51
|
Lipoproteins Are Responsible for the Pro-Inflammatory Property of Staphylococcus aureus Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137099. [PMID: 34281154 PMCID: PMC8268867 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal aureus
(S. aureus), a Gram-positive bacteria, is known to cause various infections. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous array of membranous structures secreted by cells from all three domains of life, i.e., eukaryotes, bacteria, and archaea. Bacterial EVs are implied to be involved in both bacteria–bacteria and bacteria–host interactions during infections. It is still unclear how S. aureus EVs interact with host cells and induce inflammatory responses. In this study, EVs were isolated from S. aureus and mutant strains deficient in either prelipoprotein lipidation (Δlgt) or major surface proteins (ΔsrtAB). Their immunostimulatory capacities were assessed both in vitro and in vivo. We found that S. aureus EVs induced pro-inflammatory responses both in vitro and in vivo. However, this activity was dependent on lipidated lipoproteins (Lpp), since EVs isolated from the Δlgt showed no stimulation. On the other hand, EVs isolated from the ΔsrtAB mutant showed full immune stimulation, indicating the cell wall anchoring of surface proteins did not play a role in immune stimulation. The immune stimulation of S. aureus EVs was mediated mainly by monocytes/macrophages and was TLR2 dependent. In this study, we demonstrated that not only free Lpp but also EV-imbedded Lpp had high pro-inflammatory activity.
Collapse
|
52
|
Urinary Extracellular Vesicles: Uncovering the Basis of the Pathological Processes in Kidney-Related Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126507. [PMID: 34204452 PMCID: PMC8234687 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication governs multicellular interactions in complex organisms. A variety of mechanisms exist through which cells can communicate, e.g., cell-cell contact, the release of paracrine/autocrine soluble molecules, or the transfer of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are membrane-surrounded structures released by almost all cell types, acting both nearby and distant from their tissue/organ of origin. In the kidney, EVs are potent intercellular messengers released by all urinary system cells and are involved in cell crosstalk, contributing to physiology and pathogenesis. Moreover, urine is a reservoir of EVs coming from the circulation after crossing the glomerular filtration barrier—or originating in the kidney. Thus, urine represents an alternative source for biomarkers in kidney-related diseases, potentially replacing standard diagnostic techniques, including kidney biopsy. This review will present an overview of EV biogenesis and classification and the leading procedures for isolating EVs from body fluids. Furthermore, their role in intra-nephron communication and their use as a diagnostic tool for precision medicine in kidney-related disorders will be discussed.
Collapse
|
53
|
Zhang J, Kumar S, Jayachandran M, Herrera Hernandez LP, Wang S, Wilson EM, Lieske JC. Excretion of urine extracellular vesicles bearing markers of activated immune cells and calcium/phosphorus physiology differ between calcium kidney stone formers and non-stone formers. BMC Nephrol 2021; 22:204. [PMID: 34074247 PMCID: PMC8170929 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-021-02417-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Previous studies have demonstrated that excretion of urinary extracellular vesicles (EVs) from different nephron segments differs between kidney stone formers and non-stone formers (NSFs), and could reflect pathogenic mechanisms of urinary stone disease. In this study we quantified selected populations of specific urinary EVs carrying protein markers of immune cells and calcium/phosphorus physiology in calcium oxalate stone formers (CSFs) compared to non-stone formers (NSFs). METHODS Biobanked urine samples from CSFs (n = 24) undergoing stone removal surgery and age- and sex- matched NSFs (n = 21) were studied. Urinary EVs carrying proteins related to renal calcium/phosphorus physiology (phosphorus transporters (PiT1 and PiT2), Klotho, and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23); markers associated with EV generation (anoctamin-4 (ANO4) and Huntington interacting protein 1 (HIP1)), and markers shed from activated immune cells were quantified by standardized and published method of digital flow cytometry. RESULTS Urine excretion of calcium, oxalate, phosphorus, and calcium oxalate supersaturation (SS) were significantly higher in CSFs compared to NSFs (P < 0.05). Urinary excretion of EVs with markers of total leukocytes (CD45), neutrophils (CD15), macrophages (CD68), Klotho, FGF23, PiT1, PiT2, and ANO4 were each markedly lower in CSFs than NSFs (P < 0.05) whereas excretion of those with markers of monocytes (CD14), T-Lymphocytes (CD3), B-Lymphocytes (CD19), plasma cells (CD138 plus CD319 positive) were not different between the groups. Urinary excretion of EVs expressing PiT1 and PiT2 negatively (P < 0.05) correlated with urinary phosphorus excretion, whereas excretion of EVs expressing FGF23 negatively (P < 0.05) correlated with both urinary calcium and phosphorus excretion. Urinary EVs with markers of HIP1 and ANO4 correlated negatively (P < 0.05) with clinical stone events and basement membrane calcifications on papillary tip biopsies. CONCLUSIONS Urinary excretion of EVs derived from specific types of activated immune cells and EVs with proteins related to calcium/phosphorus regulation differed between CSFs and NSFs. Further validation of these and other populations of urinary EVs in larger cohort could identify biomarkers that elucidate novel pathogenic mechanisms of calcium stone formation in specific subsets of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiqing Zhang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.8 Gongti Nanlu,Chaoyang District, 100020, Beijing, China
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, MN, 55905, Rochester, USA
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, MN, 55905, Rochester, USA
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Science and Research, Sharda University, Knowledge Park III, 201310, UP, Greater Noida, India
| | - Muthuvel Jayachandran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, MN, 55905, Rochester, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology Research, Mayo Clinic, 55905, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, 55905, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Stanley Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, MN, 55905, Rochester, USA
| | - Elena M Wilson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, MN, 55905, Rochester, USA
| | - John C Lieske
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, MN, 55905, Rochester, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 55905, Rochester, MN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Kim YH, Huh KH, Lim BJ, Kim BS, Kim YS, Kim SI, Kim MS, Lee J, Park JT, Yoo TH, Kang SW, Han SH, Jeong HJ. Glomerular subepithelial microparticles - a footprint for podocyte injury. Ultrastruct Pathol 2021; 45:236-242. [PMID: 34014800 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2021.1929625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to clarify the nature and clinical significance of glomerular subepithelial microparticles (SMPs), located between the basal surface of the podocytes and the glomerular basement membrane. Ultrastructural morphology of 79 renal biopsy samples (obtained from 25 native and 54 transplanted kidneys), showing SMPs in the last 3 years, was reevaluated with regard to the podocyte changes and clinical condition of the patients. One hundred and nine SMPs were identified, with 32.9% of the samples having two or more per glomerulus. Overall, they were most frequently located in the open capillary loops (55%). However, in the native kidney samples with mesangial deposits, 64.3% of SMPs were present in the mesangium-bound areas. Each vesicle ranged from 46.9 to 87.1 nm, and vesicles were admixed with curved strands in larger SMPs. Diffuse effacement of the foot processes and condensation of the actin filaments were present in 56.0% and 62.4% of the samples, respectively. SMPs were associated with hematuria, proteinuria of ≥ 1 gm, and immune complex deposition in the patients with native kidneys, whereas they were related to hyperglycemia and elevated serum creatinine levels in the patients with renal allografts. Patients with native and transplanted kidneys most commonly presented with IgA nephropathy and allograft rejection, respectively. Finding SMPs in the renal biopsy samples is not rare and they may act as a footprint of podocyte injury caused by diverse etiologies. Considering their size, podocyte exosomes could be a possible source of SMPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yon Hee Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Ha Huh
- Department of Transplantation Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Jin Lim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Seok Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Seun Kim
- Department of Transplantation Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Il Kim
- Department of Transplantation Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Soo Kim
- Department of Transplantation Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhan Lee
- Department of Transplantation Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Tak Park
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyun Yoo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Wook Kang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyeok Han
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Joo Jeong
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Regulation of TRPML1 channel activity and inflammatory exosome release by endogenously produced reactive oxygen species in mouse podocytes. Redox Biol 2021; 43:102013. [PMID: 34030116 PMCID: PMC8163985 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor containing pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in podocytes has been implicated in the initiation of glomerular inflammation during hyperhomocysteinemia (hHcy). However, the mechanism by which NLRP3 inflammasome products are released from podocytes remains unknown. The present study tested whether exosome secretion from podocytes is enhanced by NADPH oxidase-produced reactive oxygen species (ROS), which may serve as a pathogenic mechanism mediating the release of inflammatory cytokines produced by the NLRP3 inflammasome in podocytes after Hcy stimulation. We first demonstrated the remarkable elevation of endogenously produced ROS in podocytes treated with Hcy compared with control podocytes, which was abolished by pre-treatment with the NADPH oxidase inhibitors, gp91 ds-tat peptide and diphenyleneiodonium (DPI). In addition, Hcy induced activation in podocytes of NLRP3 inflammasomes and the formation of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) containing inflammatory cytokines, which were prevented by treatment with gp91 ds-tat or the ROS scavenger, catalase. Given the importance of the transient receptor potential mucolipin 1 (TRPML1) channel in Ca2+-dependent lysosome trafficking and consequent lysosome-MVB interaction, we tested whether lysosomal Ca2+ release through TRPML1 channels is inhibited by endogenously produced ROS in podocytes after Hcy stimulation. By GCaMP3 Ca2+ imaging, we confirmed the inhibition of TRPML1 channel activity by Hcy which was remarkably ameliorated by catalase and gp91 ds-tat peptide. By structured illumination microscopy (SIM) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), we found that ML-SA1, a TRPML1 channel agonist, significantly enhanced lysosome-MVB interaction and reduced exosome release in podocytes, which were attenuated by Hcy. Pre-treatment of podocytes with catalase or gp91 ds-tat peptide restored ML-SA1-induced changes in lysosome-MVB interaction and exosome secretion. Moreover, we found that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) mimicked the effect of Hcy on TRPML1 channel activity, lysosome-MVB interaction, and exosome secretion in podocytes. Based on these results, we conclude that endogenously produced ROS importantly contributes to inflammatory exosome secretion from podocytes through inhibition of TRPML1 channel activity, which may contribute to the initiation of glomerular inflammation during hHcy.
