51
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Penton D, Moser S, Wengi A, Czogalla J, Rosenbaek LL, Rigendinger F, Faresse N, Martins JR, Fenton RA, Loffing-Cueni D, Loffing J. Protein Phosphatase 1 Inhibitor-1 Mediates the cAMP-Dependent Stimulation of the Renal NaCl Cotransporter. J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 30:737-750. [PMID: 30902838 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2018050540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of cAMP-elevating hormones stimulate phosphorylation (and hence activity) of the NaCl cotransporter (NCC) in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT). Evidence suggests that protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and other protein phosphatases modulate NCC phosphorylation, but little is known about PP1's role and the mechanism regulating its function in the DCT. METHODS We used ex vivo mouse kidney preparations to test whether a DCT-enriched inhibitor of PP1, protein phosphatase 1 inhibitor-1 (I1), mediates cAMP's effects on NCC, and conducted yeast two-hybrid and coimmunoprecipitation experiments in NCC-expressing MDCK cells to explore protein interactions. RESULTS Treating isolated DCTs with forskolin and IBMX increased NCC phosphorylation via a protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent pathway. Ex vivo incubation of mouse kidney slices with isoproterenol, norepinephrine, and parathyroid hormone similarly increased NCC phosphorylation. The cAMP-induced stimulation of NCC phosphorylation strongly correlated with the phosphorylation of I1 at its PKA consensus phosphorylation site (a threonine residue in position 35). We also found an interaction between NCC and the I1-target PP1. Moreover, PP1 dephosphorylated NCC in vitro, and the PP1 inhibitor calyculin A increased NCC phosphorylation. Studies in kidney slices and isolated perfused kidneys of control and I1-KO mice demonstrated that I1 participates in the cAMP-induced stimulation of NCC. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest a complete signal transduction pathway by which cAMP increases NCC phosphorylation via a PKA-dependent phosphorylation of I1 and subsequent inhibition of PP1. This pathway might be relevant for the physiologic regulation of renal sodium handling by cAMP-elevating hormones, and may contribute to salt-sensitive hypertension in patients with endocrine disorders or sympathetic hyperactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Penton
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Swiss National Centre for Competence in Research "Kidney Control of Homeostasis," Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Moser
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Agnieszka Wengi
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Czogalla
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Swiss National Centre for Competence in Research "Kidney Control of Homeostasis," Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lena Lindtoft Rosenbaek
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; and.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Nourdine Faresse
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Swiss National Centre for Competence in Research "Kidney Control of Homeostasis," Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joana R Martins
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Swiss National Centre for Competence in Research "Kidney Control of Homeostasis," Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert A Fenton
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; and
| | | | - Johannes Loffing
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; .,Swiss National Centre for Competence in Research "Kidney Control of Homeostasis," Zurich, Switzerland
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52
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Arif M, Sadayappan S, Becker RC, Martin LJ, Urbina EM. Epigenetic modification: a regulatory mechanism in essential hypertension. Hypertens Res 2019; 42:1099-1113. [PMID: 30867575 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-019-0248-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Essential hypertension (EH) is a multifactorial disease of the cardiovascular system that is influenced by the interplay of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. The molecular dynamics underlying EH etiopathogenesis is unknown; however, earlier studies have revealed EH-associated genetic variants. Nevertheless, this finding alone is not sufficient to explain the variability in blood pressure, suggesting that other risk factors are involved, such as epigenetic modifications. Therefore, this review highlights the potential contribution of well-defined epigenetic mechanisms in EH, specifically, DNA methylation, post-translational histone modifications, and microRNAs. We further emphasize global and gene-specific DNA methylation as one of the most well-studied hallmarks among all epigenetic modifications in EH. In addition, post-translational histone modifications, such as methylation, acetylation, and phosphorylation, are described as important epigenetic markers associated with EH. Finally, we discuss microRNAs that affect blood pressure by regulating master genes such as those implicated in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. These epigenetic modifications, which appear to contribute to various cardiovascular diseases, including EH, may be a promising research area for the development of novel future strategies for EH prevention and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Arif
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Heart, Lung and Vascular Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.,Division of Preventive Cardiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Sakthivel Sadayappan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Heart, Lung and Vascular Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Richard C Becker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Heart, Lung and Vascular Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Lisa J Martin
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Elaine M Urbina
- Division of Preventive Cardiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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53
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Faulkner JL, Harwood D, Bender L, Shrestha L, Brands MW, Morwitzer MJ, Kennard S, Antonova G, de Chantemèle EJB. Lack of Suppression of Aldosterone Production Leads to Salt-Sensitive Hypertension in Female but Not Male Balb/C Mice. Hypertension 2018; 72:1397-1406. [PMID: 30571230 PMCID: PMC6309424 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.11303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Clinical studies indicate that salt-sensitive hypertension is more prevalent in women than in men. However, animal models of salt sensitivity have primarily focused on the mechanisms of salt sensitivity in male animals; therefore, elucidation of these mechanisms in female animal models is needed. We have previously shown that female Balb/C mice have higher aldosterone synthase expression and aldosterone production than males. We hypothesized that female Balb/C mice develop salt-sensitive increases in blood pressure. Seven-day feeding of a 4% NaCl high-salt (HS) diet increased blood pressure in female mice without altering blood pressure in males. Females on an HS diet displayed no apparent increases in sodium retention as assessed by 24-hour urine collection, sodium balance measure, and saline loading excretion analysis. Females on an HS diet exhibited lower renin-angiotensin system activity (plasma Ang II [angiotensin II], plasma renin activity, and ACE [angiotensin-converting enzyme] activity) compared with males but developed a salt-induced elevation in adrenal aldosterone synthase expression and retained higher aldosterone levels than males on HS. This resulted in a higher aldosterone/plasma renin activity ratio in females compared with males on HS feeding. Adrenal mRNA expression of angiotensinogen and leptin receptor was increased in female mice on an HS diet. HS impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation in female mice only. MR (mineralocorticoid receptor) inhibition (eplerenone) restored blood pressure and endothelial function in females on an HS diet. Collectively, these data indicate that Balb/C mice develop sex-discrepant salt-sensitive hypertension likely via aldosterone-MR-mediated mechanisms involving impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation in females only. This study presents the first model of spontaneous sex-specific salt sensitivity, which mimics the human pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Faulkner
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University
| | - Daisy Harwood
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University
| | - Lily Bender
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University
| | - Lenee Shrestha
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University
| | - Michael W. Brands
- Physiology Department, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University
| | - M. Jane Morwitzer
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University
| | - Simone Kennard
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University
| | - Galina Antonova
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University
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54
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Beaini S, Saliba Y, Hajal J, Smayra V, Bakhos JJ, Joubran N, Chelala D, Fares N. VEGF-C attenuates renal damage in salt-sensitive hypertension. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:9616-9630. [PMID: 30378108 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Salt-sensitive hypertension is a major risk factor for renal impairment leading to chronic kidney disease. High-salt diet leads to hypertonic skin interstitial volume retention enhancing the activation of the tonicity-responsive enhancer-binding protein (TonEBP) within macrophages leading to vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) secretion and NOS3 modulation. This promotes skin lymphangiogenesis and blood pressure regulation. Whether VEGF-C administration enhances renal and skin lymphangiogenesis and attenuates renal damage in salt-sensitive hypertension remains to be elucidated. Hypertension was induced in BALB/c mice by a high-salt diet. VEGF-C was administered subcutaneously to high-salt-treated mice as well as control animals. Analyses of kidney injury, inflammation, fibrosis, and biochemical markers were performed in vivo. VEGF-C reduced plasma inflammatory markers in salt-treated mice. In addition, VEGF-C exhibited a renal anti-inflammatory effect with the induction of macrophage M2 phenotype, followed by reductions in interstitial fibrosis. Antioxidant enzymes within the kidney as well as urinary RNA/DNA damage markers were all revelatory of abolished oxidative stress under VEGF-C. Furthermore, VEGF-C decreased the urinary albumin/creatinine ratio and blood pressure as well as glomerular and tubular damages. These improvements were associated with enhanced TonEBP, NOS3, and lymphangiogenesis within the kidney and skin. Our data show that VEGF-C administration plays a major role in preserving renal histology and reducing blood pressure. VEGF-C might constitute an interesting potential therapeutic target for improving renal remodeling in salt-sensitive hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadia Beaini
- Physiology and Pathophysiology Research Laboratory, Pole of Technology and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Youakim Saliba
- Physiology and Pathophysiology Research Laboratory, Pole of Technology and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Joelle Hajal
- Physiology and Pathophysiology Research Laboratory, Pole of Technology and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Viviane Smayra
- Divisions of Nephrology and Anatomopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hotel Dieu de France Hospital, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jules-Joel Bakhos
- Physiology and Pathophysiology Research Laboratory, Pole of Technology and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Najat Joubran
- Division of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Saint Georges Hospital, Balamand University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Dania Chelala
- Divisions of Nephrology and Anatomopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hotel Dieu de France Hospital, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nassim Fares
- Physiology and Pathophysiology Research Laboratory, Pole of Technology and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
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55
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Awobajo FO, Okafor AE, Adebayo HO. The immune system cell populations were increased in salt-induced hypertensive rats without an increase in the serum testosterone level (Short communication). Physiol Int 2018; 105:110-115. [PMID: 29975124 DOI: 10.1556/2060.105.2018.2.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of dietary salt has significantly increased globally, especially in the developed countries. High dietary salt intake has been linked to onset and complications in hypertension with a dimorphism tendency. There is scanty information about the influence of high salt diet on the immune cell population and androgen level in circulation. Male Sprague-Dawley rats of 8 weeks old were used for this study. They were divided into control (fed 0.1% salted feed) and salt-loaded groups (fed 8% salted feed) for 8 weeks. All experimental rats were allowed access to clean drinking water; daily feed consumption was measured in addition to weekly weight. On confirmation of hypertension using PowerLab® data acquisitions system, the rats were sacrificed and blood samples were collected into EDTA and sterile sample bottles. EDTA-blood samples were used for white blood cell and CD4 counts while the serum was used for hormonal assays. All salt-loaded rats became hypertensive, with a significant increase in total white blood cell, lymphocyte, neutrophil, monocyte, and CD4 cell counts. However, the eosinophil count was significantly decreased in salt-loaded rats. This study showed no change in the serum testosterone in salt-loaded male rats compared with control. In summary, dietary salt loading while precipitating hypertension also activated increased production of white blood cells and CD4 cells without any change in the serum testosterone level.
