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Jain A, Madu CO, Lu Y. Phytochemicals in Chemoprevention: A Cost-Effective Complementary Approach. J Cancer 2021; 12:3686-3700. [PMID: 33995644 PMCID: PMC8120178 DOI: 10.7150/jca.57776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death across the world. Although conventional cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy have effectively decreased cancer progression, they come with many dose-limiting side-effects. Phytochemicals that naturally occur in spices, fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes, and other common foods are surprisingly effective complements to conventional cancer treatments. These biologically active compounds demonstrate anticancer effects via cell signaling pathway interference in cancerous cells. In addition, phytochemicals protect non-cancerous cells from chemotherapy-induced side-effects. This paper addresses the not only the potential of phytochemicals quercetin, isoflavones, curcumin, catechins, and hesperidin in terms of cancer treatment and protection against side-effects of chemotherapy, but also methods for increasing phytochemical bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aayush Jain
- Departments of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152. USA
| | - Chikezie O. Madu
- Departments of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152. USA
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163. USA
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Hatibaruah A, Rahman M, Agarwala S, Singh SA, Gupta S, Paul P. Circular RNAs in cancer and diabetes. J Genet 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-021-01268-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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53
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Nguyen L, Dobiasch S, Schneider G, Schmid RM, Azimzadeh O, Kanev K, Buschmann D, Pfaffl MW, Bartzsch S, Schmid TE, Schilling D, Combs SE. Impact of DNA repair and reactive oxygen species levels on radioresistance in pancreatic cancer. Radiother Oncol 2021; 159:265-276. [PMID: 33839203 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2021.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radioresistance in pancreatic cancer patients remains a critical obstacle to overcome. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying radioresistance may achieve better response to radiotherapy and thereby improving the poor treatment outcome. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the mechanisms leading to radioresistance by detailed characterization of isogenic radioresistant and radiosensitive cell lines. METHODS The human pancreatic cancer cell lines, Panc-1 and MIA PaCa-2 were repeatedly exposed to radiation to generate radioresistant (RR) isogenic cell lines. The surviving cells were expanded, and their radiosensitivity was measured using colony formation assay. Tumor growth delay after irradiation was determined in a mouse pancreatic cancer xenograft model. Gene and protein expression were analyzed using RNA sequencing and Western blot, respectively. Cell cycle distribution and apoptosis (Caspase 3/7) were measured by FACS analysis. Reactive oxygen species generation and DNA damage were analyzed by detection of CM-H2DCFDA and γH2AX staining, respectively. Transwell chamber assays were used to investigate cell migration and invasion. RESULTS The acquired radioresistance of RR cell lines was demonstrated in vitro and validated in vivo. Ingenuity pathway analysis of RNA sequencing data predicted activation of cell viability in both RR cell lines. RR cancer cell lines demonstrated greater DNA repair efficiency and lower basal and radiation-induced reactive oxygen species levels. Migration and invasion were differentially affected in RR cell lines. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that repeated exposure to irradiation increases the expression of genes involved in cell viability and thereby leads to radioresistance. Mechanistically, increased DNA repair capacity and reduced oxidative stress might contribute to the radioresistant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Nguyen
- Institute of Radiation Medicine (IRM), Department of Radiation Sciences (DRS), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Germany
| | - Sophie Dobiasch
- Institute of Radiation Medicine (IRM), Department of Radiation Sciences (DRS), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Germany; Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Günter Schneider
- Department of Medicine II, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Germany; Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roland M Schmid
- Department of Medicine II, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Germany
| | - Omid Azimzadeh
- Institute of Radiation Biology (ISB), Department of Radiation Sciences (DRS), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kristiyan Kanev
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Dominik Buschmann
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Michael W Pfaffl
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Stefan Bartzsch
- Institute of Radiation Medicine (IRM), Department of Radiation Sciences (DRS), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Germany
| | - Thomas E Schmid
- Institute of Radiation Medicine (IRM), Department of Radiation Sciences (DRS), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Germany
| | - Daniela Schilling
- Institute of Radiation Medicine (IRM), Department of Radiation Sciences (DRS), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Germany
| | - Stephanie E Combs
- Institute of Radiation Medicine (IRM), Department of Radiation Sciences (DRS), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Germany; Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Guy JB, Espenel S, Louati S, Gauthier A, Garcia MA, Vial N, Malésys C, Ardail D, Alphonse G, Wozny AS, Rodriguez-Lafrasse C, Magné N. Combining radiation to EGFR and Bcl-2 blockade: a new approach to target cancer stem cells in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 147:1905-1916. [PMID: 33791846 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03593-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The clinical outcome of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains poor, partly due to the presence of resistant cancer stem cells (CSCs) which are responsible of recurrences. CSCs have low EGFR expression and, conversely, overexpress the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein, which is involved in resistance to apoptosis and the invasion/migration capacities of tumour cells. METHODS The combination therapy of ABT-199, a Bcl-2 inhibitor, cetuximab an EGFR inhibitor, and radiation using an HNSCC model (SQ20B cell line) and its corresponding CSC subpopulation were evaluated in vitro (2D/3D cell proliferation; invasion/migration and apoptosis using videomicroscopy) and in vivo. RESULTS Cetuximab strongly inhibited 2D and 3D cell proliferation, as well as invasion/migration, only in non-CSC-SQ20B cells, whereas ABT-199 selectively inhibited these mechanisms in SQ20B/CSCs. The combination of irradiation + cetuximab + ABT-199 increased the inhibition of the 2D and 3D cell proliferation, invasion/migration, and resistance to apoptosis in both cell sub-populations. In addition, in a nude mouse model with heterotopic tumour xenograft, a treatment combining cetuximab + ABT-199 with fractional irradiation strongly delayed the tumour growth and increased in vivo lifespan without side effects. CONCLUSION Based on the present results, this triple combination therapy may represent a new opportunity for testing in clinical trials, particularly in locally advanced HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Guy
- Faculté de Médecine-Lyon-Sud, Université Lyon 1, 69921, Oullins, France.
- Laboratoire de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, CNRS UMR 5822 IP2I, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, BP 12, 69921, Oullins Cedex, France.
- Département de Radiothérapie, Institut de Cancérologie de La Loire, Lucien Neuwirth, 42270, St Priest en Jarez, France.
| | - Sophie Espenel
- Faculté de Médecine-Lyon-Sud, Université Lyon 1, 69921, Oullins, France
- Laboratoire de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, CNRS UMR 5822 IP2I, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, BP 12, 69921, Oullins Cedex, France
- Département de Radiothérapie, Institut de Cancérologie de La Loire, Lucien Neuwirth, 42270, St Priest en Jarez, France
| | - Safa Louati
- Faculté de Médecine-Lyon-Sud, Université Lyon 1, 69921, Oullins, France
- Laboratoire de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, CNRS UMR 5822 IP2I, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, BP 12, 69921, Oullins Cedex, France
- Département de Radiothérapie, Institut de Cancérologie de La Loire, Lucien Neuwirth, 42270, St Priest en Jarez, France
| | - Arnaud Gauthier
- Faculté de Médecine-Lyon-Sud, Université Lyon 1, 69921, Oullins, France
- Laboratoire de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, CNRS UMR 5822 IP2I, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, BP 12, 69921, Oullins Cedex, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69229, Lyon, France
| | - Max-Adrien Garcia
- Département de Santé Publique, Institut de Cancérologie de La Loire, Lucien Neuwirth, 42270, St Priest en Jarez, France
| | - Nicolas Vial
- Département de Radiothérapie, Institut de Cancérologie de La Loire, Lucien Neuwirth, 42270, St Priest en Jarez, France
| | - Céline Malésys
- Faculté de Médecine-Lyon-Sud, Université Lyon 1, 69921, Oullins, France
- Laboratoire de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, CNRS UMR 5822 IP2I, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, BP 12, 69921, Oullins Cedex, France
| | - Dominique Ardail
- Faculté de Médecine-Lyon-Sud, Université Lyon 1, 69921, Oullins, France
- Laboratoire de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, CNRS UMR 5822 IP2I, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, BP 12, 69921, Oullins Cedex, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69229, Lyon, France
| | - Gersende Alphonse
- Laboratoire de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, CNRS UMR 5822 IP2I, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, BP 12, 69921, Oullins Cedex, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69229, Lyon, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Wozny
- Faculté de Médecine-Lyon-Sud, Université Lyon 1, 69921, Oullins, France
- Laboratoire de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, CNRS UMR 5822 IP2I, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, BP 12, 69921, Oullins Cedex, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69229, Lyon, France
| | - Claire Rodriguez-Lafrasse
- Faculté de Médecine-Lyon-Sud, Université Lyon 1, 69921, Oullins, France
- Laboratoire de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, CNRS UMR 5822 IP2I, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, BP 12, 69921, Oullins Cedex, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69229, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Magné
- Laboratoire de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, CNRS UMR 5822 IP2I, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, BP 12, 69921, Oullins Cedex, France
- Département de Radiothérapie, Institut de Cancérologie de La Loire, Lucien Neuwirth, 42270, St Priest en Jarez, France
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Targeting BCL-2 in Cancer: Advances, Challenges, and Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061292. [PMID: 33799470 PMCID: PMC8001391 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Apoptosis, a programmed form of cell death, represents the main mechanism by which cells die. Such phenomenon is highly regulated by the BCL-2 family of proteins, which includes both pro-apoptotic and pro-survival proteins. The decision whether cells live or die is tightly controlled by a balance between these two classes of proteins. Notably, the pro-survival Bcl-2 proteins are frequently overexpressed in cancer cells dysregulating this balance in favor of survival and also rendering cells more resistant to therapeutic interventions. In this review, we outlined the most important steps in the development of targeting the BCL-2 survival proteins, which laid the ground for the discovery and the development of the selective BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax as a therapeutic drug in hematological malignancies. The limitations and future directions are also discussed. Abstract The major form of cell death in normal as well as malignant cells is apoptosis, which is a programmed process highly regulated by the BCL-2 family of proteins. This includes the antiapoptotic proteins (BCL-2, BCL-XL, MCL-1, BCLW, and BFL-1) and the proapoptotic proteins, which can be divided into two groups: the effectors (BAX, BAK, and BOK) and the BH3-only proteins (BIM, BAD, NOXA, PUMA, BID, BIK, HRK). Notably, the BCL-2 antiapoptotic proteins are often overexpressed in malignant cells. While this offers survival advantages to malignant cells and strengthens their drug resistance capacity, it also offers opportunities for novel targeted therapies that selectively kill such cells. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the extensive preclinical and clinical studies targeting BCL-2 proteins with various BCL-2 proteins inhibitors with emphasis on venetoclax as a single agent, as well as in combination with other therapeutic agents. This review also discusses recent advances, challenges focusing on drug resistance, and future perspectives for effective targeting the Bcl-2 family of proteins in cancer.
