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Means MM, Ahn C, Noe GB. Planting richness affects the recovery of vegetation and soil processes in constructed wetlands following disturbance. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 579:1366-1378. [PMID: 27914638 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The resilience of constructed wetland ecosystems to severe disturbance, such as a mass herbivory eat-out or soil disturbance, remains poorly understood. In this study, we use a controlled mesocosm experiment to examine how original planting diversity affects the ability of constructed freshwater wetlands to recover structurally and functionally after a disturbance (i.e., aboveground harvesting and soil coring). We assessed if the planting richness of macrophyte species influences recovery of constructed wetlands one year after a disturbance. Mesocosms were planted in richness groups with various combinations of either 1, 2, 3, or 4 species (RG 1-4) to create a gradient of richness. Structural wetland traits measured include morphological regrowth of macrophytes, soil bulk density, soil moisture, soil %C, and soil %N. Functional wetland traits measured include above ground biomass production, soil potential denitrification, and soil potential microbial respiration. Total mesocosm cover increased along the gradient of plant richness (43.5% in RG 1 to 84.5% in RG 4) in the growing season after the disturbance, although not all planted individuals recovered. This was largely attributed to the dominance of the obligate annual species. The morphology of each species was affected negatively by the disturbance, producing shorter, and fewer stems than in the years prior to the disturbance, suggesting that the communities had not fully recovered one year after the disturbance. Soil characteristics were almost uniform across the planting richness gradient, but for a few exceptions (%C, C:N, and non-growing season soil moisture were higher slightly in RG 2). Denitrification potential (DEA) increased with increasing planting richness and was influenced by the abundance and quality of soil C. Increased open space in unplanted mesocosms and mesocosms with lower species richness increased labile C, leading to higher C mineralization rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M Means
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Changwoo Ahn
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.
| | - Gregory B Noe
- United States Geological Survey, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, Reston, VA 20192, USA
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52
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Weng FCH, Yang YJ, Wang D. Functional analysis for gut microbes of the brown tree frog (Polypedates megacephalus) in artificial hibernation. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:1024. [PMID: 28155661 PMCID: PMC5260014 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3318-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Annual hibernation is an adaptation that helps many animals conserve energy during food shortage in winter. This natural cycle is also accompanied by a remodeling of the intestinal immune system, which is an aspect of host biology that is both influenced by, and can itself influence, the microbiota. In amphibians, the bacteria in the intestinal tract show a drop in bacterial counts. The proportion of pathogenic bacteria is greater in hibernating frogs than that found in nonhibernating frogs. This suggests that some intestinal gut microbes in amphibians can be maintained and may contribute to the functions in this closed ecosystem during hibernation. However, these results were derived from culture-based approaches that only covered a small portion of bacteria in the intestinal tract. METHODS In this study, we use a more comprehensive analysis, including bacterial appearance and functional prediction, to reveal the global changes in gut microbiota during artificial hibernation via high-throughput sequencing technology. RESULTS Our results suggest that artificial hibernation in the brown tree frog (Polypedates megacephalus) could reduce microbial diversity, and artificially hibernating frogs tend to harbor core operational taxonomic units that are rarely distributed among nonhibernating frogs. In addition, artificial hibernation increased significantly the relative abundance of the red-leg syndrome-related pathogenic genus Citrobacter. Furthermore, functional predictions via PICRUSt and Tax4Fun suggested that artificial hibernation has effects on metabolism, disease, signal transduction, bacterial infection, and primary immunodeficiency. CONCLUSIONS We infer that artificial hibernation may impose potential effects on primary immunodeficiency and increase the risk of bacterial infections in the brown tree frog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Cheng-Hsuan Weng
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115 Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 115 Taiwan
- Biodiversity Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, and National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, 115 Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Yang
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, College of Environmental Studies, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, 97401 Taiwan
| | - Daryi Wang
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115 Taiwan
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53
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Newby DT, Mathews TJ, Pate RC, Huesemann MH, Lane TW, Wahlen BD, Mandal S, Engler RK, Feris KP, Shurin JB. Assessing the potential of polyculture to accelerate algal biofuel production. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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54
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Steudel B, Hallmann C, Lorenz M, Abrahamczyk S, Prinz K, Herrfurth C, Feussner I, Martini JWR, Kessler M. Contrasting biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships in phylogenetic and functional diversity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 212:409-420. [PMID: 27301904 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that ecosystem functioning is positively influenced by biodiversity. Most biodiversity-ecosystem functioning experiments have measured biodiversity based on species richness or phylogenetic relationships. However, theoretical and empirical evidence suggests that ecosystem functioning should be more closely related to functional diversity than to species richness. We applied different metrics of biodiversity in an artificial biodiversity-ecosystem functioning experiment using 64 species of green microalgae in combinations of two to 16 species. We found that phylogenetic and functional diversity were positively correlated with biomass overyield, driven by their strong correlation with species richness. At low species richness, no significant correlation between overyield and functional and phylogenetic diversity was found. However, at high species richness (16 species), we found a positive relationship of overyield with functional diversity and a negative relationship with phylogenetic diversity. We show that negative phylogenetic diversity-ecosystem functioning relationships can result from interspecific growth inhibition. The opposing performances of facilitation (functional diversity) and inhibition (phylogenetic diversity) we observed at the 16 species level suggest that phylogenetic diversity is not always a good proxy for functional diversity and that results from experiments with low species numbers may underestimate negative species interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Steudel
