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Srinivasan V, Singh J, Pandi-Perumal SR, Brown GM, Spence DW, Cardinali DP. Jet lag, circadian rhythm sleep disturbances, and depression: the role of melatonin and its analogs. Adv Ther 2010; 27:796-813. [PMID: 20827520 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-010-0065-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Traveling through several time zones results in a constellation of symptoms known as jet lag. These include reduced alertness, daytime fatigue, loss of appetite, reduced cognitive skills, and disruption of the sleep/wake cycle. In susceptible air travel passengers, jet lag may exacerbate affective illness and result in psychiatric morbidity. Dysregulation of circadian rhythms and melatonin secretion represent the common underlying factor in jet lag and other circadian disorders. Recent studies have established the effectiveness of strategically timed administration of melatonin and appropriate timed exposure to environmental schedules including light in counteracting the dysregulation (chronobiologic actions). With the introduction of melatonergic agonists such as ramelteon and tasimelteon, which have both a stronger affinity for MT₁ and MT₂ melatonin receptors and a longer half-life, new therapeutic options now exist for treating the sleep disturbances associated with jet lag. The melatonin analogs are unique inasmuch as they can also enhance daytime alertness. The recently introduced melatonergic antidepressant agomelatine, which has established its supremacy over other antidepressants in having a significant chronobiologic activity, represents a good choice for treating depressive symptoms that are associated with jet lag.
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53
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Sleep and circadian rhythm alterations correlate with depression and cognitive impairment in Huntington's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2010; 16:345-50. [PMID: 20236854 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2009] [Revised: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sleep disturbances are a prominent feature of Huntington's disease (HD) and can substantially impair patients' quality of life. However, sleep complaints and their association with other symptoms and signs of HD have not yet been assessed in large groups of patients or premanifest mutation carriers. Therefore, we aimed to delineate the nature of subjective sleep disturbances and identify important correlates of sleep impairment in HD patients and premanifest mutation carriers. SUBJECTS & METHODS Using standardized questionnaires (including Epworth's Sleepiness Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, SCOPA-SLEEP, and Beck's Depression Inventory), daytime sleepiness, night-time sleep, and depressed mood were assessed in 63 HD patients, 21 premanifest mutation carriers and 84 controls. RESULTS Night-time sleep impairment was significantly more prevalent in HD patients compared with controls (58.1% vs. 34.9%, p = 0.012), but daytime sleepiness was not (12.7% vs. 7.9%, p = 0.560). Depression was the only independent correlate of night-time sleep impairment in HD patients, accounting for 10% of the variance. Compared with controls, both sleep onset latency and wake-up time were significantly delayed in HD patients. Moreover, in HD patients, later wake-up time was significantly associated with cognitive score (r = -0.43), total functional capacity (r = -0.54) and depressive symptoms (r = +0.47). In general, the degree of sleep (phase) changes in premanifest mutation carriers lay in between those of HD patients and controls. CONCLUSIONS HD is primarily accompanied by night-time sleep disturbances and a delayed sleep phase, which are associated with depression and lower cognitive as well as functional performance.
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Cemek M, Emin Büyükokuroğlu M, Yürümez Y, Yavuz Y, Aslan A, Büyükben A, Aymelek F. Tissue trace and major element levels in organophosphate insecticide fenthion (Lebaycid) toxicity in rats: prophylactic and therapeutic effect of exogenous melatonin. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2010; 73:206-212. [PMID: 19800688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2008] [Revised: 09/05/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate compounds are very toxic chemicals and used in widespread applications. The present study was designed to examine the role of exogenous melatonin against organophosphate toxicity in tissues (brain, heart, jejunum, kidney, liver, lung, muscle and pancreas) trace and major element levels of rats. Trace and major element concentrations in the tissues were measured in the sham group, the control group, prophylaxis with the melatonin group and therapy with the melatonin group (TM) by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. Statistically significant differences among the experimental groups were detected for some tissue trace and major element concentrations. In the brain tissue, the Al, Mn and Se concentrations in the sham group were significantly higher than those in the control group (p<0.05). In the heart tissue, the Cu, Mn and Se concentrations in the sham group were significantly increased than those in the control group (p<0.05). In the kidney tissue, trace and major element concentrations in the TM group were significantly lower than those in the sham group (Fe and Mn; p<0.05, Cu, Mo, Ni, Ti, V and Zn; p<0.01). In the liver, Mg, Al, Zn and Ca concentrations in the TM group were significantly higher than those in the fenthion-treated control group (p<0.01). In the muscle tissue, element concentrations in the TM group were significantly lower when compared with the sham groups (Ca and Si; p<0.01). The Al, Cr, Mo, Ni, Si and Zn element concentrations were markedly decreased in the control group as compared with the TM group in the pancreas tissue (p<0.01). In conclusion, according to the results of the present study the major findings are that the fenthion-treated rat's tissue element levels were effected and the melatonin may normalize the altered levels of some trace and major elements of the tissues in organophosphate toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Cemek
- Department of Chemistry (Biochemistry Division), Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
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55