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56
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Qin J, Qu S, Zhu K, Cheng Y, Pan G, Jing W, Liu X, Sun X, Liu L. Rational design and synthesis of 6-aryl-6H-benzo[c]chromenes as non-steroidal progesterone receptor antagonists for use against cancers. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 32:116003. [PMID: 33461148 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone receptor (PR) antagonists have been found to be effective for treating certain human cancers. However, the steroidal structure of PR antagonists could bind to other hormone receptors, thus leading to serious side effects. On the other hand, non-steroidal PR antagonists have rarely been evaluated for their anti-cancer efficacy. Therefore, identifying novel non-steroidal PR antagonists possessing potent anti-cancer efficacy would be an attractive project to pursue. In this study, we presented a new metal-free oxidative CH arylation method to rapidly synthesize a series of 6-aryl-6H-benzo[c]chromene derivatives. Multiple cancer cell lines were used for their anti-cancer activity screening. An extensive analysis of structure-activity relationships (SAR) of the derivatives revealed that compounds 32 and 34 markedly inhibited the proliferation of MCF-7 cells with IC50 values of 6.32 ± 0.52 μM and 5.71 ± 0.49 μM, respectively. Further investigation indicated that derivatives 32 and 34 could elevate the expression of p21 and decrease the expressions of CDK4 and cyclin D1, leading to cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase. In addition, derivatives 32 and 34 could induce apoptosis of MCF-7 cells in both dose- and time-dependent manners by activation of p53 pathway, i.e., activation of Cleaved Caspase-3, p53 and P-p53 as well as elevation of the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Docking of derivatives 32 and 34 into a PR homology model exhibited potent PR antagonistic activity indicating the 6-aryl-6H-benzo[c]chromene derivatives are promising PR antagonists. We envisioned that derivatives 32 and 34 might be potential anti-cancer drug candidates as novel therapeutic treatment for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Sifeng Qu
- School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Kongkai Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Yahong Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Ge Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Weiqiang Jing
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xigong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xia Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
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Shashni B, Nagasaki Y. Newly Developed Self-Assembling Antioxidants as Potential Therapeutics for the Cancers. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11020092. [PMID: 33540693 PMCID: PMC7912983 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11020092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated as significant for cancer survival by functioning as oncogene activators and secondary messengers. Hence, the attenuation of ROS-signaling pathways in cancer by antioxidants seems a suitable therapeutic regime for targeting cancers. Low molecular weight (LMW) antioxidants such as 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpyperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO), although they are catalytically effective in vitro, exerts off-target effects in vivo due to their size, thus, limiting their clinical use. Here, we discuss the superior impacts of our TEMPO radical-conjugated self-assembling antioxidant nanoparticle (RNP) compared to the LMW counterpart in terms of pharmacokinetics, therapeutic effect, and adverse effects in various cancer models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babita Shashni
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan;
| | - Yukio Nagasaki
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan;
- Master’s School of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
- Center for Research in Isotopes and Environmental Dynamics (CRiED), University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +81-(0)29-853-5750
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58
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Chakraborty S, Mir KB, Seligson ND, Nayak D, Kumar R, Goswami A. Integration of EMT and cellular survival instincts in reprogramming of programmed cell death to anastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 39:553-566. [PMID: 32020420 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-020-09866-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a tightly controlled, coordinated cellular event responsible for inducing programmed cell death to rid the body of defective or unfit cells. Inhibition of apoptosis is, therefore, an essential process for cancer cells to harness. Genomic variants in apoptotic-controlling genes are highly prevalent in cancer and have been identified to induce pro-proliferation and pro-survival pathways, rendering cancer cells resistant to apoptosis. Traditional understanding of apoptosis defines it as an irreversible process; however, growing evidence suggests that apoptosis is a reversible process from which cells can escape, even after the activation of its most committed stages. The mechanism invoked to reverse apoptosis has been termed anastasis and poses challenges for the development and utilization of chemotherapeutic agents. Anastasis has also been identified as a mechanism by which cells can recover from apoptotic lesions and revert back to its previous functioning state. In this review, we intend to focus the attention of the reader on the comprehensive role of survival, metastasis, and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), as well as DNA damage repair mechanisms in promoting anastasis. Additionally, we will emphasize the mechanistic consequences of anastasis on drug resistance and recent rational therapeutic approaches designed to combat this resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souneek Chakraborty
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Khalid Bashir Mir
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Nathan D Seligson
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, The University of Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nemours Children's Specialty Care, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Debasis Nayak
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 540 Riffe Building, 496 West 12th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, 182320, India
| | - Anindya Goswami
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India. .,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India.
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59
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Bressan C, Saghatelyan A. Intrinsic Mechanisms Regulating Neuronal Migration in the Postnatal Brain. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:620379. [PMID: 33519385 PMCID: PMC7838331 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.620379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal migration is a fundamental brain development process that allows cells to move from their birthplaces to their sites of integration. Although neuronal migration largely ceases during embryonic and early postnatal development, neuroblasts continue to be produced and to migrate to a few regions of the adult brain such as the dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone (SVZ). In the SVZ, a large number of neuroblasts migrate into the olfactory bulb (OB) along the rostral migratory stream (RMS). Neuroblasts migrate in chains in a tightly organized micro-environment composed of astrocytes that ensheath the chains of neuroblasts and regulate their migration; the blood vessels that are used by neuroblasts as a physical scaffold and a source of molecular factors; and axons that modulate neuronal migration. In addition to diverse sets of extrinsic micro-environmental cues, long-distance neuronal migration involves a number of intrinsic mechanisms, including membrane and cytoskeleton remodeling, Ca2+ signaling, mitochondria dynamics, energy consumption, and autophagy. All these mechanisms are required to cope with the different micro-environment signals and maintain cellular homeostasis in order to sustain the proper dynamics of migrating neuroblasts and their faithful arrival in the target regions. Neuroblasts in the postnatal brain not only migrate into the OB but may also deviate from their normal path to migrate to a site of injury induced by a stroke or by certain neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we will focus on the intrinsic mechanisms that regulate long-distance neuroblast migration in the adult brain and on how these pathways may be modulated to control the recruitment of neuroblasts to damaged/diseased brain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Bressan
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Armen Saghatelyan
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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Khoshneviszadeh M, Firuzi O, Aminsafaee M, Kashefizadeh M, Ranjbar S, Rezaei Z, Sadeghpour H, Zargari F, Miri R, Edraki N. Novel Cytotoxic Phenanthro-triazine-3-thiol Derivatives as Potential DNA Intercalators and Bcl-2 Inhibitors. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2021; 20:161-177. [PMID: 34903979 PMCID: PMC8653664 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2020.113902.14553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Novel phenanthro-triazine-3-thiol derivatives were designed as potential DNA intercalators and Bcl-2 inhibitors. After being synthesized, the compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against MOLT-4 (human acute lymphoblastic leukemia) and MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma) cells by MTT assay. P1 (bearing hydrogen substitution) was the most potent derivative against MOLT-4 with an IC50 value of 7.1 ± 1.1 μM, whereas P11 (bearing phenyl substitution) demonstrated considerable cytotoxicity against MCF-7 with an IC50 value of 15.4 ± 2.9 μM. Compounds P7, P8, P14 and P15 exhibited moderate cytotoxic effects. Furthermore, to confirm the potential DNA intercalation and Bcl-2 inhibitory activities of phenanthro-triazine scaffolds, molecular docking analysis was performed. Molecular docking studies indicated that these compounds not only bind to DNA by intercalation mainly through stacking interactions but also are well accommodated in the active site of Bcl-2. Therefore, P1 and P11 having phenanthro-triazine-3-thiol scaffold could be presented as cytotoxic agents with dual DNA intercalation and Bcl-2 inhibitory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Khoshneviszadeh
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. ,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Omidreza Firuzi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Malihe Aminsafaee
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. ,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Masoud Kashefizadeh
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. ,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Sara Ranjbar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Zahra Rezaei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Hossein Sadeghpour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Farshid Zargari
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Ramin Miri
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Najmeh Edraki
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. ,Corresponding author: E-mail:
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Liu JY, Fu WQ, Zheng XJ, Li W, Ren LW, Wang JH, Yang C, Du GH. Avasimibe exerts anticancer effects on human glioblastoma cells via inducing cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:97-107. [PMID: 32451414 PMCID: PMC7921416 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0404-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and lethal primary brain tumor in adults, but there is no effective drug available for GBM. Avasimibe is a potent inhibitor of acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase-1 (ACAT-1), which was used to treat atherosclerosis. Experimental evidence and bioinformatics have shown that avasimibe has anticancer activity. In this study we investigated the anticancer effects of avasimibe on human glioblastoma cells and the underlying mechanisms. Our results showed that avasimibe dose-dependently inhibited the proliferation of U251 and U87 human glioblastoma cells with IC50 values of 20.29 and 28.27 μM, respectively, at 48 h. Avasimibe (7.5, 15, 30 μM) decreased the DNA synthesis, and inhibited the colony formation of the tumor cells. Treatment of avasimibe also dose-dependently increased the apoptotic rate of tumor cells, decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential, induced the activity of caspase-3/7, and increased the protein expression of cleaved caspase-9, cleaved PARP and Bax in U251 and U87 cells. RNA-sequencing analyses revealed that avasimibe suppressed the expression of CDK2, cyclin E1, CDK4, cyclin D, CDK1, cyclin B1, Aurora A, and PLK1, while induced the expression of p53, p21, p27, and GADD45A, which was validated by Western blot analysis. These results demonstrated that avasimibe induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in glioblastoma cells, which was associated with arresting the cell cycle at G0/G1 phase and G2/M phase by regulating the p53/p21 pathway, p53/GADD45A and Aurora A/PLK1 signaling pathways. In U87 xenograft nude mice model, administration of avasimibe (15, 30 mg·kg-1·d-1, ip, for 18 days) dose-dependently inhibit the tumor growth. Taken together, our results demonstrated that avasimibe might be a promising chemotherapy drug in the treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yi Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing, 100050, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Wei-Qi Fu
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing, 100050, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiang-Jin Zheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing, 100050, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Wan Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing, 100050, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Li-Wen Ren
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing, 100050, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jin-Hua Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing, 100050, China.