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Affiliation(s)
- F O Awobajo
- 1 Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos , Lagos, Nigeria
| | - A E Okafor
- 1 Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos , Lagos, Nigeria
| | - H O Adebayo
- 1 Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos , Lagos, Nigeria
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56
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Verschuren EHJ, Mohammed SG, Leonhard WN, Overmars-Bos C, Veraar K, Hoenderop JGJ, Bindels RJM, Peters DJM, Arjona FJ. Polycystin-1 dysfunction impairs electrolyte and water handling in a renal precystic mouse model for ADPKD. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F537-F546. [PMID: 29767557 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00622.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The PKD1 gene encodes polycystin-1 (PC1), a mechanosensor triggering intracellular responses upon urinary flow sensing in kidney tubular cells. Mutations in PKD1 lead to autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). The involvement of PC1 in renal electrolyte handling remains unknown since renal electrolyte physiology in ADPKD patients has only been characterized in cystic ADPKD. We thus studied the renal electrolyte handling in inducible kidney-specific Pkd1 knockout (iKsp- Pkd1-/-) mice manifesting a precystic phenotype. Serum and urinary electrolyte determinations indicated that iKsp- Pkd1-/- mice display reduced serum levels of magnesium (Mg2+), calcium (Ca2+), sodium (Na+), and phosphate (Pi) compared with control ( Pkd1+/+) mice and renal Mg2+, Ca2+, and Pi wasting. In agreement with these electrolyte disturbances, downregulation of key genes for electrolyte reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop (TA;, Cldn16, Kcnj1, and Slc12a1), distal convoluted tubule (DCT; Trpm6 and Slc12a3) and connecting tubule (CNT; Calb1, Slc8a1, and Atp2b4) was observed in kidneys of iKsp- Pkd1-/- mice compared with controls. Similarly, decreased renal gene expression of markers for TAL ( Umod) and DCT ( Pvalb) was observed in iKsp- Pkd1-/- mice. Conversely, mRNA expression levels in kidney of genes encoding solute and water transporters in the proximal tubule ( Abcg2 and Slc34a1) and collecting duct ( Aqp2, Scnn1a, and Scnn1b) remained comparable between control and iKsp- Pkd1-/- mice, although a water reabsorption defect was observed in iKsp- Pkd1-/- mice. In conclusion, our data indicate that PC1 is involved in renal Mg2+, Ca2+, and water handling and its dysfunction, resulting in a systemic electrolyte imbalance characterized by low serum electrolyte concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric H J Verschuren
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Sami G Mohammed
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Wouter N Leonhard
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Caro Overmars-Bos
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Kimberly Veraar
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Joost G J Hoenderop
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - René J M Bindels
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Dorien J M Peters
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Francisco J Arjona
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
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Oparil S, Acelajado MC, Bakris GL, Berlowitz DR, Cífková R, Dominiczak AF, Grassi G, Jordan J, Poulter NR, Rodgers A, Whelton PK. Hypertension. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2018; 4:18014. [PMID: 29565029 PMCID: PMC6477925 DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2018.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 536] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Systemic arterial hypertension is the most important modifiable risk factor for all-cause morbidity and mortality worldwide and is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Fewer than half of those with hypertension are aware of their condition, and many others are aware but not treated or inadequately treated, although successful treatment of hypertension reduces the global burden of disease and mortality. The aetiology of hypertension involves the complex interplay of environmental and pathophysiological factors that affect multiple systems, as well as genetic predisposition. The evaluation of patients with hypertension includes accurate standardized blood pressure (BP) measurement, assessment of the patients' predicted risk of atherosclerotic CVD and evidence of target-organ damage, and detection of secondary causes of hypertension and presence of comorbidities (such as CVD and kidney disease). Lifestyle changes, including dietary modifications and increased physical activity, are effective in lowering BP and preventing hypertension and its CVD sequelae. Pharmacological therapy is very effective in lowering BP and in preventing CVD outcomes in most patients; first-line antihypertensive medications include angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers and thiazide diuretics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Oparil
- Vascular Biology and Hypertension Program, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1720 2nd Avenue South, Birmingham, Alabama, USA 35294-0007
| | | | - George L. Bakris
- University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America (U.S.A.)
| | - Dan R. Berlowitz
- Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research, Bedford Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, Massachusetts,Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America (U.S.A.)
| | - Renata Cífková
- Center for Cardiovascular Prevention, Charles University in Prague, First Faculty of Medicine and Thomayer Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna F. Dominiczak
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Science, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (U.K.)
| | - Guido Grassi
- Clinica Medica, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy,IRCCS Multimedica, Sesto San Giovanni, Milan, Italy
| | - Jens Jordan
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Neil R. Poulter
- Imperial Clinical Trials Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (U.K.)
| | - Anthony Rodgers
- The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul K. Whelton
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America (U.S.A.)
