stem cells: a historical overview. Hum Reprod Open 2019; 2019:hoy024. [PMID: 30895264 PMCID: PMC6396646 DOI: 10.1093/hropen/hoy024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION How did the field of stem cell research develop in the years following the derivation of the first human embryonic stem cell (hESC) line? SUMMARY ANSWER Supported by the increasing number of clinical trials to date, significant technological advances in the past two decades have brought us ever closer to clinical therapies derived from pluripotent cells. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Since their discovery 20 years ago, the use of human pluripotent stem cells has progressed tremendously from bench to bedside. Here, we provide a concise review of the main keystones of this journey and focus on ongoing clinical trials, while indicating the most relevant future research directions. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This is a historical narrative, including relevant publications in the field of pluripotent stem cells (PSC) derivation and differentiation, recounted both through scholarly research of published evidence and interviews of six pioneers who participated in some of the most relevant discoveries in the field. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The authors all contributed by researching the literature and agreed upon body of works. Portions of the interviews of the field pioneers have been integrated into the review and have also been included in full for advanced reader interest. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE The stem cell field is ever expanding. We find that in the 20 years since the derivation of the first hESC lines, several relevant developments have shaped the pluripotent cell field, from the discovery of different states of pluripotency, the derivation of induced PSC, the refinement of differentiation protocols with several clinical trials underway, as well as the recent development of organoids. The challenge for the years to come will be to validate and refine PSCs for clinical use, from the production of highly defined cell populations in clinical grade conditions to the possibility of creating replacement organoids for functional, if not anatomical, function restoration. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION This is a non-systematic review of current literature. Some references may have escaped the experts’ analysis due to the exceedingly diverse nature of the field. As the field of regenerative medicine is rapidly advancing, some of the most recent developments may have not been captured entirely. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The multi-disciplinary nature and tremendous potential of the stem cell field has important implications for basic as well as translational research. Recounting these activities will serve to provide an in-depth overview of the field, fostering a further understanding of human stem cell and developmental biology. The comprehensive overview of clinical trials and expert opinions included in this narrative may serve as a valuable scientific resource, supporting future efforts in translational approaches. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) ESHRE provided funding for the authors’ on-site meeting and discussion during the preparation of this manuscript. S.M.C.S.L. is funded by the European Research Council Consolidator (ERC-CoG-725722-OVOGROWTH). M.P. is supported by the Special Research Fund, Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds (BOF01D08114). M.G. is supported by the Methusalem grant of Vrije Universiteit Brussel, in the name of Prof. Karen Sermon and by Innovation by Science and Technology in Flanders (IWT, Project Number: 150042). A.V. and B.A. are supported by the Plataforma de Proteomica, Genotipado y Líneas Celulares (PT1770019/0015) (PRB3), Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Research grant to B.H. by the Research Foundation—Flanders (FWO) (FWO.KAN.2016.0005.01 and FWO.Project G051516N). There are no conflicts of interest to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Not applicable. ESHRE Pages are not externally peer reviewed. This article has been approved by the Executive Committee of ESHRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Eguizabal
- Cell Therapy and Stem Cell Group, Basque Center for Blood Transfusion and Human Tissues, Barrio Labeaga S/N, Galdakao, Spain
| | - B Aran
- Barcelona Stem Cell Bank, Centre of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S M Chuva de Sousa Lopes
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Ghent Fertility and Stem cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - M Geens
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Vrije Univeristeit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Jette (Brussels), Belgium
| | - B Heindryckx
- Ghent Fertility and Stem cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - S Panula
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Popovic
- Ghent Fertility and Stem cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - A Veiga
- Barcelona Stem Cell Bank, Centre of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Dexeus Mujer, Hospital Universitari Dexeus, Barcelona, Spain
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Chen LH, Sung TC, Lee HHC, Higuchi A, Su HC, Lin KJ, Huang YR, Ling QD, Kumar SS, Alarfaj AA, Munusamy MA, Nasu M, Chen DC, Hsu ST, Chang Y, Lee KF, Wang HC, Umezawa A. Xeno-free and feeder-free culture and differentiation of human embryonic stem cells on recombinant vitronectin-grafted hydrogels. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:4345-4362. [DOI: 10.1039/c9bm00418a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Xeno-free culture and cardiomyocyte differentiation of human embryonic stem cells on vitronectin-grafted hydrogels by adjusting surface charge and elasticity.