Collapse
|
56
|
Blijdorp CJ, Tutakhel OAZ, Hartjes TA, van den Bosch TPP, van Heugten MH, Rigalli JP, Willemsen R, Musterd-Bhaggoe UM, Barros ER, Carles-Fontana R, Carvajal CA, Arntz OJ, van de Loo FAJ, Jenster G, Clahsen-van Groningen MC, Cuevas CA, Severs D, Fenton RA, van Royen ME, Hoenderop JGJ, Bindels RJM, Hoorn EJ. Comparing Approaches to Normalize, Quantify, and Characterize Urinary Extracellular Vesicles. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:1210-1226. [PMID: 33782168 PMCID: PMC8259679 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020081142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) are a promising source for biomarker discovery, but optimal approaches for normalization, quantification, and characterization in spot urines are unclear. METHODS Urine samples were analyzed in a water-loading study, from healthy subjects and patients with kidney disease. Urine particles were quantified in whole urine using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay (TR-FIA), and EVQuant, a novel method quantifying particles via gel immobilization. RESULTS Urine particle and creatinine concentrations were highly correlated in the water-loading study (R2 0.96) and in random spot urines from healthy subjects (R2 0.47-0.95) and patients (R2 0.41-0.81). Water loading reduced aquaporin-2 but increased Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP) and particle detection by NTA. This finding was attributed to hypotonicity increasing uEV size (more EVs reach the NTA size detection limit) and reducing THP polymerization. Adding THP to urine also significantly increased particle count by NTA. In both fluorescence NTA and EVQuant, adding 0.01% SDS maintained uEV integrity and increased aquaporin-2 detection. Comparison of intracellular- and extracellular-epitope antibodies suggested the presence of reverse topology uEVs. The exosome markers CD9 and CD63 colocalized and immunoprecipitated selectively with distal nephron markers. Conclusions uEV concentration is highly correlated with urine creatinine, potentially replacing the need for uEV quantification to normalize spot urines. Additional findings relevant for future uEV studies in whole urine include the interference of THP with NTA, excretion of larger uEVs in dilute urine, the ability to use detergent to increase intracellular-epitope recognition in uEVs, and CD9 or CD63 capture of nephron segment-specific EVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles J. Blijdorp
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Omar A. Z. Tutakhel
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Department of Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas A. Hartjes
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thierry P. P. van den Bosch
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn H. van Heugten
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Juan Pablo Rigalli
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Willemsen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Usha M. Musterd-Bhaggoe
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric R. Barros
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roger Carles-Fontana
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Institute of Hepatology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cristian A. Carvajal
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Onno J. Arntz
- Department of Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Fons A. J. van de Loo
- Department of Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Jenster
- Department of Urology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Cathy A. Cuevas
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Severs
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert A. Fenton
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martin E. van Royen
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost G. J. Hoenderop
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - René J. M. Bindels
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ewout J. Hoorn
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Erdbrügger U, Blijdorp CJ, Bijnsdorp IV, Borràs FE, Burger D, Bussolati B, Byrd JB, Clayton A, Dear JW, Falcón‐Pérez JM, Grange C, Hill AF, Holthöfer H, Hoorn EJ, Jenster G, Jimenez CR, Junker K, Klein J, Knepper MA, Koritzinsky EH, Luther JM, Lenassi M, Leivo J, Mertens I, Musante L, Oeyen E, Puhka M, van Royen ME, Sánchez C, Soekmadji C, Thongboonkerd V, van Steijn V, Verhaegh G, Webber JP, Witwer K, Yuen PS, Zheng L, Llorente A, Martens‐Uzunova ES. Urinary extracellular vesicles: A position paper by the Urine Task Force of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12093. [PMID: 34035881 PMCID: PMC8138533 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Urine is commonly used for clinical diagnosis and biomedical research. The discovery of extracellular vesicles (EV) in urine opened a new fast-growing scientific field. In the last decade urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) were shown to mirror molecular processes as well as physiological and pathological conditions in kidney, urothelial and prostate tissue. Therefore, several methods to isolate and characterize uEVs have been developed. However, methodological aspects of EV separation and analysis, including normalization of results, need further optimization and standardization to foster scientific advances in uEV research and a subsequent successful translation into clinical practice. This position paper is written by the Urine Task Force of the Rigor and Standardization Subcommittee of ISEV consisting of nephrologists, urologists, cardiologists and biologists with active experience in uEV research. Our aim is to present the state of the art and identify challenges and gaps in current uEV-based analyses for clinical applications. Finally, recommendations for improved rigor, reproducibility and interoperability in uEV research are provided in order to facilitate advances in the field.
Collapse
|
58
|
Ma J, Yuan HX, Chen YT, Ning DS, Liu XJ, Peng YM, Chen C, Song YK, Jian YP, Li Y, Liu Z, Ou ZJ, Ou JS. Circulating endothelial microparticles: a promising biomarker of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:786. [PMID: 34268399 PMCID: PMC8246187 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-7828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Current diagnostic strategies for acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) are nonspecific and limited. Previously, we demonstrated that circulating microparticles (MPs) in patients with valve heart disease (VHD) and congenital heart diseases (CHD) induce endothelial dysfunction and neutrophil chemotaxis, which may result in kidney injury. We also found that circulating MPs increase after cardiac surgery with CPB and are related to cardiac function. However, the relationship between circulating MPs and AKI after CPB is unknown. Methods Eighty-five patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB were enrolled. Patients were divided into AKI and non-AKI groups based on the serum creatinine levels at 12 h and 3 d post-CPB. Circulating MPs were isolated from plasma, and their levels including its subtypes were detected by flow cytometer. Independent risk factors for the CPB-associated AKI (CPB-AKI) were determined by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to measure the prognostic potential of CPB-AKI. Results The morbidity of AKI at 12 h and 3 d after cardiac surgery with CPB was 40% and 31.76%, respectively. The concentrations of total MPs and platelet-derived MPs (PMP) remained unchanged at 12 h and then increased at 3 d post-CPB, while that of endothelial-derived MPs (EMP) increased at both time points. In patients with AKI, PMP and EMP were elevated compared with the patients without AKI. However, no significant change was detected on monocyte-derived MPs (MMP) at 12 h and 3 d post-CPB. The logistic regression analysis showed that EMP was the independent risk factor for AKI both at 12 h and 3 d post-CPB. The area under ROC for the concentrations of EMP at 12 h and 3 d post-CPB was 0.86 and 0.91, with the specificity up to 0.88 and 0.91, respectively. Conclusions Circulating EMP may serve as a potential biomarker of AKI after cardiac surgery with CPB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ma
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,NHC key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao-Xiang Yuan
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,NHC key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Ting Chen
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,NHC key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da-Sheng Ning
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,NHC key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Liu
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,NHC key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue-Ming Peng
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,NHC key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,NHC key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Kai Song
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,NHC key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Peng Jian
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,NHC key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,NHC key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zui Liu
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,NHC key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Ou
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,NHC key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Division of Hypertension and Vascular Diseases, Heart Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Song Ou
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,NHC key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Contribution of podocyte inflammatory exosome release to glomerular inflammation and sclerosis during hyperhomocysteinemia. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166146. [PMID: 33862145 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor containing pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome has been implicated in podocyte injury and glomerular sclerosis in response to hyperhomocysteinemia (hHcy). However, it remains unknown how the products of NLRP3 inflammasome in cytoplasm are secreted out of podocytes. In the present study, we tested whether exosome release serves as a critical mechanism to mediate the action of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in hHcy-induced glomerular injury. By various approaches, we found that hHcy induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and neutrophil infiltration in glomeruli of WT/WT mice. Lysosome-MVB interaction in glomeruli remarkably decreased in WT/WT mice fed with FF diet, leading to elevation of urinary exosome excretion of these mice. Podocyte-derived exosomes containing pro-inflammatory cytokines increased in urine of WT/WT mice in response to hHcy. The release of inflammatory exosomes from podocytes was prevented by Smpd1 gene deletion but enhanced by podocyte-specific Smpd1 gene overexpression (Smpd1 encodes Asm in mice). Pathologically, hHcy-induced podocyte injury and glomerular sclerosis were blocked by Smpd1 gene knockout but amplified by podocyte-specific Smpd1 gene overexpression. Taken together, our results suggest that Asm-ceramide signaling pathway contributes to NLRP3 inflammasome activation and robust release of inflammatory exosomes in podocytes during hHcy, which together trigger local glomerular inflammation and sclerosis.
Collapse
|
60
|
Kosanović M, Llorente A, Glamočlija S, Valdivielso JM, Bozic M. Extracellular Vesicles and Renal Fibrosis: An Odyssey toward a New Therapeutic Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083887. [PMID: 33918699 PMCID: PMC8069044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is a complex disorder characterized by the destruction of kidney parenchyma. There is currently no cure for this devastating condition. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous vesicles released from cells in both physiological and diseased states. Given their fundamental role in transferring biomolecules to recipient cells and their ability to cross biological barriers, EVs have been widely investigated as potential cell-free therapeutic agents. In this review, we provide an overview of EVs, focusing on their functional role in renal fibrosis and signaling messengers responsible for EV-mediated crosstalk between various renal compartments. We explore recent findings regarding the renoprotective effect of EVs and their use as therapeutic agents in renal fibrosis. We also highlight advantages and future perspectives of the therapeutic applications of EVs in renal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Kosanović
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, INEP, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.K.); (S.G.)
| | - Alicia Llorente
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway;
- Department for Mechanical, Electronics and Chemical Engineering, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0167 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sofija Glamočlija
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, INEP, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.K.); (S.G.)
| | - José M. Valdivielso
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Institute for Biomedical Research in Lleida (IRBLleida) and RedInRen RETIC, 25196 Lleida, Spain;
| | - Milica Bozic
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway;
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Institute for Biomedical Research in Lleida (IRBLleida) and RedInRen RETIC, 25196 Lleida, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Liu ZZ, Jose PA, Yang J, Zeng C. Importance of extracellular vesicles in hypertension. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:342-353. [PMID: 33517775 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220974600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension affects approximately 1.13 billion adults worldwide and is the leading global risk factor for cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and kidney diseases. There is emerging evidence that extracellular vesicles participate in the development and progression of hypertension. Extracellular vesicles are membrane-enclosed structures released from nearly all types of eukaryotic cells. During their formation, extracellular vesicles incorporate various parent cell components, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids that can be transferred to recipient cells. Extracellular vesicles mediate cell-to-cell communication in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Therefore, studying the role of circulating and urinary extracellular vesicles in hypertension has the potential to identify novel noninvasive biomarkers and therapeutic targets of different hypertension phenotypes. This review discusses the classification and biogenesis of three EV subcategories (exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies) and provides a summary of recent discoveries in the potential impact of extracellular vesicles on hypertension with a specific focus on their role in the blood pressure regulation by organs-artery and kidney, as well as renin-angiotensin-system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Z Liu
- Cardiovascular Research Center of Chongqing College, Department of Cardiology of Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing 400042, P. R. China
| | - Pedro A Jose
- Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401120, P.R. China
| | - Chunyu Zeng
- Cardiovascular Research Center of Chongqing College, Department of Cardiology of Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing 400042, P. R. China.,Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
High cut-off dialysis mitigates pro-calcific effects of plasma on vascular progenitor cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1144. [PMID: 33441772 PMCID: PMC7807056 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Mortality of patients with end-stage renal disease tremendously exceeds that of the general population due to excess cardiovascular morbidity. Large middle-sized molecules (LMM) including pro-inflammatory cytokines are major drivers of uremic cardiovascular toxicity and cannot be removed sufficiently by conventional high-flux (HFL) hemodialysis. We tested the ability of plasma from 19 hemodialysis patients participating in a trial comparing HFL with high cut-off (HCO) membranes facilitating removal of LMM to induce calcification in mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) functioning as vascular progenitors. HCO dialysis favorably changed plasma composition resulting in reduced pro-calcific activity. LMM were removed more effectively by HCO dialysis including FGF23, a typical LMM we found to promote osteoblastic differentiation of MSC. Protein-bound uremic retention solutes with known cardiovascular toxicity but not LMM inhibited proliferation of MSC without direct toxicity in screening experiments. We could not attribute the effect of HCO dialysis on MSC calcification to distinct mediators. However, we found evidence of sustained reduced inflammation that might parallel other anti-calcifying mechanisms such as altered generation of extracellular vesicles. Our findings imply protection of MSC from dysfunctional differentiation by novel dialysis techniques targeted at removal of LMM. HCO dialysis might preserve their physiologic role in vascular regeneration and improve outcomes in dialysis patients.