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Wisor JP, Jiang P, Striz M, O'Hara BF. Effects of ramelteon and triazolam in a mouse genetic model of early morning awakenings. Brain Res 2009; 1296:46-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.07.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Pandi-Perumal SR, Moscovitch A, Srinivasan V, Spence DW, Cardinali DP, Brown GM. Bidirectional communication between sleep and circadian rhythms and its implications for depression: Lessons from agomelatine. Prog Neurobiol 2009; 88:264-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2008] [Revised: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Gorfine T, Zisapel N. Late evening brain activation patterns and their relation to the internal biological time, melatonin, and homeostatic sleep debt. Hum Brain Mapp 2009; 30:541-52. [PMID: 18095278 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep propensity increases sharply at night. Some evidence implicates the pineal hormone melatonin in this process. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, brain activation during a visual search task was examined at 22:00 h (when endogenous melatonin levels normally increase). The relationships between brain activation, endogenous melatonin (measured in saliva), and self-reported fatigue were assessed. Finally, the effects of exogenous melatonin administered at 22:00 h were studied in a double blind, placebo-controlled crossover manner. We show that brain activation patterns as well as the response to exogenous melatonin significantly differ at night from those seen in afternoon hours. Thus, activation in the rostro-medial and lateral aspects of the occipital cortex and the thalamus diminished at 22:00 h. Activation in the right parietal cortex increased at night and correlated with individual fatigue levels, whereas exogenous melatonin given at 22:00 h reduced activation in this area. The right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, an area considered to reflect homeostatic sleep debt, demonstrated increased activation at 22:00 h. Surprisingly, this increase correlated with endogenous melatonin. These results demonstrate and partially differentiate circadian effects (whether mediated by melatonin or not) and homeostatic sleep debt modulation of human brain activity associated with everyday fatigue at night.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali Gorfine
- Department of Neurobiochemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Hardeland R. New approaches in the management of insomnia: weighing the advantages of prolonged-release melatonin and synthetic melatoninergic agonists. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2009; 5:341-54. [PMID: 19557144 PMCID: PMC2699659 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s4234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypnotic effects of melatonin and melatoninergic drugs are mediated via MT(1) and MT(2) receptors, especially those in the circadian pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which acts on the hypothalamic sleep switch. Therefore, they differ fundamentally from GABAergic hypnotics. Melatoninergic agonists primarily favor sleep initiation and reset the circadian clock to phases allowing persistent sleep, as required in circadian rhythm sleep disorders. A major obstacle for the use of melatonin to support sleep maintenance in primary insomnia results from its short half-life in the circulation. Solutions to this problem have been sought by developing prolonged-release formulations of the natural hormone, or melatoninergic drugs of longer half-life, such as ramelteon, tasimelteon and agomelatine. With all these drugs, improvements of sleep are statistically demonstrable, but remain limited, especially in primary chronic insomnia, so that GABAergic drugs may be indicated. Melatoninergic agonists do not cause next-day hangover and withdrawal effects, or dependence. They do not induce behavioral changes, as sometimes observed with z-drugs. Despite otherwise good tolerability, the use of melatoninergic drugs in children, adolescents, and during pregnancy has been a matter of concern, and should be avoided in autoimmune diseases and Parkinsonism. Problems and limits of melatoninergic hypnotics are compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Germany.
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60
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Abstract
Intensive care subjects the critically ill patient to a multitude of stressors caused by the severity of illness and the use of invasive treatment modalities and medications. The ICU environment contributes significant stress of its own related to noise, light, 24-hour patient care, and other factors that disturb sleep. Consequently, various sleep pathologies may emerge or worsen in the ICU patient. Some sleep disorder symptomatology may be confused with serious neurologic complications of critical illness and lead to inappropriate testing or treatment, particularly in the patient who has narcolepsy. Given the high prevalence of sleep disorders in the general population, it is essential that the ICU practitioner attain an adequate knowledge of sleep and its disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee K Brown
- Program in Sleep Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 1101 Medical Arts Avenue NE, Building #2, Albuquerque, NM 87102, USA.
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61
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Pandi-Perumal SR, Trakht I, Spence DW, Srinivasan V, Dagan Y, Cardinali DP. The roles of melatonin and light in the pathophysiology and treatment of circadian rhythm sleep disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 4:436-47. [PMID: 18628753 DOI: 10.1038/ncpneuro0847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Normal circadian rhythms are synchronized to a regular 24 h environmental light-dark cycle, and the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the hormone melatonin have important roles in this process. Desynchronization of circadian rhythms, as occurs in chronobiological disorders, can produce severe disturbances in sleep patterns. According to the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, circadian rhythm sleep disorders (CRSDs) include delayed sleep phase syndrome, advanced sleep phase syndrome, non-24 h sleep-wake disorder, jet lag and shift-work sleep disorder. Disturbances in the circadian phase position of plasma melatonin levels have been documented in all of these disorders. There is compelling evidence to implicate endogenous melatonin as an important mediator in CRSD pathophysiology, although further research involving large numbers of patients will be required to clarify whether the disruption of melatonin secretion is a causal factor in CRSDs. In this Review, we focus on the use of exogenous melatonin and light therapy to treat the disturbed sleep-wake rhythms seen in CRSDs.
