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Lee S, Rho SS, Park H, Park JA, Kim J, Lee IK, Koh GY, Mochizuki N, Kim YM, Kwon YG. Carbohydrate-binding protein CLEC14A regulates VEGFR-2- and VEGFR-3-dependent signals during angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. J Clin Invest 2016; 127:457-471. [PMID: 27991863 DOI: 10.1172/jci85145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlled angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis are essential for tissue development, function, and repair. However, aberrant neovascularization is an essential pathogenic mechanism in many human diseases, including diseases involving tumor growth and survival. Here, we have demonstrated that mice deficient in C-type lectin family 14 member A (CLEC14A) display enhanced angiogenic sprouting and hemorrhage as well as enlarged jugular lymph sacs and lymphatic vessels. CLEC14A formed a complex with VEGFR-3 in endothelial cells (ECs), and CLEC14A KO resulted in a marked reduction in VEGFR-3 that was concomitant with increases in VEGFR-2 expression and downstream signaling. Implanted tumor growth was profoundly reduced in CLEC14A-KO mice compared with that seen in WT littermates, but tumor-bearing CLEC14A-KO mice died sooner. Tumors in CLEC14A-KO mice had increased numbers of nonfunctional blood vessels and severe hemorrhaging. Blockade of VEGFR-2 signaling suppressed these vascular abnormalities and enhanced the survival of tumor-bearing CLEC14A-KO mice. We conclude that CLEC14A acts in vascular homeostasis by fine-tuning VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 signaling in ECs, suggesting its relevance in the pathogenesis of angiogenesis-related human disorders.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells
- Humans
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Lymphangiogenesis
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/blood supply
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Signal Transduction
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/metabolism
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-3/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-3/metabolism
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52
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Abstract
Danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that are released by injured, threatened, or dead cells, or that originate from the extracellular matrix, influence the immune system. This is of great relevance in critically ill patients, in whom trauma or surgery-related cell damage, hypoxia, ischemia, and infections can result in extensive release of DAMPs. As many patients at the intensive care unit suffer from immune system-related complications, DAMPs could serve as markers for the prognosis of these patients and represent possible therapeutic targets. In the present review, we provide an overview of several well known DAMPs (high-mobility group box 1, heat-shock proteins, s100 proteins, nucleic acids, and hyaluronan) and their effects on the immune system. Furthermore, we discuss the role of DAMPs as markers or therapeutic targets in several conditions frequently encountered in critically ill patients, such as sepsis, trauma, ventilator-induced lung injury, and cardiac arrest.
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53
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Namas R, Ghuma A, Hermus L, Zamora R, Okonkwo D, Billiar T, Vodovotz Y. The Acute Inflammatory Response in Trauma /Hemorrhage and Traumatic Brain Injury: Current State and Emerging Prospects. Libyan J Med 2016. [DOI: 10.3402/ljm.v4i3.4824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - L. Hermus
- Martini Hospital, Department of Surgery, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Y. Vodovotz
- Department of Surgery
- Center for Inflammation and Regenerative Modeling, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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54
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Lakhan N, Stevens NE, Diener KR, Hayball JD. CoVaccine HT™ adjuvant is superior to Freund's adjuvants in eliciting antibodies against the endogenous alarmin HMGB1. J Immunol Methods 2016; 439:37-43. [PMID: 27693642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvants are used to enhance the immune response against specific antigens for the production of antibodies, with the choice of adjuvant most critical for poorly immunogenic and self-antigens. This study quantitatively and qualitatively evaluated CoVaccine HT™ and Freund's adjuvants for eliciting therapeutic ovine polyclonal antibodies targeting the endogenous alarmin, high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1). Sheep were immunised with HMGB1 protein in CoVaccine HT™ or Freund's adjuvants, with injection site reactions and antibody titres periodically assessed. The binding affinity of antibodies for HMGB1 and their neutralisation activity was determined in-vitro, with in vivo activity confirmed using a murine model of endotoxemia. Results indicated that CoVaccine HT™ elicited significantly higher antibody tires with stronger affinity and more functional potency than antibodies induced with Freund's adjuvants. These studies provide evidence that CoVaccine HT™ is superior to Freund's adjuvants for the production of antibodies to antigens with low immunogenicity and supports the use of this alternative adjuvant for clinical and experimental use antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerissa Lakhan
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Hanson Institute and Sansom Institute, School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, SA, 5000, Australia; Robinson Research Institute, Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Natalie E Stevens
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Hanson Institute and Sansom Institute, School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Kerrilyn R Diener
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Hanson Institute and Sansom Institute, School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, SA, 5000, Australia; Robinson Research Institute, Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
| | - John D Hayball
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Hanson Institute and Sansom Institute, School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, SA, 5000, Australia; Robinson Research Institute, Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
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55
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Wen S, Ling Y, Yang W, Shen J, Li C, Deng W, Liu W, Liu K. Necroptosis is a key mediator of enterocytes loss in intestinal ischaemia/reperfusion injury. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 21:432-443. [PMID: 27677535 PMCID: PMC5323854 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell death is an important biological process that is believed to have a central role in intestinal ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. While the apoptosis inhibition is pivotal in preventing intestinal I/R, how necrotic cell death is regulated remains unknown. Necroptosis represents a newly discovered form of programmed cell death that combines the features of both apoptosis and necrosis, and it has been implicated in the development of a range of inflammatory diseases. Here, we show that receptor‐interacting protein 1/3 (RIP1/3) kinase and mixed lineage kinase domain‐like protein recruitment mediates necroptosis in a rat model of ischaemic intestinal injury in vivo. Furthermore, necroptosis was specifically blocked by the RIP1 kinase inhibitor necrostatin‐1. In addition, the combined treatment of necrostatin‐1 and the pan‐caspase inhibitor Z‐VAD acted synergistically to protect against intestinal I/R injury, and these two pathways can be converted to one another when one is inhibited. In vitro, necrostatin‐1 pre‐treatment reduced the necroptotic death of oxygen‐glucose deprivation challenged intestinal epithelial cell‐6 cells, which in turn dampened the production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor‐α and interleukin‐1β), and suppressed high‐mobility group box‐1 (HMGB1) translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and the subsequent release of HMGB1 into the supernatant, thus decreasing the activation of Toll‐like receptor 4 and the receptor for advanced glycation end products. Collectively, our study reveals a robust RIP1/RIP3‐dependent necroptosis pathway in intestinal I/R‐induced intestinal injury in vivo and in vitro and suggests that the HMGB1 signalling is highly involved in this process, making it a novel therapeutic target for acute ischaemic intestinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihong Wen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yihong Ling
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hosptial, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiantong Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cai Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wentao Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weifeng Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kexuan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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56
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IL-1β/HMGB1 signalling promotes the inflammatory cytokines release via TLR signalling in human intervertebral disc cells. Biosci Rep 2016; 36:BSR20160118. [PMID: 27512095 PMCID: PMC5025813 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20160118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and cytokines have been recognized to correlate with intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IDD), via mediating the development of clinical signs and symptoms. However, the regulation mechanism remains unclear. We aimed at investigating the regulatory role of interleukin (IL)β and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in the inflammatory response in human IVD cells, and then explored the signalling pathways mediating such regulatory effect. Firstly, the promotion to inflammatory cytokines in IVD cells was examined with ELISA method. And then western blot and real time quantitative PCR were performed to analyse the expression of toll-like receptors (TLRs), receptors for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) and NF-κB signalling markers in the IL-1β- or (and) HMGB1-treated IVD cells. Results demonstrated that either IL-1β or HMGB1 promoted the release of the inflammatory cytokines such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 in human IVD cells. And the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) such as MMP-1, -3 and -9 was also additively up-regulated by IL-1β and HMGB1. We also found such additive promotion to the expression of TLR-2, TLR-4 and RAGE, and the NF-κB signalling in intervertebral disc cells. In summary, our study demonstrated that IL-1β and HMGB1 additively promotes the release of inflammatory cytokines and the expression of MMPs in human IVD cells. The TLRs and RAGE and the NF-κB signalling were also additively promoted by IL-1β and HMGB1. Our study implied that the additive promotion by IL-1β and HMGB1 to inflammatory cytokines and MMPs might aggravate the progression of IDD.
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57
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Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zeng T, Guo W, Zhou W, Yang X. High-mobility group box-B1 (HMGB1) mediates the hypoxia-induced mesenchymal transition of osteoblast cells via activating ERK/JNK signaling. Cell Biol Int 2016; 40:1152-1161. [PMID: 27106169 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a nuclear protein that involves the binding with DNA and influences chromatin regulation and transcription. HMGB1 activates monocytes and neutrophils, which are involved in inflammation during wounding. In this study, we investigated the promotion of HMGB1 under hypoxia and determined the regulatory role of HMGB1 on the fibrosis of mouse osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells or of human osteoblast MG-63 cells. Results demonstrated that HMGB1 expression was significantly upregulated in MC3T3-E1 or MG-63 cells under hypoxia. We also found that treatment with 10 and 100 ng/mL of HMGB1 significantly promoted the fibrosis-associated markers such as Collagen I, α-SMA, whereas downregulated the E-cadherin, indicating the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 or MG-63 cells into fibroblast cells. Further investigation indicated that the HMGB1 treatment markedly activated the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38) phosphorylation, as well as nuclear factor (NF)-κB nuclear translocation. On the other side, using specific inhibitors and shRNAs of protein kinases, we observed that repression of ERK, JNK, p38, and NF-κB all inhibited HMGB1-induced cellular differentiation and migration of MC3T3-E1 cells. In addition, knocking down of advanced glycation end products (RAGE) but not Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 by shRNAs attenuated HMGB1-induced myofibroblast differentiation and migration. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that HMGB1 induced the fibrosis of osteoblasts in vitro via activating the RAGE-MAPK and NF-κB interaction signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyan Qiu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 2nd Shenzhen People's Hospital, No. 3002, Sungang Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 510000, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 2nd Shenzhen People's Hospital, No. 3002, Sungang Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 510000, China
| | - Tenghui Zeng
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 2nd Shenzhen People's Hospital, No. 3002, Sungang Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 510000, China
| | - Weizhuang Guo
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 2nd Shenzhen People's Hospital, No. 3002, Sungang Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 510000, China
| | - Wenyu Zhou
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 2nd Shenzhen People's Hospital, No. 3002, Sungang Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 510000, China
| | - Xinjian Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 2nd Shenzhen People's Hospital, No. 3002, Sungang Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 510000, China.