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Cui Yang
- Ethnic Drug Screening & Pharmacology Center, Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Guan-Hua Du
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing, 100050, China.
- Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
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Scheid AD, Beadnell TC, Welch DR. Roles of mitochondria in the hallmarks of metastasis. Br J Cancer 2021; 124:124-135. [PMID: 33144695 PMCID: PMC7782743 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-01125-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mitochondrial contributions to cancer have been recognised for approximately a century, given that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is dwarfed by the size of the nuclear genome (nDNA), nuclear genetics has represented a focal point in cancer biology, often at the expense of mtDNA and mitochondria. However, genomic sequencing and advances in in vivo models underscore the importance of mtDNA and mitochondria in cancer and metastasis. In this review, we explore the roles of mitochondria in the four defined 'hallmarks of metastasis': motility and invasion, microenvironment modulation, plasticity and colonisation. Biochemical processes within the mitochondria of both cancer cells and the stromal cells with which they interact are critical for each metastatic hallmark. We unravel complex dynamics in mitochondrial contributions to cancer, which are context-dependent and capable of either promoting metastasis or being leveraged to prevent it at various points of the metastatic cascade. Ultimately, mitochondrial contributions to cancer and metastasis are rooted in the capacity of these organelles to tune metabolic and genetic responses to dynamic microenvironmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Scheid
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Heartland Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Thomas C Beadnell
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Heartland Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Danny R Welch
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
- Heartland Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA.
- University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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63
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Hawner M, Ducho C. Cellular Targeting of Oligonucleotides by Conjugation with Small Molecules. Molecules 2020; 25:E5963. [PMID: 33339365 PMCID: PMC7766908 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug candidates derived from oligonucleotides (ON) are receiving increased attention that is supported by the clinical approval of several ON drugs. Such therapeutic ON are designed to alter the expression levels of specific disease-related proteins, e.g., by displaying antigene, antisense, and RNA interference mechanisms. However, the high polarity of the polyanionic ON and their relatively rapid nuclease-mediated cleavage represent two major pharmacokinetic hurdles for their application in vivo. This has led to a range of non-natural modifications of ON structures that are routinely applied in the design of therapeutic ON. The polyanionic architecture of ON often hampers their penetration of target cells or tissues, and ON usually show no inherent specificity for certain cell types. These limitations can be overcome by conjugation of ON with molecular entities mediating cellular 'targeting', i.e., enhanced accumulation at and/or penetration of a specific cell type. In this context, the use of small molecules as targeting units appears particularly attractive and promising. This review provides an overview of advances in the emerging field of cellular targeting of ON via their conjugation with small-molecule targeting structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Ducho
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2 3, 66 123 Saarbrücken, Germany;
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64
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Liu Q, Ran R, Wu Z, Li X, Zeng Q, Xia R, Wang Y. Long Non-coding RNA X-Inactive Specific Transcript Mediates Cell Proliferation and Intrusion by Modulating the miR-497/Bcl-w Axis in Extranodal Natural Killer/T-cell Lymphoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:599070. [PMID: 33364236 PMCID: PMC7753184 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.599070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was directed toward laying new findings for Extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (ENKL)-oriented therapy with a focus on long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)–microRNAs (miRNAs)–mRNA interaction. The expression and function of XIST (X-inactive specific transcript) were analyzed both in vivo and in vitro. The online database of lncRNA-miRNA interaction was used to screen the target of XIST, and miR-497 was selected. Next, the predicted binding between XIST and miR-497, and the dynamic effect of XIST and miR-497 on downstream Bcl-w was evaluated. We found that XIST dramatically increased in the blood of ENKL patients and cell lines. XIST knockdown suppressed the cell proliferation and migration in vivo and in vitro. Herein, we confirmed the negative interaction between XIST and miR-497. Moreover, XIST knockdown reduced the protein levels of Bcl-w, a downstream target of miR-497. XIST sponges miR-497 to promote Bcl-w expression, and finally modulating ENKL cell proliferation and migration. To be interested, inhibition of Bcl-w by ABT737 can overcome the high expression of XIST, and suppressed the ENKL proliferation and migration by inducing apoptosis. This study provided a novel experimental basis for ENKL-oriented therapy with a focus on the lncRNA–miRNA–mRNA interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinhua Liu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ruonan Ran
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhengsheng Wu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaodan Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qingshu Zeng
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ruixiang Xia
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yalei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Kaweme NM, Zhou S, Changwe GJ, Zhou F. The significant role of redox system in myeloid leukemia: from pathogenesis to therapeutic applications. Biomark Res 2020; 8:63. [PMID: 33292641 PMCID: PMC7661181 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-020-00242-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the presence of a defective antioxidant system can induce cellular damage and disrupt normal physiological functions. Several studies have revealed the unfavorable role of ROS in promoting the growth, proliferation, migration, and survival of leukemia cells. In this review study, we summarize the mechanisms of ROS production and its role in leukemogenesis, counteractive effects of antioxidants, and implicate the current ROS-dependent anticancer therapies in acute myeloid leukemia. BODY: The dysregulation of the redox system is known to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of leukemia. Leukemia cells generate high levels of ROS, which further increases the levels through extra pathways, including mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic mutation, leukemic oncogene activation, increased nicotinamide adenine phosphate hydrogen (NADPH), and cytochrome P450 activities. Aforementioned pathways once activated have shown to promote genomic instability, induce drug resistance to leukemia medical therapy, disease relapse and reduce survival period. The current standard of treatment with chemotherapy employs the pro-oxidant approach to induce apoptosis and promote tumor regression. However, this approach retains several deleterious effects on the subject resulting in degradation of the quality of life. Nevertheless, the addition of an antioxidant as an adjuvant drug to chemotherapy alleviates treatment-related toxicity, increases chemotherapeutic efficacy, and improves survival rates of a patient. CONCLUSION Acute myeloid leukemia remains a daunting challenge to clinicians. The desire to achieve the maximum benefit of chemotherapy but also improve patient outcomes is investigated. ROS generated through several pathways promotes leukemogenesis, drug resistance, and disease relapse. Chemotherapy, the mainstay of treatment, further upregulates ROS levels. Therefore, the addition of an antioxidant to leukemia medical therapy alleviates toxicity and improves patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Mupeta Kaweme
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital affiliated to Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu road, 430071, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Shu Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital affiliated to Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu road, 430071, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Geoffrey Joseph Changwe
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 44, Wenhua West Road, Jinan, 250012, P.R. China
| | - Fuling Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital affiliated to Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu road, 430071, Wuhan, P.R. China.
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66
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Various Aspects of Calcium Signaling in the Regulation of Apoptosis, Autophagy, Cell Proliferation, and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218323. [PMID: 33171939 PMCID: PMC7664196 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) is a major second messenger in cells and is essential for the fate and survival of all higher organisms. Different Ca2+ channels, pumps, or exchangers regulate variations in the duration and levels of intracellular Ca2+, which may be transient or sustained. These changes are then decoded by an elaborate toolkit of Ca2+-sensors, which translate Ca2+ signal to intracellular operational cell machinery, thereby regulating numerous Ca2+-dependent physiological processes. Alterations to Ca2+ homoeostasis and signaling are often deleterious and are associated with certain pathological states, including cancer. Altered Ca2+ transmission has been implicated in a variety of processes fundamental for the uncontrolled proliferation and invasiveness of tumor cells and other processes important for cancer progression, such as the development of resistance to cancer therapies. Here, we review what is known about Ca2+ signaling and how this fundamental second messenger regulates life and death decisions in the context of cancer, with particular attention directed to cell proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy. We also explore the intersections of Ca2+ and the therapeutic targeting of cancer cells, summarizing the therapeutic opportunities for Ca2+ signal modulators to improve the effectiveness of current anticancer therapies.