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75
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Dakhore S, Nayer B, Hasegawa K. Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Culture: Current Status, Challenges, and Advancement. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:7396905. [PMID: 30595701 PMCID: PMC6282144 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7396905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have gained attention due to their pluripotent and proliferative ability which enables production of almost all cell types in the human body in vitro and makes them an excellent tool to study human embryogenesis and disease, as well as for drug discovery and cell transplantation therapies. Discovery of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) further expanded therapeutic applications of human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). hPSCs provide a stable and unlimited original cell source for producing suitable cells and tissues for downstream applications. Therefore, engineering the environment in which these cells are grown, for stable and quality-controlled hPSC maintenance and production, is one of the key factors governing the success of these applications. hPSCs are maintained in a particular niche using specific cell culture components. Ideally, the culture should be free of xenobiotic components to render hPSCs suitable for therapeutic applications. Substantial efforts have been put to identify effective components, and develop culture conditions and protocols, for their large-scale expansion without compromising on quality. In this review, we discuss different media, their components and functions, including specific requirements to maintain the pluripotent and proliferative ability of hPSCs. Understanding the role of culture components would enable the development of appropriate conditions to promote large-scale, quality-controlled expansion of hPSCs thereby increasing their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushrut Dakhore
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Bangalore, India
| | - Bhavana Nayer
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Bangalore, India
| | - Kouichi Hasegawa
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Bangalore, India
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Japan
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76
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Chang J, Kim MH, Agung E, Senda S, Kino-Oka M. Effect of migratory behaviors on human induced pluripotent stem cell colony formation on different extracellular matrix proteins. Regen Ther 2018; 10:27-35. [PMID: 30525068 PMCID: PMC6260426 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Understanding how extracellular matrix (ECM) protein composition regulates the process of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) colony formation may facilitate the design of optimal cell culture environments. In this study, we investigated the effect of migratory behaviors on hiPSC colony formation on various ECM-coated surfaces. Methods To quantify how different ECM proteins affect migratory behavior during the colony formation process, single cells were seeded onto surfaces coated with varying concentrations of different ECM proteins. Cell behavior was monitored by time-lapse observation, and quantitative analysis of migration rates in relation to colony formation patterns was performed. Actin cytoskeleton, focal adhesions, and cell–cell interactions were detected by fluorescence microscopy. Results Time-lapse observations revealed that different mechanisms of colony formation were dependent upon the migratory behavior of cells on different ECM surfaces. HiPSCs formed tight colonies on concentrated ECM substrates, while coating with dilute concentrations of ECM yielded more motile cells and colonies capable of splitting into single cells or small clusters. Enhanced migration caused a reduction of cell–cell contacts that enabled splitting or merging between cells and cell clusters, consequently reducing the efficiency of clonal colony formation. High cell-to-cell variability in migration responses to ECM surfaces elicited differential focal adhesion formation and E-cadherin expression within cells and colonies. This resulted in variability within focal adhesions and further loss of E-cadherin expression by hiPSCs. Conclusions Migration is an important factor affecting hiPSC colony-forming patterns. Regulation of migratory behavior can be an effective way to improve the expansion of hiPSCs while improving the process of clonal colony formation. We believe that this investigation provides a valuable method for understanding cell phenotypes and heterogeneity during colony formation in culture. hiPSC colony-forming patterns were dependent on migratory behavior on different ECM surfaces. Colony formation without splitting during migration improved efficiency of clonal colony formation. Variability in migration behavior elicited differential cytoskeletal formation and E-cadherin expression. Our method is valuable for understanding cell phenotypes and heterogeneity during colony formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Chang
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, 210-8681 Japan
| | - Mee-Hae Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eviryanti Agung
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, 210-8681 Japan
| | - Sho Senda
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, 210-8681 Japan
| | - Masahiro Kino-Oka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Zhou P, Yin B, Zhang R, Xu Z, Liu Y, Yan Y, Zhang X, Zhang S, Li Y, Liu H, Yuan YA, Wei S. Molecular basis for RGD-containing peptides supporting adhesion and self-renewal of human pluripotent stem cells on synthetic surface. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 171:451-460. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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78
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Chen YH, Pruett-Miller SM. Improving single-cell cloning workflow for gene editing in human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2018; 31:186-192. [PMID: 30099335 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The availability of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and progress in genome engineering technology have altered the way we approach scientific research and drug development screens. Unfortunately, the procedures for genome editing of hPSCs often subject cells to harsh conditions that compromise viability: a major problem that is compounded by the innate challenge of single-cell culture. Here we describe a generally applicable workflow that supports single-cell cloning and expansion of hPSCs after genome editing and single-cell sorting. Stem-Flex and RevitaCell supplement, in combination with Geltrex or Vitronectin (VN), promote reliable single-cell growth in a feeder-free and defined environment. Characterization of final genome-edited clones reveals that pluripotency and normal karyotype are retained following this single-cell culture protocol. This time-efficient and simplified culture method paves the way for high-throughput hPSC culture and will be valuable for both basic research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsien Chen
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Genetics, St. Louis 63110, USA; Genome Engineering and iPSC Center, USA.
| | - Shondra M Pruett-Miller
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Memphis 38105, USA; Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, USA.