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58
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HMGB1, IL-1α, IL-33 and S100 proteins: dual-function alarmins. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 14:43-64. [PMID: 27569562 PMCID: PMC5214941 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Our immune system is based on the close collaboration of the innate and adaptive immune systems for the rapid detection of any threats to the host. Recognition of pathogen-derived molecules is entrusted to specific germline-encoded signaling receptors. The same receptors have now also emerged as efficient detectors of misplaced or altered self-molecules that signal tissue damage and cell death following, for example, disruption of the blood supply and subsequent hypoxia. Many types of endogenous molecules have been shown to provoke such sterile inflammatory states when released from dying cells. However, a group of proteins referred to as alarmins have both intracellular and extracellular functions which have been the subject of intense research. Indeed, alarmins can either exert beneficial cell housekeeping functions, leading to tissue repair, or provoke deleterious uncontrolled inflammation. This group of proteins includes the high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-33 and the Ca2+-binding S100 proteins. These dual-function proteins share conserved regulatory mechanisms, such as secretory routes, post-translational modifications and enzymatic processing, that govern their extracellular functions in time and space. Release of alarmins from mesenchymal cells is a highly relevant mechanism by which immune cells can be alerted of tissue damage, and alarmins play a key role in the development of acute or chronic inflammatory diseases and in cancer development.
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59
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Xu L, Zhao K, Shen X, Fan XX, Ding K, Liu RM, Wang F. Blockade of Extracellular High-Mobility Group Box 1 Attenuates Systemic Inflammation and Coagulation Abnormalities in Rats with Acute Traumatic Coagulopathy. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:2561-70. [PMID: 27436061 PMCID: PMC4965062 DOI: 10.12659/msm.900018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As an extracellularly released mediator, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) initiates sterile inflammation following severe trauma. Serum HMGB1 levels correlate well with acute traumatic coagulopathy (ATC) in trauma patients, which is independently associated with higher mortality. We investigated the involvement of HMGB1 in ATC through blocking extracellular HMGB1. MATERIAL AND METHODS The ATC model was induced by polytrauma and hemorrhage in male Sprague-Dawley rats, which were randomly assigned to sham, ATC, and ATCH (ATC with HMGB1 blockade) groups. Thrombelastography (TEG) was performed to monitor changes in coagulation function. Serum levels of HMGB1, TNF-α, and IL-6 were measured, as well as lung levels of HMGB1 and nuclear factor (NF)-κB and expression of receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE). RESULTS Compared with the sham group, HMGB1 increased the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6, whereas HMGB1 blockade inhibited the induction of TNF-α and IL-6. HMGB1 also induced elevated serum soluble P-selectin and fibrinolysis markers plasmin-antiplasmin complex, which both were reduced by HMGB1 blockade. Thrombelastography revealed the hypocoagulability status in the ATC group, which was attenuated by anti-HMGB1 antibody. Furthermore, the lung level of NF-κB and expression of RAGE were decreased by anti-HMGB1 antibody, suggesting the role of RAGE/NF-κB pathway in ATC. CONCLUSIONS HMGB1 blockade can attenuate inflammation and coagulopathy in ATC rats. Anti-HMGB1 antibody might exert protective effects partly through the RAGE/NF-κB pathway. Thus, HMGB1 has potential as a therapeutic target in ATC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Bayi Hospital Affiliated Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Kun Zhao
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Xiao Shen
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Xin-Xin Fan
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Kai Ding
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Ren-Min Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Bayi Hospital Affiliated Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Bayi Hospital Affiliated Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
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60
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Venereau E, De Leo F, Mezzapelle R, Careccia G, Musco G, Bianchi ME. HMGB1 as biomarker and drug target. Pharmacol Res 2016; 111:534-544. [PMID: 27378565 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
High Mobility Group Box 1 protein was discovered as a nuclear protein, but it has a "second life" outside the cell where it acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern. HMGB1 is passively released or actively secreted in a number of diseases, including trauma, chronic inflammatory disorders, autoimmune diseases and cancer. Extracellular HMGB1 triggers and sustains the inflammatory response by inducing cytokine release and by recruiting leucocytes. These characteristics make extracellular HMGB1 a key molecular target in multiple diseases. A number of strategies have been used to prevent HMGB1 release or to inhibit its activities. Current pharmacological strategies include antibodies, peptides, decoy receptors and small molecules. Noteworthy, salicylic acid, a metabolite of aspirin, has been recently found to inhibit HMGB1. HMGB1 undergoes extensive post-translational modifications, in particular acetylation and oxidation, which modulate its functions. Notably, high levels of serum HMGB1, in particular of the hyper-acetylated and disulfide isoforms, are sensitive disease biomarkers and are associated with different disease stages. In the future, the development of isoform-specific HMGB1 inhibitors may potentiate and fine-tune the pharmacological control of inflammation. We review here the current therapeutic strategies targeting HMGB1, in particular the emerging and relatively unexplored small molecules-based approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Venereau
- Chromatin Dynamics Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; HMGBiotech s.r.l., Milan, Italy
| | - Federica De Leo
- Biomolecular NMR Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosanna Mezzapelle
- Chromatin Dynamics Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgia Careccia
- Chromatin Dynamics Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Musco
- Biomolecular NMR Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco E Bianchi
- Chromatin Dynamics Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
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61
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Resman Rus K, Fajs L, Korva M, Avšič-Županc T. HMGB1 Is a Potential Biomarker for Severe Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004804. [PMID: 27348219 PMCID: PMC4922654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) are common representatives of viral hemorrhagic fevers still often neglected in some parts of the world. Infection with Dobrava or Puumala virus (HFRS) and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) can result in a mild, nonspecific febrile illness or as a severe disease with hemorrhaging and high fatality rate. An important factor in optimizing survival rate in patients with VHF is instant recognition of the severe form of the disease for which significant biomarkers need to be elucidated. To determine the prognostic value of High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) as a biomarker for disease severity, we tested acute serum samples of patients with HFRS or CCHF. Our results showed that HMGB1 levels are increased in patients with CCHFV, DOBV or PUUV infection. Above that, concentration of HMGB1 is higher in patients with severe disease progression when compared to the mild clinical course of the disease. Our results indicate that HMGB1 could be a useful prognostic biomarker for disease severity in PUUV and CCHFV infection, where the difference between the mild and severe patients group was highly significant. Even in patients with severe DOBV infection concentrations of HMGB1 were 2.8-times higher than in the mild group, but the difference was not statistically significant. Our results indicated HMGB1 as a potential biomarker for severe hemorrhagic fevers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Resman Rus
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Luka Fajs
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miša Korva
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tatjana Avšič-Županc
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
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62
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Boyapati RK, Rossi AG, Satsangi J, Ho GT. Gut mucosal DAMPs in IBD: from mechanisms to therapeutic implications. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:567-82. [PMID: 26931062 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are released during tissue damage and have increasingly recognized roles in the etiology of many human diseases. The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), are immune-mediated conditions where high levels of DAMPs are observed. DAMPs such as calprotectin (S100A8/9) have an established clinical role as a biomarker in IBD. In this review, we use IBD as an archetypal common chronic inflammatory disease to focus on the conceptual and evidential importance of DAMPs in pathogenesis and why DAMPs represent an entirely new class of targets for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Boyapati
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK.,Gastrointestinal Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A G Rossi
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J Satsangi
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - G-T Ho
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK.,Gastrointestinal Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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63
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Cornide-Petronio ME, Negrete-Sánchez E, Mendes-Braz M, Casillas-Ramírez A, Bujaldon E, Meroño N, Martínez-Carreres L, Gracia-Sancho J, Rodés J, Jiménez-Castro MB, Peralta C. The Effect of High-Mobility Group Box 1 in Rat Steatotic and Nonsteatotic Liver Transplantation From Donors After Brain Death. Am J Transplant 2016; 16:1148-59. [PMID: 26704922 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) has been described in different inflammatory disorders, and the deleterious effects of brain death (BD) may counteract the protection conferred by ischemic preconditioning (IP), the only surgical strategy that is being applied in clinical liver transplantation. Our study examined how HMGB1 may affect preconditioned and unpreconditioned steatotic and nonsteatotic liver grafts from donors after BD (DBDs) for transplantation. HMGB1 was pharmacologically modulated in liver grafts from DBDs, and HMGB1-underlying mechanisms were characterized. We found that BD decreased HMGB1 in preconditioned and unpreconditioned livers and was associated with inflammation and damage. Exogenous HMGB1 in DBDs activates phosphoinositide-3-kinase and Akt and reduces hepatic inflammation and damage, increasing the survival of recipients. Combination of IP and exogenous HMGB1 shows additional benefits compared with HMGB1 alone. This study provides new mechanistic insights into the pathophysiology of BD-derived liver graft damage and contributes to the development of novel and efficient strategies to ultimately improve liver graft quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Cornide-Petronio
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Negrete-Sánchez
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Mendes-Braz
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Casillas-Ramírez
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ciudad Victoria, Ciudad Victoria, México
| | - E Bujaldon
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - N Meroño
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Martínez-Carreres
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Gracia-Sancho
- Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, IDIBAPS, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Rodés
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain.,Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M B Jiménez-Castro
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Peralta
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
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Pandolfi F, Altamura S, Frosali S, Conti P. Key Role of DAMP in Inflammation, Cancer, and Tissue Repair. Clin Ther 2016; 38:1017-28. [PMID: 27021609 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2016.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review aimed to take stock of the current status of research on damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) protein. We discuss the Janus-faced role of DAMP molecules in inflammation, cancer, and tissue repair. The high-mobility group box (HMGB)-1 and adenosine triphosphate proteins are well-known DAMP molecules and have been primarily associated with inflammation. However, as we shall see, recent data have linked these molecules to tissue repair. HMGB1 is associated with cancer-related inflammation. It activates nuclear factor kB, which is involved in cancer regulation via its receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE), Toll-like receptors 2 and 4. Proinflammatory activity and tissue repair may lead to pharmacologic intervention, by blocking DAMP RAGE and Toll like receptor 2 and 4 role in inflammation and by increasing their concentration in tissue repair, respectively. METHODS We conducted a MEDLINE search for articles pertaining to the various issues related to DAMP, and we discuss the most relevant articles especially (ie, not only those published in journals with a higher impact factor). FINDINGS A cluster of remarkable articles on DAMP have appeared in the literature in recent years. Regarding inflammation, several strategies have been proposed to target HMGB1, from antibodies to recombinant box A, which interacts with RAGE, competing with the full molecule. In tissue repair, it was reported that the overexpression of HMGB1 or the administration of exogenous HMGB1 significantly increased the number of vessels and promoted recovery in skin-wound, ischemic injury. IMPLICATIONS Due to the bivalent nature of DAMP, it is often difficult to explain the relative role of DAMP in inflammation versus its role in tissue repair. However, this point is crucial as DAMP-related treatments move into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Pandolfi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Catholic University, Rome, Italy.