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67
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Macasoi I, Mioc A, Mioc M, Racoviceanu R, Soica I, Chevereșan A, Dehelean C, Dumitrașcu V. Targeting Mitochondria through the Use of Mitocans as Emerging Anticancer Agents. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:5730-5757. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190712150638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are key players with a multi-functional role in many vital cellular processes,
such as energy metabolism, redox regulation, calcium homeostasis, Reactive Oxygen Species
(ROS) as well as in cell signaling, survival and apoptosis. These functions are mainly regulated
through important enzyme signaling cascades, which if altered may influence the outcome of cell
viability and apoptosis. Therefore some of the key enzymes that are vital for these signaling pathways
are emerging as important targets for new anticancer agent development. Mitocans are compounds
aimed at targeting mitochondria in cancer cells by altering mitochondrial functions thus
causing cell growth inhibition or apoptosis. This review summarizes the till present known classes
of mitocans, their mechanism of action and potential therapeutic use in different forms of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Macasoi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Alexandra Mioc
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Marius Mioc
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Roxana Racoviceanu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Irina Soica
- Earlscliffe Sixth Form, Earlscliffe, 29 Shorncliffe Road, Folkestone, CT20 2NB, United Kingdom
| | - Adelina Chevereșan
- Faculty of Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Cristina Dehelean
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Victor Dumitrașcu
- Faculty of Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu, Timisoara, Romania
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Wang X, Chang Y, Gao M, Zhang F. Wogonoside Attenuates Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Reducing Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/Invasion and Cancer Stem-Like Cell Property. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:10097-10109. [PMID: 33116592 PMCID: PMC7553668 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s251806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the most common second basal cell carcinoma in our population. Wogonoside, the main in vivo metabolite of wogonin, possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenesis and anti-cancer activities. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of wogonoside therapy on cSCC has not been clarified. Methods In this study, we investigated the effects of wogonoside on cell proliferation, invasion, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem-like cell (CSC) properties of SCL-1 and SCC12 cell lines, and the effects on tumor formation in vivo. In vitro, cells were treated with 0, 25, 50 and 100 μM wogonoside for 48 h. In vivo, SCL-1 cells were subcutaneously injected into the right thigh of mice to form xenograft tumors. Animals were randomly divided into two groups (n=10): the control group and the 80 mg/kg wogonoside group. Results The results showed that wogonoside attenuated proliferation, invasion and EMT of SCL-1 and SCC12 cell lines, and enhanced the rate of apoptosis. Meanwhile, wogonoside efficiently abolished the CSC traits of cSCC; the expression of CSC markers (ALDH1, SOX-2, Oct4 and CD44) and the percentage of CD133+ cells were remarkably downregulated. In addition, we found that wogonoside repressed the activation of both PI3K/AKT and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. In vivo, wogonoside significantly inhibited tumor formation. Conclusion The results indicated that wogonoside could attenuate cSCC by reducing EMT, invasion and CSC properties. The efficacy of intervention may be related to inhibition of the PI3K/Akt and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. These novel findings could furnish new ideas on the potential therapeutic application of wogonoside in cSCC cancellation and cancer intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyong Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, Henan 471000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Chang
- Department of Dermatology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, Henan 471000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Gao
- Department of Dermatology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, Henan 471000, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, Henan 471000, People's Republic of China
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Tao H, Xu H, Zuo L, Li C, Qiao G, Guo M, Zheng L, Leitgeb M, Lin X. Exosomes-coated bcl-2 siRNA inhibits the growth of digestive system tumors both in vitro and in vivo. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 161:470-480. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Yamada Y, Hibino M, Sasaki D, Abe J, Harashima H. Power of mitochondrial drug delivery systems to produce innovative nanomedicines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 154-155:187-209. [PMID: 32987095 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria carry out various essential functions including ATP production, the regulation of apoptosis and possess their own genome (mtDNA). Delivering target molecules to this organelle, it would make it possible to control the functions of cells and living organisms and would allow us to develop a better understanding of life. Given the fact that mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in a variety of human disorders, delivering therapeutic molecules to mitochondria for the treatment of these diseases is an important issue. To date, several mitochondrial drug delivery system (DDS) developments have been reported, but a generalized DDS leading to therapy that exclusively targets mitochondria has not been established. This review focuses on mitochondria-targeted therapeutic strategies including antioxidant therapy, cancer therapy, mitochondrial gene therapy and cell transplantation therapy based on mitochondrial DDS. A particular focus is on nanocarriers for mitochondrial delivery with the goal of achieving mitochondria-targeting therapy. We hope that this review will stimulate the accelerated development of mitochondrial DDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Yamada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Laboratory for Biological Drug Development Based on DDS Technology, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Mitsue Hibino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sasaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Jiro Abe
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Laboratory for Biological Drug Development Based on DDS Technology, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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71
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Natural Agents Targeting Mitochondria in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21196992. [PMID: 32977472 PMCID: PMC7582837 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21196992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the key energy provider to highly proliferating cancer cells, and are subsequently considered one of the critical targets in cancer therapeutics. Several compounds have been studied for their mitochondria-targeting ability in cancer cells. These studies’ outcomes have led to the invention of “mitocans”, a category of drug known to precisely target the cancer cells’ mitochondria. Based upon their mode of action, mitocans have been divided into eight classes. To date, different synthetic compounds have been suggested to be potential mitocans, but unfortunately, they are observed to exert adverse effects. Many studies have been published justifying the medicinal significance of large numbers of natural agents for their mitochondria-targeting ability and anticancer activities with minimal or no side effects. However, these natural agents have never been critically analyzed for their mitochondria-targeting activity. This review aims to evaluate the various natural agents affecting mitochondria and categorize them in different classes. Henceforth, our study may further support the potential mitocan behavior of various natural agents and highlight their significance in formulating novel potential anticancer therapeutics.
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Afshari H, Nourbakhsh M, Salehi N, Mahboubi-Rabbani M, Zarghi A, Noori S. STAT3-mediated Apoptotic-enhancing Function of Sclareol Against Breast Cancer Cells and Cell Sensitization to Cyclophosphamide. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2020; 19:398-412. [PMID: 32922496 PMCID: PMC7462487 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2020.112587.13843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sclareol is an organic compound with potential anti-tumor effects against various cancer types. However, its precise molecular mechanism in the suppression of tumor growth has not been fully elucidated. In the present study, the anti-proliferative and apoptosis-inducing effects of sclareol with cyclophosphamide were investigated in breast cancer cells and the involvement of the JAK/STAT pathway was evaluated. For this purpose, MCF-7 breast cancer cells were cultured and treated with various concentrations of sclareol to determine its IC50. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay and apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometric analysis of annexin V binding. Gene and protein expression were examined by real-time PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The activity of caspase enzymes was also measured. The results showed that sclareol significantly reduced cell viability and triggered cell death and its co-administration with cyclophosphamide enhanced its anti-cancer properties. Additionally, sclareol up-regulated the expression of p53 and BAX and reduced the expression of Bcl-2. Docking studies indicated an interaction between sclareol and STAT3 which was proved by attenuation of STAT3 phosphorylation after treatment of the cells with sclareol. Sclareol was also capable of suppressing the function of IL-6 in modulating the expression of apoptosis-associated genes. Altogether these data suggest the potential of sclareol as an anti-cancer agent and demonstrate that a combination of sclareol with cyclophosphamide might serve as an effective chemotherapeutic approach resulting in improvements in the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Havva Afshari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitra Nourbakhsh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloufar Salehi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahboubi-Rabbani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afshin Zarghi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shokoofe Noori
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Fan S, Hu K, Zhang D, Liu F. Interference of circRNA HIPK3 alleviates cardiac dysfunction in lipopolysaccharide-induced mice models and apoptosis in H9C2 cardiomyocytes. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1147. [PMID: 33240996 PMCID: PMC7576089 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-5306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been deemed to be microRNA (miRNA) sponges that are involved in multiple biological processes. It has not yet been corroborated whether the regulation of circular RNA HIPK3 (circHIPK3) can be used for the treatment of myocardial dysfunction. Methods In this study, we aimed to investigate the cardioprotective effects and apoptosis inhibition of circHIPK3 regulation on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced myocarditis in vivo and vitro. C57BL/6 mice were exposed to LPS with or without knockdown of circHIPK3. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing was used to evaluate the expression of circHIPK3. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, immunohistochemistry (IHC), Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8), flow cytometry, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and western blotting were used to evaluate histopathology, proliferation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response, respectively. Cardiac function and myocardial damage were also evaluated. Results It was proven that short hairpin RNA1 (shRNA1) was a superior interference of circHIPK3. The results revealed that knockdown of circHIPK3 effectively alleviated myocardial tissue damage, improved cardiac function, and suppressed cardiomyocyte apoptosis in the animal model of LPS-induced myocarditis. Furthermore, LPS-induced oxidative injuries and inflammation in the myocardium were also partly reversed after circHIPK3 knockdown. In vitro, being LPS-induced enhanced the levels of heart damage markers, simultaneously inhibited proliferation, promoted apoptosis, and stimulated oxidative stress and inflammation of H9C2 cells. Fortunately, the abnormalities mentioned were partly reversed following circHIPK3 knockdown. Conclusions In this study, we characterized the expression and regulation of circHIPK3 in LPS-induced myocarditis in the animal model and H9c2 cells. The results demonstrated that circHIPK3 expression is significantly upregulated when exposed to LPS in vivo and in vitro. Knockdown of circHIPK3 effectively alleviated LPS-induced myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunyang Fan
- Central Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kailun Hu
- Central Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Deyin Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fuyun Liu
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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74
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Yi X, Xu C, Huang P, Zhang L, Qing T, Li J, Wang C, Zeng T, Lu J, Han Z. 1-Trifluoromethoxyphenyl-3-(1-Propionylpiperidin-4-yl) Urea Protects the Blood-Brain Barrier Against Ischemic Injury by Upregulating Tight Junction Protein Expression, Mitigating Apoptosis and Inflammation In Vivo and In Vitro Model. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1197. [PMID: 32848796 PMCID: PMC7427473 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously have revealed that 1-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-3-(1- propionylpiperidin-4-yl) urea (TPPU), as a soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitor can reduce infarct volume, protect blood-brain barrier (BBB) and brain against ischemic injury in rats. Here, we investigated the potential mechanisms of TPPU on BBB integrity in both in permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) rat model and in oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R)-induced human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMVECs) model. In pMCAO rat, TPPU administration decreased brain edema and Evans blue content, increased tight junction proteins (TJs) expression of claudin-5, occludin, and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1). In OGD/R model, OGD/R significantly increased permeability and cell apoptosis, downregulated the expression of claudin-5, ZO-1, occludin, and lymphoma (Bcl)-2. Notably, TPPU pretreatment effectively protected the BBB integrity by reducing the permeability, promoting expression of claudin-5, ZO-1, occluding and Bcl-2, mitigating reactive oxygen species (ROS) injury and release of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6β, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), downregulating expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), MMP-2, bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), IL-1β, IL-6β, and TNF-α. Moreover, OGD/R induced the up-regulation of p-p65, p-IκB, and p-p38, which were effectively decreased after TPPU pretreatment in comparison with that of the OGD/R group. Furthermore, pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (PDTC, a selective inhibitor of NF-κB p65) not only alleviated the OGD/R-induced HBMVECs injury and permeability, but also reduced the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, p-p65, and p-IκB, and the protective effect of PDTC was equivalent to that of TPPU. These results indicate that TPPU protects BBB integrity against ischemic injury by multiple protective mechanisms, at least in part, by reducing ROS, inflammation, apoptosis, and suppressing the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and p38 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyang Yi
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China.,Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Chongxi Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chendu, China
| | - Pan Huang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China
| | - Linlei Zhang
- Department of General Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Qing
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China.,Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China.,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhao Han
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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75
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Lv X, Lu X, Zhu J, Wang Q. Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury Is Associated with Increased Ran-Binding Protein in Microtubule-Organizing Center (RanBPM) Molecule Expression and Mitochondria-Mediated Apoptosis Signaling Pathway in a Mouse Model. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e923172. [PMID: 32680981 PMCID: PMC7386048 DOI: 10.12659/msm.923172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe and life-threatening disorder treated in intensive care units. This study aimed to determine molecules or associated signaling pathways that are involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in an ALI model. Material/Methods An ALI mouse model was established by administering LPS (25 mg/kg via intratracheal instillation). Thirty-two ALI mice were divided into Model-4 h, Model-8 h, Model-12 h, and Model-24 h groups, while another 8 mice without LPS treatment were assigned as the Control group. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to evaluate inflammation of lung tissues. Wet weight/dry weight (W/D) ratio and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity of lung tissue in ALI mice were evaluated. Expressions of Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, Bak, Bax, cleaved caspase-3 (C-caspase-3), and Ran-binding protein in microtubule-organizing center (RanBPM) were determined using Western blot analysis. Results LPS administration caused obvious inflammatory cell infiltration of lung tissues in ALI mice. The W/D ratio of ALI mouse lung tissues was significantly higher in Model groups than in the Control group (p<0.05). MPO activity of ALI mice was remarkably higher in Model groups compared to the Control group (p<0.05). LPS-induced ALI model mice exhibited significantly higher levels of C-caspase 3 lung tissues compared to the Control group (p<0.05). LPS-induced ALI model mice had significantly lower Bcl-XL/Bcl-2 and remarkably higher Bak/Bax expression compared with the Control group (p<0.05). LPS-induced ALI model mice displayed obviously higher RanBPM expression than in the Control group (p<0.05). Conclusions Lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury is associated with increased RanBPM molecule expression and with mitochondria-mediated apoptosis signaling pathway in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Lv
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland).,Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaomin Lu
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland).,Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Jiping Zhu
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland).,Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Qian Wang
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland).,Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
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76
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A novel mitochondrial targeted hybrid peptide modified HPMA copolymers for breast cancer metastasis suppression. J Control Release 2020; 325:38-51. [PMID: 32598957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Primary tumor metastasis remains to be a tough obstacle for clinical breast cancer treatment. Since evidences have shown that mitochondria play a crucial role in tumor metastasis, we designed a mitochondrial targeted drug delivery system (P-D-R8MTS) based on N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymers to simultaneously inhibit breast cancer progression and metastasis. A novel mitochondrial targeted hybrid peptide R8MTS, which consists of a cell penetrating peptide octaarginine (R8) and a mitochondrial targeting sequence ALD5MTS, was used as targeting ligand and attached to doxorubicin (DOX) as model drug (DOX-R8MTS). After entering into the tumor cells, DOX-R8MTS was pH-responsibly released from HPMA copolymer backbone in acidic lysosome and efficiently targeted to mitochondria, resulting in enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and apoptosis initiation. By destroying mitochondria, P-D-R8MTS not only inhibited cell proliferation but also suppressed migration and invasion of breast cancer 4T1 and MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro. Moreover, P-D-R8MTS exhibited superior inhibition of tumor growth and showed no apparent lung metastatic nodules on 4T1-bearing mice in vivo, which was partially via down-regulation of typical proteins associated with tumor metastasis and invasion: matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Collectively, our work provided a prospectively potential strategy for metastatic cancer treatment through mitochondrial targeted drug delivery.