Collapse
|
63
|
Li G, Li PL. Lysosomal TRPML1 Channel: Implications in Cardiovascular and Kidney Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1349:275-301. [PMID: 35138619 PMCID: PMC9899368 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-4254-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal ion channels mediate ion flux from lysosomes and regulate membrane potential across the lysosomal membrane, which are essential for lysosome biogenesis, nutrient sensing, lysosome trafficking, lysosome enzyme activity, and cell membrane repair. As a cation channel, the transient receptor potential mucolipin 1 (TRPML1) channel is mainly expressed on lysosomes and late endosomes. Recently, the normal function of TRPML1 channels has been demonstrated to be important for the maintenance of cardiovascular and renal glomerular homeostasis and thereby involved in the pathogenesis of some cardiovascular and kidney diseases. In arterial myocytes, it has been found that Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NAADP), an intracellular second messenger, can induce Ca2+ release through the lysosomal TRPML1 channel, leading to a global Ca2+ release response from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). In podocytes, it has been demonstrated that lysosomal TRPML1 channels control lysosome trafficking and exosome release, which contribute to the maintenance of podocyte functional integrity. The defect or functional deficiency of lysosomal TRPML1 channels has been shown to critically contribute to the initiation and development of some chronic degeneration or diseases in the cardiovascular system or kidneys. Here we briefly summarize the current evidence demonstrating the regulation of lysosomal TRPML1 channel activity and related signaling mechanisms. We also provide some insights into the canonical and noncanonical roles of TRPML1 channel dysfunction as a potential pathogenic mechanism for certain cardiovascular and kidney diseases and associated therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangbi Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Pin-Lan Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Yaker L, Kamel S, Ausseil J, Boullier A. Effects of Chronic Kidney Disease and Uremic Toxins on Extracellular Vesicle Biology. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12120811. [PMID: 33371311 PMCID: PMC7767379 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is a cardiovascular complication associated with a high mortality rate, especially in patients with diabetes, atherosclerosis or chronic kidney disease (CKD). In CKD patients, VC is associated with the accumulation of uremic toxins, such as indoxyl sulphate or inorganic phosphate, which can have a major impact in vascular remodeling. During VC, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) undergo an osteogenic switch and secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are heterogeneous in terms of their origin and composition. Under physiological conditions, EVs are involved in cell-cell communication and the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. They contain high levels of calcification inhibitors, such as fetuin-A and matrix Gla protein. Under pathological conditions (and particularly in the presence of uremic toxins), the secreted EVs acquire a pro-calcifying profile and thereby act as nucleating foci for the crystallization of hydroxyapatite and the propagation of calcification. Here, we review the most recent findings on the EVs’ pathophysiological role in VC, the impact of uremic toxins on EV biogenesis and functions, the use of EVs as diagnostic biomarkers and the EVs’ therapeutic potential in CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Yaker
- MP3CV-UR7517, CURS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Avenue de la Croix Jourdain, F-80054 Amiens, France; (L.Y.); (S.K.)
| | - Saïd Kamel
- MP3CV-UR7517, CURS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Avenue de la Croix Jourdain, F-80054 Amiens, France; (L.Y.); (S.K.)
- Laboratoire de Biochimie CHU Amiens-Picardie, Avenue de la Croix Jourdain, F-80054 Amiens, France
| | - Jérôme Ausseil
- INSERM UMR1043, CNRS UMR5282, University of Toulouse III, F-31024 Toulouse, France;
- CHU PURPAN—Institut Fédératif de Biologie, Laboratoire de Biochimie, Avenue de Grande Bretagne, F-31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Agnès Boullier
- MP3CV-UR7517, CURS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Avenue de la Croix Jourdain, F-80054 Amiens, France; (L.Y.); (S.K.)
- Laboratoire de Biochimie CHU Amiens-Picardie, Avenue de la Croix Jourdain, F-80054 Amiens, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-322087019
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Behrens F, Holle J, Kuebler WM, Simmons S. Extracellular vesicles as regulators of kidney function and disease. Intensive Care Med Exp 2020; 8:22. [PMID: 33336297 PMCID: PMC7746786 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-020-00306-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small, lipid bilayer-delimited particles of cellular origin that recently gained increasing attention for their potential use as diagnostic biomarkers, and beyond that for their role in intercellular communication and as regulators of homeostatic and disease processes. In acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), the potential use of EVs as diagnostic and prognostic markers has been evaluated in a series of clinical studies and contributions to pathophysiologic pathways have been investigated in experimental models. While EV concentrations in biofluids could not distinguish renal patients from healthy subjects or determine disease progression, specific EV subpopulations have been identified that may provide useful diagnostic and prognostic tools in AKI. Specific EV subpopulations are also associated with clinical complications in sepsis-induced AKI and in CKD. Beyond their role as biomarkers, pathophysiologic involvement of EVs has been shown in hemolytic uremic syndrome- and sepsis-induced AKI as well as in cardiovascular complications of CKD. On the other hand, some endogenously formed or therapeutically applied EVs demonstrate protective effects pointing toward their usefulness as emerging treatment strategy in kidney disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Behrens
- Institute of Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Holle
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang M Kuebler
- Institute of Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany. .,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany. .,The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science at St. Michael's, Toronto, Canada. .,Departments of Surgery and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Szandor Simmons
- Institute of Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Barreiro K, Dwivedi OP, Leparc G, Rolser M, Delic D, Forsblom C, Groop P, Groop L, Huber TB, Puhka M, Holthofer H. Comparison of urinary extracellular vesicle isolation methods for transcriptomic biomarker research in diabetic kidney disease. J Extracell Vesicles 2020; 10:e12038. [PMID: 33437407 PMCID: PMC7789228 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary Extracellular Vesicles (uEV) have emerged as a source for biomarkers of kidney damage, holding potential to replace the conventional invasive techniques including kidney biopsy. However, comprehensive studies characterizing uEV isolation methods with patient samples are rare. Here we compared performance of three established uEV isolation workflows for their subsequent use in transcriptomics analysis for biomarker discovery in diabetic kidney disease. We collected urine samples from individuals with type 1 diabetes with macroalbuminuria and healthy controls. We isolated uEV by Hydrostatic Filtration Dialysis (HFD), ultracentrifugation (UC), and a commercial kit- based isolation method (NG), each with different established urine clearing steps. Purified EVs were analysed by electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and Western blotting. Isolated RNAs were subjected to miRNA and RNA sequencing. HFD and UC samples showed close similarities based on mRNA sequencing data. NG samples had a lower number of reads and different mRNA content compared to HFD or UC. For miRNA sequencing data, satisfactory miRNA counts were obtained by all methods, but miRNA contents differed slightly. This suggests that the isolation workflows enrich specific subpopulations of miRNA-rich uEV preparation components. Our data shows that HFD,UC and the kit-based method are suitable methods to isolate uEV for miRNA-seq. However, only HFD and UC were suitable for mRNA-seq in our settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karina Barreiro
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMMUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Om Prakash Dwivedi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMMUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - German Leparc
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KGBiberachGermany
| | - Marcel Rolser
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KGBiberachGermany
| | - Denis Delic
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KGBiberachGermany
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology), University Medical Centre MannheimUniversity of HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Carol Forsblom
- Folkhälsan Institute of GeneticsFolkhälsan Research CenterHelsinkiFinland
- Abdominal Center, NephrologyUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Per‐Henrik Groop
- Folkhälsan Institute of GeneticsFolkhälsan Research CenterHelsinkiFinland
- Abdominal Center, NephrologyUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Leif Groop
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMMUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Tobias B. Huber
- III Department of MedicineUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Maija Puhka
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMMUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Harry Holthofer
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMMUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- III Department of MedicineUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Usfoor Z, Kaufmann K, Rakib ASH, Hergenröder R, Shpacovitch V. Features of Sizing and Enumeration of Silica and Polystyrene Nanoparticles by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA). SENSORS 2020; 20:s20226611. [PMID: 33227898 PMCID: PMC7699299 DOI: 10.3390/s20226611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) allows for the simultaneous determination of both size and concentration of nanoparticles in a sample. This study investigates the accuracy of particle size and concentration measurements performed on an LM10 device. For experiments, standard nanoparticles of different sizes composed of two materials with different refractive indices were used. Particle size measurements were found to have a decent degree of accuracy. This fact was verified by the manufacturer-reported particle size—determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM)—as well as by performed scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements. On the other hand, concentration measurements resulted in overestimation of the particle concentration in majority of cases. Thus, our findings confirmed the accuracy of nanoparticle sizing performed by the LM10 instrument and highlighted the overestimation of particle concentration made by this device. In addition, an approach of swift correction of the results of concentration measurements received for samples is suggested in the presented study.
Collapse
|
68
|
Li G, Huang D, Bhat OM, Poklis JL, Zhang A, Zou Y, Kidd J, Gehr TWB, Li PL. Abnormal podocyte TRPML1 channel activity and exosome release in mice with podocyte-specific Asah1 gene deletion. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1866:158856. [PMID: 33221496 PMCID: PMC7770122 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Podocytopathy and associated nephrotic syndrome (NS) have been reported in a knockout mouse strain (Asah1fl/fl/PodoCre) with a podocyte-specific deletion of α subunit (the main catalytic subunit) of acid ceramidase (Ac). However, the pathogenesis of podocytopathy of these mice remains unknown. The present study tested whether exosome release from podocytes is enhanced due to Asah1 gene knockout, which may serve as a pathogenic mechanism switching on podocytopathy and associated NS in Asah1fl/fl/PodoCre mice. We first demonstrated the remarkable elevation of urinary exosome excretion in Asah1fl/fl/PodoCre mice compared with WT/WT mice, which was accompanied by significant Annexin-II (an exosome marker) accumulation in glomeruli of Asah1fl/fl/PodoCre mice, as detected by immunohistochemistry. In cell studies, we also confirmed that Asah1 gene knockout enhanced exosome release in the primary cultures of podocyte isolated from Asah1fl/fl/PodoCre mice compared to WT/WT mice. In the podocytes from Asah1fl/fl/PodoCre mice, the interactions of lysosome and multivesicular body (MVB) were demonstrated to be decreased in comparison with those from their control littermates, suggesting reduced MVB degradation that may lead to increase in exosome release. Given the critical role of transient receptor potential mucolipin 1 (TRPML1) channel in Ca2+-dependent lysosome trafficking and consequent lysosome-MVB interaction, we tested whether lysosomal Ca2+ release through TRPML1 channels is inhibited in the podocytes of Asah1fl/fl/PodoCre mice. By GCaMP3 Ca2+ imaging, it was found that lysosomal Ca2+ release through TRPML1 channels was substantially suppressed in podocytes with Asah1 gene deletion. As an Ac product, sphingosine was found to rescue TRPML1 channel activity and thereby recover lysosome-MVB interaction and reduce exosome release of podocytes from Asah1fl/fl/PodoCre mice. Combination of N, N-dimethylsphingosine (DMS), a potent sphingosine kinase inhibitor, and sphingosine significantly inhibited urinary exosome excretion of Asah1fl/fl/PodoCre mice. Moreover, rescue of Aash1 gene expression in podocytes of Asah1fl/fl/PodoCre mice showed normal ceramide metabolism and exosome secretion. Based on these results, we conclude that the normal expression of Ac importantly contributes to the control of TRPML1 channel activity, lysosome-MVB interaction, and consequent exosome release from podocytes. Asah1 gene defect inhibits TRPML1 channel activity and thereby enhances exosome release, which may contribute to the development of podocytopathy and associated NS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangbi Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Dandan Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Owais M Bhat
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Justin L Poklis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Aolin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Yao Zou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jason Kidd
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Todd W B Gehr
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Pin-Lan Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
La Salvia S, Musante L, Lannigan J, Gigliotti JC, Le TH, Erdbrügger U. T cell-derived extracellular vesicles are elevated in essential HTN. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 319:F868-F875. [PMID: 33017187 PMCID: PMC7789979 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00433.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are novel mediators of cell-to-cell communication and appear to mediate the pathogenesis of hypertension (HTN). However, the mechanisms underlying the involvement of EVs in HTN remain unclear. The adaptive and innate immune systems play an important role affecting the kidney and vasculature in animal models of HTN. Evolving evidence shows that immune cell-derived EVs can modulate the immune system in a paracrine fashion and therefore may mediate the effects of inflammation in the pathogenesis of HTN. Therefore, we aimed to understand if specific subtypes of leukocyte/immune cell-derived EVs are altered in essential HTN using an in vivo model of angiotensin II (ANG II)-induced HTN. After 4 wk of ANG II treatment, EVs were isolated from the blood and kidney. EV origin and counts were characterized with Imaging Flow Cytometry, antibody panels targeting platelets, endothelial cells, and leukocytes including B and T cells, monocytes, and neutrophils. Leukocyte-derived EVs (CD45+) were elevated in the circulation and kidney tissue in ANG II-induced HTN. Subgroup analysis depicted T cell-derived EVs (CD3+) to be significantly elevated in ANG II-induced HTN (3.50e+5 particles/mL) compared with control groups (9.16e+4 particles/mL, P = 0.0106). T cell-derived EVs also significantly correlated with systolic blood pressure levels (r2 = 0.898, P = 0.0012). In summary, leukocyte-derived EVs, and more specifically T cell-derived EVs (CD3+), are elevated in ANG II-induced HTN in the circulation and kidney tissue and correlate well with blood pressure severity. EVs from the circulation and kidney may be sensitive biomarkers for HTN and end-organ damage and may lead to new mechanistic insights in this silent disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina La Salvia
- Division of Nephrology and Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Luca Musante
- Division of Nephrology and Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Joanne Lannigan
- School of Medicine, Flow Cytometry Core, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Joseph Christopher Gigliotti
- Department of Integrated Physiology and Pharmacology, Liberty University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lynchburg, Virginia
| | - Thu H Le
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Uta Erdbrügger
- Division of Nephrology and Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Abbasian N, Goodall AH, Burton JO, Bursnall D, Bevington A, Brunskill NJ. Hyperphosphatemia Drives Procoagulant Microvesicle Generation in the Rat Partial Nephrectomy Model of CKD. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9113534. [PMID: 33139598 PMCID: PMC7692968 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9113534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperphosphatemia has been proposed as a cardiovascular risk factor, contributing to long-term vascular calcification in hyperphosphatemic Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) patients. However, more recent studies have also demonstrated acute effects of inorganic phosphate (Pi) on endothelial cells in vitro, especially generation of pro-coagulant endothelial microvesicles (MV). Hitherto, such direct effects of hyperphosphatemia have not been reported in vivo. Thirty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated to three experimental groups: (1) CKD induced by partial nephrectomy receiving high (1.2%) dietary phosphorus; (2) CKD receiving low (0.2%) dietary phosphorus; and (3) sham-operated controls receiving 1.2% phosphorus. After 14 days the animals were sacrificed and plasma MVs counted by nanoparticle tracking analysis. MVs isolated by centrifugation were assayed for pro-coagulant activity by calibrated automated thrombography, and relative content of endothelium-derived MVs was assessed by anti-CD144 immunoblotting. When compared with sham controls, high phosphorus CKD rats were shown to be hyperphosphatemic (4.11 ± 0.23 versus 2.41 ± 0.22 mM Pi, p < 0.0001) with elevated total plasma MVs (2.24 ± 0.37 versus 1.31 ± 0.24 × 108 per ml, p < 0.01), showing increased CD144 expression (145 ± 25% of control value, p < 0.0001), and enhanced procoagulant activity (18.06 ± 1.75 versus 4.99 ± 1.77 nM peak thrombin, p < 0.0001). These effects were abolished in the low phosphorus CKD group. In this rat model, hyperphosphatemia (or a Pi-dependent hormonal response derived from it) is sufficient to induce a marked increase in circulating pro-coagulant MVs, demonstrating an important link between hyperphosphatemia and thrombotic risk in CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nima Abbasian
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, and Leicester NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK; (A.H.G.); (J.O.B.); (A.B.); (N.J.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44(0)122-384-0020
| | - Alison H. Goodall
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, and Leicester NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK; (A.H.G.); (J.O.B.); (A.B.); (N.J.B.)