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79
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Synergistic effect of co-immobilized FGF-2 and vitronectin-derived peptide on feeder-free expansion of induced pluripotent stem cells. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 93:157-169. [PMID: 30274048 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Expansion of human induced pluripotent stem cells (h-iPSCs) on mouse derived feeder layers or murine cells secretions such as Matrigel hamper their clinical applications. Alternative methods have introduced novel substrates as stem cell niches or/and optimized combinations of humanized soluble factors as fully defined mediums. Accordingly vitronectin as a main part of ECM have been commercialized significantly as a stem cell niche-forming substrate. In this work, we used a functional peptide derived from vitronectin (VTN) and co-immobilized it with FGF-2 (as an indisputable ingredient of defined culture mediums) on chitosan film surface. After chemical and physical characterization of the pristine chitosan surface as well as ones modified by VTN or/and FGF-2, h-iPS cells were cultured on them at the xeno/feeder-free conditions. Our results demonstrated that co-immobilization of these two biomolecules has a synergistic effect on adhesion and clonal growth of h-iPS cells with maintained expression of pluripotency markers in a FGF-2 density-dependent manner. This is the first report of co-immobilization of an ECM derived molecule and a growth factor for stem cell culture.
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80
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Xue X, Sun Y, Resto-Irizarry AM, Yuan Y, Aw Yong KM, Zheng Y, Weng S, Shao Y, Chai Y, Studer L, Fu J. Mechanics-guided embryonic patterning of neuroectoderm tissue from human pluripotent stem cells. NATURE MATERIALS 2018; 17:633-641. [PMID: 29784997 PMCID: PMC6622450 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-018-0082-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Classic embryological studies have successfully applied genetics and cell biology principles to understand embryonic development. However, it remains unresolved how mechanics, as an integral driver of development, is involved in controlling tissue-scale cell fate patterning. Here we report a micropatterned human pluripotent stem (hPS)-cell-based neuroectoderm developmental model, in which pre-patterned geometrical confinement induces emergent patterning of neuroepithelial and neural plate border cells, mimicking neuroectoderm regionalization during early neurulation in vivo. In this hPS-cell-based neuroectoderm patterning model, two tissue-scale morphogenetic signals-cell shape and cytoskeletal contractile force-instruct neuroepithelial/neural plate border patterning via BMP-SMAD signalling. We further show that ectopic mechanical activation and exogenous BMP signalling modulation are sufficient to perturb neuroepithelial/neural plate border patterning. This study provides a useful microengineered, hPS-cell-based model with which to understand the biomechanical principles that guide neuroectoderm patterning and hence to study neural development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufeng Xue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yubing Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
| | | | - Ye Yuan
- School of the Gifted Young, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Koh Meng Aw Yong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shinuo Weng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yue Shao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yimin Chai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Lorenz Studer
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Center of Stem Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jianping Fu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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81
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Controlling the Interfacial Chemical and Physical Properties for Stem Cell Culture. Top Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-018-0925-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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82
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Ovadia EM, Colby DW, Kloxin AM. Designing well-defined photopolymerized synthetic matrices for three-dimensional culture and differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells. Biomater Sci 2018; 6:1358-1370. [PMID: 29675520 PMCID: PMC6126667 DOI: 10.1039/c8bm00099a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are of interest for the study of disease, where these cells can be derived from patients and have the potential to be differentiated into any cell type; however, three-dimensional (3D) culture and differentiation of iPSCs within well-defined synthetic matrices for these applications remains limited. Here, we aimed to establish synthetic cell-degradable hydrogels that allow precise presentation of specific biochemical cues for 3D culture of iPSCs with relevance for hypothesis testing and lineage-specific differentiation. We synthesized poly(ethylene glycol)-(PEG)-peptide-based hydrogels by photoinitiated step growth polymerization and used them to test the hypothesis that the viability of iPSCs within these matrices could be rescued with appropriate biochemical cues inspired by proteins and integrins important for iPSC culture on Matrigel. Specifically, we selected a range of motifs inspired by iPSC binding to Matrigel, including laminin-derived IKVAV and YIGSR, α5β1-binding PHSRNG10RGDS, αvβ5-binding KKQRFRHRNRKG, and RGDS that is known to bind a variety of integrins for generally promoting cell adhesion. YIGSR and PHSRNG10RGDS resulted in the highest iPSC viability, where binding of β1 integrin was key, and these permissive compositions also allowed iPSC differentiation into neural progenitor cells (NPCs) (decreased oct4 expression and increased pax6 expression) in response to soluble factors. The resulting NPCs formed clusters of different sizes in response to each peptide, suggesting that matrix biochemical cues affect iPSC proliferation and clustering in 3D culture. In summary, we have established photopolymerizable synthetic matrices for the encapsulation, culture, and differentiation of iPSCs for studies of cell-matrix interactions and deployment in disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa M Ovadia