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77
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The effects of taxifolin on alveolar bone in experimental periodontitis in rats. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 117:104823. [PMID: 32593876 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the effect of taxifolin, a powerful antioxidant, on the progression of periodontitis by immunohistochemical and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) examination. DESIGN This study was performed with 32 rats in four experimental groups: a non-ligated group (Control, n = 8), periodontitis group (Perio, n = 8), periodontitis with 1 mg/kg/day taxifolin group (Taxi-1, n = 8), and periodontitis with 10 mg/kg/day taxifolin group (Taxi-10, n = 8). A ligature-induced experimental periodontitis design was used. All rats were sacrificed at 30 days. Alveolar bone loss was determined by CBCT. Hematoxylin-eosin stained slides were examined. The expression levels of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), osteocalcin (OCN), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), collagen type I (Col 1), Bcl-2, Bax, and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) were determined immunohistochemically. RESULTS Both doses of taxifolin showed a decrease in alveolar bone loss. The inflammatory reaction was higher in the Perio group and lower in the taxifolin groups. BMP-2, OCN, ALP, and Col 1 expression were dose-dependently elevated in the taxifolin groups. RANKL immunoexpression decreased with both doses of taxifolin. Bcl-2 expression increased and Bax expression decreased in the taxifolin groups. CONCLUSION Taxifolin successfully reduced apoptosis and improved bone formation in alveolar bone in this experimental periodontitis model.
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78
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Abozaid OAR, Moawed FSM, Farrag MA, Kawara RSM. Synergistic Effect of Benzethonium Chloride Combined with Endoxan against Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Rats through Targeting Apoptosis Signaling Pathway. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:1709-1716. [PMID: 32592368 PMCID: PMC7568871 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.6.1709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination therapy has been the trendy of care, particularly in cancer remedy, since it is a rational approach to increase response and tolerability and to diminish resistance. Hence, there is a growing interest in combining anticancer drugs to maximizing efficacy with minimum systemic toxicity through the delivery of lower drug doses. Therefore, in the present study, the value of combination between benzethonium chloride (benzo) and endoxan (endo) as anti-tumor drug sensitization of hepatocellular carcinoma HCC treatment were detected both in vitro and in vivo. Crystal violet test was performed to detect the proliferation of HepG2 cells treated with benzo or/and endo. In addition, the HCC rat model was established by diethylnitrosamine (DEN) administration. The antitumor effect was enhanced with the combined treatment of the two drugs, particularly in the group with benzo and endo. The results confirmed that the HCC condition was developed in response to lower expressions of caspase 3 and P53 which, in turn, was due to the overexpression of Bcl-2, and downregulation of cytochrome C. The treatment with benzo combined with endo caused significant activation of caspase-3 mediated apoptotic signals that could be responsible for its anti-HCC potential. Meantime, benzo combined with endo treatments could reduce the hepatocellular carcinogenesis by reducing the expression of MMP-9. Therefore, benzo and endo treatments may be a hopeful therapeutic drug for HCC. Also, more studies are recommended to feat the idea of this research for medical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omayma A R Abozaid
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Egypt
| | - Fatma S M Moawed
- Health Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mostafa A Farrag
- Radiation Biology, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ragaa S M Kawara
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Egypt
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79
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Pelin A, Boulton S, Tamming LA, Bell JC, Singaravelu R. Engineering vaccinia virus as an immunotherapeutic battleship to overcome tumor heterogeneity. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 20:1083-1097. [PMID: 32297534 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1757066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immunotherapy is a rapidly evolving area of cancer therapeutics aimed at driving a systemic immune response to fight cancer. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are at the cutting-edge of innovation in the immunotherapy field. Successful OV platforms must be effective in reshaping the tumor microenvironment and controlling tumor burden, but also be highly specific to avoid off-target side effects. Large DNA viruses, like vaccinia virus (VACV), have a large coding capacity, enabling the encoding of multiple immunostimulatory transgenes to reshape the tumor immune microenvironment. VACV-based OVs have shown promising results in both pre-clinical and clinical studies, including safe and efficient intravenous delivery to metastatic tumors. AREA COVERED This review summarizes attenuation strategies to generate a recombinant VACV with optimal tumor selectivity and immunogenicity. In addition, we discuss immunomodulatory transgenes that have been introduced into VACV and summarize their effectiveness in controlling tumor burden. EXPERT OPINION VACV encodes several immunomodulatory genes which aid the virus in overcoming innate and adaptive immune responses. Strategic deletion of these virulence factors will enable an optimal balance between viral persistence and immunogenicity, robust tumor-specific expression of payloads and promotion of a systemic anti-cancer immune response. Rational selection of therapeutic transgenes will maximize the efficacy of OVs and their synergy in combinatorial immunotherapy schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Pelin
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen Boulton
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Levi A Tamming
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - John C Bell
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ragunath Singaravelu
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Al-Obeed O, El-Obeid AS, Matou-Nasri S, Vaali-Mohammed MA, AlHaidan Y, Elwatidy M, Al Dosary H, Alehaideb Z, Alkhayal K, Haseeb A, McKerrow J, Ahmad R, Abdulla MH. Herbal melanin inhibits colorectal cancer cell proliferation by altering redox balance, inducing apoptosis, and modulating MAPK signaling. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:126. [PMID: 32322173 PMCID: PMC7161222 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01206-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal carcinoma is one of the most deadly cancers that requests effective and safe chemotherapy. Evaluation of natural product-based anticancer drugs as adjuvant treatment with fewer side effects is largely unexplored research fields. Herbal melanin (HM) is an extract of the seed coats of Nigella sativa that modulates an inflammatory response through toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). This TLR4 receptor is also involved in the modulation of apoptosis. We therefore explored the anticancer potential of HM and specifically its effect on the molecular mechanisms underlying adenocarcinoma and metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) cell death in vitro. Methods Cell viability was evaluated using the MTT assay. Cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione levels, and apoptotic status were assessed using fluorometric and colorimetric detection methods. HM-induced apoptotic and other signaling pathways were investigated using Western blot technology and mitochondrial transition pore assay kit. TLR4 receptor downregulation and blockade were performed using siRNA technology and neutralizing antibody, respectively. Results Our results showed that HM inhibited the proliferation of the colorectal adenocarcinoma HT29 and mCRC SW620 cell lines. Furthermore, HM enhanced ROS production and decreased glutathione levels. HM-induced apoptosis was associated with mitochondrial outer membrane permeability and cytochrome c release, inhibition of the Bcl2 family proteins, and activation of caspase-3/-7. In addition, HM modulated MAPK pathways by activating the JNK pathway and by inhibiting ERK phosphorylation. TLR4 receptor downregulation enhanced HM-induced apoptosis while TLR4 receptor blockade partially alleviated HM-inhibited ERK phosphorylation. Conclusion Altogether, these findings indicate that HM exerts pro-apoptotic effects and inhibits MAPK pathway through TLR4 in mCRC and colorectal adenocarcinoma cells, suggesting HM as a promising natural-based drug for the treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Al-Obeed
- 1Colorectal Research Chair, Department of Surgery, King Khalid University Hospital and College of Medicine, King Saud University, PO Box 7805 (37), Riyadh, 11472 Saudi Arabia
| | - Adila Salih El-Obeid
- 2Department of Biobank, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, PO Box 22490, Riyadh, 11426 Saudi Arabia.,3Faculty of Pharmacology, Ahfad University for Women, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Sabine Matou-Nasri
- 4Cell and Gene Therapy Group, Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, PO Box 22490, Riyadh, 11426 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansoor-Ali Vaali-Mohammed
- 1Colorectal Research Chair, Department of Surgery, King Khalid University Hospital and College of Medicine, King Saud University, PO Box 7805 (37), Riyadh, 11472 Saudi Arabia
| | - Yazeid AlHaidan
- 4Cell and Gene Therapy Group, Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, PO Box 22490, Riyadh, 11426 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Elwatidy
- 1Colorectal Research Chair, Department of Surgery, King Khalid University Hospital and College of Medicine, King Saud University, PO Box 7805 (37), Riyadh, 11472 Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad Al Dosary
- 1Colorectal Research Chair, Department of Surgery, King Khalid University Hospital and College of Medicine, King Saud University, PO Box 7805 (37), Riyadh, 11472 Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeyad Alehaideb
- 4Cell and Gene Therapy Group, Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, PO Box 22490, Riyadh, 11426 Saudi Arabia
| | - Khayal Alkhayal
- 1Colorectal Research Chair, Department of Surgery, King Khalid University Hospital and College of Medicine, King Saud University, PO Box 7805 (37), Riyadh, 11472 Saudi Arabia
| | - Adil Haseeb
- 5Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - James McKerrow
- 6Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Rehan Ahmad
- 1Colorectal Research Chair, Department of Surgery, King Khalid University Hospital and College of Medicine, King Saud University, PO Box 7805 (37), Riyadh, 11472 Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha-Hamadien Abdulla
- 1Colorectal Research Chair, Department of Surgery, King Khalid University Hospital and College of Medicine, King Saud University, PO Box 7805 (37), Riyadh, 11472 Saudi Arabia