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Mocan MC, Ozgen B, Irkec M. Bilateral orbito-palpebral cysts in a case of cryptophthalmos associated with Fraser syndrome. J AAPOS 2008; 12:210-1. [PMID: 18083592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2007.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2007] [Revised: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A 15-month-old girl was referred for evaluation of congenital absence of both eyelids. Clinical evaluation revealed bilateral total cryptophthalmos and enlarged globes in addition to genitourinary anomalies, umbilical hernia, renal agenesis, and facial anomalies. The clinical findings were consistent with Fraser syndrome. Magnetic resonance imaging of the orbits revealed dysplastic globes that were characterized by cystic expansions that extended laterally anterior to the lateral orbital rim. Bilateral orbito-palpebral cysts that communicate with a dysplastic globe and extend beyond the orbital cavity may be a rare presenting feature of Fraser syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet C Mocan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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63
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Pandi-Perumal SR, Srinivasan V, Spence DW, Cardinali DP. Role of the melatonin system in the control of sleep: therapeutic implications. CNS Drugs 2008; 21:995-1018. [PMID: 18020480 DOI: 10.2165/00023210-200721120-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The circadian rhythm of pineal melatonin secretion, which is controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), is reflective of mechanisms that are involved in the control of the sleep/wake cycle. Melatonin can influence sleep-promoting and sleep/wake rhythm-regulating actions through the specific activation of MT(1) (melatonin 1a) and MT(2) (melatonin 1b) receptors, the two major melatonin receptor subtypes found in mammals. Both receptors are highly concentrated in the SCN. In diurnal animals, exogenous melatonin induces sleep over a wide range of doses. In healthy humans, melatonin also induces sleep, although its maximum hypnotic effectiveness, as shown by studies of the timing of dose administration, is influenced by the circadian phase. In both young and elderly individuals with primary insomnia, nocturnal plasma melatonin levels tend to be lower than those in healthy controls. There are data indicating that, in affected individuals, melatonin therapy may be beneficial for ameliorating insomnia symptoms. Melatonin has been successfully used to treat insomnia in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder or autism, as well as in other neurodevelopmental disorders in which sleep disturbance is commonly reported. In circadian rhythm sleep disorders, such as delayed sleep-phase syndrome, melatonin can significantly advance the phase of the sleep/wake rhythm. Similarly, among shift workers or individuals experiencing jet lag, melatonin is beneficial for promoting adjustment to work schedules and improving sleep quality. The hypnotic and rhythm-regulating properties of melatonin and its agonists (ramelteon, agomelatine) make them an important addition to the armamentarium of drugs for treating primary and secondary insomnia and circadian rhythm sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seithikurippu R Pandi-Perumal
- Comprehensive Center for Sleep Medicine, Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Mt Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.
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64
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Jet lag: therapeutic use of melatonin and possible application of melatonin analogs. Travel Med Infect Dis 2008; 6:17-28. [PMID: 18342269 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2007.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2007] [Revised: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Each year millions of travelers undertake long distance flights over one or more continents. These multiple time zone flights produce a constellation of symptoms known as jet lag. Familiar to almost every intercontinental traveler is the experience of fatigue upon arrival in a new time zone, but almost as problematic are a number of other jet lag symptoms. These include reduced alertness, nighttime insomnia, loss of appetite, depressed mood, poor psychomotor coordination and reduced cognitive skills, all symptoms which are closely affected by both the length and direction of travel. The most important jet lag symptoms are due to disruptions to the body's sleep/wake cycle. Clinical and pathophysiological studies also indicate that jet lag can exacerbate existing affective disorders. It has been suggested that dysregulation of melatonin secretion and occurrence of circadian rhythm disturbances may be the common links which underlie jet lag and affective disorders. Largely because of its regulatory effects on the circadian system, melatonin has proven to be highly effective for treating the range of symptoms that accompany transmeridian air travel. Additionally, it has been found to be of value in treating mood disorders like seasonal affective disorder. Melatonin acts on MT(1) and MT(2) melatonin receptors located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei, the site of the body's master circadian clock. Melatonin resets disturbed circadian rhythms and promotes sleep in jet lag and other circadian rhythm sleep disorders, including delayed sleep phase syndrome and shift-work disorder. Although post-flight melatonin administration works efficiently in transmeridian flights across less than 7-8 times zones, in the case longer distances, melatonin should be given by 2-3 days in advance to the flight. To deal with the unwanted side effects which usually accompany this pre-departure treatment (acute soporific and sedative effects in times that may not be wanted), the suppression of circadian rhythmicity by covering symmetrically the phase delay and the phase advance portions of the phase response curve for light, together with the administration of melatonin at local bedtime to resynchronize the circadian oscillator, have been proposed. The current view that sleep loss is a major cause of jet lag has focused interest on two recently developed pharmacological agents. Ramelteon and agomelatine are melatonin receptor agonists which, compared to melatonin itself, have a longer half-life and greater affinity for melatonin receptors and consequently are thought to hold promise for treating a variety of circadian disruptions.