| | - Simona Altamura
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Frosali
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Pio Conti
- Postgraduate Medical School, Chieti University, Chieti, Italy
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Rasid O, Cavaillon JM. Recent developments in severe sepsis research: from bench to bedside and back. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:293-314. [PMID: 26849633 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe sepsis remains a worldwide threat, not only in industrialized countries, due to their aging population, but also in developing countries where there still are numerous cases of neonatal and puerperal sepsis. Tools for early diagnosis, a prerequisite for rapid and appropriate antibiotic therapy, are still required. In this review, we highlight some recent developments in our understanding of the associated systemic inflammatory response that help deciphering pathophysiology (e.g., epigenetic, miRNA, regulatory loops, compartmentalization, apoptosis and synergy) and discuss some of the consequences of sepsis (e.g., immune status, neurological and muscular alterations). We also emphasize the challenge to better define animal models and discuss past failures in clinical investigations in order to define new efficient therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orhan Rasid
- Unit Cytokines & Inflammation, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue Dr. Roux, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Cavaillon
- Unit Cytokines & Inflammation, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue Dr. Roux, Paris, France
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Abstract
Heat stroke is a life-threatening condition clinically diagnosed as a severe elevation in body temperature with central nervous system dysfunction that often includes combativeness, delirium, seizures, and coma. Classic heat stroke primarily occurs in immunocompromised individuals during annual heat waves. Exertional heat stroke is observed in young fit individuals performing strenuous physical activity in hot or temperature environments. Long-term consequences of heat stroke are thought to be due to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome. This article provides a comprehensive review of recent advances in the identification of risk factors that predispose to heat stroke, the role of endotoxin and cytokines in mediation of multi-organ damage, the incidence of hypothermia and fever during heat stroke recovery, clinical biomarkers of organ damage severity, and protective cooling strategies. Risk factors include environmental factors, medications, drug use, compromised health status, and genetic conditions. The role of endotoxin and cytokines is discussed in the framework of research conducted over 30 years ago that requires reassessment to more clearly identify the role of these factors in the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. We challenge the notion that hypothalamic damage is responsible for thermoregulatory disturbances during heat stroke recovery and highlight recent advances in our understanding of the regulated nature of these responses. The need for more sensitive clinical biomarkers of organ damage is examined. Conventional and emerging cooling methods are discussed with reference to protection against peripheral organ damage and selective brain cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R Leon
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Abderrezak Bouchama
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center/King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Experimental Medicine Department-King Abdulaziz Medical City-Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Sasaki T, Liu K, Agari T, Yasuhara T, Morimoto J, Okazaki M, Takeuchi H, Toyoshima A, Sasada S, Shinko A, Kondo A, Kameda M, Miyazaki I, Asanuma M, Borlongan CV, Nishibori M, Date I. Anti-high mobility group box 1 antibody exerts neuroprotection in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2015; 275 Pt 1:220-31. [PMID: 26555088 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) exists as an architectural nuclear protein in the normal state, but displays an inflammatory cytokine-like activity in the extracellular space under pathological condition. Inflammation in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) has been documented. In this study, we investigated the involvement of HMGB1 in the pathology and the neuroprotective effects of neutralizing anti-HMGB1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) on an animal model of PD. Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were initially injected with 6-hydroxydopmaine (6-OHDA, 20 μg/4 μl) into the right striatum, then anti-HMGB1 mAb (1 mg/kg), or control mAb was intravenously administered immediately, at 6 and 24 h after 6-OHDA injection. The treatment with anti-HMGB1 mAb significantly preserved dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta and dopaminergic terminals inherent in the striatum, and attenuated PD behavioral symptoms compared to the control mAb-treated group. HMGB1 was retained in the nucleus of neurons and astrocytes by inhibiting the proinflammation-induced oxidative stress in the anti-HMGB1 mAb-treated group, whereas HMGB1 translocation was observed in neurons at 1 day and astrocytes at 7 days after 6-OHDA injection in the control mAb-treated group. Anti-HMGB1 mAb inhibited the activation of microglia, disruption of blood-brain-barrier (BBB), and the expression of inflammation cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-6. These results suggested that HMGB1 released from neurons and astrocytes was at least partly involved in the mechanism and pathway of degeneration of dopaminergic neurons induced by 6-OHDA exposure. Intravenous administration of anti-HMGB1 mAb stands as a novel therapy for PD possibly acting through the suppression of neuroinflammation and the attenuation of disruption of BBB associated with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Sasaki
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Keyue Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takashi Agari
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takao Yasuhara
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Jun Morimoto
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Mihoko Okazaki
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hayato Takeuchi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Toyoshima
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Susumu Sasada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Aiko Shinko
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kameda
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Ikuko Miyazaki
- Department of Brain Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; Department of Medical Neurobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Masato Asanuma
- Department of Brain Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; Department of Medical Neurobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Cesario V Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Masahiro Nishibori
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Isao Date
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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Xiao Z, Wilson C, Robertson HL, Roberts DJ, Ball CG, Jenne CN, Kirkpatrick AW. Inflammatory mediators in intra-abdominal sepsis or injury - a scoping review. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2015; 19:373. [PMID: 26502877 PMCID: PMC4623902 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-015-1093-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Inflammatory and protein mediators (cytokine, chemokine, acute phase proteins) play an important, but still not completely understood, role in the morbidity and mortality of intra-abdominal sepsis/injury. We therefore systematically reviewed preclinical and clinical studies of mediators in intra-abdominal sepsis/injury in order to evaluate their ability to: (1) function as diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers; (2) serve as therapeutic targets; and (3) illuminate the pathogenesis mechanisms of sepsis or injury-related organ dysfunction. Methods We searched MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library. Two investigators independently reviewed all identified abstracts and selected articles for full-text review. We included original studies assessing mediators in intra-abdominal sepsis/injury. Results Among 2437 citations, we selected 182 studies in the scoping review, including 79 preclinical and 103 clinical studies. Serum procalcitonin and C-reactive protein appear to be useful to rule out infection or monitor therapy; however, the diagnostic and prognostic value of mediators for complications/outcomes of sepsis or injury remains to be established. Peritoneal mediator levels are substantially higher than systemic levels after intra-abdominal infection/trauma. Common limitations of current studies included small sample sizes and lack of uniformity in study design and outcome measures. To date, targeted therapies against mediators remain experimental. Conclusions Whereas preclinical data suggests mediators play a critical role in intra-abdominal sepsis or injury, there is no consensus on the clinical use of mediators in diagnosing or managing intra-abdominal sepsis or injury. Measurement of peritoneal mediators should be further investigated as a more sensitive determinant of intra-abdominal inflammatory response. High-quality clinical trials are needed to better understand the role of inflammatory mediators. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13054-015-1093-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwen Xiao
- Regional Trauma Services, Foothills Medical Centre, 1403 - 29 Street NW, T2N 2T9, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Crystal Wilson
- Regional Trauma Services, Foothills Medical Centre, 1403 - 29 Street NW, T2N 2T9, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Helen Lee Robertson
- Health Sciences Library, Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, T2N 4N1, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Derek J Roberts
- Department of Surgery, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, 1403 - 29 Street NW, T2N 2T9, Calgary, AB, Canada. .,Department of Community Health Sciences (Division of Epidemiology), University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive Northwest, T2N 4Z6, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Chad G Ball
- Regional Trauma Services, Foothills Medical Centre, 1403 - 29 Street NW, T2N 2T9, Calgary, AB, Canada. .,Department of Surgery, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, 1403 - 29 Street NW, T2N 2T9, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Craig N Jenne
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, 3134 Hospital Drive NW, T2N 5A1, Calgary, AB, Canada. .,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, T2N 4N1, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Andrew W Kirkpatrick
- Regional Trauma Services, Foothills Medical Centre, 1403 - 29 Street NW, T2N 2T9, Calgary, AB, Canada. .,Department of Surgery, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, 1403 - 29 Street NW, T2N 2T9, Calgary, AB, Canada. .,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, 3134 Hospital Drive NW, T2N 5A1, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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69
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Li Q, Yu B, Yang P. Hypoxia-induced HMGB1 in would tissues promotes the osteoblast cell proliferation via activating ERK/JNK signaling. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:15087-15097. [PMID: 26628992 PMCID: PMC4658881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
High mobility group box-B1 (HMGB1) is upregulated in tumors, inflammations, and other injuries. However, its extracellular role and signaling in wound healing remains unclear. In the present study, we examined the HMGB1 levels in hematoma samples in fractured bones and in human macrophagy U937 cells under hypoxia with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blotting. Then we investigated the activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) signaling western blotting in osteoblast MG-63 cells under hypoxia, with or without HMGB1 treatment. And then we assessed the effects of extracellular HMGB1 on cell proliferation of MG-63 cells with CCK-8 assay. It was demonstrated that HMGB1 expression was significantly up regulated in hematoma samples in fractured bones and in U937 cells under hypoxia. MG-63 cells under hypoxia showed an increased HMGB1 in the cytoplasm rather than in nuclei. And the extracellular HMGB1 ameliorated the hypoxia-induced viability reduction and promoted the proliferation of MG-63 cells. Moreover, the MG-63 cells incubated with HMGB1 had increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation, whereas such effect was blocked by the TLR-4 knockout with SIRNA-TLR-4 transfection. In conclusion, we found the up regulation HMGB1 in the hematoma of fractured bones and in macrophage U937 cells under hypoxia, and the hypoxia-up regulated HMGB1 promoted the proliferation of osteoblast MG-63 cells and activated the phosphorylation of ERK and JNK. And the proliferation promotion and the activation of ERK/JNK signaling was TLR-4-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510515, P. R. China
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhot 010059, P. R. China
| | - Bin Yu
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510515, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Peng Yang
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhot 010056, Inner Mongolia, P. R. China
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70
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Enteral ecoimmunonutrition reduced enteral permeability and serum ghrelin activity in severe cerebral stroke patients with lung infection. Cell Biochem Biophys 2015; 71:195-8. [PMID: 25142270 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0184-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The study analyzed how enteral ecoimmunonutrition, which comprises probiotics, glutamine, fish oil, and Enteral Nutritional Suspension (TPF), can impact on the enteral permeability and serum Ghrelin activity in severe cerebral stroke patients with lung infection. Among 190 severe cerebral stroke patients with tolerance to TPF, they were randomized into control and treatment groups after antibiotics treatment due to lung infections. There were 92 patients in the control group and 98 patients in treatment group. The control group was treated with TPF and the treatment group was treated with enteral ecoimmunonutrition, which comprises probiotics, glutamine, fish oil, and Enteral Nutritional Suspension. All patients received continuous treatments through nasoenteral or nasogastric tubes. 7, 14, and 21 days after the treatments, the enteral tolerance to nutrition was observed in both groups. The tests included abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, and lactulose/mannitol (L/M) ratio. Serum Ghrelin levels were determined by ELISA. The incidence of abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea was lower in the treatment group and enteral tolerance to nutrition was also superior to the control group. No difference in serum Ghrelin level was observed between the control and treatment groups with enteral intolerance to nutrition. However, in patients with enteral tolerance to nutrition, the treatment group showed lower enteral nutrition and lower enteral permeability compared to the control group. In severe cerebral stroke patients with lung infection, enteral ecoimmunonutrition after antibiotics treatment improved enteral tolerance to nutrition and reduced enteral permeability; meanwhile, it lowered the serum Ghrelin activity, which implied the high serum Ghrelin reduces enteral permeability.