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58
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Szczepanska-Sadowska E, Czarzasta K, Cudnoch-Jedrzejewska A. Dysregulation of the Renin-Angiotensin System and the Vasopressinergic System Interactions in Cardiovascular Disorders. Curr Hypertens Rep 2018; 20:19. [PMID: 29556787 PMCID: PMC5859051 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-018-0823-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review In many instances, the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and the vasopressinergic system (VPS) are jointly activated by the same stimuli and engaged in the regulation of the same processes. Recent Findings Angiotensin II (Ang II) and arginine vasopressin (AVP), which are the main active compounds of the RAS and the VPS, interact at several levels. Firstly, Ang II, acting on AT1 receptors (AT1R), plays a significant role in the release of AVP from vasopressinergic neurons and AVP, stimulating V1a receptors (V1aR), regulates the release of renin in the kidney. Secondly, Ang II and AVP, acting on AT1R and V1aR, respectively, exert vasoconstriction, increase cardiac contractility, stimulate the sympathoadrenal system, and elevate blood pressure. At the same time, they act antagonistically in the regulation of blood pressure by baroreflex. Thirdly, the cooperative action of Ang II acting on AT1R and AVP stimulating both V1aR and V2 receptors in the kidney is necessary for the appropriate regulation of renal blood flow and the efficient resorption of sodium and water. Furthermore, both peptides enhance the release of aldosterone and potentiate its action in the renal tubules. Summary In this review, we (1) point attention to the role of the cooperative action of Ang II and AVP for the regulation of blood pressure and the water-electrolyte balance under physiological conditions, (2) present the subcellular mechanisms underlying interactions of these two peptides, and (3) provide evidence that dysregulation of the cooperative action of Ang II and AVP significantly contributes to the development of disturbances in the regulation of blood pressure and the water-electrolyte balance in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szczepanska-Sadowska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Czarzasta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Cudnoch-Jedrzejewska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
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59
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Yang Y, Liu X, Liu Y, Fu H, Gao Y, Liu X, Jiang X. The development of salt-sensitive hypertension regulated by PSGL-1 gene in mice. Cell Biosci 2018. [PMID: 29541444 PMCID: PMC5842562 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-018-0218-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objective Chronic inflammatory is involved in the development of salt-sensitive hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. PSGL-1 plays an important role in the inflammatory response. Methods and results In this study, we used PSGL-1−/− and PSGL-1+/+ mice fed with high salt diet to measure the blood pressure, inflammatory response and vascular injury. We found that, in PSGL-1+/+ mice, high salt diet resulted in high blood pressure with the increased expression of serum inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β and TNFɑ, vascular injury markers MCP-1, ET-1, and VWF, and renal macrophages and T cells infiltration, and endothelium-dependent acetylcholine vasodilation dysfunction. However, the influence was not found in PSGL-1−/− mice. The deficiency of PSGL-1 prevented the increased adhesion of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to endothelial cells by high salt environment. Conclusions Our results indicate that PSGL-1 is involved in the development of salt-sensitive hypertension via vascular inflammation and injury. The high salt induced inflammation may be initiated by leukocytes and endothelial cells adhesion through PSGL-1 binding with P-selectin or/and E-selectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Yang
- Beijing No. 8 High School. 2 Xue Yuan Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100032 People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Liu
- 2Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC), 5 Pan Jia Yuan Nan Li, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021 People's Republic of China
| | - Yunpeng Liu
- 2Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC), 5 Pan Jia Yuan Nan Li, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021 People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Fu
- 2Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC), 5 Pan Jia Yuan Nan Li, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021 People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Gao
- Beijing No. 8 High School. 2 Xue Yuan Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100032 People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Liu
- 2Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC), 5 Pan Jia Yuan Nan Li, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoliang Jiang
- 2Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC), 5 Pan Jia Yuan Nan Li, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021 People's Republic of China
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60
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Fernández-Llama P, Calero F. [How does salt intake influence blood pressure? Associated aetiopathogenic mechanisms]. HIPERTENSION Y RIESGO VASCULAR 2017; 35:S1889-1837(17)30105-8. [PMID: 29254634 DOI: 10.1016/j.hipert.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Abundant evidence from epidemiological and experimental studies has established a link between salt and blood pressure. However, there is heterogeneity in the blood pressure responses of humans to changes in sodium intake. Those individuals in whom a severe, abrupt change in salt intake causes the least change in arterial pressure and are termed salt-resistant, whereas in those in whom this leads to large changes in blood pressure, are called salt sensitive. Classically, Guyton's theory of the pressure-natriuresis phenomenon has been accepted to explain the pressor effect of salt, as well as the fundamental role played by the different protein sodium transporters of the renal tubules. In recent years, new theories have emerged pointing to the possible role of the immune system and the existence of a third sodium store in the body as aetiopathogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Fernández-Llama
- Unidad de Hipertensión, Servicio de Nefrología, Fundació Puigvert, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Barcelona, España.
| | - F Calero
- Unidad de Hipertensión, Servicio de Nefrología, Fundació Puigvert, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Barcelona, España
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61
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Liu D, Zeng X, Li X, Mehta JL, Wang X. Role of NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Basic Res Cardiol 2017; 113:5. [PMID: 29224086 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-017-0663-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
NLRP3 inflammasome is a key multiprotein signaling platform that tightly controls inflammatory responses and coordinates antimicrobial host defenses by activating caspase-1 for the subsequent maturation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β and IL-18, and induces pyroptosis. The assembly and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome are linked to the pathogenesis of several cardiovascular disease risk factors, such as hypertension and diabetes, and their major consequences-myocardial remodeling. The study of the NLRP3 inflammasome in these cardiovascular disease states may uncover important triggers and endogenous modulators of the disease, and lead to new treatment strategies. This review outlines current insights into NLRP3 inflammasome research associated with cardiovascular diseases and discusses the questions that remain in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongling Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xiang Zeng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Jawahar L Mehta
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and the Division of Cardiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Xianwei Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
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Antagonist of thromboxane A2 receptor by SQ29548 lowers DOCA-induced hypertension in diabetic rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 815:298-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Mishra S, Ingole S, Jain R. Salt sensitivity and its implication in clinical practice. Indian Heart J 2017; 70:556-564. [PMID: 30170653 PMCID: PMC6116721 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension (HTN) is a complex multi-factorial disease and is considered one of the foremost modifiable risk factors for stroke, heart failure, ischemic heart disease and renal dysfunction. Over the past century, salt and its linkage to HTN and cardiovascular (CV) mortality has been the subject of intense scientific scrutiny. There is now consensus that different individuals have different susceptibilities to blood pressure (BP)-raising effects of salt and this susceptiveness is called as salt sensitivity. Several renal and extra-renal mechanisms are believed to play a role. Blunted activity of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), adrenal Rac1-MR-Sgk1-NCC/ENaC pathway, renal SNS-GR-WNK4-NCC pathway, defect of membrane ion transportation, inflammation and abnormalities of Na+/Ca2+ exchange have all been implicated as pathophysiological basis for salt sensitive HTN. While salt restriction is definitely beneficial recent observation suggests that treatment with Azilsartan may improve salt sensitivity by selectively reducing renal proximal tubule Na+/H+ exchange. This encourages the future potential benefits of recognizing and therapeutically addressing the salt sensitive phenotype in humans.
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64
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Prager-Khoutorsky M, Choe KY, Levi DI, Bourque CW. Role of Vasopressin in Rat Models of Salt-Dependent Hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 2017; 19:42. [PMID: 28451854 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-017-0741-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Dietary salt intake increases both plasma sodium and osmolality and therefore increases vasopressin (VP) release from the neurohypophysis. Although this effect could increase blood pressure by inducing fluid reabsorption and vasoconstriction, acute activation of arterial baroreceptors inhibits VP neurons via GABAA receptors to oppose high blood pressure. Here we review recent findings demonstrating that this protective mechanism fails during chronic high salt intake in rats. RECENT FINDINGS Two recent studies showed that chronic high sodium intake causes an increase in intracellular chloride concentration in VP neurons. This effect causes GABAA receptors to become excitatory and leads to the emergence of VP-dependent hypertension. One study showed that the increase in intracellular chloride was provoked by a decrease in the expression of the chloride exporter KCC2 mediated by local secretion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and activation of TrkB receptors. Prolonged high dietary salt intake can cause pathological plasticity in a central homeostatic circuit that controls VP secretion and thereby contribute to peripheral vasoconstriction and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masha Prager-Khoutorsky
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, McIntyre Medical Sciences Bldg., 3655 Promenade Sir-William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Katrina Y Choe
- 2309 Gonda Neuroscience and Genetics Research Center, UCLA Department of Neurology, 695 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - David I Levi
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Charles W Bourque
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada.
