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Friedrich M, Rüst CA, Rosemann T, Knechtle P, Barandun U, Lepers R, Knechtle B. A Comparison of Anthropometric and Training Characteristics between Female and Male Half-Marathoners and the Relationship to Race Time. Asian J Sports Med 2013; 5:10-20. [PMID: 24868427 PMCID: PMC4009083 DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.34175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Lower limb skin-fold thicknesses have been differentially associated with sex in elite runners. Front thigh and medial calf skin-fold appear to be related to 1,500m and 10,000m time in men but 400m time in women. The aim of the present study was to compare anthropometric and training characteristics in recreational female and male half-marathoners. Methods The association between both anthropometry and training characteristics and race time was investigated in 83 female and 147 male recreational half marathoners using bi- and multi-variate analyses. Results In men, body fat percentage (β=0.6), running speed during training (β=-3.7), and body mass index (β=1.9) were related to half-marathon race time after multi-variate analysis. After exclusion of body mass index, r2 decreased from 0.51 to 0.49, but body fat percentage (β=0.8) and running speed during training (β=-4.1) remained predictive. In women, body fat percentage (β=0.75) and speed during training (β=-6.5) were related to race time (r2=0.73). For women, the exclusion of body mass index had no consequence on the predictive variables for half-marathon race time. Conclusion To summarize, in both female and male recreational half-marathoners, both body fat percentage and running speed during training sessions were related to half-marathon race times when corrected with co-variates after multi-variate regression analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Friedrich
- Institute of General Practice and for Health Services Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph A. Rüst
- Institute of General Practice and for Health Services Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of General Practice and for Health Services Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Ursula Barandun
- Institute of General Practice and for Health Services Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Romuald Lepers
- INSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of General Practice and for Health Services Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Gesundheitszentrum St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Address: Facharzt FMH für Allgemeinmedizin, Gesundheitszentrum St. Gallen, Vadianstrasse 26, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The primary focus of this brief review is to describe the effect of carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation alone or in combination with protein on two responses during postexercise recovery that are not specifically related to the usual emphasis on glycogen resynthesis; that is, rapid postexercise rehydration, and recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage. RECENT FINDINGS Evidence from postexercise rapid rehydration studies suggests that the addition of CHO to a rehydration solution may increase the rate of fluid restoration compared with water placebo. Adding protein to a CHO solution may further accentuate the beneficial effects. An additional postexercise concern for active individuals is the development of postexercise muscle soreness, a response that is pronounced with novel, eccentric exercise. Ingestion of CHO supplements, especially those combined with protein may help to minimize the exercise-induced muscle damage that is accompanied by muscle soreness, and reduced muscle function. SUMMARY The practical implications of these findings are that CHO supplementation, especially in combination with protein, can enhance the rate of recovery relative to fluid balance and muscle damage; thus, these nutritional interventions should be considered for purposes in addition to the usual focus on glycogen resynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel B Mitchell
- Kinesiology Department, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, USA.
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Blaak EE, Antoine JM, Benton D, Björck I, Bozzetto L, Brouns F, Diamant M, Dye L, Hulshof T, Holst JJ, Lamport DJ, Laville M, Lawton CL, Meheust A, Nilson A, Normand S, Rivellese AA, Theis S, Torekov SS, Vinoy S. Impact of postprandial glycaemia on health and prevention of disease. Obes Rev 2012; 13:923-84. [PMID: 22780564 PMCID: PMC3494382 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2012.01011.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Postprandial glucose, together with related hyperinsulinemia and lipidaemia, has been implicated in the development of chronic metabolic diseases like obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this review, available evidence is discussed on postprandial glucose in relation to body weight control, the development of oxidative stress, T2DM, and CVD and in maintaining optimal exercise and cognitive performance. There is mechanistic evidence linking postprandial glycaemia or glycaemic variability to the development of these conditions or in the impairment in cognitive and exercise performance. Nevertheless, postprandial glycaemia is interrelated with many other (risk) factors as well as to fasting glucose. In many studies, meal-related glycaemic response is not sufficiently characterized, or the methodology with respect to the description of food or meal composition, or the duration of the measurement of postprandial glycaemia is limited. It is evident that more randomized controlled dietary intervention trials using effective low vs. high glucose response diets are necessary in order to draw more definite conclusions on the role of postprandial glycaemia in relation to health and disease. Also of importance is the evaluation of the potential role of the time course of postprandial glycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition & Toxicology Research and Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht UniversityMaastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | - D Benton
- Department of Psychology, University of SwanseaWales, UK
| | - I Björck
- Division of Applied Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund UniversityLund, Sweden
| | - L Bozzetto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Federico IINaples, Italy
| | - F Brouns
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition & Toxicology Research and Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht UniversityMaastricht, the Netherlands
| | - M Diamant
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical CenterAmsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - L Dye
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of LeedsLeeds, UK
| | - T Hulshof
- Kellogg EuropeDen Bosch, the Netherlands