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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83
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Ren Y, Ma Z, Yu T, Ling M, Wang H. Methanol fixed fibroblasts serve as feeder cells to maintain stem cells in the pluripotent state in vitro. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7780. [PMID: 29773904 PMCID: PMC5958091 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26238-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Preparation of mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) feeder cells to maintain pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) is time consuming and involved in animal issues. Here, we demonstrated a novel method to prepare feeder cells with high efficiency, timesaving, and low costs. MEFs in 3 × 104 cell/cm2 were fixed by methanol for 5 min and air drying for 5 min. Thereafter, the methanol fixed MEF cells (MT-MEF) were able to be used directly to culture PSCs or stored at room temperature for the future usage. PSCs cultured on MT-MEF could be continuously expanded for over 40 passages with the naïve pluripotency. MT-MEFs could also be used to maintain human and pig iPSCs. Moreover, methanol fixed MEFs’ culture dish was able to be reused for at least 4 times, and to be applied for antibiotic resistant screening assay to establishing stable transfected PSC lines. Alternatively, the immortalized cell lines, for instance NIH3T3 cells, could also be fixed by methanol and used as feeder cells to maintain PSCs. Thus, this novel means of methanol fixed feeder cells can completely replace the mitomycin C and gamma radiation treated MEF feeder cells, and be used to maintain PSCs derived from mouse as well as other animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Ren
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Ziyu Ma
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Tong Yu
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Min Ling
- Department of Innovation Experimental College, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Huayan Wang
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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84
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Pedroni AC, Diniz IM, Abe GL, Moreira MS, Sipert CR, Marques MM. Photobiomodulation therapy and vitamin C on longevity of cell sheets of human dental pulp stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:7026-7035. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana C.F. Pedroni
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Ivana M.A. Diniz
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Gabriela L. Abe
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Maria S. Moreira
- Post Graduation Program of the School of Dentistry Ibirapuera University Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Carla R. Sipert
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Márcia M. Marques
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
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85
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Paterson TE, Beal SN, Santocildes-Romero ME, Sidambe AT, Hatton PV, Asencio IO. Selective laser melting-enabled electrospinning: Introducing complexity within electrospun membranes. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2018. [PMID: 28639518 DOI: 10.1177/0954411917690182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing technologies enable the creation of very precise and well-defined structures that can mimic hierarchical features of natural tissues. In this article, we describe the development of a manufacturing technology platform to produce innovative biodegradable membranes that are enhanced with controlled microenvironments produced via a combination of selective laser melting techniques and conventional electrospinning. This work underpins the manufacture of a new generation of biomaterial devices that have significant potential for use as both basic research tools and components of therapeutic implants. The membranes were successfully manufactured and a total of three microenvironment designs (niches) were chosen for thorough characterisation. Scanning electron microscopy analysis demonstrated differences in fibre diameters within different areas of the niche structures as well as differences in fibre density. We also showed the potential of using the microfabricated membranes for supporting mesenchymal stromal cell culture and proliferation. We demonstrated that mesenchymal stromal cells grow and populate the membranes penetrating within the niche-like structures. These findings demonstrate the creation of a very versatile tool that can be used in a variety of tissue regeneration applications including bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Paterson
- Bioengineering and Health Technologies Group, The School of Clinical Dentistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Selina N Beal
- Bioengineering and Health Technologies Group, The School of Clinical Dentistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Martin E Santocildes-Romero
- Bioengineering and Health Technologies Group, The School of Clinical Dentistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Alfred T Sidambe
- Bioengineering and Health Technologies Group, The School of Clinical Dentistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Paul V Hatton