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65
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Agostino PV, Plano SA, Golombek DA. Sildenafil accelerates reentrainment of circadian rhythms after advancing light schedules. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:9834-9. [PMID: 17519328 PMCID: PMC1887561 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0703388104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian circadian rhythms are generated by a master clock located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei and entrained by light-activated signaling pathways. In hamsters, the mechanism responsible for light-induced phase advances involves the activation of guanylyl cyclase, cGMP and its related kinase (PKG). It is not completely known whether interference with this pathway affects entrainment of the clock, including adaptation to changing light schedules. Here we report that cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase 5 is present in the hamster suprachiasmatic nuclei, and administration of the inhibitor sildenafil (3.5 mg/kg, i.p.) enhances circadian responses to light and decreases the amount of time necessary for reentrainment after phase advances of the light-dark cycle. These results suggest that sildenafil may be useful for treatment of circadian adaptation to environmental changes, including transmeridian eastbound flight schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia V. Agostino
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, 1876 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago A. Plano
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, 1876 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego A. Golombek
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, 1876 Buenos Aires, Argentina
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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66
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Wakatsuki Y, Kudo T, Shibata S. Constant light housing during nursing causes human DSPS (delayed sleep phase syndrome) behaviour in Clock-mutant mice. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 25:2413-24. [PMID: 17445238 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05490.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS) is very often seen among patients with sleep-wake rhythm disorders. Humans with the 3111C allele of the human Clock gene tend to demonstrate a higher evening preference on the morningness-eveningness (ME) preference test. DSPS is thought to be an extreme form of this evening preference. Clock-mutant mice have been proposed as an animal model of evening preference. In this study, we looked at whether constant light (LL) housing of Clock-mutant mice during lactation would result in evening preference and/or DSPS. Housed under light-dark (LD) or constant dark (DD) conditions during the lactation period, both wild-type and Clock-mutant mice did not show a phase-delay in the locomotor activity measured under light-dark conditions, whereas constant light housing during lactation significantly caused a delayed onset. The magnitude of the delay during the light-dark cycle was positively associated with free-running period measured during constant darkness. Among wild, heterozygote, and homozygote pups born from heterozygous dams, only homozygote pups showed a delayed onset. Constant light-housed Clock-mutant mice exhibited a lower number and delayed peak of phospho-MAPK-immunoreactive cells in core regions of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) compared to light-dark housed wild-type or Clock-mutant mice. Activity onset returned to normal with daily melatonin injection at the lights-off time for 5 days. The present results demonstrate that Clock-mutant mice exposed to constant light during lactation can function as an animal model of DSPS and can be used to gain an understanding of the ethological aspects of DSPS as well as to find medication for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Wakatsuki
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Higashifushimi 2-7-5, Nishitokyo, 202-0021 Japan
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67
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Paredes SD, Terrón MP, Valero V, Barriga C, Reiter RJ, Rodríguez AB. Orally Administered Melatonin Improves Nocturnal Rest in Young and Old Ringdoves (Streptopelia risoria). Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2007; 100:258-68. [PMID: 17371530 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2006.00032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin possesses chronobiotic properties, which affects sleep/wake rhythms. We investigated a 7-day administration of melatonin (0.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg body weight) on the activity/rest rhythms of a diurnal animal (the ringdove, Streptopelia risoria), aged 2-3 (young) and 10-12 (old) years, and its possible relationship with the serum levels of melatonin and serotonin. Total nocturnal and diurnal activity pulses were logged at basal, during, and up to 7 days after the treatments. The animals received 0.1 ml of melatonin orally 1 hr before lights off. The results showed that the administration of whichever melatonin dose decreased both diurnal and nocturnal old ringdove activity, the reduction being larger at night. The young animals also reduced their nocturnal activity with all three melatonin concentrations, whereas their diurnal activity only decreased with the 2.5 and 5 mg/kg body weight treatments. We chose those treatments that gave the best results in terms of nocturnal rest and the least affected diurnal activity (0.25 mg/kg body weight and 2.5 mg/kg in the young and old animals, respectively). Serum melatonin was measured by radioimmunoassay and serotonin by ELISA. In both age groups, the treatment increased both nocturnal and diurnal melatonin levels, with the effect continuing until 1 day after the last dose. Serum serotonin levels were unaffected by the treatments in either age group. The treatment restored the amplitude of the serum melatonin rhythm in the old animals to that of the young group. In summary, treatment with melatonin may be appropriate to improve nocturnal rest, and beneficial as a therapy for sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio D Paredes
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
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68
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Abstract
The number of travellers undertaking long-distance flights has continued to increase. Such flights are associated with travel fatigue and jet lag, the symptoms of which are considered here, along with their similarities, differences, and causes. Difficulties with jet lag because of sleep loss and decreased performance are emphasised. Since jet lag is caused mainly by inappropriate timing of the body clock in the new time zone, the pertinent properties of the body clock are outlined, with a description of how the body clock can be adjusted. The methods, both pharmacological and behavioural, that have been used to alleviate the negative results of time-zone transitions, are reviewed. The results form the rationale for advice to travellers flying in different directions and crossing several time zones. Finally, there is an account of the main problems that remain unresolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Waterhouse
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Henry Cotton Campus, Liverpool L3 2ET, UK.
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69
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Heredia-Moya J, Hayakawa Y, Kirk KL. Syntheses of 7-fluoro- and 6,7-difluoroserotonin and 7-fluoro- and 6,7-difluoromelatonin. J Fluor Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2006.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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70
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Abstract