| | - J J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre of Basic Metabolic Research, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - D J Lamport
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of LeedsLeeds, UK
| | - M Laville
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Rhône-Alpes, Center for European Nutrition, Safety and Health, Centre Hospitalier Lyon SudLyon, France
| | - C L Lawton
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of LeedsLeeds, UK
| | | | - A Nilson
- Division of Applied Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund UniversityLund, Sweden
| | - S Normand
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Rhône-Alpes, Center for European Nutrition, Safety and Health, Centre Hospitalier Lyon SudLyon, France
| | - A A Rivellese
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Federico IINaples, Italy
| | - S Theis
- Südzucker/BENEO GroupObrigheim, Germany
| | - S S Torekov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre of Basic Metabolic Research, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Vinoy
- Kraft Foods, R&D Centre, Nutrition DepartmentSaclay, France
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Delextrat A, Calleja-González J, Hippocrate A, Clarke ND. Effects of sports massage and intermittent cold-water immersion on recovery from matches by basketball players. J Sports Sci 2012; 31:11-9. [PMID: 22935028 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2012.719241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of intermittent cold-water immersion and massage on perceptual and performance markers of recovery by basketball players after competitive matches. Eight men (age 23 ± 3 years; stature 190.5 ± 8.9 cm; body mass 90.3 ± 9.6 kg; body fat 12.8 ± 4.8%) and eight women (age 22 ± 2 years; stature 179.0 ± 8.5 cm; body mass 77.6 ± 9.2 kg; body fat 22.5 ± 6.6%) basketball players participated. Massage, cold-water immersion or control were applied immediately after competitive matches, followed by assessments of perceptual measures of recovery and physical performance, countermovement jump and repeated-sprint ability 24 h after intervention. There was lower perception of fatigue overall and in the legs immediately after the massage and cold-water immersion condition (P < 0.001; η²(P) = 0.91). Furthermore, women had a lower perception of fatigue in cold-water immersion than massage at any testing time (P < 0.001; η²(P) = 0.37). Jump performance was greater after cold-water immersion than the control condition (P = 0.037, η²(P) = 0.37). There was no effect of any of the recovery interventions on repeated-sprint measures (P at best 0.067, η²(P) at best 0.68). The results suggest that both massage and cold-water immersion improve perceptual measures of recovery. Furthermore, cold-water immersion improves jump performance although neither such immersion nor massage had an effect on repeated-sprint ability. This suggests that, overall, cold-water immersion is more useful than massage in the recovery from basketball matches, especially in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Delextrat
- Faculty of Life Sciences, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK.
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van Wijck K, Lenaerts K, Grootjans J, Wijnands KAP, Poeze M, van Loon LJC, Dejong CHC, Buurman WA. Physiology and pathophysiology of splanchnic hypoperfusion and intestinal injury during exercise: strategies for evaluation and prevention. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 303:G155-68. [PMID: 22517770 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00066.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Physical exercise places high demands on the adaptive capacity of the human body. Strenuous physical performance increases the blood supply to active muscles, cardiopulmonary system, and skin to meet the altered demands for oxygen and nutrients. The redistribution of blood flow, necessary for such an increased blood supply to the periphery, significantly reduces blood flow to the gut, leading to hypoperfusion and gastrointestinal (GI) compromise. A compromised GI system can have a negative impact on exercise performance and subsequent postexercise recovery due to abdominal distress and impairments in the uptake of fluid, electrolytes, and nutrients. In addition, strenuous physical exercise leads to loss of epithelial integrity, which may give rise to increased intestinal permeability with bacterial translocation and inflammation. Ultimately, these effects can deteriorate postexercise recovery and disrupt exercise training routine. This review provides an overview on the recent advances in our understanding of GI physiology and pathophysiology in relation to strenuous exercise. Various approaches to determine the impact of exercise on the individual athlete's GI tract are discussed. In addition, we elaborate on several promising components that could be exploited for preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim van Wijck
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Barandun U, Knechtle B, Knechtle P, Klipstein A, Rüst CA, Rosemann T, Lepers R. Running speed during training and percent body fat predict race time in recreational male marathoners. Open Access J Sports Med 2012; 3:51-8. [PMID: 24198587 PMCID: PMC3781899 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s33284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that personal best marathon time is a strong predictor of race time in male ultramarathoners. We aimed to determine variables predictive of marathon race time in recreational male marathoners by using the same characteristics of anthropometry and training as used for ultramarathoners. METHODS Anthropometric and training characteristics of 126 recreational male marathoners were bivariately and multivariately related to marathon race times. RESULTS After multivariate regression, running speed of the training units (β = -0.52, P < 0.0001) and percent body fat (β = 0.27, P < 0.0001) were the two variables most strongly correlated with marathon race times. Marathon race time for recreational male runners may be estimated to some extent by using the following equation (r (2) = 0.44): race time ( minutes) = 326.3 + 2.394 × (percent body fat, %) - 12.06 × (speed in training, km/hours). Running speed during training sessions correlated with prerace percent body fat (r = 0.33, P = 0.0002). The model including anthropometric and training variables explained 44% of the variance of marathon race times, whereas running speed during training sessions alone explained 40%. Thus, training speed was more predictive of marathon performance times than anthropometric characteristics. CONCLUSION The present results suggest that low body fat and running speed during training close to race pace (about 11 km/hour) are two key factors for a fast marathon race time in recreational male marathoner runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Barandun
- Institute of General Practice and Health Services Research, University of Zurich, Zurich
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