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BCL-w: apoptotic and non-apoptotic role in health and disease. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:260. [PMID: 32317622 PMCID: PMC7174325 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2417-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The BCL-2 family of proteins integrates signals that trigger either cell survival or apoptosis. The balance between pro-survival and pro-apoptotic proteins is important for tissue development and homeostasis, while impaired apoptosis contributes to several pathologies and can be a barrier against effective treatment. BCL-w is an anti-apoptotic protein that shares a sequence similarity with BCL-XL, and exhibits a high conformational flexibility. BCL-w level is controlled by a number of signaling pathways, and the repertoire of transcriptional regulators largely depends on the cellular and developmental context. As only a few disease-relevant genetic alterations of BCL2L2 have been identified, increased levels of BCL-w might be a consequence of abnormal activation of signaling cascades involved in the regulation of BCL-w expression. In addition, BCL-w transcript is a target of a plethora of miRNAs. Besides its originally recognized pro-survival function during spermatogenesis, BCL-w has been envisaged in different types of normal and diseased cells as an anti-apoptotic protein. BCL-w contributes to survival of senescent and drug-resistant cells. Its non-apoptotic role in the promotion of cell migration and invasion has also been elucidated. Growing evidence indicates that a high BCL-w level can be therapeutically relevant in neurodegenerative disorders, neuron dysfunctions and after small intestinal resection, whereas BCL-w inhibition can be beneficial for cancer patients. Although several drugs and natural compounds can bi-directionally affect BCL-w level, agents that selectively target BCL-w are not yet available. This review discusses current knowledge on the role of BCL-w in health, non-cancerous diseases and cancer.
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82
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Li Q, Huang Y. Mitochondrial targeted strategies and their
application for cancer and other diseases treatment. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-020-00481-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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83
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Dasatinib reverses drug resistance by downregulating MDR1 and Survivin in Burkitt lymphoma cells. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:84. [PMID: 32171300 PMCID: PMC7076888 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-2879-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Current chemotherapies for Burkitt lymphoma (BL) have dramatically improved its clinical outcome. However, chemoresistance can lead to chemotherapy failure and very poor prognosis; thus, novel strategies are urgently required for patients with drug-resistant BL. To investigate the mechanisms underlying drug resistance in BL, we established drug-resistant BL cell lines: HS-Sultan/ADM (adriamycin-resistant), HS-Sultan/VCR (vincristine-resistant), HS-Sultan/DEX (dexamethasone-resistant), and HS-Sultan/L-PAM (melphalan-resistant). Methods Drug transporter and survival factor expression were investigated the using western blotting and real time polymerase chain reaction. Cell survival was analyzed by trypan blue dye exclusion method. Results The established cell lines acquired cross-resistance to adriamycin, vincristine, dexamethasone, and melphalan and exhibited 50% inhibitory concentration values 106-, 40-, 81-, and 45-fold higher than the parental cell lines, respectively. We found that protein and mRNA expression of MDR1 and Survivin were higher in drug-resistant BL cells than in the parent cells. Treatment with verapamil, an MDR1 inhibitor, or Survivin siRNA alongside each anti-cancer drug suppressed the proliferation of all drug-resistant BL cells. Src kinase activity was higher in all resistant cell lines than the parental cells; suppressing Src with dasatinib restored drug sensitivity by reducing MDR1 and Survivin expression. Conclusions MDR1 and Survivin upregulation are responsible for resistance to conventional drugs and dasatinib can restore drug sensitivity by reducing MDR1 and Survivin expression in drug-resistant BL cells. Src inhibitors could therefore be a novel treatment strategy for patients with drug resistant BL.
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Grasso R, Dell'Albani P, Carbone C, Spatuzza M, Bonfanti R, Sposito G, Puglisi G, Musumeci F, Scordino A, Campisi A. Synergic pro-apoptotic effects of Ferulic Acid and nanostructured lipid carrier in glioblastoma cells assessed through molecular and Delayed Luminescence studies. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4680. [PMID: 32170186 PMCID: PMC7070080 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61670-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we assessed the effect of Ferulic Acid (FA), a natural antioxidant with anti-cancer effect, on the human glioblastoma cells through molecular and Delayed Luminescence (DL) studies. DL, a phenomenon of ultra-week emission of optical photons, was used to monitor mitochondrial assessment. The effect of FA loaded in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) was also assessed. To validate NLCs as a drug delivery system for glioblastoma treatment, particular attention was focused on their effect. We found that free FA induced a significant decrease in c-Myc and Bcl-2 expression levels accompanied by the apoptotic pathway activation. Blank NLCs, even if they did not induce cytotoxicity and caspase-3 cleavage, decreased Bcl-2, ERK1/2, c-Myc expression levels activating PARP-1 cleavage. The changes in DL intensity and kinetics highlighted a possible effect of nanoparticle matrix on mitochondria, through the involvement of the NADH pool and ROS production that, in turn, activates ERK1/2 pathways. All the effects on protein expression levels and on the activation of apoptotic pathway appeared more evident when the cells were exposed to FA loaded in NLCs. We demonstrated that the observed effects are due to a synergic pro-apoptotic influence exerted by FA, whose bio-availability increases in the glioblastoma cells, and NLCs formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Grasso
- Department of Physics and Astronomy "Ettore Majorana", University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy. .,Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, 95123, Catania, Italy.
| | - Paola Dell'Albani
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Italian National Research Council, 95126, Catania, Italy
| | - Claudia Carbone
- Department of Drug Sciences, Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Michela Spatuzza
- Oasi Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging (IRCCS), 94018, Troina, Italy
| | - Roberta Bonfanti
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Italian National Research Council, 95126, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sposito
- Department of Drug Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Puglisi
- Department of Drug Sciences, Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Musumeci
- Department of Physics and Astronomy "Ettore Majorana", University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Agata Scordino
- Department of Physics and Astronomy "Ettore Majorana", University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Agata Campisi
- Department of Drug Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy.
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85
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Tripathi CB, Parashar P, Arya M, Singh M, Kanoujia J, Kaithwas G, Saraf SA. Biotin anchored nanostructured lipid carriers for targeted delivery of doxorubicin in management of mammary gland carcinoma through regulation of apoptotic modulator. J Liposome Res 2020; 30:21-36. [PMID: 30741049 DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2019.1579839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Mammary gland tumour has the highest incidence rate and mortality in women, worldwide. The present study envisaged a molecularly targeted nanostructured lipid carrier (NLCs) for doxorubicin (Dox) delivery capable of inducing cellular apoptosis in mammary gland tumour. NLCs were prepared utilizing Perilla frutescens oil (54-69% ω3-fatty acid) as liquid lipid to enhance entrapment of Dox through molecular ion pairing. Biotin decorated NLCs (b-Dox-NLCs) were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The b-Dox-NLCs showed particle size of 105.2 ± 3.5 nm, zeta potential -35 ± 2 mV, entrapment 99.15 ± 1.71%, drug content 19.67 ± 2.6 mg.g-1, biotin content 5.85 ± 0.64 µg.g-1 and drug release 98.67 ± 2.43% (facilitated by acidic microenvironment) respectively. MTT assay and Flow cytometric analysis revealed higher anti-proliferative capability of b-Dox-NLCs to force apoptosis in MCF-7 cell line vis-à-vis marketed Dox, evidenced by reactive oxygen species level and mitochondrial membrane potential mediated apoptosis. Enhanced antitumor targeting, therapeutic safety and efficacy was exhibited by b-Dox-NLCs, as investigated through tumour volume, animal survival, weight variation, cardiotoxicity and biodistribution studies in 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene induced mammary gland tumour. Immunoblotting assay demonstrated b-Dox-NLCs downregulated anti-apoptotic proteins, i.e. bcl-2, MMP-9 while upregulated pro-apoptotic proteins, i.e. caspase-9, p16 and BAX. The experimental results suggest that biotinylated ω3-fatty acid augmented NLCs loaded with Dox are capable of inducing programmed cell death in mammary tumour and can be utilized as safe and effective delivery system with enhanced potential for mammary gland carcinoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra B Tripathi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biosciences & Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Lucknow, India
| | - Poonam Parashar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biosciences & Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Lucknow, India
| | - Malti Arya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biosciences & Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Lucknow, India
| | - Mahendra Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biosciences & Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Lucknow, India
| | - Jovita Kanoujia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biosciences & Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Lucknow, India
| | - Gaurav Kaithwas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biosciences & Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Lucknow, India
| | - Shubhini A Saraf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biosciences & Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Lucknow, India
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86
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Effect of Oxaliplatin-Loaded Poly (d,l-Lactide- co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Nanoparticles Combined with Retinoic Acid and Cholesterol on Apoptosis, Drug Resistance, and Metastasis Factors of Colorectal Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12020193. [PMID: 32102251 PMCID: PMC7076533 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis signaling pathways, drug resistance, and metastasis are important targets to develop new cancer treatments. We developed cholesterol-coated Poly(d,l-Lactide-co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles for effective encapsulation and delivery of retinoic acid and oxaliplatin to analyze their antitumor activity in colorectal cancer. The cell viability and proliferation of tumoral cells lines (CT-26 and SW-480) decreased when compared to control in vitro after treatment with the nanoparticles. In addition, apoptosis of CT-26 cells increased. Importantly, cytoprotection of nontumor cells was detected. Expression of pro-apoptotic proteins was upregulated, while anti-apoptotic proteins were downregulated either in vitro or in vivo. In addition, drug resistance and metastasis factors were downregulated in vivo. Human colorectal tumors that highly expressed BCL-2 and Ki-67 had a greater tendency towards death within 60 months. Our results show that loading oxaliplatin combined with retinoic acid and cholesterol in a nanoparticle formulation enables determination of optimal antitumor activity and subsequent treatment efficacy.