- Albrecht-von-Haller Institute, Experimental Phycology and Culture Collection of Algae, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Nikolausberger Weg 18, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Christine Hallmann
- Albrecht-von-Haller Institute, Experimental Phycology and Culture Collection of Algae, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Nikolausberger Weg 18, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maike Lorenz
- Albrecht-von-Haller Institute, Experimental Phycology and Culture Collection of Algae, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Nikolausberger Weg 18, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Abrahamczyk
- Nees Institute for Plant Biodiversity, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kathleen Prinz
- Institute of Systematic Botany with Herbarium Haussknecht and Botanical Garden, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 16, D-07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Plant Biochemistry, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Plant Biochemistry, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johannes W R Martini
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Kessler
- Institute for Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstr. 107, 8003, Zurich, Switzerland
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Dual mechanisms regulate ecosystem stability under decade-long warming and hay harvest. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11973. [PMID: 27302085 PMCID: PMC4912621 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Past global change studies have identified changes in species diversity as a major mechanism regulating temporal stability of production, measured as the ratio of the mean to the standard deviation of community biomass. However, the dominant plant functional group can also strongly determine the temporal stability. Here, in a grassland ecosystem subject to 15 years of experimental warming and hay harvest, we reveal that warming increases while hay harvest decreases temporal stability. This corresponds with the biomass of the dominant C4 functional group being higher under warming and lower under hay harvest. As a secondary mechanism, biodiversity also explains part of the variation in temporal stability of production. Structural equation modelling further shows that warming and hay harvest regulate temporal stability through influencing both temporal mean and variation of production. Our findings demonstrate the joint roles that dominant plant functional group and biodiversity play in regulating the temporal stability of an ecosystem under global change.
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56
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Drivers of Productivity Trends in Cork Oak Woodlands over the Last 15 Years. REMOTE SENSING 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/rs8060486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Thompson GL, Kao-Kniffin J. Diversity Enhances NPP, N Retention, and Soil Microbial Diversity in Experimental Urban Grassland Assemblages. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155986. [PMID: 27243768 PMCID: PMC4887057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Urban grasslands, landscapes dominated by turfgrasses for aesthetic or recreational groundcovers, are rapidly expanding in the United States and globally. These managed ecosystems are often less diverse than the natural or agricultural lands they replace, leading to potential losses in ecosystem functioning. Research in non-urban systems has provided evidence for increases in multiple ecosystem functions associated with greater plant diversity. To test if biodiversity-ecosystem function findings are applicable to urban grasslands, we examined the effect of plant species and genotypic diversity on three ecosystem functions, using grassland assemblages of increasing diversity that were grown within a controlled environment facility. We found positive effects of plant diversity on reduced nitrate leaching and plant productivity. Soil microbial diversity (Mean Shannon Diversity, H') of bacteria and fungi were also enhanced in multi-species plantings, suggesting that moderate increments in plant diversity influence the composition of soil biota. The results from this study indicate that plant diversity impacts multiple functions that are important in urban ecosystems; therefore, further tests of urban grassland biodiversity should be examined in situ to determine the feasibility of manipulating plant diversity as an explicit landscape design and function trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant L. Thompson
- Section of Horticulture, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Jenny Kao-Kniffin
- Section of Horticulture, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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58
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Huber H, During HJ, Bruine de Bruin F, Vermeulen PJ, Anten NPR. Genotypic and Phenotypic Diversity Does Not Affect Productivity and Drought Response in Competitive Stands of Trifolium repens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:364. [PMID: 27064974 PMCID: PMC4809891 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Clonal plants can form dense canopies in which plants of different genetic origin are competing for the uptake of essential resources. The competitive relationships among these clones are likely to be affected by extreme environmental conditions, such as prolonged drought spells, which are predicted to occur more frequently due to global climate change. This, in turn, may alter characteristics of the ecological system and its associated functioning. We hypothesized that the relative success of individual clones will depend on the size of the ramets as ramets with larger leaves and longer petioles (large ramets) were predicted to have a competitive advantage in terms of increased light interception over smaller-sized ramets. Under drier conditions the relative