| | - James O. Burton
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, and Leicester NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK; (A.H.G.); (J.O.B.); (A.B.); (N.J.B.)
- Department of Nephrology, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK
| | - Debbie Bursnall
- Division of Biomedical Services, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK;
| | - Alan Bevington
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, and Leicester NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK; (A.H.G.); (J.O.B.); (A.B.); (N.J.B.)
| | - Nigel J. Brunskill
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, and Leicester NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK; (A.H.G.); (J.O.B.); (A.B.); (N.J.B.)
- Department of Nephrology, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Liu Y, Li S, Rong W, Zeng C, Zhu X, Chen Q, Li L, Liu ZH, Zen K. Podocyte-Released Migrasomes in Urine Serve as an Indicator for Early Podocyte Injury. KIDNEY DISEASES 2020; 6:422-433. [PMID: 33313063 DOI: 10.1159/000511504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Levels of urinary microvesicles, which are increased during various kidney injuries, have diagnostic potential for renal diseases. However, the significance of urinary microvesicles as a renal disease indicator is dampened by the difficulty to ascertain their cell source. Objectives The aim of this study was to demonstrate that podocytes can release migrasomes, a unique class of microvesicle with size ranging between 400 and 2,000 nm, and the urine level of migrasomes may serve as novel non-invasive biomarker for early podocyte injury. Method In this study, immunofluorescence labeling, electronic microscopy, nanosite, and sequential centrifugation were used to purify and analyze migrasomes. Results Migrasomes released by podocytes differ from exosomes as they have different content and mechanism of release. Compared to podocytes, renal tubular cells secrete markedly less migrasomes. Moreover, secretion of migrasomes by human or murine podocytes was strongly augmented during podocyte injuries induced by LPS, puromycin amino nucleoside (PAN), or a high concentration of glucose (HG). LPS, PAN, or HG-induced podocyte migrasome release, however, was blocked by Rac-1 inhibitor. Strikingly, a higher level of podocyte migrasomes in urine was detected in mice with PAN-nephropathy than in control mice. In fact, increased urinary migrasome number was detected earlier than elevated proteinuria during PAN-nephropathy, suggesting that urinary migrasomes are a more sensitive podocyte injury indicator than proteinuria. Increased urinary migrasome number was also detected in diabetic nephropathy patients with proteinuria level <5.5 g/day. Conclusions Our findings reveal that podocytes release the "injury-related" migrasomes during migration and provide urinary podocyte migrasome as a potential diagnostic marker for early podocyte injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biotechnology, Nanjing University School of Life Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Shan Li
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biotechnology, Nanjing University School of Life Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiwei Rong
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biotechnology, Nanjing University School of Life Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Caihong Zeng
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qilin Chen
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Limin Li
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biotechnology, Nanjing University School of Life Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Liu
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke Zen
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biotechnology, Nanjing University School of Life Sciences, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Sheng L, Zhuang S. New Insights Into the Role and Mechanism of Partial Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Kidney Fibrosis. Front Physiol 2020; 11:569322. [PMID: 33041867 PMCID: PMC7522479 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.569322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is described as the process in which injured renal tubular epithelial cells undergo a phenotype change, acquiring mesenchymal characteristics and morphing into fibroblasts. Initially, it was widely thought of as a critical mechanism of fibrogenesis underlying chronic kidney disease. However, evidence that renal tubular epithelial cells can cross the basement membrane and become fibroblasts in the renal interstitium is rare, leading to debate about the existence of EMT. Recent research has demonstrated that after injury, renal tubular epithelial cells acquire mesenchymal characteristics and the ability to produce a variety of profibrotic factors and cytokines, but remain attached to the basement membrane. On this basis, a new concept of “partial epithelial-mesenchymal transition (pEMT)” was proposed to explain the contribution of renal epithelial cells to renal fibrogenesis. In this review, we discuss the concept of pEMT and the most recent findings related to this process, including cell cycle arrest, metabolic alternation of epithelial cells, infiltration of immune cells, epigenetic regulation as well as the novel signaling pathways that mediate this disturbed epithelial-mesenchymal communication. A deeper understanding of the role and the mechanism of pEMT may help in developing novel therapies to prevent and halt fibrosis in kidney disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Sheng
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shougang Zhuang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Sun IO, Kwon SH. Extracellular vesicles: a novel window into kidney function and disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2020; 29:613-619. [PMID: 32889979 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There has been an increasing interest in extracellular vesicles as potential diagnostic, prognostic or therapeutic biomarkers for various kidney diseases, as extracellular vesicles mediate cell-cell or intercellular communication. This review explores the current state of knowledge regarding extracellular vesicles as a tool for examining kidney physiology and disease. RECENT FINDINGS Urinary extracellular vesicles may be useful as biomarkers to detect abnormal function in renal endothelial and tubular cells as well as podocytes. Recent studies suggest that urinary extracellular vesicles may facilitate early diagnosis and/or monitoring in acute kidney injury, glomerular disease, autosomal dominanat polycyst kidney disease and urinary tract malignancies. Circulating extracellular vesicles may serve as biomarkers to assess cardiovascular disease. SUMMARY Urinary and circulating extracellular vesicles have gained significant interest as potential biomarkers of renal diseases. Analysis of extracellular vesicles may serve as a logical diagnostic approach for nephrologists as well as provide information about disease pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- In O Sun
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Presbyterian Medical Center, Jeonju
| | - Soon Hyo Kwon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Nowak N. Protective factors as biomarkers and targets for prevention and treatment of diabetic nephropathy: From current human evidence to future possibilities. J Diabetes Investig 2020; 11:1085-1096. [PMID: 32196975 PMCID: PMC7477513 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although hyperglycemia, high blood pressure and aging increase the risk of developing kidney complications, some diabetes patients exposed to these risk factors do not develop kidney disease, suggesting the presence of endogenous protective factors. There is a growing need to understand these factors determining protection of the kidney in order to improve the design of preventive strategies and to enhance the processes responsible for renoprotection. The aim of this review was to present the existing molecular and epidemiological data on factors showing protective effects in diabetic kidney disease, and to summarize the evidence regarding their potential in the area of future clinical diagnostics, therapeutics and early preventive strategies. These include transcriptomic and proteomic studies regarding the anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic and regenerative factors that were associated with slower progression of renal function loss. Another focus is the new evidence regarding the evaluation of alterations in the regulatory epigenome and its involvement in the risk of diabetic kidney disease. Further effort is required to validate and extend these findings, and to define their potential for clinical implementation in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Nowak
- Faculty of MedicineCenter for Bioinformatics and Data AnalysisMedical University of BialystokBialystokPoland
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Wen J, Ma Z, Livingston MJ, Zhang W, Yuan Y, Guo C, Liu Y, Fu P, Dong Z. Decreased secretion and profibrotic activity of tubular exosomes in diabetic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 319:F664-F673. [PMID: 32715764 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00292.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tubular changes contribute to the development of renal pathologies in diabetic kidney disease (DKD), including interstitial fibrosis. It is unclear how tubular cells relay signals to interstitial fibroblasts. Recently, exosomes have been recognized as crucial mediators of intercellular communication. We hypothesized that exosomes secreted from tubular cells may stimulate fibroblasts for interstitial fibrosis in DKD. In this study, we isolated and purified exosomes from the renal cortex of DKD mice and high glucose-treated mouse proximal tubular cells. Compared with nondiabetic mice, exosome secretion in kidney tissues decreased in DKD mice. Likewise, high glucose incubation reduced exosome secretion in mouse kidney proximal tubular BUMPT cells. To study the effect of tubular cell exosomes on fibroblasts, exosomes from BUMPT cells were added to renal fibroblast NRK-49F cell cultures. Notably, exosomes from high glucose conditioned BUMPT cells induced higher proliferation, significant morphological change, and substantial production of fibronectin, α-smooth muscle actin, and collagen type Ι in NRK-49F fibroblasts. Proteomics analysis was further performed to profile the proteins within tubular cell exosomes. Interestingly, 22 proteins were found to be differentially expressed between tubular exosomes derived from high glucose conditioned cells and those from normal glucose conditioned cells. Cytoscape analysis suggested the existence of two protein-protein interaction networks in these exosomal differentially expressed proteins. While one of the protein-protein interaction networks comprised enolase 1 (Eno1), heat shock protein family A member 8 (Hspa8), thioredoxin 1 (Txn1), peptidylprolyl isomerase A (Ppia), phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (Pgk1), DNA topoisomerase II-β (Top2b), and β-actin (Actb), the other had the family proteins of human leucocyte antigen F (Ywhag), a component of the ND10 nuclear body (Ywhae), interferon regulatory factor-8 (Ywhaq), and human leucocyte antigen A (Ywhaz). Gene expression analysis via Nephroseq showed a correlation of Eno1 expression with DKD clinical manifestation. In conclusion, DKD is associated with a decrease in exosome secretion in renal tubular cells. Exosomes from high glucose conditioned tubular cells may regulate the proliferation and activation of fibroblasts, contributing to the paracrine signaling mechanism responsible for the pathological onset of renal interstitial fibrosis in DKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wen
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia and Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Zhengwei Ma
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia and Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Man J Livingston
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia and Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia and Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Yanggang Yuan
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia and Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Chunyuan Guo
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia and Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia and Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Ping Fu
- Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia and Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Povero D, Yamashita H, Ren W, Subramanian MG, Myers RP, Eguchi A, Simonetto DA, Goodman ZD, Harrison SA, Sanyal AJ, Bosch J, Feldstein AE. Characterization and Proteome of Circulating Extracellular Vesicles as Potential Biomarkers for NASH. Hepatol Commun 2020; 4:1263-1278. [PMID: 32923831 PMCID: PMC7471415 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently one of most common forms of chronic liver disease globally. NAFLD represents a wide spectrum of liver involvement from nonprogressive isolated steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), characterized by liver necroinflammation and fibrosis and currently one of the top causes of end‐stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. At present, there is a lack of effective treatments, and a central barrier to the development of therapies is the requirement for an invasive liver biopsy for diagnosis of NASH. Discovery of reliable, noninvasive biomarkers are urgently needed. In this study, we tested whether circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs), cell‐derived small membrane‐surrounded structures with a rich cargo of bioactive molecules, may serve as reliable noninvasive “liquid biopsies” for NASH diagnosis and assessment of disease severity. Total circulating EVs and hepatocyte‐derived EVs were isolated by differential centrifugation and size‐exclusion chromatography from serum samples of healthy individuals, patients with precirrhotic NASH, and patients with cirrhotic NASH. EVs were further characterized by flow cytometry, electron microscopy, western blotting, and dynamic light scattering assays before performing a proteomics analysis. Our findings suggest that levels of total and hepatocyte‐derived EVs correlate with NASH clinical characteristics and disease severity. Additionally, using proteomics data, we developed understandable, powerful, and unique EV‐based proteomic signatures for potential diagnosis of advanced NASH. Conclusion: Our study shows that the quantity and protein constituents of circulating EVs provide strong evidence for EV protein–based liquid biopsies for NAFLD/NASH diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Povero
- Department of Pediatrics University of California San Diego La Jolla CA
| | | | - Wenhua Ren
- Genomics and Microarray Core University of Colorado Denver Aurora CO
| | | | | | - Akiko Eguchi