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71
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Pribis JP, Al-Abed Y, Yang H, Gero D, Xu H, Montenegro MF, Bauer EM, Kim S, Chavan SS, Cai C, Li T, Szoleczky P, Szabo C, Tracey KJ, Billiar TR. The HIV Protease Inhibitor Saquinavir Inhibits HMGB1-Driven Inflammation by Targeting the Interaction of Cathepsin V with TLR4/MyD88. Mol Med 2015; 21:749-757. [PMID: 26349060 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2015.00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) (disulfide form), via activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent signaling, is a strong driver of pathologic inflammation in both acute and chronic conditions. Identification of selective inhibitors of HMGB1-TLR4 signaling could offer novel therapies that selectively target proximal endogenous activators of inflammation. A cell-based screening strategy led us to identify first generation HIV-protease inhibitors (PI) as potential inhibitors of HMGB1-TLR4 driven cytokine production. Here we report that the first-generation HIV-PI saquinavir (SQV), as well as a newly identified mammalian protease inhibitor STO33438 (334), potently block disulfide HMGB1-induced TLR4 activation, as assayed by the production of TNF-α by human monocyte-derived macrophages (THP-1). We further report on the identification of mammalian cathepsin V, a protease, as a novel target of these inhibitors. Cellular as well as recombinant protein studies show that the mechanism of action involves a direct interaction between cathepsin V with TLR4 and its adaptor protein MyD88. Treatment with SQV, 334 or the known cathepsin inhibitor SID26681509 (SID) significantly improved survival in murine models of sepsis and reduced liver damage following warm liver ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) models, both characterized by strong HMGB1-TLR4 driven pathology. The current study demonstrates a novel role for cathepsin V in TLR4 signaling and implicates cathepsin V as a novel target for first-generation HIV-PI compounds. The identification of cathepsin V as a target to block HMGB1-TLR4-driven inflammation could allow for a rapid transition of the discovery from the bench to the bedside. Disulfide HMGB1 drives pathologic inflammation in many models by activating signaling through TLR4. Cell-based screening identified the mammalian protease cathepsin V as a novel therapeutic target to inhibit TLR4-mediated inflammation induced by extracellular HMGB1 (disulfide form). We identified two protease inhibitors (PIs) that block cathepsin V and thereby inhibit disulfide HMGB1-induced TLR4 activation: saquinavir (SQV), a first-generation PI targeting viral HIV protease and STO33438 (334), targeting mammalian proteases. We discovered that cathepsin V binds TLR4 under basal and HMGB1-stimulated conditions, but dissociates in the presence of SQV over time. Thus cathepsin V is a novel target for first-generation HIV PIs and represents a potential therapeutic target of pathologic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Pribis
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America.,Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yousef Al-Abed
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Huan Yang
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Domokos Gero
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hongbo Xu
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America.,The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Marcelo F Montenegro
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Eileen M Bauer
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sodam Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sangeeta S Chavan
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Changchun Cai
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tunliang Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America.,The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Petra Szoleczky
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kevin J Tracey
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Yao L, Zhao H, Tang H, Song J, Dong H, Zou F, Cai S. Chicken IgY facilitates allergic airway inflammation in a chemical-induced murine asthma model by potentiating IL-4 release. Toxicol Lett 2015; 239:22-31. [PMID: 26341180 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.08.1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a DNA-binding protein that is abundantly expressed in most tissues. Recently, HMGB1 has gained much attention for its regulation of immunity and inflammation. Yet its role in toluene diisocyanate (TDI)-induced asthma still remains poorly characterized. In this study, mice were sensitized and challenged with TDI to establish a TDI-induced asthma model. An IgY anti-HMGB1 antibody or isotype IgY was given intraperitoneally after each challenge. Airway reactivity to methacholine, airway inflammation, bronchial epithelial hyperplasia and shedding were unexpectedly aggravated after administration of the anti-HMGB1 antibody and was accompanied by increased pulmonary expression of HMGB1, especially in those mice treated with IgY. Levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and TNF-α were also elevated with TDI-induction. Primary lymphocytes from TDI sensitized and challenged mice demonstrated increased secretion of IL-4 after IgY stimulation. To confirm the effect of IgY, a cohort of mice exposed to TDI or vehicle was injected with IgY and the same results were observed after IgY treatment as in TDI asthmatic mice. Taken together, these results show that the IgY anti-HMGB1 antibody can facilitate TDI-induced allergic airway inflammation. Specifically, IgY, rather than anti-HMGB1, plays an important role in the process of exacerbated asthma, shedding light on an underappreciated role of avian IgY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Yao
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Haijin Zhao
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Haixiong Tang
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jiafu Song
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hangming Dong
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Fei Zou
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shaoxi Cai
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Zhou Y, Li Y, Mu T. HMGB1 Neutralizing Antibody Attenuates Cardiac Injury and Apoptosis Induced by Hemorrhagic Shock/Resuscitation in Rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2015; 38:1150-60. [PMID: 26040987 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and its natural receptor, Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4), are involved in various infectious or noninfectious diseases including hemorrhagic shock. HMGB1 neutralizing antibody (anti-HMGB1 monoclonal antibody (mAb)) treatment was shown to alleviate ischemia-reperfusion injury effectively. The aim of this study was to explore whether and by what mechanisms anti-HMGB1 mAb attenuates hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation (HS/R)-induced cardiac injury. Employing rat HS/R models, we found that anti-HMGB1 mAb treatment improved HS/R-induced cardiac function deterioration, attenuated cardiac enzyme elevation, improved ATP loss, and protected cardiac tissue. Anti-HMGB1 mAb also inhibited the production of inflammatory factors interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Moreover, anti-HMGB1 mAb reduced apoptotic responses by suppressing activated caspase-3 and reversing apoptotic gene expression of capase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2 in rat cardiac tissue. Moreover, anti-HMGB1 mAb decreased HS/R-induced HMGB1 and TLR4 expression elevation. We further confirmed that anti-HMGB1 mAb inhibited lipopolysaccharide-activated HGMB1 and TLR4 expression and decreased inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α at the cellular level. It was concluded that anti-HMGB1 mAb treatment protects rats from cardiac injury induced by HS/R, and the beneficial effects may be related to its inhibitory effects on the HMGB1-TLR4 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University
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Cross talk of the first-line defense TLRs with PI3K/Akt pathway, in preconditioning therapeutic approach. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2015; 3:4. [PMID: 26056605 PMCID: PMC4456045 DOI: 10.1186/s40591-015-0041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor family (TLRs), pattern recognition receptors, is expressed not only on immune cells but also on non-immune cells, including cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, and vascular endothelial cells. One main function of TLRs in the non-immune system is to regulate apoptosis. TLRs are the central mediators in hepatic, pulmonary, brain, and renal ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Up-regulation of TLRs and their ligation by either exogenous or endogenous danger signals plays critical roles in ischemia/reperfusion-induced tissue damage. Conventional TLR-NF-κB pathways are markedly activated in failing and ischemic myocardium. Recent studies have identified a cross talk between TLR activation and the PI3K/Akt pathway. The activation of TLRs is proposed to be the most potent preconditioning method after ischemia, to improve the cell survival via the mechanism involved the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and to attenuate the subsequent TLR-NF-κB pathway stimulation. Thus, TLRs could be a great target in the new treatment approaches for myocardial I/R injury.