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Naser AM, Unicomb L, Doza S, Ahmed KM, Rahman M, Uddin MN, Quraishi SB, Selim S, Shamsudduha M, Burgess W, Chang HH, Gribble MO, Clasen TF, Luby SP. Stepped-wedge cluster-randomised controlled trial to assess the cardiovascular health effects of a managed aquifer recharge initiative to reduce drinking water salinity in southwest coastal Bangladesh: study design and rationale. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e015205. [PMID: 28864689 PMCID: PMC5588995 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Saltwater intrusion and salinisation have contributed to drinking water scarcity in many coastal regions globally, leading to dependence on alternative sources for water supply. In southwest coastal Bangladesh, communities have few options but to drink brackish groundwater which has been associated with high blood pressure among the adult population, and pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension among pregnant women. Managed aquifer recharge (MAR), the purposeful recharge of surface water or rainwater to aquifers to bring hydrological equilibrium, is a potential solution for salinity problem in southwest coastal Bangladesh by creating a freshwater lens within the brackish aquifer. Our study aims to evaluate whether consumption of MAR water improves human health, particularly by reducing blood pressure among communities in coastal Bangladesh. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The study employs a stepped-wedge cluster-randomised controlled community trial design in 16 communities over five monthly visits. During each visit, we will collect data on participants' source of drinking and cooking water and measure the salinity level and electrical conductivity of household stored water. At each visit, we will also measure the blood pressure of participants ≥20 years of age and pregnant women and collect urine samples for urinary sodium and protein measurements. We will use generalised linear mixed models to determine the association of access to MAR water on blood pressure of the participants. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study protocol has been reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b). Informed written consent will be taken from all the participants. This study is funded by Wellcome Trust, UK. The study findings will be disseminated to the government partners, at research conferences and in peer-reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02746003; Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Mohd Naser
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Leanne Unicomb
- Environmental Health & Interventions Unit, Enteric and Respiratory Infections Program, Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Solaiman Doza
- Environmental Health & Interventions Unit, Enteric and Respiratory Infections Program, Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Mahbubur Rahman
- Environmental Health & Interventions Unit, Enteric and Respiratory Infections Program, Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Nasir Uddin
- Environmental Health & Interventions Unit, Enteric and Respiratory Infections Program, Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shamshad B Quraishi
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Atomic Energy Centre, Bangladesh Atomic EnergyCommission, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shahjada Selim
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Shamsudduha
- Institute for Risk and Disaster Reduction, Departmentof Geography, University College London, London, UK
| | - William Burgess
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Howard H Chang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Matthew O Gribble
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Thomas F Clasen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stephen P Luby
- Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment & Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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Abstract
Worldwide, the number of patients with diabetes is increasing. Adults with diabetes have a two- to threefold increased risk of heart attack and stroke, and diabetic nephropathy is a leading cause of end-stage renal failure. Salt sensitivity of blood pressure is reported to be elevated in patients with diabetes. Hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and an activated sympathetic nervous system play key roles in the genesis of salt-sensitive blood pressure in individuals who are obese and/or have type 2 diabetes. In this review, I summarize previous research performed to improve our understanding of the relationship between salt and hypertension in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Uzu
- Division of Nephrology and Blood Purification, Nissay Hospital, 6-3-8 Itachibori, Nishi-ku, Osaka, 550-0012 Japan
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67
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Hundemer GL, Baudrand R, Brown JM, Curhan G, Williams GH, Vaidya A. Renin Phenotypes Characterize Vascular Disease, Autonomous Aldosteronism, and Mineralocorticoid Receptor Activity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:1835-1843. [PMID: 28323995 PMCID: PMC5470762 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-3867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Mild cases of autonomous aldosterone secretion may go unrecognized using current diagnostic criteria for primary aldosteronism (PA). OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the inability to stimulate renin serves as a biomarker for unrecognized autonomous aldosterone secretion and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation. PARTICIPANTS Six hundred sixty-three normotensive and mildly hypertensive participants, who were confirmed to not have PA using current guideline criteria and were on no antihypertensive medications. DESIGN Participants had their maximally stimulated plasma renin activity (PRA) measured while standing upright after sodium restriction. Tertiles of maximally stimulated PRA were hypothesized to reflect the degree of MR activation: lowest PRA tertile = "Inappropriate/Excess MR Activity;" middle PRA tertile = "Intermediate MR Activity;"; and highest PRA tertile = "Physiologic MR Activity." All participants underwent detailed biochemical and vascular characterizations under conditions of liberalized sodium intake, and associations with stimulated PRA phenotypes were performed. RESULTS Participants with lower stimulated PRA had greater autonomous aldosterone secretion [higher aldosterone-to-renin ratio (P = 0.002), higher urine aldosterone excretion rate (P = 0.003), higher systolic blood pressure (P = 0.004), and lower renal plasma flow (P = 0.04)] and a nonsignificant trend toward lower serum potassium and higher urine potassium excretion, which became significant after stratification by hypertension status. CONCLUSIONS In participants without clinical PA, the inability to stimulate renin was associated with greater autonomous aldosterone secretion, impaired vascular function, and suggestive trends in potassium handling that indicate an extensive spectrum of unrecognized MR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L. Hundemer
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Rene Baudrand
- Program for Adrenal Disorders and Endocrine Hypertension, Department of Endocrinology, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile School of Medicine, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jenifer M. Brown
- Center for Adrenal Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Gary Curhan
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Gordon H. Williams
- Center for Adrenal Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Anand Vaidya
- Center for Adrenal Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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68
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Abstract
WNK kinases, along with their upstream regulators (CUL3/KLHL3) and downstream targets (the SPAK/OSR1 kinases and the cation-Cl- cotransporters [CCCs]), comprise a signaling cascade essential for ion homeostasis in the kidney and nervous system. Recent work has furthered our understanding of the WNKs in epithelial transport, cell volume homeostasis, and GABA signaling, and uncovered novel roles for this pathway in immune cell function and cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Shekarabi
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Centers for Mendelian Genomics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06477, USA; MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Arjun R Khanna
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David H Ellison
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA; VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Pediatrics, and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Centers for Mendelian Genomics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06477, USA.
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69
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Bruder-Nascimento T, Ferreira NS, Zanotto CZ, Ramalho F, Pequeno IO, Olivon VC, Neves KB, Alves-Lopes R, Campos E, Silva CAA, Fazan R, Carlos D, Mestriner FL, Prado D, Pereira FV, Braga T, Luiz JPM, Cau SB, Elias PC, Moreira AC, Câmara NO, Zamboni DS, Alves-Filho JC, Tostes RC. NLRP3 Inflammasome Mediates Aldosterone-Induced Vascular Damage. Circulation 2016; 134:1866-1880. [PMID: 27803035 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.116.024369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation is a key feature of aldosterone-induced vascular damage and dysfunction, but molecular mechanisms by which aldosterone triggers inflammation remain unclear. The NLRP3 inflammasome is a pivotal immune sensor that recognizes endogenous danger signals triggering sterile inflammation. METHODS We analyzed vascular function and inflammatory profile of wild-type (WT), NLRP3 knockout (NLRP3-/-), caspase-1 knockout (Casp-1-/-), and interleukin-1 receptor knockout (IL-1R-/-) mice treated with vehicle or aldosterone (600 µg·kg-1·d-1 for 14 days through osmotic mini-pump) while receiving 1% saline to drink. RESULTS Here, we show that NLRP3 inflammasome plays a central role in aldosterone-induced vascular dysfunction. Long-term infusion of aldosterone in mice resulted in elevation of plasma interleukin-1β levels and vascular abnormalities. Mice lacking the IL-1R or the inflammasome components NLRP3 and caspase-1 were protected from aldosterone-induced vascular damage. In vitro, aldosterone stimulated NLRP3-dependent interleukin-1β secretion by bone marrow-derived macrophages by activating nuclear factor-κB signaling and reactive oxygen species generation. Moreover, chimeric mice reconstituted with NLRP3-deficient hematopoietic cells showed that NLRP3 in immune cells mediates aldosterone-induced vascular damage. In addition, aldosterone increased the expression of NLRP3, active caspase-1, and mature interleukin-1β in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Hypertensive patients with hyperaldosteronism or normal levels of aldosterone exhibited increased activity of NLRP3 inflammasome, suggesting that the effect of hyperaldosteronism on the inflammasome may be mediated through high blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data demonstrate that NLRP3 inflammasome, through activation of IL-1R, is critically involved in the deleterious vascular effects of aldosterone, placing NLRP3 as a potential target for therapeutic interventions in conditions with high aldosterone levels.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylcholine/pharmacology
- Aldosterone/pharmacology
- Animals
- Bone Marrow Cells/cytology
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- Caspase 1/deficiency
- Caspase 1/genetics
- Humans
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/genetics
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
- Interleukin-1beta/blood
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Macrophages/cytology
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Male
- Mesenteric Arteries/drug effects
- Mesenteric Arteries/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/deficiency
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/genetics
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/metabolism
- Nigericin/pharmacology
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/deficiency
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/genetics
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Vascular Diseases/chemically induced
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Bruder-Nascimento
- From Department of Pharmacology (T.B.-N., N.S.F., C.Z.Z., F.R., I.O.P., V.C.O., K.B.N., R.A.-L., E.C., F.L.M., D.P., J.P.M.L., J.C.A.F., R.C.T.), Department of Physiology (C.A.A.S., R.F.), Department of Biochemistry and Immunology (D.C.), Department of Clinical Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (P.C.E., A.C.M.), and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (D.S.Z.), Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil (F.V.P., T.B., N.O.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (S.B.C.).