- Bioengineering and Health Technologies Group, The School of Clinical Dentistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Ilida Ortega Asencio
- Bioengineering and Health Technologies Group, The School of Clinical Dentistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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86
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Chen W, Han S, Qian W, Weng S, Yang H, Sun Y, Villa-Diaz LG, Krebsbach PH, Fu J. Nanotopography regulates motor neuron differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:3556-3565. [PMID: 29410983 PMCID: PMC5815510 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr05430k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) behaviors has been mainly studied through exploration of biochemical factors. However, the current directed differentiation protocols for hPSCs that completely rely on biochemical factors remain suboptimal. It has recently become evident that coexisting biophysical signals in the stem cell microenvironment, including nanotopographic cues, can provide potent regulatory signals to mediate adult stem cell behaviors, including self-renewal and differentiation. Herein, we utilized a recently developed, large-scale nanofabrication technique based on reactive-ion etching (RIE) to generate random nanoscale structures on glass surfaces with high precision and reproducibility. We report here that hPSCs are sensitive to nanotopographic cues and such nanotopographic sensitivity can be leveraged for improving directed neuronal differentiation of hPSCs. We demonstrate early neuroepithelial conversion and motor neuron (MN) progenitor differentiation of hPSCs can be promoted using nanoengineered topographic substrates. We further explore how hPSCs sense the substrate nanotopography and relay this biophysical signal through a regulatory signaling network involving cell adhesion, the actomyosin cytoskeleton, and Hippo/YAP signaling to mediate the neuroepithelial induction of hPSCs. Our study provides an efficient method for large-scale production of MNs from hPSCs, useful for regenerative medicine and cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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87
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Unger C, Felldin U, Rodin S, Nordenskjöld A, Dilber S, Hovatta O. Derivation of Human Skin Fibroblast Lines for Feeder Cells of Human Embryonic Stem Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 36:1C.7.1-1C.7.11. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470151808.sc01c07s36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Unger
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield Sheffield United Kingdom
| | - Ulrika Felldin
- Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Sergey Rodin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | | | - Sirac Dilber
- Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Outi Hovatta
- Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
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88
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Abdal Dayem A, Lee S, Y. Choi H, Cho SG. The Impact of Adhesion Molecules on the In Vitro Culture and Differentiation of Stem Cells. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:1700575. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdal Dayem
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology; Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI); Konkuk University; 120 Neungdong-ro Gwangjin-gu 05029 Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Soobin Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology; Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI); Konkuk University; 120 Neungdong-ro Gwangjin-gu 05029 Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Y. Choi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology; Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI); Konkuk University; 120 Neungdong-ro Gwangjin-gu 05029 Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology; Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI); Konkuk University; 120 Neungdong-ro Gwangjin-gu 05029 Seoul Republic of Korea
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89
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Long-Term Maintenance of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells on cRGDfK-Presenting Synthetic Surfaces. Sci Rep 2018; 8:701. [PMID: 29335618 PMCID: PMC5768753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19209-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) culture surfaces with defined physical and chemical properties will facilitate improved research and therapeutic applications of hPSCs. In this study, synthetic surfaces for hPSC culture in E8 medium were produced for screening by modifying two polymer brush coatings [poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) (PAAA) and poly(acrylamide-co-propargyl acrylamide) (PAPA)] to present single peptides. Adhesion of hPSC colonies was more consistently observed on surfaces modified with cRGDfK compared to surfaces modified with other peptide sequences tested. PAPA-coated polystyrene flasks with coupled cRGDfK (cRGDfK-PAPA) were then used for long-term studies of three hPSC lines (H9, hiPS-NHF1.3, Genea-02). Cell lines maintained for ten passages on cRGDfK-PAPA were assessed for colony morphology, proliferation rate, maintenance of OCT4 expression, cell viability at harvest, teratoma formation potential, and global gene expression as assessed by the PluriTest™ assay. cRGDfK-PAPA and control cultures maintained on Geltrex™ produced comparable results in most assays. No karyotypic abnormalities were detected in cultures maintained on cRGDfK-PAPA, while abnormalities were detected in cultures maintained on Geltrex™, StemAdhere™ or Synthemax™. This is the first report of long term maintenance of hPSC cultures on the scalable, stable, and cost-effective cRGDfK-PAPA coating.