- Department of Pediatrics University of California San Diego La Jolla CA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jaime Bosch
- Inselspital Bern University Bern Switzerland.,Ciberehd-Idibaps University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Ariel E Feldstein
- Department of Pediatrics University of California San Diego La Jolla CA
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Yuan HX, Chen CY, Li YQ, Ning DS, Li Y, Chen YT, Li SX, Fu MX, Li XD, Ma J, Jian YP, Liu DH, Mo ZW, Peng YM, Xu KQ, Ou ZJ, Ou JS. Circulating extracellular vesicles from patients with valvular heart disease induce neutrophil chemotaxis via FOXO3a and the inhibiting role of dexmedetomidine. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 319:E217-E231. [PMID: 32516026 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00062.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) from patients with valvular heart disease (VHD; vEVs) contain inflammatory components and inhibit endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Neutrophil chemotaxis plays a key role in renal dysfunction, and dexmedetomidine (DEX) can reduce renal dysfunction in cardiac surgery. However, the roles of vEVs in neutrophil chemotaxis and effects of DEX on vEVs are unknown. Here, we investigated the impact of vEVs on neutrophil chemotaxis in kidneys and the influence of DEX on vEVs. Circulating EVs were isolated from healthy subjects and patients with VHD. The effects of EVs on chemokine generation, forkhead box protein O3a (FOXO3a) pathway activation and neutrophil chemotaxis on cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and kidneys in mice and the influence of DEX on EVs were detected. vEVs increased FOXO3a expression, decreased phosphorylation of Akt and FOXO3a, promoted FOXO3a nuclear translocation, and activated the FOXO3a signaling pathway in vitro. DEX pretreatment reduced vEV-induced CXCL4 and CCL5 expression and neutrophil chemotaxis in cultured HUVECs via the FOXO3a signaling pathway. vEVs were also found to suppress Akt phosphorylation and activate FOXO3a signaling to increase plasma levels of CXCL4 and CCL5 and neutrophil accumulation in kidney. The overall mechanism was inhibited in vivo with DEX pretreatment. Our data demonstrated that vEVs induced CXCL4-CCL5 to stimulate neutrophil infiltration in kidney, which can be inhibited by DEX via the FOXO3a signaling. Our findings reveal a unique mechanism involving vEVs in inducing neutrophils chemotaxis and may provide a novel basis for using DEX in reducing renal dysfunction in valvular heart surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Xiang Yuan
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Cai-Yun Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Quan Li
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Sheng Ning
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Ting Chen
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shang-Xuan Li
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Xia Fu
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Di Li
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Ma
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Peng Jian
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Hong Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Wei Mo
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue-Ming Peng
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang-Qing Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Jun Ou
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Song Ou
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Duan Y, Luo Q, Wang Y, Ma Y, Chen F, Zhu X, Shi J. Adipose mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles containing microRNA-26a-5p target TLR4 and protect against diabetic nephropathy. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:12868-12884. [PMID: 32580945 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a complication of diabetes that is increasing in prevalence in China. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) carrying microRNAs (miRs) may represent a useful tool in the development of therapies for DN. Here, we report that EVs released by adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) during DN contain a microRNA, miR-26a-5p, that suppresses DN. Using bioinformatic analyses, we identified differentially expressed miRs in EVs from ADSCs and in DN and predicted downstream regulatory target genes. We isolated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from adipose tissues and collected EVs from the ADSCs. We exposed mouse glomerular podocytes and MP5 cells to high glucose (HG), ADSC-derived EVs, miR-26a-5p inhibitor/antagomir, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plasmids, or the NF-κB pathway activator (phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate, or PMA). We used the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and flow cytometry to investigate the impact of miR-26a-5p on cell viability and apoptosis and validated the results of these assays with in vivo experiments in nude mice. We found that in DN, miR-26a-5p is expressed at very low levels, whereas TLR4 is highly expressed. Of note, EVs from ADSCs ameliorated the pathological symptoms of DN in diabetic mice and transferred miR-26a-5p to HG-induced MP5 cells, improving viability while suppressing the apoptosis of MP5 cells. We also found that miR-26a-5p protects HG-induced MP5 cells from injury by targeting TLR4, inactivating the NF-κB pathway, and downregulating vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA). Moreover, ADSC-derived EVs transferred miR-26a-5p to mouse glomerular podocytes, which ameliorated DN pathology. These findings suggest that miR-26a-5p from ADSC-derived EVs protects against DN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yurui Duan
- Department of Nephrology, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, P. R. China
| | - Qingyang Luo
- Department of Nephrology, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, P. R. China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, P. R. China
| | - Yali Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, P. R. China
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoguang Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, P. R. China
| | - Jun Shi
- Department of Nephrology, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Li M, Jiang M, Meng J, Tao L. Exosomes: Carriers of Pro-Fibrotic Signals and Therapeutic Targets in Fibrosis. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:4496-4509. [PMID: 31814552 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191209161443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles that are released by a variety of cells. Exosomes contain cargo from cells they derived, including lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. The bilayer lipid membrane structure of exosomes protects these contents from degradation, allowing them for intercellular communication. The role of exosomes in fibrotic diseases is increasingly being valued. Exosomes, as carriers of profibrotic signals, are involved in the development of fibrotic diseases, and also regulate fibrosis by transmitting signals that inhibit fibrosis or inflammation. Exosomes mobilize and activate a range of effector cells by targeted delivery of bioactive information. Exosomes can also reflect the condition of cells, tissues and organisms, and thus become potential biomarkers of fibrotic diseases. Exosomes from bone marrow stem cells support biological signaling that regulates and inhibits fibrosis and thus initially used in the treatment of fibrotic diseases. This article briefly summarizes the role of exosomes in the pathogenesis and treatment of fibrotic diseases and raises some issues that remain to be resolved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 932 Lushans Rd, Yuela, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Organ Fibrosis Research Center, Central South University, 932 Lushans Rd, Yuela, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mao Jiang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 932 Lushans Rd, Yuela, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Organ Fibrosis Research Center, Central South University, 932 Lushans Rd, Yuela, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Meng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 932 Lushans Rd, Yuela, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Organ Fibrosis Research Center, Central South University, 932 Lushans Rd, Yuela, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lijian Tao
- Organ Fibrosis Research Center, Central South University, 932 Lushans Rd, Yuela, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 932 Lushans Rd, Yuela, Changsha, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Ishige F, Hoshino I, Iwatate Y, Chiba S, Arimitsu H, Yanagibashi H, Nagase H, Takayama W. MIR1246 in body fluids as a biomarker for pancreatic cancer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8723. [PMID: 32457495 PMCID: PMC7250935 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65695-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive tumor associated with poor survival, and early detection is important to improve patient outcomes. In the present study, we examined MIR1246 expression as a biomarker of pancreatic cancer. Total RNA was extracted from serum, urine and saliva samples from healthy subjects (n = 30) and patients with pancreatic cancer (n = 41, stage 0–IV). The MIR1246 level in each fluid was analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Significantly higher MIR1246 expression in serum and urine was observed in patients with cancer than in healthy controls. A significant positive correlation was found between serum and urine MIR1246 expression (r = 0.34). Receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed for MIR1246 in all three body fluids. The area under the curve for serum MIR1246 was 0.87 (sensitivity, 92.3%; specificity, 73.3%), and that for urine MIR1246 was 0.90 (sensitivity, 90.2%; specificity, 83.3%). With a cut-off of the control group’s mean plus twice the standard deviation, the sensitivities of MIR1246 in serum and urine for pancreatic cancer were 60.9 and 58.5%, respectively. Combining both serum and urine MIR1246 expression yielded a sensitivity of 85%. These results indicate that MIR246 may be a useful diagnostic biomarker for pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fumitaka Ishige
- Division of Hepatobiliarypancreatic Surgery, Chiba Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Isamu Hoshino
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Chiba Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Iwatate
- Division of Hepatobiliarypancreatic Surgery, Chiba Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoshi Chiba
- Division of Hepatobiliarypancreatic Surgery, Chiba Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hidehito Arimitsu
- Division of Hepatobiliarypancreatic Surgery, Chiba Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroo Yanagibashi
- Division of Hepatobiliarypancreatic Surgery, Chiba Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nagase
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Wataru Takayama
- Division of Hepatobiliarypancreatic Surgery, Chiba Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Kumar P, Patel M, Thomas V, Knight J, Holmes RP, Mitchell T. Dietary Oxalate Induces Urinary Nanocrystals in Humans. Kidney Int Rep 2020; 5:1040-1051. [PMID: 32647761 PMCID: PMC7335953 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2020.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Crystalluria is thought to be associated with kidney stone formation and can occur when urine becomes supersaturated with calcium, oxalate, and phosphate. The principal method used to identify urinary crystals is microscopy, with or without a polarized light source. This method can detect crystals above 1 μm in diameter (microcrystals). However, analyses of calcium oxalate kidney stones have indicated that crystallite components in these calculi are 50–100 nm in diameter. Recent studies have suggested that nanocrystals (<200 nm) elicit more injury to renal cells compared to microcrystals. The purpose of this study was to determine whether (i) urinary nanocrystals can be detected and quantified by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA, a high-resolution imaging technology), (ii) early-void urine samples from healthy subjects contain calcium nanocrystals, and (iii) a dietary oxalate load increases urinary nanocrystal formation. Methods Healthy subjects consumed a controlled low-oxalate diet for 3 days before a dietary oxalate load. Urinary crystals were isolated by centrifugation and assessed using NTA before and 5 hours after the oxalate load. The morphology and chemical composition of crystals was assessed using electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and ion chromatography-mass spectrometry (IC–MS). Results Urinary calcium oxalate nanocrystals were detected in pre-load samples and increased substantially following the oxalate load. Conclusion These findings indicate that NTA can quantify urinary nanocrystals and that meals rich in oxalate can promote nanocrystalluria. NTA should provide valuable insight about the role of nanocrystals in kidney stone formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Kumar
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Mikita Patel
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Vinoy Thomas
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - John Knight
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Ross P Holmes
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Tanecia Mitchell
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Georgatzakou HT, Pavlou EG, Papageorgiou EG, Papassideri IS, Kriebardis AG, Antonelou MH. The Multi-Faced Extracellular Vesicles in the Plasma of Chronic Kidney Disease Patients. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:227. [PMID: 32351956 PMCID: PMC7174738 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed nanoparticles released by most cells in body fluids and extracellular matrix. They function as signal transducers in intercellular communication, contributing to the maintenance of cell and tissue integrity. EVs biogenesis is deregulated in various pathologies, in structural and functional connection to the pathophysiology of donor cells. Consequently, EVs are considered diagnostic and monitoring factors in many diseases. Despite consensus as to their activity in promoting coagulation and inflammation, there is evidence suggesting protective roles for EVs in stress states. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients are at high risk of developing cardiovascular defects. The pathophysiology, comorbidities, and treatment of CKD may individually and in synergy affect extracellular vesiculation in the kidney, endothelium, and blood cells. Oxidative and mechanical stresses, chronic inflammation, and deregulation of calcium and phosphate homeostasis are established stressors of EV release. EVs may affect the clinical severity of CKD by transferring biological response modifiers between renal, vascular, blood, and inflammatory cells. In this Review, we focus on EVs circulating in the plasma of CKD patients. We highlight some recent advances in the understanding of their biogenesis, the effects of dialysis, and pharmacological treatments on them and their potential impact on thrombosis and vascular defects. The strong interest of the scientific community to this exciting field of research may reveal hidden pieces in the pathophysiology of CKD and thus, innovative ways to treat it. Overcoming gaps in EV biology and technical difficulties related to their size and heterogeneity will define the success of the project.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hara T Georgatzakou