| | - Nathanne S Ferreira
- From Department of Pharmacology (T.B.-N., N.S.F., C.Z.Z., F.R., I.O.P., V.C.O., K.B.N., R.A.-L., E.C., F.L.M., D.P., J.P.M.L., J.C.A.F., R.C.T.), Department of Physiology (C.A.A.S., R.F.), Department of Biochemistry and Immunology (D.C.), Department of Clinical Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (P.C.E., A.C.M.), and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (D.S.Z.), Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil (F.V.P., T.B., N.O.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (S.B.C.)
| | - Camila Z Zanotto
- From Department of Pharmacology (T.B.-N., N.S.F., C.Z.Z., F.R., I.O.P., V.C.O., K.B.N., R.A.-L., E.C., F.L.M., D.P., J.P.M.L., J.C.A.F., R.C.T.), Department of Physiology (C.A.A.S., R.F.), Department of Biochemistry and Immunology (D.C.), Department of Clinical Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (P.C.E., A.C.M.), and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (D.S.Z.), Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil (F.V.P., T.B., N.O.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (S.B.C.)
| | - Fernanda Ramalho
- From Department of Pharmacology (T.B.-N., N.S.F., C.Z.Z., F.R., I.O.P., V.C.O., K.B.N., R.A.-L., E.C., F.L.M., D.P., J.P.M.L., J.C.A.F., R.C.T.), Department of Physiology (C.A.A.S., R.F.), Department of Biochemistry and Immunology (D.C.), Department of Clinical Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (P.C.E., A.C.M.), and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (D.S.Z.), Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil (F.V.P., T.B., N.O.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (S.B.C.)
| | - Isabela O Pequeno
- From Department of Pharmacology (T.B.-N., N.S.F., C.Z.Z., F.R., I.O.P., V.C.O., K.B.N., R.A.-L., E.C., F.L.M., D.P., J.P.M.L., J.C.A.F., R.C.T.), Department of Physiology (C.A.A.S., R.F.), Department of Biochemistry and Immunology (D.C.), Department of Clinical Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (P.C.E., A.C.M.), and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (D.S.Z.), Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil (F.V.P., T.B., N.O.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (S.B.C.)
| | - Vania C Olivon
- From Department of Pharmacology (T.B.-N., N.S.F., C.Z.Z., F.R., I.O.P., V.C.O., K.B.N., R.A.-L., E.C., F.L.M., D.P., J.P.M.L., J.C.A.F., R.C.T.), Department of Physiology (C.A.A.S., R.F.), Department of Biochemistry and Immunology (D.C.), Department of Clinical Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (P.C.E., A.C.M.), and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (D.S.Z.), Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil (F.V.P., T.B., N.O.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (S.B.C.)
| | - Karla B Neves
- From Department of Pharmacology (T.B.-N., N.S.F., C.Z.Z., F.R., I.O.P., V.C.O., K.B.N., R.A.-L., E.C., F.L.M., D.P., J.P.M.L., J.C.A.F., R.C.T.), Department of Physiology (C.A.A.S., R.F.), Department of Biochemistry and Immunology (D.C.), Department of Clinical Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (P.C.E., A.C.M.), and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (D.S.Z.), Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil (F.V.P., T.B., N.O.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (S.B.C.)
| | - Rheure Alves-Lopes
- From Department of Pharmacology (T.B.-N., N.S.F., C.Z.Z., F.R., I.O.P., V.C.O., K.B.N., R.A.-L., E.C., F.L.M., D.P., J.P.M.L., J.C.A.F., R.C.T.), Department of Physiology (C.A.A.S., R.F.), Department of Biochemistry and Immunology (D.C.), Department of Clinical Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (P.C.E., A.C.M.), and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (D.S.Z.), Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil (F.V.P., T.B., N.O.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (S.B.C.)
| | - Eduardo Campos
- From Department of Pharmacology (T.B.-N., N.S.F., C.Z.Z., F.R., I.O.P., V.C.O., K.B.N., R.A.-L., E.C., F.L.M., D.P., J.P.M.L., J.C.A.F., R.C.T.), Department of Physiology (C.A.A.S., R.F.), Department of Biochemistry and Immunology (D.C.), Department of Clinical Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (P.C.E., A.C.M.), and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (D.S.Z.), Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil (F.V.P., T.B., N.O.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (S.B.C.)
| | - Carlos Alberto A Silva
- From Department of Pharmacology (T.B.-N., N.S.F., C.Z.Z., F.R., I.O.P., V.C.O., K.B.N., R.A.-L., E.C., F.L.M., D.P., J.P.M.L., J.C.A.F., R.C.T.), Department of Physiology (C.A.A.S., R.F.), Department of Biochemistry and Immunology (D.C.), Department of Clinical Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (P.C.E., A.C.M.), and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (D.S.Z.), Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil (F.V.P., T.B., N.O.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (S.B.C.)
| | - Rubens Fazan
- From Department of Pharmacology (T.B.-N., N.S.F., C.Z.Z., F.R., I.O.P., V.C.O., K.B.N., R.A.-L., E.C., F.L.M., D.P., J.P.M.L., J.C.A.F., R.C.T.), Department of Physiology (C.A.A.S., R.F.), Department of Biochemistry and Immunology (D.C.), Department of Clinical Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (P.C.E., A.C.M.), and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (D.S.Z.), Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil (F.V.P., T.B., N.O.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (S.B.C.)
| | - Daniela Carlos
- From Department of Pharmacology (T.B.-N., N.S.F., C.Z.Z., F.R., I.O.P., V.C.O., K.B.N., R.A.-L., E.C., F.L.M., D.P., J.P.M.L., J.C.A.F., R.C.T.), Department of Physiology (C.A.A.S., R.F.), Department of Biochemistry and Immunology (D.C.), Department of Clinical Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (P.C.E., A.C.M.), and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (D.S.Z.), Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil (F.V.P., T.B., N.O.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (S.B.C.)
| | - Fabiola L Mestriner
- From Department of Pharmacology (T.B.-N., N.S.F., C.Z.Z., F.R., I.O.P., V.C.O., K.B.N., R.A.-L., E.C., F.L.M., D.P., J.P.M.L., J.C.A.F., R.C.T.), Department of Physiology (C.A.A.S., R.F.), Department of Biochemistry and Immunology (D.C.), Department of Clinical Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (P.C.E., A.C.M.), and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (D.S.Z.), Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil (F.V.P., T.B., N.O.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (S.B.C.)
| | - Douglas Prado
- From Department of Pharmacology (T.B.-N., N.S.F., C.Z.Z., F.R., I.O.P., V.C.O., K.B.N., R.A.-L., E.C., F.L.M., D.P., J.P.M.L., J.C.A.F., R.C.T.), Department of Physiology (C.A.A.S., R.F.), Department of Biochemistry and Immunology (D.C.), Department of Clinical Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (P.C.E., A.C.M.), and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (D.S.Z.), Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil (F.V.P., T.B., N.O.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (S.B.C.)