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87
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A chemically-controlled system for activating RAS GTPases. Methods Enzymol 2020. [PMID: 32046841 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
RAS GTPases are involved in a number of dynamic signaling processes and have been a major focus of research due to the prevalence of activating RAS mutations in cancer. However, despite decades of research, some fundamental aspects of RAS biology are still not well understood. Difficulty in fully defining RAS-driven signaling stems from the overall complexity of downstream pathways and a lack of tools for specifically perturbing RAS function. To better characterize RAS-driven signaling, we recently developed a chemical genetic system for activating endogenous RAS with a small molecule. In this chapter, we describe the use of chemically inducible activator of RAS (CIAR), a single-protein, chemical genetic system that allows the rapid and dose-dependent activation of endogenous RAS. Methods in this chapter also describe the validation of RAS activation with CIAR through the analysis of downstream signaling.
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88
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Singh S, Shukla R. Key Signaling Pathways Engaged in Cancer Management: Current Update. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573394714666180904122412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
<P>Background: Till today cancer is still challenging to treat and needs more active therapeutic approaches. Participation of complex multi-pathway cell propagation instrument is a noteworthy issue in creating active anticancer therapeutic methodologies. Immune evasions, metabolic modifications, imperfect apoptotic component, modification in upstream or downstream RAS signaling, altered nuclear factor kappa B actions, imbalanced autophagy design and distortedly controlled angiogenesis are distinguishing features of cancer. </P><P> Methods: On the basis of systemic research and analysis of the current online available database, we analyzed and reported about the key signaling pathway engaged with cancer development outlining the effectiveness of different therapeutic measures and targets that have been created or are being researched to obstruct the cancer development. </P><P> Results: A number of signaling pathways, for example, resistant, metabolism, apoptosis, RAS protein, nuclear factor kappa B, autophagy, and angiogenesis have been perceived as targets for drug treatment to control the advancement, development and administration of cancer. </P><P> Conclusion: A noteworthy challenge for future medication advancement is to detail a synthesis treatment influencing distinctive targets to enhance the treatment of cancer.</P>
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv Singh
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Education, Shree Bhawani Paper Mill Road, ITI Compound, Raebareli-229010 (U.P.), India
| | - Rahul Shukla
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Education, Shree Bhawani Paper Mill Road, ITI Compound, Raebareli-229010 (U.P.), India
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89
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Tian Y, Gong GY, Ma LL, Wang ZQ, Song D, Fang MY. Anti-cancer effects of Polyphyllin I: An update in 5 years. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 316:108936. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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90
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Denisenko TV, Gorbunova AS, Zhivotovsky B. Mitochondrial Involvement in Migration, Invasion and Metastasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:355. [PMID: 31921862 PMCID: PMC6932960 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria in addition to be a main cellular power station, are involved in the regulation of many physiological processes, such as generation of reactive oxygen species, metabolite production and the maintenance of the intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. Almost 100 years ago Otto Warburg presented evidence for the role of mitochondria in the development of cancer. During the past 20 years mitochondrial involvement in programmed cell death regulation has been clarified. Moreover, it has been shown that mitochondria may act as a switchboard between various cell death modalities. Recently, accumulated data have pointed to the role of mitochondria in the metastatic dissemination of cancer cells. Here we summarize the modern knowledge concerning the contribution of mitochondria to the invasion and dissemination of tumor cells and the possible mechanisms behind that and attempts to target metastatic cancers involving mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna S Gorbunova
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris Zhivotovsky
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Toxicology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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91
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Fan CL, Yao ZH, Ye MN, Fu LL, Zhu GN, Dai Y, Yao XS. Fuziline alleviates isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury by inhibiting ROS-triggered endoplasmic reticulum stress via PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/Chop pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 24:1332-1344. [PMID: 31811750 PMCID: PMC6991694 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fuziline, an aminoalcohol-diterpenoid alkaloid derived from Aconiti lateralis radix preparata, has been reported to have a cardioprotective activity in vitro. However, the potential mechanism of fuziline on myocardial protection remains unknown. In this study, we aimed to explore the efficacy and mechanism of fuziline on isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial injury in vitro and in vivo. As a result, fuziline effectively increased cell viability and alleviated ISO-induced apoptosis. Meanwhile, fuziline significantly decreased the production of ROS, maintained mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and blocked the release of cytochrome C, suggesting that fuziline could play the cardioprotective role through restoring the mitochondrial function. Fuziline also could suppress ISO-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress via the PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/Chop pathway. In addition, using ROS scavenger NAC could decrease ISO-induced apoptosis and block ISO-induced ER stress, while PERK inhibitor GSK2606414 did not reduce the production of ROS, indicating that excess production of ROS induced by ISO triggered ER stress. And fuziline protected against ISO-induced myocardial injury by inhibiting ROS-triggered ER stress. Furthermore, fuziline effectively improved cardiac function on ISO-induced myocardial injury in rats. Western blot analysis also showed that fuziline reduced ER stress-induced apoptosis in vivo. Above these results demonstrated that fuziline could reduce ISO-induced myocardial injury in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting ROS-triggered ER stress via the PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/Chop pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Lian Fan
- College of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Yao
- College of Pharmacy and International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Nan Ye
- College of Pharmacy and International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei-Lei Fu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guo-Nian Zhu
- Research Core Facility, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Dai
- College of Pharmacy and International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Sheng Yao
- College of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.,College of Pharmacy and International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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92
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Ramazani M, Jaktaji RP, Shirazi FH, Tavakoli-Ardakani M, Salimi A, Pourahmad J. Analysis of apoptosis related genes in nurses exposed to anti-neoplastic drugs. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 20:74. [PMID: 31791417 PMCID: PMC6889625 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-019-0372-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-neoplastic agents are widely used in the treatment of cancer and some non-neoplastic diseases. These drugs have been proved to be carcinogens, teratogens, and mutagens. Concern exists regarding the possible dangers of the staff handling anti-cancer drugs. The long-term exposure of nurses to anti-neoplastic drugs is still a controversial issue. The purpose of this study was to monitor cellular toxicity parameters and gene expression in nurses who work in chemotherapy wards and compare them to nurses who work in other wards. METHODS To analyze the apoptosis-related genes overexpression and cytotoxicity effects, peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from oncology nurses and the control group. THE RESULTS Significant alterations in four analyzed apoptosis-related genes were observed in oncology nurses. In most individual samples being excavated, Bcl-2 overexpression is superior to that of Bax. Prominent P53 and Hif-1α up-regulation were observed in oncology nurses. Moreover, all cytotoxicity parameters (cell viability, ROS formation, MMP collapse, Lysosomal membrane damage, Lipid peroxidation, Caspase 3 activity and Apoptosis phenotype) in exposed oncology nurses were significantly (p < 0.001) higher than those of unexposed control nurses. Up-regulation of three analyzed apoptosis-related genes were observed in nurses occupationally exposed to anti-cancer drugs. CONCLUSION Our data show that oxidative stress and mitochondrial toxicity induced by anti-neoplastic drugs lead to overexpression of apoptosis-related genes in oncology nurses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maral Ramazani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Farshad H Shirazi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maria Tavakoli-Ardakani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Salimi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Jalal Pourahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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93
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Tian Y, Jia SX, Shi J, Gong GY, Yu JW, Niu Y, Yang CM, Ma XC, Fang MY. Polyphyllin I induces apoptosis and autophagy via modulating JNK and mTOR pathways in human acute myeloid leukemia cells. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 311:108793. [PMID: 31421117 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Polyphyllin I (PPI), a bioactive component extracted from Paris polyphylla, was reported to have potent anticancer activities in previous studies. However, there were few reports on the effects and underlying mechanism of PPI in human acute myeloid leukemia cells. The present study demonstrated that PPI had an inhibitory effect through inducing apoptosis and autophagy in THP-1 and NB4 cells. PPI induced apoptosis via activating JNK pathway, as evidenced by the decreased Bcl-2 levels and increased Bax, cleaved-caspase-3 and phosphorylated-JNK expressions. In addition, PPI promoted autophagy as evidenced with increased expressions of LC3-II and Beclin-1 in western blot and autophagic vacuoles in MDC staining, which was associated with the inhibition of AKT-mTOR pathway. Furthermore, JNK inhibitor SP600125 and autophagy inhibitor 3-MA were employed to evaluate the role of apoptosis and autophagy in PPI-induced cell death. We found that autophagy and apoptosis were both causes of cell death induced by PPI. These data suggested that PPI could be a potent therapeutic agent for the treatment of human acute myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tian
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021, China
| | - Si-Xun Jia
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China
| | - Jie Shi
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China
| | - Guan-Yu Gong
- The Institute for Translational Medicine, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China
| | - Jia-Wen Yu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021, China
| | - Yan Niu
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China
| | - Chen-Meng Yang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China
| | - Xiao-Chi Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Mei-Yun Fang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021, China; Department of Hematology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China.