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75
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Pourrajab F, Yazdi MB, Zarch MB, Zarch MB, Hekmatimoghaddam S. Cross talk of the first-line defense TLRs with PI3K/Akt pathway, in preconditioning therapeutic approach. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2015; 3:4. [PMID: 26056605 PMCID: PMC4456045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor family (TLRs), pattern recognition receptors, is expressed not only on immune cells but also on non-immune cells, including cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, and vascular endothelial cells. One main function of TLRs in the non-immune system is to regulate apoptosis. TLRs are the central mediators in hepatic, pulmonary, brain, and renal ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Up-regulation of TLRs and their ligation by either exogenous or endogenous danger signals plays critical roles in ischemia/reperfusion-induced tissue damage. Conventional TLR-NF-κB pathways are markedly activated in failing and ischemic myocardium. Recent studies have identified a cross talk between TLR activation and the PI3K/Akt pathway. The activation of TLRs is proposed to be the most potent preconditioning method after ischemia, to improve the cell survival via the mechanism involved the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and to attenuate the subsequent TLR-NF-κB pathway stimulation. Thus, TLRs could be a great target in the new treatment approaches for myocardial I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Pourrajab
- />School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Professor Hessabi 11 BLV, Shohadaye Gomnam BLV, Yazd, Iran P.O. 8915173149
- />Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Baghi Yazdi
- />School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Professor Hessabi 11 BLV, Shohadaye Gomnam BLV, Yazd, Iran P.O. 8915173149
| | - Mojtaba Babaei Zarch
- />School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Professor Hessabi 11 BLV, Shohadaye Gomnam BLV, Yazd, Iran P.O. 8915173149
| | - Mohammadali Babaei Zarch
- />School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Professor Hessabi 11 BLV, Shohadaye Gomnam BLV, Yazd, Iran P.O. 8915173149
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Cohen J, Vincent JL, Adhikari NKJ, Machado FR, Angus DC, Calandra T, Jaton K, Giulieri S, Delaloye J, Opal S, Tracey K, van der Poll T, Pelfrene E. Sepsis: a roadmap for future research. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2015; 15:581-614. [DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(15)70112-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 658] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Disruption of Parasite hmgb2 Gene Attenuates Plasmodium berghei ANKA Pathogenicity. Infect Immun 2015; 83:2771-84. [PMID: 25916985 DOI: 10.1128/iai.03129-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic high-mobility-group-box (HMGB) proteins are nuclear factors involved in chromatin remodeling and transcription regulation. When released into the extracellular milieu, HMGB1 acts as a proinflammatory cytokine that plays a central role in the pathogenesis of several immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. We found that the Plasmodium genome encodes two genuine HMGB factors, Plasmodium HMGB1 and HMGB2, that encompass, like their human counterparts, a proinflammatory domain. Given that these proteins are released from parasitized red blood cells, we then hypothesized that Plasmodium HMGB might contribute to the pathogenesis of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM), a lethal neuroinflammatory syndrome that develops in C57BL/6 (susceptible) mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA and that in many aspects resembles human cerebral malaria elicited by P. falciparum infection. The pathogenesis of experimental cerebral malaria was suppressed in C57BL/6 mice infected with P. berghei ANKA lacking the hmgb2 gene (Δhmgb2 ANKA), an effect associated with a reduction of histological brain lesions and with lower expression levels of several proinflammatory genes. The incidence of ECM in pbhmgb2-deficient mice was restored by the administration of recombinant PbHMGB2. Protection from experimental cerebral malaria in Δhmgb2 ANKA-infected mice was associated with reduced sequestration in the brain of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, including CD8(+) granzyme B(+) and CD8(+) IFN-γ(+) cells, and, to some extent, neutrophils. This was consistent with a reduced parasite sequestration in the brain, lungs, and spleen, though to a lesser extent than in wild-type P. berghei ANKA-infected mice. In summary, Plasmodium HMGB2 acts as an alarmin that contributes to the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria.
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78
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Sodhi CP, Jia H, Yamaguchi Y, Lu P, Good M, Egan C, Ozolek J, Zhu X, Billiar TR, Hackam DJ. Intestinal Epithelial TLR-4 Activation Is Required for the Development of Acute Lung Injury after Trauma/Hemorrhagic Shock via the Release of HMGB1 from the Gut. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:4931-9. [PMID: 25862813 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms that lead to the development of remote lung injury after trauma remain unknown, although a central role for the gut in the induction of lung injury has been postulated. We hypothesized that the development of remote lung injury after trauma/hemorrhagic shock requires activation of TLR4 in the intestinal epithelium, and we sought to determine the mechanisms involved. We show that trauma/hemorrhagic shock caused lung injury in wild-type mice, but not in mice that lack TLR4 in the intestinal epithelium, confirming the importance of intestinal TLR4 activation in the process. Activation of intestinal TLR4 after trauma led to increased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, enterocyte apoptosis, and the release of circulating HMGB1, whereas inhibition of ER stress attenuated apoptosis, reduced circulating HMGB1, and decreased lung injury severity. Neutralization of circulating HMGB1 led to reduced severity of lung injury after trauma, and mice that lack HMGB1 in the intestinal epithelium were protected from the development of lung injury, confirming the importance of the intestine as the source of HMGB1, whose release of HMGB1 induced a rapid protein kinase C ζ-mediated internalization of surface tight junctions in the pulmonary epithelium. Strikingly, the use of a novel small-molecule TLR4 inhibitor reduced intestinal ER stress, decreased circulating HMGB1, and preserved lung architecture after trauma. Thus, intestinal epithelial TLR4 activation leads to HMGB1 release from the gut and the development of lung injury, whereas strategies that block upstream TLR4 signaling may offer pulmonary protective strategies after trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhinder P Sodhi
- Division of General Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Hongpeng Jia
- Division of General Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Yukihiro Yamaguchi
- Division of General Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Peng Lu
- Division of General Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Misty Good
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Charlotte Egan
- Division of General Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - John Ozolek
- Division of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Xiaorong Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; and
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Division of Trauma and General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - David J Hackam
- Division of General Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287;
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79
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Walko TD, Di Caro V, Piganelli J, Billiar TR, Clark RSB, Aneja RK. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1-sirtuin 1 functional interplay regulates LPS-mediated high mobility group box 1 secretion. Mol Med 2015; 20:612-24. [PMID: 25517228 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2014.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathophysiological conditions that lead to the release of the prototypic damage-associated molecular pattern molecule high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) also result in activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1; now known as ADP-ribosyl transferase 1 [ARTD1]). Persistent activation of PARP1 promotes energy failure and cell death. The role of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in HMGB1 release has been explored previously; however, PARP1 is a versatile enzyme and performs several other functions including cross-talk with another nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide- (NAD(+)) dependent member of the Class III histone deacetylases (HDACs), sirtuin-1 (SIRT1). Previously, it has been shown that the hyperacetylation of HMGB1 is a seminal event prior to its secretion, a process that also is dependent on HDACs. Therefore, in this study, we seek to determine if PARP1 inhibition alters LPS-mediated HMGB1 hyperacetylation and subsequent secretion due to its effect on SIRT1. We demonstrate in an in vitro model that LPS treatment leads to hyperacetylated HMGB1 with concomitant reduction in nuclear HDAC activity. Treatment with PARP1 inhibitors mitigates the LPS-mediated reduction in nuclear HDAC activity and decreases HMGB1 acetylation. By utilizing an NAD(+)-based mechanism, PARP1 inhibition increases the activity of SIRT1. Consequently, there is an increased nuclear retention and decreased extracellular secretion of HMGB1. We also demonstrate that PARP1 physically interacts with SIRT1. Further confirmation of this data was obtained in a murine model of sepsis, that is, administration of PJ-34, a specific PARP1 inhibitor, led to decreased serum HMGB1 concentrations in mice subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) as compared with untreated mice. In conclusion, our study provides new insights in understanding the molecular mechanisms of HMGB1 secretion in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Walko
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Valentina Di Caro
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jon Piganelli
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert S B Clark
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Rajesh K Aneja
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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80
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Anti-HMGB1 monoclonal antibody ameliorates immunosuppression after peripheral tissue trauma: attenuated T-lymphocyte response and increased splenic CD11b (+) Gr-1 (+) myeloid-derived suppressor cells require HMGB1. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:458626. [PMID: 25709155 PMCID: PMC4325468 DOI: 10.1155/2015/458626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Although tissue-derived high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is involved in many aspects of inflammation and tissue injury after trauma, its role in trauma-induced immune suppression remains elusive. Using an established mouse model of peripheral tissue trauma, which includes soft tissue and fracture components, we report here that treatment with anti-HMGB1 monoclonal antibody ameliorated the trauma-induced attenuated T-cell responses and accumulation of CD11b+Gr-1+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the spleens seen two days after injury. Our data suggest that HMGB1 released after tissue trauma contributes to signaling pathways that lead to attenuation of T-lymphocyte responses and enhancement of myeloid-derived suppressor cell expansion.