| | - Felipe V Pereira
- From Department of Pharmacology (T.B.-N., N.S.F., C.Z.Z., F.R., I.O.P., V.C.O., K.B.N., R.A.-L., E.C., F.L.M., D.P., J.P.M.L., J.C.A.F., R.C.T.), Department of Physiology (C.A.A.S., R.F.), Department of Biochemistry and Immunology (D.C.), Department of Clinical Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (P.C.E., A.C.M.), and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (D.S.Z.), Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil (F.V.P., T.B., N.O.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (S.B.C.)
| | - Tarcio Braga
- From Department of Pharmacology (T.B.-N., N.S.F., C.Z.Z., F.R., I.O.P., V.C.O., K.B.N., R.A.-L., E.C., F.L.M., D.P., J.P.M.L., J.C.A.F., R.C.T.), Department of Physiology (C.A.A.S., R.F.), Department of Biochemistry and Immunology (D.C.), Department of Clinical Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (P.C.E., A.C.M.), and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (D.S.Z.), Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil (F.V.P., T.B., N.O.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (S.B.C.)
| | - Joao Paulo M Luiz
- From Department of Pharmacology (T.B.-N., N.S.F., C.Z.Z., F.R., I.O.P., V.C.O., K.B.N., R.A.-L., E.C., F.L.M., D.P., J.P.M.L., J.C.A.F., R.C.T.), Department of Physiology (C.A.A.S., R.F.), Department of Biochemistry and Immunology (D.C.), Department of Clinical Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (P.C.E., A.C.M.), and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (D.S.Z.), Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil (F.V.P., T.B., N.O.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (S.B.C.)
| | - Stefany B Cau
- From Department of Pharmacology (T.B.-N., N.S.F., C.Z.Z., F.R., I.O.P., V.C.O., K.B.N., R.A.-L., E.C., F.L.M., D.P., J.P.M.L., J.C.A.F., R.C.T.), Department of Physiology (C.A.A.S., R.F.), Department of Biochemistry and Immunology (D.C.), Department of Clinical Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (P.C.E., A.C.M.), and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (D.S.Z.), Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil (F.V.P., T.B., N.O.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (S.B.C.)
| | - Paula C Elias
- From Department of Pharmacology (T.B.-N., N.S.F., C.Z.Z., F.R., I.O.P., V.C.O., K.B.N., R.A.-L., E.C., F.L.M., D.P., J.P.M.L., J.C.A.F., R.C.T.), Department of Physiology (C.A.A.S., R.F.), Department of Biochemistry and Immunology (D.C.), Department of Clinical Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (P.C.E., A.C.M.), and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (D.S.Z.), Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil (F.V.P., T.B., N.O.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (S.B.C.)
| | - Ayrton C Moreira
- From Department of Pharmacology (T.B.-N., N.S.F., C.Z.Z., F.R., I.O.P., V.C.O., K.B.N., R.A.-L., E.C., F.L.M., D.P., J.P.M.L., J.C.A.F., R.C.T.), Department of Physiology (C.A.A.S., R.F.), Department of Biochemistry and Immunology (D.C.), Department of Clinical Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (P.C.E., A.C.M.), and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (D.S.Z.), Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil (F.V.P., T.B., N.O.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (S.B.C.)
| | - Niels O Câmara
- From Department of Pharmacology (T.B.-N., N.S.F., C.Z.Z., F.R., I.O.P., V.C.O., K.B.N., R.A.-L., E.C., F.L.M., D.P., J.P.M.L., J.C.A.F., R.C.T.), Department of Physiology (C.A.A.S., R.F.), Department of Biochemistry and Immunology (D.C.), Department of Clinical Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (P.C.E., A.C.M.), and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (D.S.Z.), Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil (F.V.P., T.B., N.O.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (S.B.C.)
| | - Dario S Zamboni
- From Department of Pharmacology (T.B.-N., N.S.F., C.Z.Z., F.R., I.O.P., V.C.O., K.B.N., R.A.-L., E.C., F.L.M., D.P., J.P.M.L., J.C.A.F., R.C.T.), Department of Physiology (C.A.A.S., R.F.), Department of Biochemistry and Immunology (D.C.), Department of Clinical Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (P.C.E., A.C.M.), and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (D.S.Z.), Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil (F.V.P., T.B., N.O.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (S.B.C.)
| | - Jose Carlos Alves-Filho
- From Department of Pharmacology (T.B.-N., N.S.F., C.Z.Z., F.R., I.O.P., V.C.O., K.B.N., R.A.-L., E.C., F.L.M., D.P., J.P.M.L., J.C.A.F., R.C.T.), Department of Physiology (C.A.A.S., R.F.), Department of Biochemistry and Immunology (D.C.), Department of Clinical Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (P.C.E., A.C.M.), and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (D.S.Z.), Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil (F.V.P., T.B., N.O.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (S.B.C.)
| | - Rita C Tostes
- From Department of Pharmacology (T.B.-N., N.S.F., C.Z.Z., F.R., I.O.P., V.C.O., K.B.N., R.A.-L., E.C., F.L.M., D.P., J.P.M.L., J.C.A.F., R.C.T.), Department of Physiology (C.A.A.S., R.F.), Department of Biochemistry and Immunology (D.C.), Department of Clinical Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (P.C.E., A.C.M.), and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (D.S.Z.), Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil (F.V.P., T.B., N.O.); and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (S.B.C.).
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Hashimoto T, Takase H, Okado T, Sugiura T, Yamashita S, Kimura G, Ohte N, Dohi Y. Significance of adjusting salt intake by body weight in the evaluation of dietary salt and blood pressure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 10:647-655.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2016.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hypertension, which is present in about one quarter of the world's population, is responsible for about 41% of the number one cause of death - cardiovascular disease. Not included in these statistics is the effect of sodium intake on blood pressure, even though an increase or a marked decrease in sodium intake can increase blood pressure. This review deals with the interaction of gut microbiota and the kidney with genetics and epigenetics in the regulation of blood pressure and salt sensitivity. RECENT FINDINGS The abundance of the gut microbes, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, is associated with increased blood pressure in several models of hypertension, including the spontaneously hypertensive and Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Decreasing gut microbiota by antibiotics can increase or decrease blood pressure that is influenced by genotype. The biological function of probiotics may also be a consequence of epigenetic modification, related, in part, to microRNA. Products of the fermentation of nutrients by gut microbiota can influence blood pressure by regulating expenditure of energy, intestinal metabolism of catecholamines, and gastrointestinal and renal ion transport, and thus, salt sensitivity. SUMMARY The beneficial or deleterious effect of gut microbiota on blood pressure is a consequence of several variables, including genetics, epigenetics, lifestyle, and intake of antibiotics. These variables may influence the ultimate level of blood pressure and control of hypertension.
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Takase H, Sugiura T, Murai S, Yamashita S, Ohte N, Dohi Y. Use of Electrocardiography to Predict Future Development of Hypertension in the General Population. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e3483. [PMID: 27124047 PMCID: PMC4998710 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000003483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac muscle responds to increased afterload by developing hypertrophy. During the early stages of hypertension, the heart can be transiently, but frequently, exposed to increased afterload. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) assessed by electrocardiography (ECG) can be used to predict future development of hypertension.Sokolow-Lyon voltage and Cornell product were calculated using ECG in 5770 normotensive participants who visited our hospital for a physical checkup (age 52.7 ± 11.3 years). LVH was defined as a Sokolow-Lyon voltage of >3.8 mV or a Cornell product of >2440 mm × ms. After baseline examination, participants were followed up with the endpoint being the development of hypertension.During the median follow-up period of 1089 days (15,789 person-years), hypertension developed in 1029 participants (65.2/1000 person-years). A Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated a significantly higher incidence of hypertension in participants with LVH than in those without LVH as assessed by Sokolow-Lyon voltage or Cornell product (P < 0.0001 for both). The hazard ratios for incident hypertension in participants with LVH defined by Sokolow-Lyon voltage and Cornell product were 1.49 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.16-1.90, P < 0.01) and 1.34 (95% CI 1.09-1.65, P < 0.01), respectively, after adjustment for possible risk factors. Furthermore, in multivariable Cox hazard analysis, where Sokolow-Lyon voltage and Cornell product were taken as continuous variables, both indices were independent predictors of future hypertension (P < 0.0001).Both Sokolow-Lyon voltage and Cornell product are novel predictors of future development of hypertension in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Takase
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (HT), Enshu Hospital, Hamamatsu; Department of Cardio-Renal Medicine and Hypertension (TS, SM, SY, NO), Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya; and Department of Internal Medicine (YD), Faculty of Rehabilitation, Nagoya Gakuin University, Seto, Japan
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Recent Advances in the Genetics of Hypertension. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 956:561-581. [PMID: 27957710 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2016_75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a silent killer worldwide, caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Until now, genetic and genomic association studies of hypertension are reporting different degree of association on hypertension. Hence, it is essential to gather all the available information on the reported genetic loci and to determine if any biomarker(s) is/are significantly associated with hypertension. Current review concluded the potential biomarkers for hypertension, with regards to electrolyte and fluid transports, as well as sodium/potassium ions homeostasis, which are supported by the results of case-controls and meta-analyses.