Melatonin is a ubiquitous molecule and widely distributed in nature, with functional activity occurring in unicellular organisms, plants, fungi and animals. In most vertebrates, including humans, melatonin is synthesized primarily in the pineal gland and is regulated by the environmental light/dark cycle via the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Pinealocytes function as 'neuroendocrine transducers' to secrete melatonin during the dark phase of the light/dark cycle and, consequently, melatonin is often called the 'hormone of darkness'. Melatonin is principally secreted at night and is centrally involved in sleep regulation, as well as in a number of other cyclical bodily activities. Melatonin is exclusively involved in signaling the 'time of day' and 'time of year' (hence considered to help both clock and calendar functions) to all tissues and is thus considered to be the body's chronological pacemaker or 'Zeitgeber'. Synthesis of melatonin also occurs in other areas of the body, including the retina, the gastrointestinal tract, skin, bone marrow and in lymphocytes, from which it may influence other physiological functions through paracrine signaling. Melatonin has also been extracted from the seeds and leaves of a number of plants and its concentration in some of this material is several orders of magnitude higher than its night-time plasma value in humans. Melatonin participates in diverse physiological functions. In addition to its timekeeping functions, melatonin is an effective antioxidant which scavenges free radicals and up-regulates several antioxidant enzymes. It also has a strong antiapoptotic signaling function, an effect which it exerts even during ischemia. Melatonin's cytoprotective properties have practical implications in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Melatonin also has immune-enhancing and oncostatic properties. Its 'chronobiotic' properties have been shown to have value in treating various circadian rhythm sleep disorders, such as jet lag or shift-work sleep disorder. Melatonin acting as an 'internal sleep facilitator' promotes sleep, and melatonin's sleep-facilitating properties have been found to be useful for treating insomnia symptoms in elderly and depressive patients. A recently introduced melatonin analog, agomelatine, is also efficient for the treatment of major depressive disorder and bipolar affective disorder. Melatonin's role as a 'photoperiodic molecule' in seasonal reproduction has been established in photoperiodic species, although its regulatory influence in humans remains under investigation. Taken together, this evidence implicates melatonin in a broad range of effects with a significant regulatory influence over many of the body's physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Pandi-Perumal
- Comprehensive Center for Sleep Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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71
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Miyamoto M. Effect of ramelteon (TAK-375), a selective MT1/MT2 receptor agonist, on motor performance in mice. Neurosci Lett 2006; 402:201-4. [PMID: 16730121 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2005] [Revised: 01/27/2006] [Accepted: 02/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Effect of (S)-N-[2-(1,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2H-indeno-[5,4-b]furan-8-yl)ethyl]propionamide (ramelteon, TAK-375), a selective MT1/MT2 receptor agonist, on motor coordination was studied using rota-rod performance in mice. Ramelteon did not impair rota-rod performance at doses of 3, 10 and 30 mg/kg, p.o. Melatonin and N-acetyl-5-hydroxytryptamine (N-acetyl-5-HT), a ligand of MT3 biding site, also had no impairment on the performance, per se. However, in combination with a low dose of diazepam (3mg/kg, p.o.), treatment with melatonin and N-acetyl-5-HT exacerbated the impairment by diazepam. Ramelteon had no significant effect on the diazepam-induced impairment of motor coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaomi Miyamoto
- Pharmacology Research Laboratories III, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Osaka 532-8686, Japan.
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72
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Gorfine T, Assaf Y, Goshen-Gottstein Y, Yeshurun Y, Zisapel N. Sleep-anticipating effects of melatonin in the human brain. Neuroimage 2006; 31:410-8. [PMID: 16427787 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2005] [Revised: 11/14/2005] [Accepted: 11/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin, the hormone produced nocturnally by the pineal gland, is an endogenous regulator of the sleep-wake cycle. The effects of melatonin on brain activities and their relation to induction of sleepiness were studied in a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study. Melatonin, but not placebo, reduced task-related activity in the rostro-medial aspect of the occipital cortex during a visual-search task and in the auditory cortex during a music task. These effects correlated with subjective measurements of fatigue. In addition, melatonin enhanced the activation in the left parahippocampus in an autobiographic memory task. Results demonstrate that melatonin modulates brain activity in a manner resembling actual sleep although subjects are fully awake. Furthermore, the fatigue inducing effect of melatonin on brain activity is essentially different from that of sleep deprivation thus revealing differences between fatigues related to the circadian sleep regulation as opposed to increased homeostatic sleep need. Our findings highlight the role of melatonin in priming sleep-associated brain activation patterns in anticipation of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali Gorfine
- Department of Neurobiochemistry, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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73
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Fuchs E, Simon M, Schmelting B. Pharmacology of a new antidepressant: benefit of the implication of the melatonergic system. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2006; 21 Suppl 1:S17-20. [PMID: 16436935 DOI: 10.1097/01.yic.0000199456.39552.c7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The limitations of current antidepressant medications merit the exploration of alternative agents with novel antidepressant mechanisms of action. The established clinical finding that desynchronization of internal rhythms plays an important role in the pathophysiology of depressive disorders has stimulated the idea that resetting normal circadian rhythms may have antidepressant potential. Recent experiments using the novel melatonin receptor agonist and serotonin 2 (5-HT2c) receptor antagonist agomelatine (S20098; N[2-(7-methoxy-1-naphthyl)ethyl]- acetamide) revealed a notable chronobiotic activity and clear antidepressant-like effects in a variety of preclinical models. Binding studies performed in vitro proved that agomelatine is a high-affinity agonist at both the melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptor types. In addition, these studies revealed that agomelatine, in contrast to melatonin, blocks 5-HT2c receptors with significant affinity. Antagonism of 5-HT2c receptors is reported for various established antidepressant compounds. The antidepressant properties of agomelatine are thus based on its melatonergic actions and 5-HT2c receptor antagonism.
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MESH Headings
- Acetamides/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antidepressive Agents/pharmacology
- Biological Clocks/drug effects
- Biological Clocks/physiology
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/physiopathology
- Depressive Disorder, Major/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Drugs, Investigational/pharmacology
- Humans
- Melatonin/blood
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/agonists
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/physiology
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/agonists
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/physiology
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C/physiology
- Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists
- Tupaiidae
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Affiliation(s)
- Eberhard Fuchs
- Clinical Neurobiology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Göttingen bDepartment of Neurology, Medical School, University of Göttingen.