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81
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Xiang K, Cheng L, Luo Z, Ren J, Tian F, Tang L, Chen T, Dai R. Glycyrrhizin suppresses the expressions of HMGB1 and relieves the severity of traumatic pancreatitis in rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115982. [PMID: 25541713 PMCID: PMC4277455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) plays important roles in a large variety of diseases; glycyrrhizin (GL) is recognized as an HMGB1 inhibitor. However, few studies have focused on whether glycyrrhizin can potentially improve the outcome of traumatic pancreatitis (TP) by inhibiting HMGB1. Methods A total of 60 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = 20 in each): Control group, TP group and TP-GL group. Pancreatic trauma was established with a custom-made biological impact machine-III, and GL was administered at 15 minutes after the accomplishment of operation. To determine survival rates during the first 7 days after injury, another 60 rats (n = 20 in each) were grouped and treated as mentioned above. At 24 hours of induction of TP, the histopathological changes in pancreas were evaluated and serum amylase levels were tested. Serum tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and HMGB1 were measured using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. HMGB1 expressions in pancreas were measured using immunohistochemical staining, Western blot and Real-Time PCR analysis. Results Serum levels of HMGB1, TNF-α and IL-6 were increased dramatically in TP group at 24 hours after induction of TP. However, these indicators were reduced significantly by GL administration in TP-GL group comparing with TP group (P<0.05). Meanwhile, survival analysis showed that the seven-day survival rate in TP-GL group was significantly higher than that in TP group (85% versus 65%, P<0.05). GL treatment significantly decreased the pancreatic protein and mRNA expressions of HMGB1 and ameliorated the pancreatic injury in rats with TP. Conclusions Glycyrrhizin might play an important role in improving survival rates and ameliorating pancreatic injury of TP by suppression of the expressions of HMGB1 and other proinflammatory cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xiang
- The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
- Department of General Surgery, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Long Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Zhulin Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Jiandong Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Fuzhou Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Lijun Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Ruiwu Dai
- Department of General Surgery, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, P. R. China
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82
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Hazeldine J, Hampson P, Lord JM. The impact of trauma on neutrophil function. Injury 2014; 45:1824-33. [PMID: 25106876 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2014.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A well described consequence of traumatic injury is immune dysregulation, where an initial increase in immune activity is followed by a period of immune depression, the latter leaving hospitalised trauma patients at an increased risk of nosocomial infections. Here, we discuss the emerging role of the neutrophil, the most abundant leucocyte in human circulation and the first line of defence against microbial challenge, in the initiation and propagation of the inflammatory response to trauma. We review the findings of the most recent studies to have investigated the impact of trauma on neutrophil function and discuss how alterations in neutrophil biology are being investigated as potential biomarkers by which to predict the outcome of hospitalised trauma patients. Furthermore, with trauma-induced changes in neutrophil biology linked to the development of such post-traumatic complications as multiple organ failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome, we highlight an area of research within the field of trauma immunology that is gaining considerable interest: the manipulation of neutrophil function as a means by which to potentially improve patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Hazeldine
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, School of Immunity and Infection, Birmingham University Medical School, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Peter Hampson
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, School of Immunity and Infection, Birmingham University Medical School, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Healing Foundation Centre for Burns Research, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK.
| | - Janet M Lord
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, School of Immunity and Infection, Birmingham University Medical School, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Immunity and Infection, Birmingham University Medical School, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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83
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Shen L, Cui Z, Lin Y, Wang S, Zheng D, Tan Q. Anti-inflammative effect of glycyrrhizin on rat thermal injury via inhibition of high-mobility group box 1 protein. Burns 2014; 41:372-8. [PMID: 25440843 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM Glycyrrhizin (Gly) has been reported as an inhibitor of extracellular HMGB1 (high-mobility group box 1 protein) cytokine's activity, and protects spinal cord, liver, heart and brain against ischemia-reperfusion-induced injury in rats. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of Gly in rat skin thermal injury model and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250g) were randomly divided into control group, vehicle-treated and Gly-treated burn groups, each group contained eight animals. In the latter two groups, rats were subjected to 30% TBSA (Total Body Surface Area) full-thickness scald injury. In Gly-treated burn group, glycyrrhizin (60mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally immediately after and at 24th hour burn; in vehicle-treated burn group, Ringer's solution (4ml/kg, as a vehicle) was administered intraperitoneally immediately after and at 24th hour burn. The animals were sacrificed at 48h after injury. Aortic blood samples were obtained to detect tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) with ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay) kits. Lung, liver and kidney tissue samples were collected to determine the expression of HMGB1 mRNA and protein. HMGB1 mRNA level was semiquantitatively measured by Real-Time PCR using β-actin as an internal standard, and protein expression of HMGBI was determined by Western blot. RESULTS Severe skin scald injury caused a significant increase in plasma TNF-α and IL-1β versus the control group (P<0.001) in 48h after burns. Intraperitoneal administration of Gly (60mg/kg) significantly reduced the levels of serum TNF-α and IL-1β (P<0.01). Gly treatment reduced these biochemical indices accompanied by lower level of HMGB1 protein (P<0.05) and mRNA expression (P<0.01). CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that Gly possesses an anti-inflammation effect to protect the remote organs from burn-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyun Shen
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Drum Tower Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Ziwei Cui
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Drum Tower Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yue Lin
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Shuqin Wang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Dongfeng Zheng
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Qian Tan
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Drum Tower Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.
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Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) was originally defined as a ubiquitous nuclear protein, but it was later determined that the protein has different roles both inside and outside of cells. Nuclear HMGB1 regulates chromatin structure and gene transcription, whereas cytosolic HMGB1 is involved in inflammasome activation and autophagy. Extracellular HMGB1 has drawn attention because it can bind to related cell signalling transduction receptors, such as the receptor for advanced glycation end products, Toll-like receptor (TLR)2, TLR4 and TLR9. It also participates in the development and progression of a variety of diseases. HMGB1 is actively secreted by stimulation of the innate immune system, and it is passively released by ischaemia or cell injury. This review focuses on the important role of HMGB1 in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic sterile inflammatory conditions. Strategies that target HMGB1 have been shown to significantly decrease inflammation in several disease models of sterile inflammation, and this may represent a promising clinical approach for treatment of certain conditions associated with sterile inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tsung
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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85
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Lee W, Ku SK, Jeong TC, Lee S, Bae JS. Ginsenosides Inhibit HMGB1-induced Inflammatory Responses in HUVECs and in Murine Polymicrobial Sepsis. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2014.35.10.2955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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86
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Ju Z, Chavan SS, Antoine DJ, Dancho M, Tsaava T, Li J, Lu B, Levine YA, Stiegler A, Tamari Y, Al-Abed Y, Roth J, Tracey KJ, Yang H. Sequestering HMGB1 via DNA-conjugated beads ameliorates murine colitis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103992. [PMID: 25127031 PMCID: PMC4134190 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract that affects millions of people worldwide. Although the etiology of IBD is not clear, it is known that products from stressed cells and enteric microbes promote intestinal inflammation. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), originally identified as a nuclear DNA binding protein, is a cytokine-like protein mediator implicated in infection, sterile injury, autoimmune disease, and IBD. Elevated levels of HMGB1 have been detected in inflamed human intestinal tissues and in feces of IBD patients and mouse models of colitis. Neutralizing HMGB1 activity by administration of anti-HMGB1 antibodies or HMGB1-specific antagonist improves clinical outcomes in animal models of colitis. Since HMGB1 binds to DNA with high affinity, here we developed a novel strategy to sequester HMGB1 using DNA immobilized on sepharose beads. Screening of DNA-bead constructs revealed that B2 beads, one linear form of DNA conjugated beads, bind HMGB1 with high affinity, capture HMGB1 ex vivo from endotoxin-stimulated RAW 264.7 cell supernatant and from feces of mice with colitis. Oral administration of B2 DNA beads significantly improved body weight, reduced colon injury, and suppressed colonic and circulating cytokine levels in mice with spontaneous colitis (IL-10 knockout) and with dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Thus, DNA beads reduce inflammation by sequestering HMGB1 and may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongliang Ju
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Sangeeta S. Chavan
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Antoine
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Meghan Dancho
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Teá Tsaava
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Jianhua Li
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Ben Lu
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Yaakov A. Levine
- SetPoint Medical Corporation, Valencia, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew Stiegler
- Circulatory Technology Inc., Oyster Bay, New York, United States of America
| | - Yehuda Tamari
- Circulatory Technology Inc., Oyster Bay, New York, United States of America
| | - Yousef Al-Abed
- Medicinal Chemistry, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Jesse Roth
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Kevin J. Tracey
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Huan Yang
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ding N, Chen G, Hoffman R, Loughran PA, Sodhi CP, Hackam DJ, Billiar TR, Neal MD. Toll-like receptor 4 regulates platelet function and contributes to coagulation abnormality and organ injury in hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 7:615-24. [PMID: 25049041 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.113.000398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing evidence indicates that the presence of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) on platelets is a key regulator of platelet number and function. Platelets exposed to TLR4 agonists may serve to activate other cells such as neutrophils and endothelial cells in sepsis and other inflammatory conditions. The functional significance of platelet TLR4 in hemorrhagic shock (HS), however, remains unexplored. METHODS AND RESULTS Using thromboelastography and platelet aggregometry, we demonstrate that platelet function is impaired in a mouse model of HS with resuscitation. Further analysis using cellular-specific TLR4 deletion in mice revealed that platelet TLR4 is essential for platelet activation and function in HS with resuscitation and that platelet TLR4 regulates the development of coagulopathy after hemorrhage and resuscitation. Transfusion of TLR4-negative platelets into mice resulted in protection from coagulopathy and restored platelet function. Additionally, platelet-specific TLR4 knockout mice were protected from lung and liver injury and exhibited a marked reduction in systemic inflammation as measured by circulating interleukin-6 after HS with resuscitation. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate for the first time that platelet TLR4 is an essential mediator of the inflammatory response as well as platelet activation and function in HS and resuscitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ding
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, PA (N.D., G.C., R.H., P.A.L., T.R.B., M.D.N.); Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China (N.D.); Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China (G.C.); and Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, PA (C.P.S., D.J.H.)
| | - Guoqiang Chen
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, PA (N.D., G.C., R.H., P.A.L., T.R.B., M.D.N.); Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China (N.D.); Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China (G.C.); and Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, PA (C.P.S., D.J.H.)
| | - Rosemary Hoffman
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, PA (N.D., G.C., R.H., P.A.L., T.R.B., M.D.N.); Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China (N.D.); Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China (G.C.); and Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, PA (C.P.S., D.J.H.)
| | - Patricia A Loughran
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, PA (N.D., G.C., R.H., P.A.L., T.R.B., M.D.N.); Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China (N.D.); Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China (G.C.); and Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, PA (C.P.S., D.J.H.)
| | - Chhinder P Sodhi
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, PA (N.D., G.C., R.H., P.A.L., T.R.B., M.D.N.); Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China (N.D.); Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China (G.C.); and Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, PA (C.P.S., D.J.H.)
| | - David J Hackam
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, PA (N.D., G.C., R.H., P.A.L., T.R.B., M.D.N.); Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China (N.D.); Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China (G.C.); and Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, PA (C.P.S., D.J.H.)