- Laboratory of Reliability and Quality Control in Laboratory Hematology (HemQcR), Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health & Welfare Sciences, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
| | - Efthimia G Pavlou
- Laboratory of Reliability and Quality Control in Laboratory Hematology (HemQcR), Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health & Welfare Sciences, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
| | - Effie G Papageorgiou
- Laboratory of Reliability and Quality Control in Laboratory Hematology (HemQcR), Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health & Welfare Sciences, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
| | - Issidora S Papassideri
- Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasios G Kriebardis
- Laboratory of Reliability and Quality Control in Laboratory Hematology (HemQcR), Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health & Welfare Sciences, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
| | - Marianna H Antonelou
- Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Rigalli JP, Barros ER, Sommers V, Bindels RJM, Hoenderop JGJ. Novel Aspects of Extracellular Vesicles in the Regulation of Renal Physiological and Pathophysiological Processes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:244. [PMID: 32351960 PMCID: PMC7174565 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are nanosized particles released by a large variety of cells. They carry molecules such as proteins, RNA and lipids. While urinary EVs have been longer studied as a source of biomarkers for renal and non-renal disorders, research on EVs as regulatory players of renal physiological and pathological processes has experienced an outbreak recently in the past decade. In general, the microenvironment and (patho)physiological state of the donor cells affect the cargo of the EVs released, which then determines the effect of these EVs once they reach a target cell. For instance, EVs released by renal epithelial cells modulate the expression and function of water and solute transporting proteins in other cells. Also, EVs have been demonstrated to regulate renal organogenesis and blood flow. Furthermore, a dual role of EVs promoting, but also counteracting, disease has also been reported. EVs released by renal tubular cells can reach fibroblasts, monocytes, macrophages, T cells and natural killer cells, thus influencing the pathogenesis and progression of renal disorders like acute kidney injury and fibrosis, nephrolithiasis, renal transplant rejection and renal cancer, among others. On the contrary, EVs may also exert a cytoprotective role upon renal damage and promote recovery of renal function. In the current review, a systematic summary of the key studies from the past 5 years addressing the role of EVs in the modulation of renal physiological and pathophysiological processes is provided, highlighting open questions and discussing the potential of future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Rigalli
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Eric Raul Barros
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Vera Sommers
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - René J M Bindels
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Joost G J Hoenderop
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Kumari M, Mohan A, Ecelbarger CM, Gupta A, Prasad N, Tiwari S. miR-451 Loaded Exosomes Are Released by the Renal Cells in Response to Injury and Associated With Reduced Kidney Function in Human. Front Physiol 2020; 11:234. [PMID: 32322216 PMCID: PMC7158952 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro-RNAs (miRs) encapsulated inside urinary exosomes (uEs) have the potential as early biomarkers. Previously, we reported that a rise in uE miR-451 predicted albuminuria in diabetic rats; however, whether the rise was protective or detrimental, and occurred in response to injury or general hyperglycemia, was unknown. To address this, we studied both human and rat models of renal disease. In humans, uE miR-451 was approximately twofold higher in subjects with early-stage chronic kidney disease (CKD; serum creatinine < 2.0 mg/dl; n = 28), as compared to age-matched healthy controls (n = 23), and had a significant negative correlation with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (r2 = −0.10, p = 0.01). Subgroup analysis of CKD subjects showed that those without diabetes had slightly (∼30%) but significantly higher uE miR-451 as compared to those with diabetes, with no differences in albumin excretion, eGFR, serum sodium, and potassium. Using human proximal tubule (hPT) cells, we found that locked nucleic acid (LNA) inhibition of miR-451 resulted in a significant increase in the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of kidney-injury-associated miR-451 targets, e.g., CAB39, TBX1, and YWHAZ, as compared to treatment with a control LNA. Moreover, hPT cells and their secreted exosomes showed an increase in miR-451 in response to mechanical injury but not high glucose (20 versus 5 mM). For further proof of concept, in diabetic rats, we showed that atorvastatin (AT), a treatment proven to attenuate renal injury without affecting systemic glucose levels, reduced uE miR-451 with the concomitant restoration of renal miR-451. These data elucidate the stimuli for renal miR-451 expression and exosomal release and support its role as a therapeutic target and early biomarker for renal injury in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manju Kumari
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Aradhana Mohan
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Amit Gupta
- Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Narayan Prasad
- Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Swasti Tiwari
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Carracedo J, Alique M, Vida C, Bodega G, Ceprián N, Morales E, Praga M, de Sequera P, Ramírez R. Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Disorders in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: A Process Related to Accelerated Senescence. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:185. [PMID: 32266265 PMCID: PMC7099607 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), especially those involving a systemic inflammatory process such as atherosclerosis, remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD is a systemic condition affecting approximately 10% of the general population. The prevalence of CKD has increased over the past decades because of the aging of the population worldwide. Indeed, CVDs in patients with CKD constitute a premature form of CVD observed in the general population. Multiple studies indicate that patients with renal disease undergo accelerated aging, which precipitates the appearance of pathologies, including CVDs, usually associated with advanced age. In this review, we discuss several aspects that characterize CKD-associated CVDs, such as etiopathogenic elements that CKD patients share with the general population, changes in the cellular balance of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the associated process of cellular senescence. Uremia-associated aging is linked with numerous changes at the cellular and molecular level. These changes are similar to those observed in the normal process of physiologic aging. We also discuss new perspectives in the study of CKD-associated CVDs and epigenetic alterations in intercellular signaling, mediated by microRNAs and/or extracellular vesicles (EVs), which promote vascular damage and subsequent development of CVD. Understanding the processes and factors involved in accelerated senescence and other abnormal intercellular signaling will identify new therapeutic targets and lead to improved methods of diagnosis and monitoring for patients with CKD-associated CVDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Carracedo
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Universidad Complutense/Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Matilde Alique
- Departamento Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud (IRYCIS), Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Vida
- Departamento Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud (IRYCIS), Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Bodega
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Facultad de Biología, Química y Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Noemí Ceprián
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Universidad Complutense/Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Morales
- Departamento de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre/Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Praga
- Departamento de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre/Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia de Sequera
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Sección de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Ramírez
- Departamento Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud (IRYCIS), Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Musante L, Bontha SV, La Salvia S, Fernandez-Piñeros A, Lannigan J, Le TH, Mas V, Erdbrügger U. Rigorous characterization of urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) in the low centrifugation pellet - a neglected source for uEVs. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3701. [PMID: 32111925 PMCID: PMC7048852 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60619-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) provide bio-markers for kidney and urogenital diseases. Centrifugation is the most common method used to enrich uEVs. However, a majority of studies to date have focused on the ultracentrifugation pellet, potentially losing a novel source of important biomarkers that could be obtained at lower centrifugation. Thus, the aim of this study is to rigorously characterize for the first time uEVs in the low speed pellet and determine the minimal volume of urine required for proteomic analysis (≥9.0 mL urine) and gene ontology classification identified 75% of the protein as extracellular exosomes. Cryo-Transmission Electron Microscopy (≥3.0 mL urine) provided evidence of a heterogeneous population of EVs for size and morphology independent of uromodulin filaments. Western blot detected several specific uEV kidney and EV markers (≥4.5 mL urine per lane). microRNAs quantification by qPCR was possible with urine volume as low as 0.5 mL. Particle enumeration with tunable resistive pulse sensing, nano particles tracking analysis and single EV high throughput imaging flow cytometry are possible starting from 0.5 and 3.0 mL of urine respectively. This work characterizes a neglected source of uEVs and provides guidance with regard to volume of urine necessary to carry out multi-omic studies and reveals novel aspects of uEV analysis such as autofluorescence of podocyte origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Musante
- Division of Nephrology and Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sai Vineela Bontha
- Transplant Research Institute, James D. Eason Transplant Institute, School of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sabrina La Salvia
- Division of Nephrology and Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Angela Fernandez-Piñeros
- Transplant Research Institute, James D. Eason Transplant Institute, School of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Joanne Lannigan
- School of Medicine, Flow Cytometry Core, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Thu H Le
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Valeria Mas
- Transplant Research Institute, James D. Eason Transplant Institute, School of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Uta Erdbrügger
- Division of Nephrology and Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Delić D, Wiech F, Urquhart R, Gabrielyan O, Rieber K, Rolser M, Tsuprykov O, Hasan AA, Krämer BK, Baum P, Köhler A, Gantner F, Mark M, Hocher B, Klein T. Linagliptin and telmisartan induced effects on renal and urinary exosomal miRNA expression in rats with 5/6 nephrectomy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3373. [PMID: 32099009 PMCID: PMC7042229 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60336-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers attenuate chronic kidney disease progression in experimental diabetic and non-diabetic nephropathy in a blood pressure and glucose independent manner, but the exact molecular mechanisms remain unclear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, non-coding RNA species that are important post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression and play an important role in the pathogenesis of nephropathy. miRNAs are present in urine in a remarkably stable form, packaged in extracellular vesicles. Here, we investigated linagliptin and telmisartan induced effects on renal and urinary exosomal miRNA expression in 5/6 nephrectomized rats. In the present study, renal miRNA profiling was conducted using the Nanostring nCounter technology and mRNA profiling using RNA sequencing from the following groups of rats: sham operated plus placebo; 5/6 nephrectomy plus placebo; 5/6 nephrectomy plus telmisartan; and 5/6 nephrectomy plus linagliptin. TaqMan Array miRNA Cards were used to evaluate which of the deregulated miRNAs in the kidney are present in urinary exosomes. In kidneys from 5/6 nephrectomized rats, the expression of 13 miRNAs was significantly increased (>1.5-fold, P < 0.05), whereas the expression of 7 miRNAs was significantly decreased (>1.5-fold, P < 0.05). Most of the deregulated miRNA species are implicated in endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition and inflammatory processes. Both telmisartan and linagliptin suppressed the induction of pro-fibrotic miRNAs, such as miR-199a-3p, and restored levels of anti-fibrotic miR-29c. In conclusion, the linagliptin and telmisartan-induced restorative effects on miR-29c expression were reflected in urinary exosomes, suggesting that miRNA profiling of urinary exosomes might be used as a biomarker for CKD progression and monitoring of treatment effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denis Delić
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Translational Medicine & Clinical Pharmacology, Biberach, Germany.