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74
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Abstract
Sleep disorders are common among the elderly and are associated with diminished quality of life, increased risk for development of psychiatric disorders, inappropriate use of sleep aids, and decreased daytime functioning. The most common and important sleep disorders in the elderly include insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, restless legs syndrome, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, and the advanced sleep phase syndrome. In this article, we summarize the current treatment strategies for each of these sleep-related disorders. Before contemplating specific treatments, the authors recommend that more conservative and nonpharmacologic therapies be attempted first because the elderly are more likely to have medication side effects or complications related to surgery. Many sleep problems can be treated by simple sleep hygiene modifications that can be implemented and adopted easily. For others, therapies that specifically consider older adults may be required. For each of the sleep disorders we provide an updated discussion of therapies beginning with diet and lifestyle, pharmacologic treatment, interventional procedures, surgery, assistive devices, physical and speech therapy, exercise, and emerging therapies with specific considerations for older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Harrington
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Health Systems, 8D-8702 University Hospital, Box 0117, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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75
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Pandi-Perumal SR, Zisapel N, Srinivasan V, Cardinali DP. Melatonin and sleep in aging population. Exp Gerontol 2005; 40:911-25. [PMID: 16183237 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2005.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2005] [Revised: 08/04/2005] [Accepted: 08/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The neurohormone melatonin is released from the pineal gland in close association with the light-dark cycle. There is a temporal relationship between the nocturnal rise in melatonin secretion and the 'opening of the sleep gate' at night. This association, as well as the sleep promoting effect of exogenous melatonin, implicates the pineal product in the physiological regulation of sleep. Aging is associated with a significant reduction in sleep continuity and quality. A decreased production of melatonin with age is documented in a majority of studies. Diminished nocturnal melatonin secretion with severe disturbances in sleep/wake rhythm has been consistently reported in Alzheimer's disease (AD). A recent survey on the effects of melatonin in sleep disturbances, including all age groups, failed to document significant and clinically meaningful effects of exogenous melatonin on sleep quality, efficiency and latency. However, in clinical trials involving elderly insomniacs and AD patients suffering from sleep disturbances exogenous melatonin has repeatedly been found to be effective in improving sleep. The results indicate that exogenous melatonin is more effective to promote sleep in the presence of a diminished production of endogenous melatonin. A MT1/MT2 receptor analog of melatonin (ramelteon) has recently been introduced as a new type of hypnotics with no evidence of abuse or dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Pandi-Perumal
- Comprehensive Center for Sleep Medicine; Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1176 - 5th Avenue, 6th Floor, NY 10029, USA
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76
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Czeisler CA, Walsh JK, Roth T, Hughes RJ, Wright KP, Kingsbury L, Arora S, Schwartz JRL, Niebler GE, Dinges DF. Modafinil for excessive sleepiness associated with shift-work sleep disorder. N Engl J Med 2005; 353:476-86. [PMID: 16079371 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa041292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with shift-work sleep disorder chronically have excessive sleepiness during night work and insomnia when attempting to sleep during the day. We evaluated the use of modafinil for treating sleepiness in patients with this disorder. METHODS In a three-month, double-blind trial, we randomly assigned 209 patients with shift-work sleep disorder to receive either 200 mg of modafinil or placebo before the start of each shift. Assessments were performed with the use of the nighttime Multiple Sleep Latency Test, the Clinical Global Impression of Change, the Psychomotor Vigilance Test, diaries of patients, and daytime polysomnography. After randomization, we conducted monthly assessments. RESULTS Treatment with modafinil, as compared with placebo, resulted in a modest improvement from baseline in mean (+/-SEM) nighttime sleep latency (the interval between the time a person attempts to fall asleep and the onset of sleep) (1.7+/-0.4 vs. 0.3+/-0.3 minutes, respectively; P=0.002), and more patients had improvement in their clinical symptoms (74 percent vs. 36 percent, respectively; P<0.001). Patients who were receiving modafinil also had a reduction in the frequency and duration of lapses of attention during nighttime testing of their performance on the Psychomotor Vigilance Test (change from baseline, a reduction in lapse frequency of 2.6 vs. an increase of 3.8, respectively; P<0.001), and proportionally fewer patients reported having had accidents or near accidents while commuting home (29 percent vs. 54 percent, respectively; P<0.001). Despite these benefits, patients treated with modafinil continued to have excessive sleepiness and impaired performance at night. Modafinil did not adversely affect daytime sleep as compared with placebo. Headache was the most common adverse event. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with 200 mg of modafinil reduced the extreme sleepiness that we observed in patients with shift-work sleep disorder and resulted in a small but significant improvement in performance as compared with placebo. However, the residual sleepiness that was observed in the treated patients underscores the need for the development of interventions that are even more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Czeisler
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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77
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Bedini A, Di Giacomo B, Gatti G, Spadoni G. Synthesis and conformational study of 3,4-carbocyclic bridged indole melatonin and serotonin analogues. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:4651-7. [PMID: 15916895 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2005] [Revised: 04/19/2005] [Accepted: 04/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tetrahydrobenz[cd]indole, has been usually assumed to be a rigid scaffold of arylethylamines of pharmaceutical interest, such as melatonin and serotonin. A series of molecules containing this scaffold has been synthesized and their conformation in solution has been determined by 1H NMR. The values of the coupling constants show that the carbocycle fused with the indole ring is a mixture of the two conformers with substituent in equatorial or axial orientation. The molar fraction of the conformers appears to be sensibly affected by the bulkiness of the C-2 indole substituent. A pseudo-axial orientation of the C-3 alkylamido side chain is important for melatonin ligands to access the binding site and exhibit potent in vitro affinity, as illustrated for melatonin ligand 1 (pK(i)=9.32).