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, PA (N.D., G.C., R.H., P.A.L., T.R.B., M.D.N.); Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China (N.D.); Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China (G.C.); and Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, PA (C.P.S., D.J.H.).
| | - Matthew D Neal
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, PA (N.D., G.C., R.H., P.A.L., T.R.B., M.D.N.); Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China (N.D.); Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China (G.C.); and Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, PA (C.P.S., D.J.H.).
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Abstract
Sepsis, a clinical syndrome occurring in patients following infection or injury, is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current immunological mechanisms do not explain the basis of cellular dysfunction and organ failure, the ultimate cause of death. Here we review current dogma and argue that it is time to delineate novel immunometabolic and neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the altered cellular bioenergetics and failure of epithelial and endothelial barriers that produce organ dysfunction and death. These mechanisms might hold the key to future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford S Deutschman
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care and Surgery and Sepsis Research Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Kevin J Tracey
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
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Su Z, Yin J, Wang T, Sun Y, Ni P, Ma R, Zhu H, Zheng D, Shen H, Xu W, Xu H. Up-regulated HMGB1 in EAM directly led to collagen deposition by a PKCβ/Erk1/2-dependent pathway: cardiac fibroblast/myofibroblast might be another source of HMGB1. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:1740-51. [PMID: 24912759 PMCID: PMC4196650 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), an important inflammatory mediator, is actively secreted by immune cells and some non-immune cells or passively released by necrotic cells. HMGB1 has been implicated in many inflammatory diseases. Our previous published data demonstrated that HMGB1 was up-regulated in heart tissue or serum in experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM); HMGB1 blockade could ameliorate cardiac fibrosis at the last stage of EAM. And yet, until now, no data directly showed that HMGB1 was associated with cardiac fibrosis. Therefore, the aims of the present work were to assess whether (1) up-regulated HMGB1 could directly lead to cardiac fibrosis in EAM; (2) cardiac fibroblast/myofibroblasts could secrete HMGB1 as another source of high-level HMGB1 in EAM; and (3) HMGB1 blockade could effectively prevent cardiac fibrosis at the last stage of EAM. Our results clearly demonstrated that HMGB1 could directly lead to cardiac collagen deposition, which was associated with PKCβ/Erk1/2 signalling pathway; furthermore, cardiac fibroblast/myofibroblasts could actively secrete HMGB1 under external stress; and HMGB1 secreted by cardiac fibroblasts/myofibroblasts led to cardiac fibrosis via PKCβ activation by autocrine means; HMGB1 blockade could efficiently ameliorate cardiac fibrosis in EAM mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoliang Su
- The Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; Department of Immunology & Laboratory Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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90
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Yang R, Zou X, Tenhunen J, Zhu S, Kajander H, Koskinen ML, Tonnessen TI. HMGB1 neutralization is associated with bacterial translocation during acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. BMC Gastroenterol 2014; 14:66. [PMID: 24708589 PMCID: PMC3985724 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-14-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity is associated with a high rate of gram-negative enteric bacterial infection; however, the underlying mechanism is still unknown. APAP overdose induces massive hepatocyte necrosis, necrotic tissue releases high mobility group B1 (HMGB1) and exogenous HMGB1 is able to induce gut bacterial translocation (BT) in normal mice; therefore, it is possible that HMGB1 mediates gut BT in APAP hepatotoxicity. This study aims to test this hypothesis by using anti-HMGB1 neutralizing antibody to treat APAP overdose for 24-48 hours. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with a single dose of APAP (350 mg/kg dissolved in 1 mL sterile saline). 2 hrs after APAP injection, the APAP challenged mice were randomized to receive treatment with either anti-HMGB1 antibody (400 μg per dose) or non-immune (sham) IgG every 24 h for a total of 2 doses. RESULTS 24 and 48 hrs after APAP challenge, anti-HMGB1 treatment instead of sham IgG therapy significantly decreased serum HMGB1 concentrations and reduced BT by 85%; serum HMGB1 levels were positively correlated with the amount of BT; anti-HMGB1 therapy decreased hepatic BT at 48 h, which was associated with better recovered liver structure and better restored hepatic immune system that was shown by enhanced hepatic mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-6 and extensive proliferation of inflammatory and reticuloendothelial cells; however, anti-HMGB1 treatment did not decrease gut mucosal permeability as compared to the sham IgG therapy at either 24 or 48 hrs. CONCLUSION HMGB1 neutralization is associated with bacterial translocation during APAP hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runkuan Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Fink MP. HMGB1 as a drug target in staphylococcal pneumonia. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2014; 18:131. [PMID: 25029244 PMCID: PMC4057072 DOI: 10.1186/cc13810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
High mobility group box (HMGB)1 is a small DNA-binding protein. In the nucleus, HMGB1 plays a role in gene expression and DNA replication. When it is released or secreted into the extracellular milieu, HMGB1 functions as a pro-inflammatory cytokine-like mediator. Recently reported data support the view that treatment with a neutralizing anti-HMGB1 antibody ameliorated pulmonary damage in a murine model of pneumonia caused by a pathogenic strain of Staphylococcus aureus. These findings suggest that HMGB1 may be an important drug target as scientists, clinical investigators and pharmaceutical companies seek to develop better agents for the treatment of staphylococcal pneumonia. Unfortunately, however, encouraging results from murine models of human disease often fail to translate into positive findings in clinical trials. Thus, before moving from pre-clinical into clinical studies, it may be prudent to validate and extend the recent experimental findings by carrying out additional studies, using a large animal model of pneumonia.
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Maes M, Anderson G, Kubera M, Berk M. Targeting classical IL-6 signalling or IL-6 trans-signalling in depression? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:495-512. [PMID: 24548241 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.888417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Increased IL-6 and soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) levels in depressed patients was first shown over 20 years ago. The pro-inflammatory effects of IL-6 are predominantly mediated by IL-6 trans-signalling via the sIL-6R, whereas IL-6R membrane signalling has anti-inflammatory effects. AREAS COVERED We review data on IL-6 and sIL-6R in inflammation, depression, animal models of depression and the effects of different classes of antidepressants. The biological context for IL-6 trans-signalling as a pathogenic factor in depression involves its role in the acute phase response, disorders in zinc and the erythron, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation, induction of the tryptophan catabolite pathway, oxidative stress, bacterial translocation, transition towards sensitisation, autoimmune processes and neuroprogression and the multicausal aetiology of depression, considering that psychosocial stressors and comorbid immune-inflammatory diseases are associated with the onset of depression. EXPERT OPINION The homeostatic functions of IL-6 imply that ubiquitous IL-6 inhibitors, for example, tocilizumab, may not be the optimal treatment target in depression. A more promising target may be to increase soluble glycoprotein 130 (sgp130) inhibition of IL-6 trans-signalling, while allowing the maintenance of IL-6R membrane signalling. Future research should delineate the effects of treatments with sgp130Fc in combination with antidepressants in various animal models of chronic depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Maes
- Deakin University, Department of Psychiatry , Geelong , Australia
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Thompson CM, Holden TD, Gail RR, Laxmanan B, Black RA, O’Keefe GE, Wurfel MM. Toll-like receptor 1 polymorphisms and associated outcomes in sepsis after traumatic injury: a candidate gene association study. Ann Surg 2014; 259:179-85. [PMID: 23478521 PMCID: PMC3686843 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0b013e31828538e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TLR1 are associated with mortality, specifically sepsis-associated mortality, in a traumatically injured population. BACKGROUND Innate immune responses mediated by toll-like receptors (TLRs) induce early inflammatory responses to pathogen and damage-associated molecular patterns. Genetic variation in TLRs has been associated with susceptibility and outcomes in a number of infectious and noninfectious disease states. METHODS Patients admitted to the trauma intensive care unit at a level 1 trauma center serving 4 states were enrolled and followed for development of infection, sepsis, and death. Genomic DNA was genotyped and logistic regression analysis was performed to determine associations between TLR1 SNPs and mortality. We further examined for associations between TLR1 SNPs and mortality in subgroups on the basis of the presence of sepsis and the type of sepsis-associated organism. RESULTS We enrolled 1961 patients. TLR1-7202G (rs5743551) was associated with increased mortality after traumatic injury and this association was primarily observed in the subset of patients who developed sepsis [adjusted odds ratio (OR): 3.16; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.43-6.97, P=0.004]. This association persisted after further restriction to gram-positive sepsis. TLR1(742A/G(Asn248Ser)) (rs4833095), a coding SNP in LD with TLR1-7202G, was also associated with mortality in gram-positive sepsis (adjusted OR: 4.16; 95% CI: 1.22-14.19, P=0.023). CONCLUSIONS Genetic variation in TLR1 is associated with increased mortality in patients with sepsis after traumatic injury and may represent a novel marker of risk for death in critically injured patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callie M. Thompson
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Tarah D. Holden
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Rona R.N Gail
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Balaji Laxmanan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - R. Anthony Black
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Grant E. O’Keefe
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mark M. Wurfel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
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94
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Lee W, Ku SK, Lee YM, Bae JS. Anti-septic effects of glyceollins in HMGB1-induced inflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 63:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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95
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Musumeci D, Roviello GN, Montesarchio D. An overview on HMGB1 inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents in HMGB1-related pathologies. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 141:347-57. [PMID: 24220159 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
HMGB1 (High-Mobility Group Box-1) is a nuclear protein that acts as an architectural chromatin-binding factor involved in the maintenance of nucleosome structure and regulation of gene transcription. It can be released into the extracellular milieu from immune and non-immune cells in response to various stimuli. Extracellular HMGB1 contributes to the pathogenesis of numerous chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, including sepsis, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, chronic kidney disease, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), as well as cancer pathogenesis. Interaction of released HMGB1 with the cell-surface receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is one of the main signaling pathways triggering these diseases. It has been also demonstrated that the inhibition of the HMGB1-RAGE interaction represents a promising approach for the modulation of the inflammatory and tumor-facilitating activity of HMGB1. In this review we describe various approaches recently proposed in the literature to inhibit HMGB1 and the related inflammatory processes, especially focusing on the block of RAGE-HMGB1 signaling. Several strategies are based on molecules which mainly interact with RAGE as competitive antagonists of HMGB1. As an alternative, encouraging results have been obtained with HMGB1-targeting, leading to the identification of compounds that directly bind to HMGB1, ranging from small natural or synthetic molecules, such as glycyrrhizin and gabexate mesilate, to HMGB1-specific antibodies, peptides, proteins as well as bent DNA-based duplexes. Future perspectives are discussed in the light of the overall body of knowledge acquired by a large number of research groups operating in different but related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenica Musumeci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", via Cintia 21, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Giovanni N Roviello