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94
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Chung TW, Lin CC, Lin SC, Chan HL, Yang CC. Antitumor effect of kurarinone and underlying mechanism in small cell lung carcinoma cells. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:6119-6131. [PMID: 31496721 PMCID: PMC6689141 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s214964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Kurarinone, a prenylated flavonone isolated from the roots of Sophora flavescens, is known to be cytotoxic against many human cancer cells but not human small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) yet. Also, the exact molecular mechanism of kurarinone for induction cytotoxicity remains unknown. Material and methods We investigated the effects of kurarinone on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and migration in H1688 SCLC cells. Cell viability was determined by the MTT assay. Apoptotic indices such as cell cycle, mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c release, caspase activity, and death receptors were evaluated by flow cytometry. Transwell migration and invasion assays were also included. Results Our results indicated that kurarinone significantly decreased H1688 cell viability and induced the accumulation of sub-G1 fractions by activating caspase-3, -9, and PARP cleavage accompanied by the elevated release of cytochrome c and mitochondrial dysfunction in H1688 cells. Additionally, kurarinone promoted Fas and TRAIL receptor-1 and -2 expression via the caspase-8/Bid pathway, suggesting that kurarinone triggered apoptosis via the mitochondria-mediated and receptor-mediated apoptotic pathways. We also observed that kurarinone repressed migration and invasion capabilities of SCLC cells by suppressing the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related proteins and matrix metalloproteinases. Conclusion Our findings provided evidence that kurarinone can induce apoptosis in SCLC cells via multiple mechanisms and delayed the cell migration and invasion of SCLC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Wen Chung
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology and Department of Medical Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chien Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Science, National Chung‑hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chao Lin
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Hong-Lin Chan
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology and Department of Medical Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chieh Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan 710, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan
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95
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The expression of Bcl-2 in adenomyosis and its effect on proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of endometrial stromal cells. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:152477. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.152477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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96
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Ngo DH, Ngo DN, Kim SK, Vo TS. Antiproliferative Effect of Aminoethyl-Chitooligosaccharide on Human Lung A549 Cancer Cells. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9050195. [PMID: 31109093 PMCID: PMC6571588 DOI: 10.3390/biom9050195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aminoethyl–chitooligosaccharide (AE-COS) was reported to inhibit human gastric cancer cell proliferation and human fibrosarcoma cell invasion. In this study, the role of AE-COS in down-regulation of proliferation of human lung A549 cancer cells was evaluated. It was found that AE-COS was able to reduce A549 cell proliferation to (32 ± 1.3)% at a concentration of 500 µg/mL. Moreover, AE-COS treatment caused suppression on COX-2 expression in a dose-dependent manner. Notably, the role of AE-COS in induction of cell apoptosis was observed via decreasing Bcl-2 expression and increasing caspase-3 and -9 activation. Accordingly, the antiproliferative effect of AE-COS was indicated due to suppression of cell proliferation and induction of cell apoptosis, suggesting AE-COS as a promising chemotherapy agent for treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Hung Ngo
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Thu Dau Mot University, Thu Dau Mot City 820000, Binh Duong province, Vietnam.
| | - Dai Nghiep Ngo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.
| | - Se-Kwon Kim
- Department of Marine Life Science, College of Ocean Science and Technology, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 606-791, South Korea.
| | - Thanh Sang Vo
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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97
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Kim JY, Kim J, Bazarsad S, Cha IH, Cho SW, Kim J. Bcl-2 is a prognostic marker and its silencing inhibits recurrence in ameloblastomas. Oral Dis 2019; 25:1158-1168. [PMID: 30801855 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ameloblastomas are the most common odontogenic epithelial tumors with high recurrence rate. The aim of this study was to identify apoptosis-related genes with recurrence of ameloblastomas and to evaluate its feasibility as a prognostic marker and as a target molecule preventing from recurrence. MATERIALS AND METHODS Public microarray data were analyzed. To evaluate their expression in ameloblastoma patients, immunohistochemical staining was performed in 89 human ameloblastoma tissues. Quantitative PCR was performed by use of ameloblastoma cell line (AM-1). Fluorescence activated cell sorting analysis and western blotting were conducted following transfection with siRNA. Further, AM-1 cells were implanted in the renal subcapsular layer of immunodeficient mice. RESULTS Microarray data analysis revealed that osteoprotegerin (OPG) and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) were the two most upregulated genes in ameloblastoma. Only Bcl-2 expression was significantly (p = 0.020) associated with recurrence in conservative treatment group (n = 17) among 89 patients. Silencing of Bcl-2 increased apoptosis in AM-1 cells in vitro and inhibited tumor nodule formation of AM-1 cells in vivo. CONCLUSION These results suggest that Bcl-2 expression is a useful biomarker to predict recurrence of ameloblastomas, and as a therapeutic target molecule to prevent recurrence of ameloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Young Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsun Kim
- Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shadavlonjid Bazarsad
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Ho Cha
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Won Cho
- Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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98
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Mitochondrial superoxide dismutase 2 mediates γ-irradiation-induced cancer cell invasion. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-10. [PMID: 30755594 PMCID: PMC6372678 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0207-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sublethal doses of γ-rays promote cancer cell invasion by stimulating a signaling pathway that sequentially involves p53, sulfatase 2 (SULF2), β-catenin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and Bcl-XL. Given that Bcl-XL can increase O2•− production by stimulating respiratory complex I, the possible role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) in γ-irradiation-induced cell invasion was investigated. Indeed, γ-irradiation promoted cell invasion by increasing mitochondrial ROS levels, which was prevented by metformin, an inhibitor of complex I. γ-Irradiation-stimulated STAT3 increased the expression of superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of O2•− to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In contrast to O2•−, H2O2 functions as a signaling molecule. γ-Irradiation consistently stimulated the Src-dependent invasion pathway in a manner dependent on both complex I and SOD2. SOD2 was also essential for the invasion of un-irradiated cancer cells induced by upregulation of Bcl-XL, an intracellular oncogene, or extracellular factors, such as SULF2 and IL-6. Overall, these data suggested that SOD2 is critical for the malignant effects of radiotherapy and tumor progression through diverse endogenous factors. A drug usually used to treat type 2 diabetes may also help to prevent cancer relapse following radiotherapy, which is commonly used to kill cancer cells. However, any tumor cells that survive radiation are highly invasive, sometimes causing tumors to spread. Hong-Duck Um and co-workers at the Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences in Seoul, South Korea, noticed that the surviving cells often showed higher levels of a key enzyme, superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), which is involved in energy production in the cellular powerhouse, the mitochondria. Artificially increasing levels of SOD2, without radiation, made cells more invasive. Treatment with metformin, which prevents production of the molecule that SOD2 acts on, prevented cells from becoming invasive. SOD2 has been implicated in many cancers, and is therefore a very promising therapeutic target.
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99
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Goulart-Filho JAV, Montalli VAM, Passador-Santos F, de Araújo NS, de Araújo VC. Role of apoptotic, autophagic and senescence pathways in minor salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma. Diagn Pathol 2019; 14:14. [PMID: 30736793 PMCID: PMC6368765 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-019-0796-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a salivary gland malignancy with poor long-term survival, which warrants studies aimed at clarifying the pathogenesis of this disease in order to widen the scope of therapeutic options currently available. Alterations in regulatory mechanisms relating to vascular support, cell death and autophagy are important pathways for tumor growth in cancer. Thus, the present study aimed to access vascular supply, apoptosis, autophagy and cell senescence in ACC of minor salivary glands. Methods We analyzed 25 cases of minor salivary gland ACC by immunohistochemistry using anti-CD34, anti-CD105, anti-D2–40, anti-Bax, anti-Bcl-2, anti-Beclin-1, anti-LC3B, anti-p21 and anti-p16. Results Microvessel density was low and based on anti-CD34, anti-CD105 and anti-D2–40 immunostaining. There was positivity for anti-CD34, anti-Bcl-2, anti-Beclin, anti-LC3B and anti-p21 and a positive correlation between Bcl-2 and Beclin (p = 0.014). Conclusions Our results showed that ACC does not depend on neo-angiogenesis and is probably associated to anti-apoptotic, autophagic and anti-senescence events.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Augusto Vianna Goulart-Filho
- Department of Oral Pathology, São Leopoldo Mandic Research Institute, Rua José Rocha Junqueira, 13, CEP, Campinas, SP, 13045-610, Brazil
| | - Victor Angelo Martins Montalli
- Department of Oral Pathology, São Leopoldo Mandic Research Institute, Rua José Rocha Junqueira, 13, CEP, Campinas, SP, 13045-610, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Passador-Santos
- Department of Oral Pathology, São Leopoldo Mandic Research Institute, Rua José Rocha Junqueira, 13, CEP, Campinas, SP, 13045-610, Brazil
| | - Ney Soares de Araújo
- Department of Oral Pathology, São Leopoldo Mandic Research Institute, Rua José Rocha Junqueira, 13, CEP, Campinas, SP, 13045-610, Brazil
| | - Vera Cavalcanti de Araújo
- Department of Oral Pathology, São Leopoldo Mandic Research Institute, Rua José Rocha Junqueira, 13, CEP, Campinas, SP, 13045-610, Brazil.
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100
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He B, Fu GH, Du XF, Chu HM. Halofuginone protects HUVECs from H2O2-induced injury by modulating VEGF/JNK signaling pathway. J Chin Med Assoc 2019; 82:92-98. [PMID: 30839497 DOI: 10.1097/jcma.0000000000000008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Halofuginone, which is the main active ingredient of Dichroa fabrifuga, was used to inhibit the synthesis of type I collagen and played increasingly important roles in tumor therapy. This study aims to investigate the protective effects of halofuginone on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) from H2O2-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress. METHODS Propidium iodide and Annexin-V double staining assay was used to measure the apoptosis. Cell viability assay, the measurements of reactive oxygen species (ROS) parameters malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase, western-blot assays, and quantitative PCR were used to elucidate the effects and mechanisms of halofuginone in protecting H2O2-induced injury. RESULTS The results showed that halofuginone counteracted H2O2-induced cell viability decline and PCNA downregulation. Furthermore, halofuginone decreased ROS levels and protected HUVECs from H2O2-induced apoptosis. In detail, it showed that H2O2 induced a transient activation of Mitogen-activated protein kinases members ERK1/2 and p38, whereas induced a sustained activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), which play dominant roles in triggering apoptosis. Inhibition of JNK activation also inhibited H2O2-mediated apoptosis. Finally, it was shown that halofuginone upregulated VEGF expressions, which functioned by inhibiting sustained JNK activation, thus protecting HUVECs. CONCLUSION Halofuginone has powerful effects in protecting HUVECs from H2O2-induced apoptosis, via upregulating VEGF and inhibiting overactivated JNK phosphorylation. Halofuginone might be a promising preventive drug for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin He
- Department of Cardiology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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