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalida Bedini
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
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78
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Lucini V, Pannacci M, Scaglione F, Fraschini F, Rivara S, Mor M, Bordi F, Plazzi PV, Spadoni G, Bedini A, Piersanti G, Diamantini G, Tarzia G. Tricyclic alkylamides as melatonin receptor ligands with antagonist or inverse agonist activity. J Med Chem 2004; 47:4202-12. [PMID: 15293992 DOI: 10.1021/jm040768k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the design and synthesis of novel alkylamides, characterized by a dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene nucleus, as melatonin (MLT) receptor ligands. The tricyclic scaffold was chosen on the basis of previous quantitative structure-activity studies on MT1 and MT2 antagonists, relating selective MT2 antagonism to the presence of an aromatic substituent out of the plane of the MLT indole ring. Some dibenzo seven-membered structures were thus selected because of the noncoplanar arrangement of their benzene rings, and an alkylamide chain was introduced to fit the requirements for MLT receptor binding, namely, dibenzocycloheptenes with an acylaminoalkyl side chain at position 10 and dibenzoazepines with this side chain originating from the nitrogen atom bridging the two phenyl rings. Binding affinity at human cloned MT1 and MT2 receptors was measured by 2-[125I]iodomelatonin displacement assay and intrinsic activity by the GTPgammaS test. The majority of the compounds were characterized by higher affinity at the MT2 than at the MT1 receptor and by very low intrinsic activity values, thus confirming the importance of the noncoplanar arrangement of the two aromatic rings for selective MT2 antagonism. Dibenzocycloheptenes generally displayed higher MT1 and MT 2affinity than dibenzoazepines. N-(8-Methoxy-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-10-ylmethyl)propionamide (4c) and -butyramide (4d) were the most selective MT2 receptor antagonists of the series, with MT2 receptor affinity comparable to that of melatonin and as such among the highest reported in the literature for MLT receptor antagonists. The acetamide derivative 4b produced a noticeable reduction of GTPgammaS binding at MT2 receptor, thus being among the few inverse agonists described.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding, Competitive
- Cells, Cultured
- Dibenzocycloheptenes/chemical synthesis
- Dibenzocycloheptenes/chemistry
- Dibenzocycloheptenes/pharmacology
- Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)/metabolism
- Humans
- Ligands
- Mice
- Models, Molecular
- Polyunsaturated Alkamides
- Radioligand Assay
- Rats
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/agonists
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/agonists
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Lucini
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Chemioterapia e Tossicologia Medica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, I-20129 Milano, Italy
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79
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Koteja P, Swallow JG, Carter PA, Garland T. Different effects of intensity and duration of locomotor activity on circadian period. J Biol Rhythms 2004; 18:491-501. [PMID: 14667150 DOI: 10.1177/0748730403256998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An outstanding unresolved issue in chronobiology is how the level of locomotor activity influences length of the free-running, endogenous circadian period (tau). To address this issue, the authors studied a novel model, 4 replicate lines of laboratory house mice (Mus domesticus) that had been selectively bred for high wheel-running activity (S) and their 4 unselected control (C) lines. Previous work indicates that S mice run approximately twice as many revolutions/day and exhibit an altered dopaminergic function as compared with C mice. The authors report that S mice have a tau shorter by about 0.5 h as compared with C mice. The difference in tau was significant both under constant light (control lines: tau = 25.5 h; selected: tau = 24.9 h) and under constant dark (control lines: 23.7 h; selected: 23.4 h). Moreover, the difference remained statistically significant even when the effects of running speed and time spent running were controlled in ANCOVA. Thus, something more fundamental than just intensity or duration of wheel-running activity per se must underlie the difference in tau between the S and C lines. However, despite significant difference in total wheel-running activity between females and males, tau did not differ between the sexes. Similarly, among individuals within lines, tau was not correlated with wheel-running activity measured as total revolutions per day. Instead, tau tended to decrease with average running speed but increase with time spent running. Finally, within individuals, an increase in time spent running resulted in decreased tau in the next few days, but changes in running speed had no statistically significant effect. The distinctions between effects of duration versus intensity of an activity, as well as between the among- versus within-individual correlations, are critical to understanding the relation between locomotor activity and pace of the circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Koteja
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Ingardena 6, 30-060 Kraków, Poland.
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80
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Abstract
The pineal hormone, melatonin, has widespread effects on the body. The aim of this review is to consider the specific interactions between melatonin and human physiological functions associated with sport and exercise medicine. Separate researchers have reported that melatonin concentrations increase, decrease and remain unaffected by bouts of exercise. Such conflicting findings may be explained by inter-study differences in lighting conditions and the time of day the study participants have exercised. Age and fitness status have also been identified as intervening factors in exercise-mediated changes in melatonin concentration. The administration of exogenous melatonin leads to hypnotic and hypothermic responses in humans, which can be linked to immediate reductions in short-term mental and physical performance. Depending on the dose of melatonin, these effects may still be apparent 3-5 hours after administration for some types of cognitive performance, but effects on physical performance seem more short-lived. The hypothesis that the hypothermic effects of melatonin lead to improved endurance performance in hot environments is not supported by evidence from studies involving military recruits who exercised at relatively low intensities. Nevertheless, no research group has examined such a hypothesis with athletes as study participants and with the associated more intense levels of exercise. The fact that melatonin has also been found to preserve muscle and liver glycogen in exercised rats adds weight to the notion that melatonin might affect endurance exercise in humans. Melatonin has been successfully used to alleviate jet lag symptoms of travellers and there is also a smaller amount of evidence that the hormone helps shiftworkers adjust to nocturnal regimens. Nevertheless, the symptoms of jet lag and shiftwork problems have primarily included sleep characteristics rather than performance variables. The few studies that have involved athletes and performance-related symptoms have produced equivocal results. Melatonin has also been found to be useful for treating some sleeping disorders, but interactions between sleep, melatonin and exercise have not been studied extensively with trained study participants. It is unknown whether melatonin plays a role in some exercise training-related problems such as amenorrhoea and over-training syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Atkinson
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK.