performances of genotypes were expected to change leading to a change in genotype ranking. We also hypothesized that increased genotypic and phenotypic diversity will increase stand performance and resistance to drought. These hypotheses and the mechanisms responsible for shifts in competitive relationships were investigated by subjecting genotypes of the important pasture legume Trifolium repens to competition with either genetically identical clones, genetically different but similarly sized clones, or genetically as well as morphologically different clones under well-watered and dry conditions. Competitive relationships were affected by ramet size with large genotypes outperforming small genotypes in diverse stands in terms of biomass production. However, large genotypes also produced relatively fewer ramets than small genotypes and could not benefit in terms of clonal reproduction from competing with smaller genotypes, indicating that evolutionary shifts in genotype composition will depend on whether ramet size or ramet number is under selection. In contrast to our hypotheses, diversity did not increase stand performance under different selection regimes and genotype ranking was hardly affected by soil moisture, indicating that increasing fluctuations in water availability result in few short-term effects on genotypic diversity in this stoloniferous grassland species. Communities dominated by stoloniferous herbs such as T. repens may be relatively resilient to environmental change and to low levels of genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidrun Huber
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Heinjo J During
- Section of Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Fabienne Bruine de Bruin
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Peter J Vermeulen
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Niels P R Anten
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University Wageningen, Netherlands
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59
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Evans SM, Sinclair EA, Poore AGB, Bain KF, Vergés A. Genotypic richness predicts phenotypic variation in an endangered clonal plant. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1633. [PMID: 26925313 PMCID: PMC4768672 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Declines in genetic diversity within a species can affect the stability and functioning of populations. The conservation of genetic diversity is thus a priority, especially for threatened or endangered species. The importance of genetic variation, however, is dependent on the degree to which it translates into phenotypic variation for traits that affect individual performance and ecological processes. This is especially important for predominantly clonal species, as no single clone is likely to maximise all aspects of performance. Here we show that intraspecific genotypic diversity as measured using microsatellites is a strong predictor of phenotypic variation in morphological traits and shoot productivity of the threatened, predominantly clonal seagrass Posidonia australis, on the east coast of Australia. Biomass and surface area variation was most strongly predicted by genotypic richness, while variation in leaf chemistry (phenolics and nitrogen) was unrelated to genotypic richness. Genotypic richness did not predict tissue loss to herbivores or epiphyte load, however we did find that increased herbivore damage was positively correlated with allelic richness. Although there was no clear relationship between higher primary productivity and genotypic richness, variation in shoot productivity within a meadow was significantly greater in more genotypically diverse meadows. The proportion of phenotypic variation explained by environmental conditions varied among different genotypes, and there was generally no variation in phenotypic traits among genotypes present in the same meadows. Our results show that genotypic richness as measured through the use of presumably neutral DNA markers does covary with phenotypic variation in functionally relevant traits such as leaf morphology and shoot productivity. The remarkably long lifespan of individual Posidonia plants suggests that plasticity within genotypes has played an important role in the longevity of the species. However, the strong link between genotypic and phenotypic variation suggests that a range of genotypes is still the best case scenario for adaptation to and recovery from predicted environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanna M Evans
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Sinclair
- School of Plant Biology and Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Science Directorate, Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority, West Perth Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alistair G B Poore
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Keryn F Bain
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Adriana Vergés
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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60
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Novoveská L, Franks DT, Wulfers TA, Henley WJ. Stabilizing continuous mixed cultures of microalgae. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2015.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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61
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The extent of functional redundancy changes as species' roles shift in different environments. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:14888-93. [PMID: 26578806 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1505587112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing the ecological impacts of environmental change requires knowledge of the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. The exact nature of this relationship can differ considerably between ecosystems, with consequences for the efficacy of species diversity as a buffer against environmental change. Using a microbial model system, we show that the relationship can vary depending on environmental conditions. Shapes suggesting functional redundancy in one environment can change, suggesting functional differences in another environment. We find that this change is due to shifting species roles and interactions. Species that are functionally redundant in one environment may become pivotal in another. Thus, caution is advised in drawing conclusions about functional redundancy based on a single environmental situation. It also implies that species richness is important because it provides a pool of species with potentially relevant traits. These species may turn out to be essential performers or partners in new interspecific interactions after environmental change. Therefore, our results challenge the generality of functional redundancy.