| | - Franziska Wiech
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Translational Medicine & Clinical Pharmacology, Biberach, Germany
| | - Richard Urquhart
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Translational Medicine & Clinical Pharmacology, Biberach, Germany
| | - Ogsen Gabrielyan
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Translational Medicine & Clinical Pharmacology, Biberach, Germany
| | - Kathrin Rieber
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Translational Medicine & Clinical Pharmacology, Biberach, Germany
| | - Marcel Rolser
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Translational Medicine & Clinical Pharmacology, Biberach, Germany
| | - Oleg Tsuprykov
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ahmed A Hasan
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Bernhard K Krämer
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Baum
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Translational Medicine & Clinical Pharmacology, Biberach, Germany
| | - Andreas Köhler
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Translational Medicine & Clinical Pharmacology, Biberach, Germany
| | - Florian Gantner
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Translational Medicine & Clinical Pharmacology, Biberach, Germany
| | - Michael Mark
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Cardiometabolic Diseases Research, Biberach, Germany
| | - Berthold Hocher
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Klein
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Cardiometabolic Diseases Research, Biberach, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Podocyte Lysosome Dysfunction in Chronic Glomerular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051559. [PMID: 32106480 PMCID: PMC7084483 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocytes are visceral epithelial cells covering the outer surface of glomerular capillaries in the kidney. Blood is filtered through the slit diaphragm of podocytes to form urine. The functional and structural integrity of podocytes is essential for the normal function of the kidney. As a membrane-bound organelle, lysosomes are responsible for the degradation of molecules via hydrolytic enzymes. In addition to its degradative properties, recent studies have revealed that lysosomes may serve as a platform mediating cellular signaling in different types of cells. In the last decade, increasing evidence has revealed that the normal function of the lysosome is important for the maintenance of podocyte homeostasis. Podocytes have no ability to proliferate under most pathological conditions; therefore, lysosome-dependent autophagic flux is critical for podocyte survival. In addition, new insights into the pathogenic role of lysosome and associated signaling in podocyte injury and chronic kidney disease have recently emerged. Targeting lysosomal functions or signaling pathways are considered potential therapeutic strategies for some chronic glomerular diseases. This review briefly summarizes current evidence demonstrating the regulation of lysosomal function and signaling mechanisms as well as the canonical and noncanonical roles of podocyte lysosome dysfunction in the development of chronic glomerular diseases and associated therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
89
|
Barreiro K, Huber TB, Holthofer H. Isolating Urinary Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers for Diabetic Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2067:175-188. [PMID: 31701453 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9841-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are lipid bilayer enclosed structures secreted by all cell types. Their cargo includes proteins, lipids, RNAs, and DNA, which reflect the physiological state of their cells of origin. Recently, urinary extracellular vesicles have emerged as a valuable source of biomarkers for kidney and systemic disease.Unfortunately, all existing methods for extracellular vesicle isolation from urine are time consuming and/or expensive. Thus, they are not adaptable to large-scale studies and unsuitable for clinical use without special equipment in the laboratory. Recently, our group has devised a set of new, quick, simple, and inexpensive techniques, based on hydrostatic filtration dialysis (HFD) of urine extremely suitable for diagnostic purposes. This novel approach represents a great potential for new diagnostics and understanding disease biology in general and brings the biomarker detection to the scope of all laboratories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karina Barreiro
- Finnish Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tobias B Huber
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Harry Holthofer
- Finnish Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Liu X, Miao J, Wang C, Zhou S, Chen S, Ren Q, Hong X, Wang Y, Hou FF, Zhou L, Liu Y. Tubule-derived exosomes play a central role in fibroblast activation and kidney fibrosis. Kidney Int 2019; 97:1181-1195. [PMID: 32139089 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles such as exosomes are involved in mediating cell-cell communication by shuttling an assortment of proteins and genetic information. Here, we tested whether renal tubule-derived exosomes play a central role in mediating kidney fibrosis. The production of exosomes was found to be increased in the early stage of unilateral ureteral obstruction, ischemia reperfusion injury or 5/6 nephrectomy models of kidney disease. Exosome production occurred primarily in renal proximal tubular epithelium and was accompanied by induction of sonic hedgehog (Shh). In vitro, upon stimulation with transforming growth factor-β1, kidney proximal tubular cells (HKC-8) increased exosome production. Purified exosomes from these cells were able to induce renal interstitial fibroblast (NRK-49F) activation. Conversely, pharmacologic inhibition of exosome secretion with dimethyl amiloride, depletion of exosome from the conditioned media or knockdown of Shh expression abolished the ability of transforming growth factor-β1-treated HKC-8 cells to induce NRK-49F activation. In vivo, injections of tubular cell-derived exosomes aggravated kidney injury and fibrosis, which was negated by an Shh signaling inhibitor. Blockade of exosome secretion in vivo ameliorated renal fibrosis after either ischemic or obstructive injury. Furthermore, knockdown of Rab27a, a protein that is essential for exosome formation, also preserved kidney function and attenuated renal fibrotic lesions in mice. Thus, our results suggest that tubule-derived exosomes play an essential role in renal fibrogenesis through shuttling Shh ligand. Hence, strategies targeting exosomes could be a new avenue in developing therapeutics against renal fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinhua Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuangqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Fan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lili Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Youhua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Zachar R, Jensen BL, Svenningsen P. Dietary Na+ intake in healthy humans changes the urine extracellular vesicle prostasin abundance while the vesicle excretion rate, NCC, and ENaC are not altered. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F1612-F1622. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00258.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Low Na+ intake activates aldosterone signaling, which increases renal Na+ reabsorption through increased apical activity of the NaCl cotransporter (NCC) and the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC). Na+ transporter proteins are excreted in urine as an integral part of cell-derived extracellular vesicles (uEVs). It was hypothesized that Na+ transport protein levels in uEVs from healthy humans reflect their physiological regulation by aldosterone. Urine and plasma samples from 10 healthy men (median age: 22.8 yr) were collected after 5 days on a low-Na+ (70 mmol/day) diet and 5 days on a high-Na+ (250 mmol/day) diet. uEVs were isolated by ultracentrifugation and analyzed by Western blot analysis for EV markers (CD9, CD63, and ALIX), transport proteins (Na+-K+-ATPase α1-subunit, NCC, ENaC α- and γ-subunits, and aquaporin 2), and the ENaC-cleaving protease prostasin. Plasma renin and aldosterone concentrations increased during the low-Na+ diet. uEV size and concentration were not different between diets by tunable resistive pulse sensing. EV markers ALIX and CD9 increased with the low-Na+ diet, whereas CD63 and aquaporin 2 excretion were unchanged. Full-length ENaC γ-subunits were generally not detectable in uEVs, whereas ENaC α-subunits, NCC, and phosphorylated NCC were consistently detected but not changed by Na+ intake. Prostasin increased with low Na+ in uEVs. uEV excretion of transporters was not correlated with blood pressure, urinary Na+ and K+ excretion, plasma renin, or aldosterone. In conclusion, apical Na+ transporter proteins and proteases were excreted in uEVs, and while the excretion rate and size of uEVs were not affected, EV markers and prostasin increased in response to the low-Na+ diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Zachar
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Boye L. Jensen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Per Svenningsen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Xu X, Barreiro K, Musante L, Kretz O, Lin H, Zou H, Huber TB, Holthofer H. Management of Tamm-Horsfall Protein for Reliable Urinary Analytics. Proteomics Clin Appl 2019; 13:e1900018. [PMID: 31424164 PMCID: PMC6900072 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201900018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) are a novel source of biomarkers. However, urinary Tamm-Horsfall Protein (THP; uromodulin) interferes with all vesicle isolation attempts, precipitates with normal urinary proteins, thus, representing an unwanted "contaminant" in urinary assays. Thus, the aim is to develop a simple method to manage THP efficiently. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The uEVs are isolated by hydrostatic filtration dialysis (HFD) and treated with a defined solution of urea to optimize release of uEVs from sample. Presence of uEVs is confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, Western blotting, and proteomic profiling in MS. RESULTS Using HFD with urea treatment for uEV isolation reduces sample complexity to a great extent. The novel simplified uEV isolation protocol allows comprehensive vesicle proteomics analysis and should be part of any urine analytics to release all sample constituents from THP trap. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The method brings a quick and easy protocol for THP management during uEV isolation, providing major benefits for comprehensive sample analytics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Xu
- Institute of Nephrology and UrologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Shunde Southern Medical University Science Park
| | - Karina Barreiro
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM)University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Luca Musante
- Division of NephrologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUSA
| | - Oliver Kretz
- III. Department of MedicineUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Hanfei Lin
- Institute of Nephrology and UrologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Hequn Zou
- Institute of Nephrology and UrologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Tobias B. Huber
- III. Department of MedicineUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Harry Holthofer
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM)University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- III. Department of MedicineUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
- Centre for Bioanalytical Sciences (CBAS)Dublin City UniversityDublinIreland
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Sinlapadeelerdkul T, Sonoda H, Uchida K, Kitahara G, Ikeda M. Release of urinary aquaporin-2-bearing extracellular vesicles is decreased in pregnant Japanese Black cattle. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1609-1615. [PMID: 31564681 PMCID: PMC6895635 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin-2 (AQP2), a vasopressin-regulated water channel, plays an important role in renal water homeostasis. It has been reported that the level of AQP2 in human urine is altered during
pregnancy. However, little is known about the level of urinary AQP2 in pregnant cattle. In this study, we examined the level of AQP2-bearing extracellular vesicles (uEV-AQP2), which account
for most urinary AQP2, in both heifers and cows during the gestational and postpartum periods. The level of uEV-AQP2 was significantly decreased during gestation in comparison with the other
cattle examined. Similarly, the levels of EV marker proteins in uEVs, including tumor susceptibility gene 101 (TSG101) protein and apoptosis-linked gene 2-interacting protein X (ALIX), were
significantly decreased during gestation. There were significant correlations between the levels of uEV-AQP2 and uEV-TSG101, or uEV-ALIX. Immunohistochemistry data from pregnant and
non-pregnant cattle supported the notion that the level of uEV-AQP2 was decreased during gestation. These data indicate that the level of uEV-AQP2 is decreased in pregnant cattle, possibly
through a decrease in both the number of EVs released into the urine and renal AQP2 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thitaporn Sinlapadeelerdkul
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Hiroko Sonoda
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Go Kitahara
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ikeda
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Microparticles and autophagy: a new frontier in the understanding of atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis. Immunol Res 2019; 66:655-662. [PMID: 30574665 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-018-9053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microparticles (MPs) are small membrane vesicles released by many cell types under physiological and pathological conditions. In the last years, these particles were considered as inert cell debris, but recently many studies have demonstrated they could have a role in intercellular communication. Increased levels of MPs have been reported in various pathological conditions including infections, malignancies, and autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RA is an autoimmune systemic inflammatory disease characterized by chronic synovial inflammation, resulting in cartilage and bone damage with accelerated atherosclerosis increasing mortality. According to the literature data, also MPs could have a role in endothelial dysfunction, contributing to atherosclerosis in RA patients. Moreover many researchers have shown that a dysregulated autophagy seems to be involved in endothelial dysfunction. Autophagy is a reparative process by which cytoplasmic components are sequestered in double-membrane vesicles and degraded on fusion with lysosomal compartments. It has been shown in many works that basal autophagy is essential to proper vascular function. Taking into account these considerations, we hypothesized that in RA patients MPs could contribute to atherosclerosis process by dysregulation of endothelial autophagy process.