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81
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Erren TC, Reiter RJ, Piekarski C. Light, timing of biological rhythms, and chronodisruption in man. Naturwissenschaften 2003; 90:485-94. [PMID: 14610644 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-003-0468-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews abundant evidence suggesting that causes and course of aging and cancers can be considered as being both light- and rhythm-related. We define chronodisruption as a relevant disturbance of orderly biological rhythms over days and seasons and years in man. Light is the primary external mediator and melatonin a primary internal intermediary of such disturbances, which can result in earlier deaths via premature aging and cancers. We conclude that experimental and epidemiological research can provide further insights into common denominators of these chronic processes and may offer novel and uniform targets for prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Erren
- Institute and Polyclinic for Occupational and Social Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 9, 50924, Cologne, Germany.
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82
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Zambon AC, McDearmon EL, Salomonis N, Vranizan KM, Johansen KL, Adey D, Takahashi JS, Schambelan M, Conklin BR. Time- and exercise-dependent gene regulation in human skeletal muscle. Genome Biol 2003; 4:R61. [PMID: 14519196 PMCID: PMC328450 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2003-4-10-r61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2003] [Revised: 08/12/2003] [Accepted: 08/18/2003] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle remodeling is a critical component of an organism's response to environmental changes. Exercise causes structural changes in muscle and can induce phase shifts in circadian rhythms, fluctuations in physiology and behavior with a period of around 24 hours that are maintained by a core clock mechanism. Both exercise-induced remodeling and circadian rhythms rely on the transcriptional regulation of key genes. RESULTS We used DNA microarrays to determine the effects of resistance exercise (RE) on gene regulation in biopsy samples of human quadriceps muscle obtained 6 and 18 hours after an acute bout of isotonic exercise with one leg. We also profiled diurnal gene regulation at the same time points (2000 and 0800 hours) in the non-exercised leg. Comparison of our results with published circadian gene profiles in mice identified 44 putative genes that were regulated in a circadian fashion. We then used quantitative PCR to validate the circadian expression of selected gene orthologs in mouse skeletal muscle. CONCLUSIONS The coordinated regulation of the circadian clock genes Cry1, Per2, and Bmal1 6 hours after RE and diurnal genes 18 hours after RE in the exercised leg suggest that RE may directly modulate circadian rhythms in human skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Zambon
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94141, USA
| | - Erin L McDearmon
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Nathan Salomonis
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94141, USA
| | - Karen M Vranizan
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94141, USA
- Functional Genomics Lab, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kirsten L Johansen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94141, USA
| | - Deborah Adey
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94141, USA
| | - Joseph S Takahashi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Morris Schambelan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94141, USA
| | - Bruce R Conklin
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94141, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94141, USA
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83
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Abstract
What is the effect of melatonin on jet lag syndrome? Jet lag desynchronizes the internal sleep-wakefulness cycle with the environmental light/dark cycle. Advance (but not delay) of light onset is known to abolish pineal N-acetyltransferase activity and urine excretion of 6-sulphatoxymelatonin. Measurements of pineal serotonin, the substrate of melatonin biosynthesis; N-acetylserotonin (NAS), the immediate melatonin precursor; and melatonin (high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorimetric method) in the animal (rat) model of jet lag revealed that prolonged delay of dark-phase onset disrupted the rhytms in comparable ways as the advance of light-phase onset. Advance of dark phase onset resulted in less severe disturbances of rhythms as compared with the advance of light phase onset. Melatonin, but not NAS, injections at the beginning of a new dark period accelerated recovery of NAS and melatonin, but not serotonin, rhythms. Spontaneously hypertensive rats were more sensitive to advance of light onset and less responsive to melatonin injections than normotensive rats. NAS and methylene blue, an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A, attenuated light-induced disruption of NAS but not melatonin rhythms. We draw the following conclusions from our data: the beginning of the dark period may be preferable to the beginning of light period as the arrival time on eastward flights; the efficacy of melatonin in alleviating jet lag may be enhanced by administering it before, during and after rapid transition through time zones; and hypertension may exaggerate jet lag syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory F Oxenkrug
- Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02135, USA.
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84
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Zisapel N. Melatonin-dopamine interactions: from basic neurochemistry to a clinical setting. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2001; 21:605-16. [PMID: 12043836 DOI: 10.1023/a:1015187601628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
To review the interaction between melatonin and the dopaminergic system in the hypothalamus and striatum and its potential clinical use in dopamine-related disorders in the central nervous system. Medline-based search on melatonin-dopamine interactions in mammals. Melatonin. the hormone produced by the pineal gland at night. influences circadian and seasonal rhythms, most notably the sleep-wake cycle and seasonal reproduction. The neurochemical basis of these activities is not understood yet. Inhibition of dopamine release by melatonin has been demonstrated in specific areas of the mammalian central nervous system (hypothalamus, hippocampus, medulla-pons, and retina). Antidopaminergic activities of melatonin have been demonstrated in the striatum. Dopaminergic transmission has a pivotal role in circadian entrainment of the fetus, in coordination of body movement and reproduction. Recent findings indicate that melatonin may modulate dopaminergic pathways involved in movement disorders in humans. In Parkinson patients melatonin may, on the one hand, exacerbate symptoms (because of its putative interference with dopamine release) and, on the other, protect against neurodegeneration (by virtue of its antioxidant properties and its effects on mitochondrial activity). Melatonin appears to be effective in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia. a severe movement disorder associated with long-term blockade of the postsynaptic dopamine D2 receptor by antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenic patients. The interaction of melatonin with the dopaminergic system may play a significant role in the nonphotic and photic entrainment of the biological clock as well as in the fine-tuning of motor coordination in the striatum. These interactions and the antioxidant nature of melatonin may be beneficial in the treatment of dopamine-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Zisapel
- Department of Neurobiochemistry, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
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