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62
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Xu X, Polley HW, Hofmockel K, Daneshgar PP, Wilsey BJ. Plant invasions differentially affected by diversity and dominant species in native- and exotic-dominated grasslands. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:5662-70. [PMID: 27069615 PMCID: PMC4813100 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant invasions are an increasingly serious global concern, especially as the climate changes. Here, we explored how plant invasions differed between native‐ and novel exotic‐dominated grasslands with experimental addition of summer precipitation in Texas in 2009. Exotic species greened up earlier than natives by an average of 18 days. This was associated with a lower invasion rate early in the growing season compared to native communities. However, invasion rate did not differ significantly between native and exotic communities across all sampling times. The predictors of invasion rate differed between native and exotic communities, with invasion being negatively influenced by species richness in natives and by dominant species in exotics. Interestingly, plant invasions matched the bimodal pattern of precipitation in Temple, Texas, and did not respond to the pulse of precipitation during the summer. Our results suggest that we will need to take different approaches in understanding of invasion between native and exotic grasslands. Moreover, with anticipated increasing variability in precipitation under global climate change, plant invasions may be constrained in their response if the precipitation pulses fall outside the normal growing period of invaders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Xu
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011
| | - H Wayne Polley
- Grassland, Soil and Water Research Laboratory USDA-ARS Temple Texas 76502
| | - Kirsten Hofmockel
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011
| | - Pedram P Daneshgar
- Department of Biology Monmouth University 400 Dedar Avenue West Long Branch New Jersey 07764
| | - Brian J Wilsey
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011
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63
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Dooley Á, Isbell F, Kirwan L, Connolly J, Finn JA, Brophy C. Testing the effects of diversity on ecosystem multifunctionality using a multivariate model. Ecol Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Áine Dooley
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics; Maynooth University; Maynooth Co. Kildare Ireland
| | - Forest Isbell
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior; University of Minnesota; St Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
| | - Laura Kirwan
- Waterford Institute of Technology; Cork Road Waterford Ireland
| | - John Connolly
- School of Mathematical Sciences; Ecological and Environmental Modelling Group; University College Dublin; Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - John A. Finn
- Teagasc, Environment Research Centre; Johnstown Castle; Wexford Ireland
| | - Caroline Brophy
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics; Maynooth University; Maynooth Co. Kildare Ireland
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64
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Radchuk V, Laender F, Brink PJ, Grimm V. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning decoupled: invariant ecosystem functioning despite non‐random reductions in consumer diversity. OIKOS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.02220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Radchuk
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e DE‐04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Frederik Laender
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. de Namur Rue de Bruxelles 61 BE‐5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Paul J. Brink
- Alterra, Wageningen Univ. and Research centre PO Box 47, NL‐6700 AA, Wageningen the Netherlands
- Dept of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Wageningen Univ., Wageningen Univ. and Research centre PO Box 47, NL‐6700 AA Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Volker Grimm
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e DE‐04103 Leipzig Germany
- Dept of Ecological Modelling Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Permoserstr. 15 Leipzig Germany
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65
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Carrara F, Giometto A, Seymour M, Rinaldo A, Altermatt F. Experimental evidence for strong stabilizing forces at high functional diversity of aquatic microbial communities. Ecology 2015; 96:1340-50. [DOI: 10.1890/14-1324.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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66
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Prieto I, Violle C, Barre P, Durand JL, Ghesquiere M, Litrico I. Complementary effects of species and genetic diversity on productivity and stability of sown grasslands. NATURE PLANTS 2015; 1:15033. [PMID: 27247033 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2015.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant species diversity regulates the productivity(1-3) and stability(2,4) of natural ecosystems, along with their resilience to disturbance(5,6). The influence of species diversity on the productivity of agronomic systems is less clear(7-10). Plant genetic diversity is also suspected to influence ecosystem function(3,11-14), although empirical evidence is scarce. Given the large range of genotypes that can be generated per species through artificial selection, genetic diversity is a potentially important leverage of productivity in cultivated systems. Here we assess the effect of species and genetic diversity on the production and sustainable supply of livestock fodder in sown grasslands, comprising single and multispecies assemblages characterized by different levels of genetic diversity, exposed to drought and non-drought conditions. Multispecies assemblages proved more productive than monocultures when subject to drought, regardless of the number of genotypes per species present. Conversely, the temporal stability of production increased only with the number of genotypes present under both drought and non-drought conditions, and was unaffected by the number of species. We conclude that taxonomic and genetic diversity can play complementary roles when it comes to optimizing livestock fodder production in managed grasslands, and suggest that both levels of diversity should be considered in plant breeding programmes designed to boost the productivity and resilience of managed grasslands in the face of increasing environmental hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Prieto