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90
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Wong CW, Chen YT, Chien CL, Yu TY, Rwei SP, Hsu SH. A simple and efficient feeder-free culture system to up-scale iPSCs on polymeric material surface for use in 3D bioprinting. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 82:69-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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91
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Chen X, Harkness L, Jia Z, Prowse A, Monteiro MJ, Gray PP. Methods for Expansion of Three-Dimensional Cultures of Human Embryonic Stem Cells Using a Thermoresponsive Polymer. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2017; 24:146-157. [PMID: 29239281 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2017.0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are viewed as promising candidates for applications in regenerative medicine and therapy due to their proliferative and pluripotent properties. However, obtaining clinically significant numbers of hPSCs remains a limiting factor and impedes their use in therapeutic applications. Conventionally, hPSCs are cultured on two-dimensional surfaces coated with a suitable substrate, such as Matrigel™. This method, however, requires a large surface area to generate sufficient cell numbers to meet clinical needs and is therefore impractical as a manufacturing platform for cell expansion. In addition, the use of enzymes for cell detachment and small molecule inhibitors to increase plating efficiency may impact future cell behavior when used for routine subculturing. In this study, we describe a protocol to generate and maintain hPSC aggregates in a three-dimensional suspension culture by utilizing thermoresponsive nanobridges. The property of the polymer used in the nanobridges enables passaging and expansion through a temperature change in combination with mechanically applied shear to dissociate aggregates; thus, we eliminate the need of enzymes or small molecules for cell dissociation and viability, respectively. Utilizing this platform, maintenance of human embryonic stem cells for three continuous passages demonstrated high expression levels in key pluripotent markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Chen
- 1 Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), University of Queensland , Brisbane, Australia
| | - Linda Harkness
- 1 Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), University of Queensland , Brisbane, Australia
| | - Zhongfan Jia
- 1 Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), University of Queensland , Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andrew Prowse
- 2 The Garvan Institute of Medical Research , Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael J Monteiro
- 1 Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), University of Queensland , Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter P Gray
- 1 Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), University of Queensland , Brisbane, Australia
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92
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Vitillo L, Baxter M, Iskender B, Whiting P, Kimber SJ. Integrin-Associated Focal Adhesion Kinase Protects Human Embryonic Stem Cells from Apoptosis, Detachment, and Differentiation. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 7:167-76. [PMID: 27509133 PMCID: PMC4983079 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can be maintained in a fully defined niche on extracellular matrix substrates, to which they attach through integrin receptors. However, the underlying integrin signaling mechanisms, and their contribution to hESC behavior, are largely unknown. Here, we show that focal adhesion kinase (FAK) transduces integrin activation and supports hESC survival, substrate adhesion, and maintenance of the undifferentiated state. After inhibiting FAK kinase activity we show that hESCs undergo cell detachment-dependent apoptosis or differentiation. We also report deactivation of FAK downstream targets, AKT and MDM2, and upregulation of p53, all key players in hESC regulatory networks. Loss of integrin activity or FAK also induces cell aggregation, revealing a role in the cell-cell interactions of hESCs. This study provides insight into the integrin signaling cascade activated in hESCs and reveals in FAK a key player in the maintenance of hESC survival and undifferentiated state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loriana Vitillo
- North West Embryonic Stem Cell Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Melissa Baxter
- North West Embryonic Stem Cell Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Banu Iskender
- North West Embryonic Stem Cell Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Paul Whiting
- Pfizer Neusentis, The Portway Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GS, UK
| | - Susan J Kimber
- North West Embryonic Stem Cell Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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93
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Hall ME, Mohtaram NK, Willerth SM, Edwards R. Modeling the behavior of human induced pluripotent stem cells seeded on melt electrospun scaffolds. J Biol Eng 2017; 11:38. [PMID: 29075321 PMCID: PMC5651653 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-017-0080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) can form any tissue found in the body, making them attractive for regenerative medicine applications. Seeding hiPSC aggregates into biomaterial scaffolds can control their differentiation into specific tissue types. Here we develop and analyze a mathematical model of hiPSC aggregate behavior when seeded on melt electrospun scaffolds with defined topography. RESULTS We used ordinary differential equations to model the different cellular populations (stem, progenitor, differentiated) present in our scaffolds based on experimental results and published literature. Our model successfully captures qualitative features of the cellular dynamics observed experimentally. We determined the optimal parameter sets to maximize specific cellular populations experimentally, showing that a physiologic oxygen level (∼ 5%) increases the number of neural progenitors and differentiated neurons compared to atmospheric oxygen levels (∼ 21%) and a scaffold porosity of ∼ 63% maximizes aggregate size. CONCLUSIONS Our mathematical model determined the key factors controlling hiPSC behavior on melt electrospun scaffolds, enabling optimization of experimental parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E. Hall
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | | | - Stephanie M. Willerth
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Roderick Edwards
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
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94
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are anchorage-dependent cells that can be cultured on a variety of matrices and express integrins and the machinery for integrin signaling. Until recently, there has been limited understanding of exactly how integrin signaling regulates pluripotent stem cell (PSC) behavior. This review summarizes our knowledge of how integrins and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) regulate different aspects of hPSC biology. RECENT FINDINGS The latest research suggests that mouse and human embryonic stem cells utilize similar integrin signaling players but with different biological outcomes, reflecting the known developmental difference in their pluripotent status. Notably, attachment cues via FAK signaling are crucial for hPSCs survival and pluripotency maintenance. FAK may be found cortically but also in the nucleus of hPSCs intersecting core pluripotency networks. SUMMARY Integrins and FAK have been consigned to the conventional role of cell adhesion receptor systems in PSCs. This review highlights data indicating that they are firmly integrated in pluripotency circuits, with implications for both research PSC culture and scale up and use in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loriana Vitillo