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Impact of Salt Intake on the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Hypertension. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 956:61-84. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2016_147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Drug therapy of apparent treatment-resistant hypertension: focus on mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. Drugs 2015; 75:473-85. [PMID: 25787734 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-015-0372-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Apparent treatment-resistant hypertension (aTRH) is defined as blood pressure (BP) >140/90 mmHg despite three different antihypertensive drugs including a diuretic. aTRH is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events, including stroke, chronic renal failure, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, aortic aneurysm, atrial fibrillation, and sudden death. Preliminary studies of renal nerve ablation as a therapy to control aTRH were encouraging. However, these results were not confirmed by the Symplicity 3 trial. Therefore, attention has refocused on drug therapy. Secondary forms of hypertension and associated conditions such as obesity, sleep apnea, and primary aldosteronism are common in patients with aTRH. The pivotal role of aldosterone in the pathogenesis of aTRH in many cases is well recognized. For patients with aTRH, the Joint National Committee-8, the European Society of Hypertension, and a recent consensus conference recommend that a diuretic, ACE inhibitor, or angiotensin receptor blocker and calcium channel blocker combination be used to maximally tolerated doses before starting a 'fourth-line' drug such as a mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist. Although the best fourth-line drug for aTRH has not been extensively investigated, a number of studies summarized here show that an MR antagonist is effective in reducing BP when added to the standard multi-drug regimen.
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Sun GQ, Li YB, Du B, Meng Y. Resveratrol via activation of AMPK lowers blood pressure in DOCA-salt hypertensive mice. Clin Exp Hypertens 2015; 37:616-21. [DOI: 10.3109/10641963.2015.1036060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Shimizu Y, Kadota K, Koyamatsu J, Yamanashi H, Nagayoshi M, Noda M, Nishimura T, Tayama J, Nagata Y, Maeda T. Salt intake and mental distress among rural community-dwelling Japanese men. J Physiol Anthropol 2015; 34:26. [PMID: 26109460 PMCID: PMC4480897 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-015-0064-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activated mineralocorticoid receptors influence the association between daily salt intake and blood pressure. A relatively low mineralocorticoid receptor function is reported to be a risk for mental distress such as depression. Since mental distress is also a known risk for hypertension and cardiovascular disease, understanding of the association between estimated daily salt intake and mental distress contributing to hypertension is important for risk estimation for cardiovascular disease. However, no single study has reported this association. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study of 1014 Japanese men undergoing general health check-ups. Mental distress was diagnosed as a Kessler 6 scale score ≥5. We also classified mental distress by levels of hypertension. Estimated daily salt intake was calculated from a causal urine specimen. RESULTS Independent from classical cardiovascular risk factors and thyroid disease, we found a significant inverse association between estimated daily salt intake and mental distress. When we analyzed for mental distress and hypertension, we also found a significant association. With the reference group being the lowest tertiles of estimated daily salt intake, the multivariable odds ratios (ORs) of mental distress and mental distress with hypertension for the highest tertiles were 0.50 (0.29-0.88) and 0.46 (0.22-0.96). CONCLUSIONS Lower estimated daily salt intake is a significant risk of mental distress for rural community-dwelling Japanese men. Since depression is reported to be associated with cardiovascular disease, risk estimation for the lower intake of salt on mental distress, especially for mental distress with hypertension, may become an important tool to prevent cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Shimizu
- Department of Community Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Koichiro Kadota
- Department of Community Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Jun Koyamatsu
- Department of Community Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Hirotomo Yamanashi
- Department of Island and Community Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Mako Nagayoshi
- Department of Community Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Miki Noda
- Department of Community Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Nishimura
- Department of Public Health, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Jun Tayama
- Graduate School of Education, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan. .,Center for Health and Community Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Nagata
- Center for Comprehensive Community Care Education, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Maeda
- Department of Community Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki, Japan. .,Department of Island and Community Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki, Japan.
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Majid DSA, Prieto MC, Navar LG. Salt-Sensitive Hypertension: Perspectives on Intrarenal Mechanisms. Curr Hypertens Rev 2015; 11:38-48. [PMID: 26028244 DOI: 10.2174/1573402111666150530203858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Salt sensitive hypertension is characterized by increases in blood pressure in response to increases in dietary salt intake and is associated with an enhanced risk of cardiovascular and renal morbidity. Although researchers have sought for decades to understand how salt sensitivity develops in humans, the mechanisms responsible for the increases in blood pressure in response to high salt intake are complex and only partially understood. Until now, scientists have been unable to explain why some individuals are salt sensitive and others are salt resistant. Although a central role for the kidneys in the development of salt sensitivity and hypertension has been generally accepted, it is also recognized that hypertension is of multifactorial origin and a variety of factors can induce, or prevent, blood pressure responsiveness to the manipulation of salt intake. Excess salt intake in susceptible persons may also induce inappropriate central and sympathetic nervous system responses and increase the production of intrarenal angiotensin II, catecholamines and other factors such as oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines. One key factor is the concomitant inappropriate or paradoxical activation of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system, by high salt intake. This is reflected by the increases in urinary angiotensinogen during high salt intake in salt sensitive models. A complex interaction between neuroendocrine factors and the kidney may underlie the propensity for some individuals to retain salt and develop salt-dependent hypertension. In this review, we focus mainly on the renal contributions that provide the mechanistic links between chronic salt intake and the development of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewan S A Majid
- Department of Physiology, SL39, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Hall JE, do Carmo JM, da Silva AA, Wang Z, Hall ME. Obesity-induced hypertension: interaction of neurohumoral and renal mechanisms. Circ Res 2015; 116:991-1006. [PMID: 25767285 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.305697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 682] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Excess weight gain, especially when associated with increased visceral adiposity, is a major cause of hypertension, accounting for 65% to 75% of the risk for human primary (essential) hypertension. Increased renal tubular sodium reabsorption impairs pressure natriuresis and plays an important role in initiating obesity hypertension. The mediators of abnormal kidney function and increased blood pressure during development of obesity hypertension include (1) physical compression of the kidneys by fat in and around the kidneys, (2) activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and (3) increased sympathetic nervous system activity. Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is likely due, in part, to renal compression, as well as sympathetic nervous system activation. However, obesity also causes mineralocorticoid receptor activation independent of aldosterone or angiotensin II. The mechanisms for sympathetic nervous system activation in obesity have not been fully elucidated but may require leptin and activation of the brain melanocortin system. With prolonged obesity and development of target organ injury, especially renal injury, obesity-associated hypertension becomes more difficult to control, often requiring multiple antihypertensive drugs and treatment of other risk factors, including dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus, and inflammation. Unless effective antiobesity drugs are developed, the effect of obesity on hypertension and related cardiovascular, renal and metabolic disorders is likely to become even more important in the future as the prevalence of obesity continues to increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Hall
- From the Departments of Physiology and Biophysics (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), Medicine (M.E.H.), Mississippi Center for Obesity Research (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), and Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson.