- CNRS, CEFE UMR 5175, Université de Montpellier - Université Paul Valéry - EPHE, 1919 Route de Mende, Montpellier Cedex 5 34293, France
| | - Cyrille Violle
- CNRS, CEFE UMR 5175, Université de Montpellier - Université Paul Valéry - EPHE, 1919 Route de Mende, Montpellier Cedex 5 34293, France
| | - Philippe Barre
- INRA, URP3F, RD 150, site du chêne, BP 86006, Lusignan 86600, France
| | - Jean-Louis Durand
- INRA, URP3F, RD 150, site du chêne, BP 86006, Lusignan 86600, France
| | - Marc Ghesquiere
- INRA, URP3F, RD 150, site du chêne, BP 86006, Lusignan 86600, France
| | - Isabelle Litrico
- INRA, URP3F, RD 150, site du chêne, BP 86006, Lusignan 86600, France
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67
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Silva Pedro M, Rammer W, Seidl R. Tree species diversity mitigates disturbance impacts on the forest carbon cycle. Oecologia 2014; 177:619-630. [PMID: 25526843 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-3150-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Biodiversity fosters the functioning and stability of forest ecosystems and, consequently, the provision of crucial ecosystem services that support human well-being and quality of life. In particular, it has been suggested that tree species diversity buffers ecosystems against the impacts of disturbances, a relationship known as the "insurance hypothesis". Natural disturbances have increased across Europe in recent decades and climate change is expected to amplify the frequency and severity of disturbance events. In this context, mitigating disturbance impacts and increasing the resilience of forest ecosystems is of growing importance. We have tested how tree species diversity modulates the impact of disturbance on net primary production and the total carbon stored in living biomass for a temperate forest landscape in Central Europe. Using the simulation model iLand to study the effect of different disturbance regimes on landscapes with varying levels of tree species richness, we found that increasing diversity generally reduces the disturbance impact on carbon storage and uptake, but that this effect weakens or even reverses with successional development. Our simulations indicate a clear positive relationship between diversity and resilience, with more diverse systems experiencing lower disturbance-induced variability in their trajectories of ecosystem functioning. We found that positive effects of tree species diversity are mainly driven by an increase in functional diversity and a modulation of traits related to recolonization and resource usage. The results of our study suggest that increasing tree species diversity could mitigate the effects of intensifying disturbance regimes on ecosystem functioning and improve the robustness of forest carbon storage and the role of forests in climate change mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Silva Pedro
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Silviculture, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan Straße 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Werner Rammer
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Silviculture, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan Straße 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rupert Seidl
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Silviculture, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan Straße 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria
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68
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Morin X, Fahse L, de Mazancourt C, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Bugmann H. Temporal stability in forest productivity increases with tree diversity due to asynchrony in species dynamics. Ecol Lett 2014; 17:1526-35. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Morin
- Forest Ecology; Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems; ETH Zürich; Zürich CH-8092 Switzerland
- CEFE UMR 5175; CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE; Bioflux Team; 1919 route de Mende F-34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Lorenz Fahse
- Forest Ecology; Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems; ETH Zürich; Zürich CH-8092 Switzerland
- Environmental Physics; Institute for Environmental Sciences; University of Koblenz-Landau; Fortstraße 7 Landau D-76829 Germany
| | - Claire de Mazancourt
- Centre for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling; Experimental Ecology Station; Centre National de la; Recherche Scientifique Moulis F-09200 France
| | - Michael Scherer-Lorenzen
- University of Freiburg; Faculty of Biology - Geobotany; Schaenzlestr. 1 Freiburg D-79104 Germany
| | - Harald Bugmann
- Forest Ecology; Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems; ETH Zürich; Zürich CH-8092 Switzerland
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69
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Nalley JO, Stockenreiter M, Litchman E. Community Ecology of Algal Biofuels: Complementarity and Trait-Based Approaches. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2014. [DOI: 10.1089/ind.2013.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob O. Nalley
- W.K. Kellogg Biological Station and Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MI
| | - Maria Stockenreiter