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini - CNR, via Mezzocannone 16, I-80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniela Montesarchio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", via Cintia 21, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
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Ding N, Zhang Y, Loughran PA, Wang Q, Billiar TR. TIFA upregulation after hypoxia-reoxygenation is TLR4- and MyD88-dependent and associated with HMGB1 upregulation and release. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 63:361-7. [PMID: 23722163 PMCID: PMC3752398 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
TRAF-interacting protein with a forkhead-associated domain (TIFA) is a tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) binding protein that mediates IL-1 signaling. We recently reported that TIFA mRNA is significantly upregulated early in the liver after trauma and hemorrhagic shock. In this study, we sought to characterize the upregulation of TIFA by hypoxia-reoxygenation and investigate its role in hypoxia-induced signaling. TIFA expression was detected by qRT-PCR and Western blotting in both mouse hemorrhagic shock with resuscitation (HS-R) and hepatocytes exposed to hypoxia-reoxygenation. Involvement of TLR4 and MyD88 was assessed using cells from TLR4(-/-) and MyD88(-/-) mice. The interaction of TIFA with TRAF6 and IRAK-1 was investigated using coimmunoprecipitation in vitro. RNAi was performed to knock down the endogenous expression of the TIFA gene in hepatocytes. High-mobility-group box 1 protein (HMGB1) expression was detected by Western blotting and ELISA, and the activation of NF-κB and MAPK was measured with EMSA and Western blotting. The results showed that TIFA expression was upregulated after HS-R in vivo and hypoxia-reoxygenation in vitro. Further analysis revealed that hypoxia-reoxygenation-induced upregulation of TIFA was TLR4- and MyD88-dependent. Moreover, TIFA was found to associate with TRAF6 constitutively, whereas its association with IRAK-1 was seen only after hypoxia-reoxygenation. Suppression of TIFA by siRNA reduced NF-κB activation and HMGB1 upregulation and release after hypoxia-reoxygenation. Taken together, these data suggest that TIFA is involved in the regulation of cell signaling in hypoxia-reoxygenation. The increase in TIFA level appears to be a feed-forward mechanism involved in TLR4/MyD88-dependent signaling, leading to NF-κB activation and HMGB1 release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ding
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
| | - Patricia A. Loughran
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
| | - Qingde Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
| | - Timothy R. Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
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Kikuchi K, Tancharoen S, Ito T, Morimoto-Yamashita Y, Miura N, Kawahara KI, Maruyama I, Murai Y, Tanaka E. Potential of the angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) telmisartan, irbesartan, and candesartan for inhibiting the HMGB1/RAGE axis in prevention and acute treatment of stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:18899-924. [PMID: 24065095 PMCID: PMC3794813 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140918899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a major cause of mortality and disability worldwide. The main cause of stroke is atherosclerosis, and the most common risk factor for atherosclerosis is hypertension. Therefore, antihypertensive treatments are recommended for the prevention of stroke. Three angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), telmisartan, irbesartan and candesartan, inhibit the expression of the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE), which is one of the pleiotropic effects of these drugs. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is the ligand of RAGE, and has been recently identified as a lethal mediator of severe sepsis. HMGB1 is an intracellular protein, which acts as an inflammatory cytokine when released into the extracellular milieu. Extracellular HMGB1 causes multiple organ failure and contributes to the pathogenesis of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and stroke. This is the first review of the literature evaluating the potential of three ARBs for the HMGB1-RAGE axis on stroke therapy, including prevention and acute treatment. This review covers clinical and experimental studies conducted between 1976 and 2013. We propose that ARBs, which inhibit the HMGB1/RAGE axis, may offer a novel option for prevention and acute treatment of stroke. However, additional clinical studies are necessary to verify the efficacy of ARBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Kikuchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, 6 Yothe Road, Rajthevee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; E-Mails: (K.K.); (S.T.)
- Division of Brain Science, Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan; E-Mail:
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Salunya Tancharoen
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, 6 Yothe Road, Rajthevee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; E-Mails: (K.K.); (S.T.)
| | - Takashi Ito
- Department of Systems Biology in Thromboregulation, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan; E-Mails: (T.I.); (I.M.)
| | - Yoko Morimoto-Yamashita
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Naoki Miura
- Laboratory of Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Ko-ichi Kawahara
- Laboratory of Functional Foods, Department of Biomedical Engineering Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi Ward, Osaka 535-8585, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Ikuro Maruyama
- Department of Systems Biology in Thromboregulation, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan; E-Mails: (T.I.); (I.M.)
| | - Yoshinaka Murai
- Division of Brain Science, Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Eiichiro Tanaka
- Division of Brain Science, Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +81-942-31-7542; Fax: +81-942-31-7695
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Kim S, Kim SY, Pribis JP, Lotze M, Mollen KP, Shapiro R, Loughran P, Scott MJ, Billiar TR. Signaling of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) through toll-like receptor 4 in macrophages requires CD14. Mol Med 2013; 19:88-98. [PMID: 23508573 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2012.00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a DNA-binding protein that possesses cytokinelike, proinflammatory properties when released extracellularly in the C23-C45 disulfide form. HMGB1 also plays a key role as a mediator of acute and chronic inflammation in models of sterile injury. Although HMGB1 interacts with multiple pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), many of its effects in injury models occur through an interaction with toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). HMGB1 interacts directly with the TLR4/myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD2) complex, although the nature of this interaction remains unclear. We demonstrate that optimal HMGB1-dependent TLR4 activation in vitro requires the coreceptor CD14. TLR4 and MD2 are recruited into CD14-containing lipid rafts of RAW264.7 macrophages after stimulation with HMGB1, and TLR4 interacts closely with the lipid raft protein GM1. Furthermore, we show that HMGB1 stimulates tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α release in WT but not in TLR4(-/-), CD14(-/-), TIR domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF)(-/-) or myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88)(-/-) macrophages. HMGB1 induces the release of monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) and macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP-1α) in a TLR4- and CD14-dependent manner. Thus, efficient recognition of HMGB1 by the TLR4/MD2 complex requires CD14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sodam Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Nishiike S, Hiramatsu T, Shiraishi M, Ueda Y, Tsuchida H. Relationship between vascular reactivity and expression of HMGB1 in a rat model of septic aorta. J Anesth 2013; 27:684-92. [PMID: 23532259 PMCID: PMC3824914 DOI: 10.1007/s00540-013-1584-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Intruoduction High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a ubiquitous nuclear protein, induces several inflammatory diseases and functions as a fatal factor when released extracellularly. The effect of HMGB1 on vascular reactivity during sepsis remains to be clarified. Methods A rat model of abdominal sepsis was produced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) under sevoflurane anesthesia (n = 28). Anti-HMGB1 antibody at a dose of 4 or 0.4 mg/kg, or normal saline was injected twice intravenously, i.e., immediately after the CLP surgery and 4 h thereafter. Rats in the sham group underwent laparotomy, and the cecum was manipulated but not ligated or punctured. The descending thoracic aorta was excised 12 h after the CLP surgery and cut into rings of approximately 3 mm in length. Changes in the expression of HMGB1 and vascular reactivity were examined in the rings shortly after harvest and 4 h thereafter. Results HMGB1 was identified immunohistochemically and by Western blotting in the nuclei of vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells in all groups shortly after excision of the aorta, but its expression was augmented only in the CLP groups 4 h thereafter. Degenerated smooth muscle cells were also observed after CLP. Anti-HMGB1 antibody dose-dependently inhibited the augmentation of HMGB1 expression and the morphological changes induced by CLP. The expression of HMGB1 partly correlated with suppression of vascular reactivity. Conclusion The present results strongly suggest that HMGB1 plays an important role in vascular malfunction from an early phase of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nishiike
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Daigaku 1-1, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan,
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Robinson AP, Caldis MW, Harp CT, Goings GE, Miller SD. High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) neutralization ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Autoimmun 2013; 43:32-43. [PMID: 23514872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune, demyelinating disease and as such, the gold standard of treatment is to selectively suppress the pathogenic autoimmune response without compromising the entire arm of the adaptive immune response. One target of this strategy lying upstream of the pathologic adaptive immune response is the local, innate immune signaling that initiates and drives autoimmunity and sterile injury. High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) is a ubiquitous nuclear protein that when released from necrotic cells, such as damaged oligodendrocytes in MS lesions, drives pro-inflammatory responses. Here we demonstrate that HMGB1 drives neuroinflammatory responses in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a murine model for MS, and that inhibition of HMGB1 signaling ameliorates disease. Specifically i.v. injection of an HMGB1 neutralizing antibody in the C57BL/6 model of chronic EAE or SJL/J model of relapsing-remitting EAE ameliorated clinical disease prophylactically or during ongoing disease, blocked T cell infiltration of the central nervous system, and inhibited systemic CD4(+) T cell responses to myelin epitopes. Additionally, lymphocytes from EAE mice restimulated in vitro in the presence of recombinant HMGB1 exhibited increased proliferation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production, an effect that was blocked by anti-HMGB1 antibody. Similarly recombinant HMGB1 promoted proliferation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated in vitro, and anti-HMGB1 antibody blocked this effect. These findings indicate that HMGB1 contributes to neuroinflammatory responses that drive EAE pathogenesis and that HMGB1 blockade may be a novel means to selectively disrupt the pro-inflammatory loop that drives MS autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Robinson
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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