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Susan J. Kimber
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
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95
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Yap L, Murali S, Bhakta G, Titmarsh DM, Chen AKL, Chiin Sim L, Bardor M, Lim YM, Goh JCH, Oh SKW, Choo ABH, van Wijnen AJ, Robinson DE, Whittle JD, Birch WR, Short RD, Nurcombe V, Cool SM. Immobilization of vitronectin-binding heparan sulfates onto surfaces to support human pluripotent stem cells. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2017; 106:1887-1896. [PMID: 28941021 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Functionalizing medical devices with polypeptides to enhance their performance has become important for improved clinical success. The extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion protein vitronectin (VN) is an effective coating, although the chemistry used to attach VN often reduces its bioactivity. In vivo, VN binds the ECM in a sequence-dependent manner with heparan sulfate (HS) glycosaminoglycans. We reasoned therefore that sequence-based affinity chromatography could be used to isolate a VN-binding HS fraction (HS9) for use as a coating material to capture VN onto implant surfaces. Binding avidity and specificity of HS9 were confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based assays. Plasma polymerization of allylamine (AA) to tissue culture-treated polystyrene (TCPS) was then used to capture and present HS9 as determined by radiolabeling and ELISA. HS9-coated TCPS avidly bound VN, and this layered surface supported the robust attachment, expansion, and maintenance of human pluripotent stem cells. Compositional analysis demonstrated that 6-O- and N-sulfation, as well as lengths greater than three disaccharide units (dp6) are critical for VN binding to HS-coated surfaces. Importantly, HS9 coating reduced the threshold concentration of VN required to create an optimally bioactive surface for pluripotent stem cells. We conclude that affinity-purified heparan sugars are able to coat materials to efficiently bind adhesive factors for biomedical applications. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 1887-1896, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Yap
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Centre for Life Sciences (CeLS), #05-01, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Sadasivam Murali
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Gajadhar Bhakta
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Drew M Titmarsh
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Allen Kuan-Liang Chen
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01, Centros, Singapore, 138668, Singapore
| | - Lyn Chiin Sim
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01, Centros, Singapore, 138668, Singapore
| | - Muriel Bardor
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01, Centros, Singapore, 138668, Singapore.,Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Yu Ming Lim
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01, Centros, Singapore, 138668, Singapore
| | - James C H Goh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, Level 11, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119288, Singapore.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, E4 #04-08, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Steve K W Oh
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01, Centros, Singapore, 138668, Singapore
| | - Andre B H Choo
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01, Centros, Singapore, 138668, Singapore.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, E4 #04-08, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
| | - David E Robinson
- Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, 5095, Australia
| | - Jason D Whittle
- School of Engineering, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, 5095, Australia
| | - William R Birch
- Institute of Materials Research & Engineering, #08-03, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Robert D Short
- Future Industry Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, 5095, Australia.,Material Science Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Victor Nurcombe
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Simon M Cool
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, Level 11, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119288, Singapore
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96
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Li Y, Li L, Chen ZN, Gao G, Yao R, Sun W. Engineering-derived approaches for iPSC preparation, expansion, differentiation and applications. Biofabrication 2017; 9:032001. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aa7e9a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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97
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Närvä E, Stubb A, Guzmán C, Blomqvist M, Balboa D, Lerche M, Saari M, Otonkoski T, Ivaska J. A Strong Contractile Actin Fence and Large Adhesions Direct Human Pluripotent Colony Morphology and Adhesion. Stem Cell Reports 2017. [PMID: 28625538 PMCID: PMC5511101 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-type-specific functions and identity are tightly regulated by interactions between the cell cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix (ECM). Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have ultimate differentiation capacity and exceptionally low-strength ECM contact, yet the organization and function of adhesion sites and associated actin cytoskeleton remain poorly defined. We imaged hPSCs at the cell-ECM interface with total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and discovered that adhesions at the colony edge were exceptionally large and connected by thick ventral stress fibers. The actin fence encircling the colony was found to exert extensive Rho-ROCK-myosin-dependent mechanical stress to enforce colony morphology, compaction, and pluripotency and to define mitotic spindle orientation. Remarkably, differentiation altered adhesion organization and signaling characterized by a switch from ventral to dorsal stress fibers, reduced mechanical stress, and increased integrin activity and cell-ECM adhesion strength. Thus, pluripotency appears to be linked to unique colony organization and adhesion structure. Human pluripotent colonies have exceptional actin structure and focal adhesions Contraction-dependent tight colony compaction enforces pluripotency Colony morphology is maintained by edge-oriented cell divisions Differentiation alters actin orientation, integrin activity, and adhesion strength
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Närvä
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Aki Stubb
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Camilo Guzmán
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Matias Blomqvist
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Diego Balboa
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Martina Lerche
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Markku Saari
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Timo Otonkoski
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Johanna Ivaska
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku 20520, Finland; Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland.