- W.K. Kellogg Biological Station and Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MI
| | - Elena Litchman
- W.K. Kellogg Biological Station and Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MI
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Smith RG, Atwood LW, Warren ND. Increased productivity of a cover crop mixture is not associated with enhanced agroecosystem services. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97351. [PMID: 24847902 PMCID: PMC4029995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cover crops provide a variety of important agroecological services within cropping systems. Typically these crops are grown as monocultures or simple graminoid-legume bicultures; however, ecological theory and empirical evidence suggest that agroecosystem services could be enhanced by growing cover crops in species-rich mixtures. We examined cover crop productivity, weed suppression, stability, and carryover effects to a subsequent cash crop in an experiment involving a five-species annual cover crop mixture and the component species grown as monocultures in SE New Hampshire, USA in 2011 and 2012. The mean land equivalent ratio (LER) for the mixture exceeded 1.0 in both years, indicating that the mixture over-yielded relative to the monocultures. Despite the apparent over-yielding in the mixture, we observed no enhancement in weed suppression, biomass stability, or productivity of a subsequent oat (Avena sativa L.) cash crop when compared to the best monoculture component crop. These data are some of the first to include application of the LER to an analysis of a cover crop mixture and contribute to the growing literature on the agroecological effects of cover crop diversity in cropping systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G. Smith
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Lesley W. Atwood
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Nicholas D. Warren
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, United States of America
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71
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Wang J, Ge Y, Chen T, Bai Y, Qian BY, Zhang CB. Facilitation drives the positive effects of plant richness on trace metal removal in a biodiversity experiment. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93733. [PMID: 24695538 PMCID: PMC3973567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phytoextraction is an environmentally acceptable and inexpensive technique for mine tailing rehabilitation that uses metallophyte plants. These plants reduce the soil trace metal contents to environmentally acceptable levels by accumulating trace metals. Recently, whether more trace metals can be removed by species-rich communities of these plants received great attention, as species richness has been reported having positive effects on ecosystem functions. However, how the species richness affects trace metals removal of plant communities of mine tailing is rarely known. Methodology/Principal Findings We examined the effects of species richness on soil trace metal removal in both natural and experimental plant communities. The root lengths and stem heights of each plant species were measured in order to calculate the functional diversity indices. Our results showed that trace metal (Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn) concentrations in mine tailing soil declined as species richness increased in both the natural and experimental plant communities. Species richness, rather than functional diversity, positively affected the mineralomass of the experimental plant communities. The intensity of plant-plant facilitation increased with the species richness of experimental communities. Due to the incremental role of plant-plant facilitation, most of the species had higher biomasses, higher trace metal concentrations in their plant tissues and lower malondialdehyde concentrations in their leaves. Consequently, the positive effects of species richness on mineralomass were mostly attributable to facilitation among plants. Conclusions/Significance Our results provide clear evidence that, due to plant-plant facilitation, species richness positively affects the removal of trace metals from mine tailing soil through phytoextraction and provides further information on diversity conservation and environmental remediation in a mine tailing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wang
- School of Life Science, Taizhou University, Linhai, China
| | - Yuan Ge
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management/Earth Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Tong Chen
- School of Life Science, Taizhou University, Linhai, China
| | - Yi Bai
- School of Life Science, Taizhou University, Linhai, China
| | - Bao Ying Qian
- School of Life Science, Taizhou University, Linhai, China
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Gross K, Cardinale BJ, Fox JW, Gonzalez A, Loreau M, Wayne Polley H, Reich PB, van Ruijven J. Species Richness and the Temporal Stability of Biomass Production: A New Analysis of Recent Biodiversity Experiments. Am Nat 2014; 183:1-12. [DOI: 10.1086/673915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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73
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Wilsey BJ, Daneshgar PP, Hofmockel K, Polley HW. Invaded grassland communities have altered stability-maintenance mechanisms but equal stability compared to native communities. Ecol Lett 2013; 17:92-100. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Wilsey
- Department of Ecology; Evolution and Organismal Biology; Iowa State University; 253 Bessey Hall Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Pedram P. Daneshgar
- Department of Biology; Monmouth University; 400 Cedar Avenue West Long Branch NJ 07764 USA
| | - Kirsten Hofmockel
- Department of Ecology; Evolution and Organismal Biology; Iowa State University; 253 Bessey Hall Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - H. Wayne Polley
- Grassland, Soil and Water Research Laboratory; USDA-ARS; Temple TX 76502 USA
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