Collapse
|
95
|
Hoffman JF, Vechetti IJ, Alimov AP, Kalinich JF, McCarthy JJ, Peterson CA. Hydrophobic sand is a viable method of urine collection from the rat for extracellular vesicle biomarker analysis. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2019; 21:100505. [PMID: 31467851 PMCID: PMC6710715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2019.100505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we have shown in rats a new method of urine collection, hydrophobic sand, to be an acceptable alternate in place of the traditional method using metabolic cages. Hydrophobic sand is non-toxic, induces similar or lower levels of stress in the rat, and does not contaminate clinical urine markers nor metal concentrations in collected samples (Hoffman et al., 2017 and 2018). Urine is often used in humans and many animal models as a readily-attainable biosample which contains proteins and microRNAs (miRNAs) within extracellular vesicles (EVs) that can be isolated to indicate changes in health. In order to ensure hydrophobic sand did not in any way contaminate or disrupt the extraction and analysis of these EVs and miRNAs, we used urine samples from the same 8 rats in the within-subjects crossover experiment comparing hydrophobic sand and metabolic cage collection methods. We isolated EVs and miRNAs from the urine set and examined their quantity and quality between the urine collection methods. We found no significant differences in particle size, particle concentration, total RNA, or the type and abundance of miRNAs contained within the urine EVs due to urine collection method, suggesting hydrophobic sand represents an easy-to-use, non-invasive method to collect rodent urine for EVs and biomarker studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F Hoffman
- Internal Contamination and Metal Toxicity Program, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA
| | - Ivan J Vechetti
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 800 South Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Alexander P Alimov
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 800 South Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - John F Kalinich
- Internal Contamination and Metal Toxicity Program, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA
| | - John J McCarthy
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 800 South Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Charlotte A Peterson
- College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, 800 South Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Ling L, Tan Z, Zhang C, Gui S, Cui Y, Hu Y, Chen L. CircRNAs in exosomes from high glucose-treated glomerular endothelial cells activate mesangial cells. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:4667-4682. [PMID: 31497190 PMCID: PMC6731409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the relationships between glomerular endothelial cells (GECs) and glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs) is important to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying diabetic nephropathy (DN). Exosomes carried with mRNA, microRNA, and protein play important roles in cell-to-cell communication. In this study, we showed that high glucose (HG)-treated GECs secreted a higher number of exosomes enriched in circRNAs compared with normal glucose (NG)-treated GECs. Differentially expressed circRNAs (DECs) were obtained by high-throughput sequencing. Of these DECs, the expressions of 217 DECs and 484 DECs in HG-treated GEC exosomes were significantly downregulated and upregulated, respectively, compared with NG-treated GEC exosomes. The functions of the DEC target genes were involved in the PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways. Five DECs were randomly selected for identification by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Two DECs (circRNF169 and circSTRN3) were further selected for functional validation. Moreover, we demonstrated that exosomes released by HG-treated GECs promoted α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression. It also inhibited proliferation and promoted epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in GMCs. In addition, cell functional studies indicated that the knockdown and over-expression of two DECs (circRNF169 and circSTRN3) effectively inhibited or promoted cell proliferation and promoted or inhibited EMT, respectively. Thus, the results of this study provide new insights into the pathogenesis of DN that involves the intercellular transfer of circRNAs from GECs to GMCs via exosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Ling
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Nanshan People’s Hospital and The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science CenterShenzhen 518052, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhen Tan
- Health Science Center, Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Changning Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Nanshan People’s Hospital and The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science CenterShenzhen 518052, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuyan Gui
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Nanshan People’s Hospital and The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science CenterShenzhen 518052, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanfeng Cui
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Nanshan People’s Hospital and The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science CenterShenzhen 518052, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Nanshan People’s Hospital and The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science CenterShenzhen 518052, Guangdong, China
| | - Libo Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Nanshan People’s Hospital and The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science CenterShenzhen 518052, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Koritzinsky EH, Street JM, Chari RR, Glispie DM, Bellomo TR, Aponte AM, Star RA, Yuen PST. Circadian variation in the release of small extracellular vesicles can be normalized by vesicle number or TSG101. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F1098-F1110. [PMID: 31390267 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00568.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous candidate biomarkers in urine extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been described for kidney diseases, but none are yet in clinical use, possibly due to a lack of proper normalization. Proper normalization corrects for normal biological variation in urine flow rate or concentration, which can vary by over one order of magnitude. Here, we observed inter- and intra-animal variation in urine excretion rates of small EVs (<200 nm in diameter) in healthy rats as a series of six 4-h fractions. To visualize intra-animal variation, we normalized a small EV excretion rate to a peak excretion rate, revealing a circadian pattern for each rat. This circadian pattern was distinct from urine volume, urine albumin, urine creatinine, and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio. Furthermore, urine small EV excretion was not significantly altered by sex, food/water deprivation, or ischemic acute kidney injury. Urine excretion of the exosomal/small EV marker protein tumor susceptibility gene 101 (TSG101) displayed a similar circadian pattern to urine small EV excretion; both measurements were highly correlated (R2 = 0.85), with an average stoichiometry of 10.0 molecules of TSG101/vesicle in healthy rats. The observed stoichiometry of TSG101/vesicle in rat urine translated to human spot urine samples (10.2 molecules/vesicle) and cultured kidney-derived cell lines (human embryonic kidney-293 and normal rat kidney 52E cells). Small EV number and its surrogate, TSG101 protein, can normalize for circadian variation when testing candidate biomarkers in small EVs. Just as creatinine has emerged as the customary normalization factor for liquid-phase urine biomarkers, vesicle number and its surrogate, molecules of exosome/small EV-associated TSG101, should be considered as viable, normalizing factors for small EV biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik H Koritzinsky
- Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutics Unit, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jonathan M Street
- Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutics Unit, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rohit R Chari
- Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutics Unit, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Deonna M Glispie
- Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutics Unit, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tiffany R Bellomo
- Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutics Unit, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Angel M Aponte
- Proteomics Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robert A Star
- Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutics Unit, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Peter S T Yuen
- Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutics Unit, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Ruzicka M, Xiao F, Abujrad H, Al-Rewashdy Y, Tang VA, Langlois MA, Sorisky A, Ooi TC, Burger D. Effect of hemodialysis on extracellular vesicles and circulating submicron particles. BMC Nephrol 2019; 20:294. [PMID: 31375072 PMCID: PMC6679543 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-019-1459-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although hemodialysis is a highly effective treatment for diffusive clearance of low molecular weight uremic toxins, its effect on circulating extracellular vesicles and submicron particles is less clear. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of hemodialysis on circulating levels of submicron particles. Methods Plasma samples from patients were collected immediately before and after the mid-week hemodialysis session. Total submicron particles were assessed by nanoparticle tracking analysis and levels of endothelial (CD144+), platelet (CD41+), leukocyte (CD45+), and total (Annexin V+) membrane microparticles (MPs) were assessed by flow cytometry. Results Total submicron particle number was significantly lower post-dialysis with reductions in particles < 40 nm, 40–100 nm, and 100–1000 nm in size. Circulating annexin V+ MPs, platelet MPs, leukocyte MPs, and endothelial MPs were all reduced following dialysis. Assessment of protein markers suggested that extracellular vesicles were not present in the dialysate, but rather adsorbed to the dialysis membrane. Conclusions In summary, hemodialysis is associated with reductions in circulating submicron particles including membrane MPs. Accordingly, there may be significant interdialytic variation in circulating submicron particles. Investigators interested in measuring extracellular vesicles in patients undergoing hemodialysis should therefore carefully consider the timing of biosampling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Ruzicka
- Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, 2513-451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada. .,Division of Nephrology, University of Ottawa, The Ottawa Hospital, Riverside Campus, Room 5-21, Riverside 1967, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 7W9, Canada. .,Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Fengxia Xiao
- Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, 2513-451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Hussein Abujrad
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yasamin Al-Rewashdy
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vera A Tang
- uOttawa Flow Cytometry & Virometry Core Facility, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marc-André Langlois
- uOttawa Flow Cytometry & Virometry Core Facility, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexander Sorisky
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Teik Chye Ooi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dylan Burger
- Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, 2513-451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada. .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Lundwall K, Mörtberg J, Mobarrez F, Jacobson SH, Jörneskog G, Spaak J. Changes in microparticle profiles by vitamin D receptor activation in chronic kidney disease - a randomized trial. BMC Nephrol 2019; 20:290. [PMID: 31370809 PMCID: PMC6670162 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-019-1445-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microparticles (MPs) are biomarkers and mediators of disease through their expression of surface receptors, reflecting activation or stress in their parent cells. Endothelial markers, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, are implicated in atherosclerosis and associated with cardiovascular risk. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients have endothelial dysfunction and high levels of endothelial derived MPs. Vitamin D treatment has been reported to ameliorate endothelial function in CKD patients. We aimed to examine cell specific MP profiles and concentrations of MPs expressing the atherosclerotic markers ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 after treatment with paricalcitol in patients with CKD stage 3–4. Methods Sub-study of the previously reported SOLID trial where 36 patients were randomly assigned to placebo, 1 or 2 μg paricalcitol, for 12 weeks. MPs were measured by flow cytometry after labelling with antibodies against endothelial (CD62E), platelet (CD62P, CD41, CD154) leukocyte (CD45) and vascular (CD54, CD106) markers. Results Patients had a mean age of 65 years with a mean eGFR of 40 mL/min/1.73m2. Concentrations of ICAM-1 positive MPs were significantly reduced by treatment (repeated measures ANOVA p = 0.04). Repeated measures MANOVA of concentrations of endothelial, platelet and leukocyte MPs showed sustained levels in the 2 μg treatment group (p = 0.85) but a decline in the 1 μg (p = 0.04) and placebo groups (p = 0.005). Conclusions Treatment with paricalcitol reduces concentrations of ICAM-1 positive MPs. This is accompanied by sustained concentrations of all cell specific MPs in the 2 μg group, and decreasing concentrations in the other groups, possibly due to a more healthy and reactive endothelium with paricalcitol treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Lundwall
- Department of Cardiology, Danderyd University Hospital, 182 88, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Josefin Mörtberg
- Department of Nephrology, Danderyd University Hospital, 182 88, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fariborz Mobarrez
- Department of Medicine, Danderyd University Hospital, 182 88, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan H Jacobson
- Department of Nephrology, Danderyd University Hospital, 182 88, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gun Jörneskog
- Department of Medicine, Danderyd University Hospital, 182 88, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Spaak
- Department of Cardiology, Danderyd University Hospital, 182 88, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Barnett LMA, Cummings BS. Nephrotoxicity and Renal Pathophysiology: A Contemporary Perspective. Toxicol Sci 2019; 164:379-390. [PMID: 29939355 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney consists of numerous cell types organized into the nephron, which is the basic functional unit of the kidney. Any stimuli that induce loss of these cells can induce kidney damage and renal failure. The cause of renal failure can be intrinsic or extrinsic. Extrinsic causes include cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, sepsis, and lung and liver failure. Intrinsic causes include glomerular nephritis, polycystic kidney disease, renal fibrosis, tubular cell death, and stones. The kidney plays a prominent role in mediating the toxicity of numerous drugs, environmental pollutants and natural substances. Drugs known to be nephrotoxic include several cancer therapeutics, drugs of abuse, antibiotics, and radiocontrast agents. Environmental pollutants known to target the kidney include cadmium, mercury, arsenic, lead, trichloroethylene, bromate, brominated-flame retardants, diglycolic acid, and ethylene glycol. Natural nephrotoxicants include aristolochic acids and mycotoxins such as ochratoxin, fumonisin B1, and citrinin. There are several common characteristics between mechanisms of renal failure induced by nephrotoxicants and extrinsic causes. This common ground exists primarily due to similarities in the molecular mechanisms mediating renal cell death. This review summarizes the current state of the field of nephrotoxicity. It emphasizes integrating our understanding of nephrotoxicity with pathological-induced renal failure. Such approaches are needed to address major questions in the field, which include the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of both acute and chronic renal failure, and the progression of acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian S Cummings
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program.,Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| |
Collapse
|