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98
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Protein Kinases in Pluripotency—Beyond the Usual Suspects. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:1504-1520. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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99
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Kamei KI, Mashimo Y, Yoshioka M, Tokunaga Y, Fockenberg C, Terada S, Koyama Y, Nakajima M, Shibata-Seki T, Liu L, Akaike T, Kobatake E, How SE, Uesugi M, Chen Y. Microfluidic-Nanofiber Hybrid Array for Screening of Cellular Microenvironments. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1603104. [PMID: 28272774 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201603104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cellular microenvironments are generally sophisticated, but crucial for regulating the functions of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Despite tremendous effort in this field, the correlation between the environmental factors-especially the extracellular matrix and soluble cell factors-and the desired cellular functions remains largely unknown because of the lack of appropriate tools to recapitulate in vivo conditions and/or simultaneously evaluate the interplay of different environment factors. Here, a combinatorial platform is developed with integrated microfluidic channels and nanofibers, associated with a method of high-content single-cell analysis, to study the effects of environmental factors on stem cell phenotype. Particular attention is paid to the dependence of hPSC short-term self-renewal on the density and composition of extracellular matrices and initial cell seeding densities. Thus, this combinatorial approach provides insights into the underlying chemical and physical mechanisms that govern stem cell fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichiro Kamei
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Mashimo
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Momoko Yoshioka
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yumie Tokunaga
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Christopher Fockenberg
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shiho Terada
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshie Koyama
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Minako Nakajima
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Teiko Shibata-Seki
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Li Liu
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Akaike
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan
- Biomaterials Center for Regenerative Medical Engineering, Foundation for Advancement of International Science, Kasuga, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-0821, Japan
| | - Eiry Kobatake
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Siew-Eng How
- Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, 88400, Malaysia
| | - Motonari Uesugi
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yong Chen
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS-ENS-UPMC UMR 8640, 24 Rue Lhomond, Paris, 75005, France
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100
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Kondo Y, Hattori K, Tashiro S, Nakatani E, Yoshimitsu R, Satoh T, Sugiura S, Kanamori T, Ohnuma K. Compartmentalized microfluidic perfusion system to culture human induced pluripotent stem cell aggregates. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 124:234-241. [PMID: 28434976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic perfusion systems enable small-volume cell cultures under precisely controlled microenvironments, and are typically developed for cell-based high-throughput screening. However, most such systems are designed to manipulate dissociated single cells, not cell aggregates, and are thus unsuitable to induce differentiation in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), which is conventionally achieved by using cell aggregates to increase cell-cell interactions. We have now developed a compartmentalized microfluidic perfusion system with large flow channels to load, culture, and observe cell aggregates. Homogeneously sized cell aggregates to be loaded into the device were prepared by shredding flat hiPSC colonies into squares. These aggregates were then seeded into microchambers coated with fibronectin and bovine serum albumin (BSA) to establish adherent and floating cultures, respectively, both of which are frequently used to differentiate hiPSCs. However, the number of aggregates loaded in fibronectin-coated microchambers was much lower than in BSA-coated microchambers, suggesting that fibronectin traps cell aggregates before they reach the chambers. Accordingly, hiPSCs that reached the microchambers subsequently adhered. In contrast, BSA-coated microchambers did not allow cell aggregates to adhere, but were sufficiently deep to prevent cell aggregates from flowing out during perfusion of media. Immunostaining for markers of undifferentiated cells showed that cultures on both fibronectin- and BSA-coated microchambers were successfully established. Notably, we found that floating aggregates eventually adhered to surfaces coated with BSA upon differentiation, and that differentiation depends on the initial size of aggregates. Collectively, these results suggest that the microfluidic system is suitable for manipulating hiPSC aggregates in compartmentalized microchambers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kondo
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Koji Hattori
- Research Center for Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5th, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Shota Tashiro
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Eri Nakatani
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Yoshimitsu
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Taku Satoh
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5th, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Shinji Sugiura
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5th, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kanamori
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5th, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ohnuma
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan; Department of Science of Technology Innovation, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka-cho, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan.
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