| | - Jussara M do Carmo
- From the Departments of Physiology and Biophysics (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), Medicine (M.E.H.), Mississippi Center for Obesity Research (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), and Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Alexandre A da Silva
- From the Departments of Physiology and Biophysics (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), Medicine (M.E.H.), Mississippi Center for Obesity Research (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), and Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Zhen Wang
- From the Departments of Physiology and Biophysics (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), Medicine (M.E.H.), Mississippi Center for Obesity Research (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), and Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Michael E Hall
- From the Departments of Physiology and Biophysics (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), Medicine (M.E.H.), Mississippi Center for Obesity Research (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), and Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
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Tapia-Castillo A, Carvajal CA, Campino C, Hill C, Allende F, Vecchiola A, Carrasco C, Bancalari R, Valdivia C, Lagos C, Martinez-Aguayo A, Garcia H, Aglony M, Baudrand RF, Kalergis AM, Michea LF, Riedel CA, Fardella CE. The Expression of RAC1 and Mineralocorticoid Pathway-Dependent Genes are Associated With Different Responses to Salt Intake. Am J Hypertens 2015; 28:722-8. [PMID: 25430696 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpu224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rac1 upregulation has been implicated in salt-sensitive hypertension as a modulator of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activity. Rac1 could affect the expression of oxidative stress markers, such as hemoxigenase-1 (HO-1) or nuclear factor-B (NF-κB), and the expression of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), a cytokine upregulated upon MR activation. AIM We evaluated RAC1 expression in relation of high salt intake and association with MR, NGAL, HO-1, and NF-κB expression, mineralo- and glucocorticoids levels, and inflammatory parameters. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We studied 147 adult subjects. A food survey identified the dietary sodium (Na) intake. RAC1 expression was considered high or low according to the value found in normotensive subjects with low salt intake. We determined the gene expression of RAC1, MR, NGAL, HO-1, NF-κB, and 18S, isolated from peripheral leukocytes. We measured aldosterone, cortisol, sodium, potassium excretion, metalloproteinase (MMP9 y MMP2), and C-reactive protein. RESULTS We identified 126 subjects with high Na-intake, 18 subjects had high, and 108 low-RAC1 expression. The subjects with high-RAC1 expression showed a significant increase in MR (P = 0.0002), NGAL (P < 0.0001) HO-1 (P = 0.0004), and NF-κB (P < 0.0001) gene expression. We demonstrated an association between RAC1 expression and MR (R sp 0.64; P < 0.0001), NGAL (R sp 0.48; P < 0.0001), HO-1 (R sp 0.53; P < 0.0001), and NF-κB (R sp0.52; P < 0.0001). We did not identify any association between RAC1 and clinical or biochemical variables. CONCLUSIONS RAC1 expression was associated with an increase in MR, NGAL, NF-κB, and HO-1 expression, suggesting that RAC1 could be a mediator of cardiovascular damage induced by sodium, and may also useful to identify subjects with different responses to salt intake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristian A Carvajal
- Endocrinology, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millenium Institute in Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carmen Campino
- Endocrinology, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millenium Institute in Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Caroline Hill
- Endocrinology, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fidel Allende
- Servicios de Laboratorios Clinicos, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Vecchiola
- Endocrinology, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millenium Institute in Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carmen Carrasco
- Endocrinology, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Bancalari
- Pediatrics, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Valdivia
- Endocrinology, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Lagos
- Endocrinology, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Hernan Garcia
- Pediatrics, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marlene Aglony
- Pediatrics, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rene F Baudrand
- Endocrinology, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millenium Institute in Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis F Michea
- Millenium Institute in Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile; Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, ICBM, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Millenium Institute in Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos E Fardella
- Endocrinology, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millenium Institute in Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile;
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81
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Epigenetics and arterial hypertension: the challenge of emerging evidence. Transl Res 2015; 165:154-65. [PMID: 25035152 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic phenomena include DNA methylation, post-translational histone modifications, and noncoding RNAs, as major marks. Although similar to genetic features of DNA for their heritability, epigenetic mechanisms differ for their potential reversibility by environmental and nutritional factors, which make them potentially crucial for their role in complex and multifactorial diseases. The function of these mechanisms is indeed gaining interest in relation to arterial hypertension (AH) with emerging evidence from cell culture and animal models as well as human studies showing that epigenetic modifications have major functions within pathways related to AH. Among epigenetic marks, the role of DNA methylation is mostly highlighted given the primary role of this epigenetic feature in mammalian cells. A lower global methylation was observed in DNA of peripheral blood mononuclear cells of hypertensive patients. Moreover, DNA hydroxymethylation appears modifiable by salt intake in a Dahl salt-sensitive rat model. The specific function of DNA methylation in regulating the expression of AH-related genes at promoter site was described for hydroxysteroid (11-beta) dehydrogenase 2 (HSD11B2), somatic angiotensin converting enzyme (sACE), Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter 1 (NKCC1), angiotensinogen (AGT), α-adducin (ADD1), and for other crucial genes in endocrine hypertension. Post-translational histone methylation at different histone 3 lysine residues was also observed to control the expression of genes related to AH as lysine-specific demethylase-1(LSD1), HSD11B2, and epithelial sodium channel subunit α (SCNN1A). Noncoding RNAs including several microRNAs influence genes involved in steroidogenesis and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway. In the present review, the current knowledge on the relationship between the main epigenetic marks and AH will be presented, considering the challenge of epigenetic patterns being modifiable by environmental factors that may lead toward novel implications in AH preventive and therapeutic strategies.
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Johnson RJ, Lanaspa MA, Gabriela Sánchez-Lozada L, Rodriguez-Iturbe B. The discovery of hypertension: evolving views on the role of the kidneys, and current hot topics. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 308:F167-78. [PMID: 25377913 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00503.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary hypertension is increasingly common and is associated with significant morbidity. Here, we review the history of its discovery and rise during the last century with an emphasis on studies trying to identify its cause. Early studies identified a defect in sodium excretion by the kidney as being central to the pathogenesis. Recent studies have focused on a variety of genetic, congenital (fetal programming), and acquired mechanisms for causing the defect in natriuresis. Certain risk factors are apparent, including genetic polymorphisms that regulate sodium excretion, a congenital reduction in nephron number, obesity and hyperleptinemia, an elevated sympathetic nervous system, diet (salt and fructose), and metabolic (hyperuricemia) mechanisms. The kidney shows evidence for renal arteriolar vasoconstriction, an intrarenal inflammatory response, local oxidative stress, and intrarenal activation of the renin-angiotensin system. Recent studies suggest that intrarenal T cells have an important role in causing hypertension to be persistent, likely due to the induction of a local autoimmune response to neoantigens such as heat shock protein 70 and protein aggregates formed by isoketals resulting from lipid peroxidation. Salt retention due to impairment in pressure-diuresis leads to the release of cardiotonic steroids and central nervous system effects that cause systemic vasoconstriction and a rise in blood pressure. Some recent studies suggest that salt may increase blood pressure not simply by effects on extracellular volume but rather as a consequence of hyperosmolarity. These new insights could lead to new approaches for the prevention and treatment of this important disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Johnson
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado;
| | - Miguel A Lanaspa
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - L Gabriela Sánchez-Lozada
- Laboratory of Renal Physiopathology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico; and
| | - Bernardo Rodriguez-Iturbe
- Hospital Universitario y Universidad del Zulia; and Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC)-Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
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83
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Matsuki K, Hathaway CK, Lawrence MG, Smithies O, Kakoki M. The role of transforming growth factor β1 in the regulation of blood pressure. Curr Hypertens Rev 2014; 10:223-38. [PMID: 25801626 PMCID: PMC4842018 DOI: 10.2174/157340211004150319123313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Although human association studies suggest a link between polymorphisms in the gene encoding transforming growth factor (TGF) β1 and differing blood pressure levels, a causative mechanism for this correlation remains elusive. Recently we have generated a series of mice with graded expression of TGFβ1, ranging from approximately 10% to 300% compared to normal. We have found that blood pressure and plasma volume are negatively regulated by TGFβ1. Of note, the 10% hypomorph exhibits primary aldosteronism and markedly impaired urinary excretion of water and electrolytes. We here review previous literature highlighting the importance of TGFβ signaling as a natriuretic system, which we postulate is a causative mechanism explaining how polymorphisms in TGFβ1 could influence blood pressure levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Masao Kakoki
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #7525, 701 Brinkhous-Bullitt Building, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7525, USA.
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