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Lee YJ, Kim M, Lee JY, Jung SH, Jeon HY, Lee SA, Kang S, Han ET, Park WS, Hong SH, Kim YM, Ha KS. The benzodiazepine anesthetic midazolam prevents hyperglycemia-induced microvascular leakage in the retinas of diabetic mice. FASEB J 2018; 32:fj201800014RR. [PMID: 29782207 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800014rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the beneficial effects of midazolam against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced vascular leakage and its molecular mechanism of action in human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) and the retinas of diabetic mice. Midazolam inhibited VEGF-induced elevation of intracellular Ca2+, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and transglutaminase activation in HRECs; these effects were reversed by the GABA, type A (GABAA) receptor antagonist flumazenil but not by the translocator protein antagonist PK11195. Midazolam also prevented VEGF-induced disassembly of adherens junctions and in vitro permeability. Intravitreal injection of midazolam prevented hyperglycemia-induced ROS generation, transglutaminase activation, and subsequent vascular leakage in the retinas of diabetic mice, and those effects were reversed by flumazenil. The roles of flumazenil were further supported by identifying GABAA receptors in mouse retinas. Thus, midazolam prevents hyperglycemia-induced vascular leakage by inhibiting VEGF-induced intracellular events in the retinas of diabetic mice.-Lee, Y.-J., Kim, M., Lee, J.-Y., Jung, S.-H., Jeon, H.-Y., Lee, S.-A., Kang, S., Han, E.-T., Park, W. S., Hong, S.-H., Kim, Y.-M., Ha, K.-S. The benzodiazepine anesthetic midazolam prevents hyperglycemia-induced microvascular leakage in the retinas of diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Ju Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jee-Yeon Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Se-Hui Jung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Hye-Yoon Jeon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Seung Ah Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Seongsik Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Won Sun Park
- Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea; and
| | - Seok-Ho Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
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Xu YX, Huang C, Liu M, Chen N, Chen W, Yang C, Zhao Y, Li X, Duan J, Liu S, Yang S. Survivin regulated by autophagy mediates hyperglycemia-induced vascular endothelial cell dysfunction. Exp Cell Res 2018; 364:152-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Chen J, Zhang W, Xu Q, Zhang J, Chen W, Xu Z, Li C, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Zhen Y, Feng J, Chen J, Chen J. Ang-(1-7) protects HUVECs from high glucose-induced injury and inflammation via inhibition of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:2865-2878. [PMID: 29484371 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin (Ang)‑1‑7, which is catalyzed by angiotensin‑converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) from angiotensin‑II (Ang‑II), exerts multiple biological and pharmacological effects, including cardioprotective effects and endothelial protection. The Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway has been demonstrated to be involved in diabetes‑associated cardiovascular complications. The present study hypothesized that Ang‑(1‑7) protects against high glucose (HG)‑induced endothelial cell injury and inflammation by inhibiting the JAK2/STAT3 pathway in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). HUVECs were treated with 40 mmol/l glucose (HG) for 24 h to establish a model of HG‑induced endothelial cell injury and inflammation. Protein expression levels of p‑JAK2, t‑JAK2, p‑STAT3, t‑STAT3, NOX‑4, eNOS and cleaved caspase‑3 were tested by western blotting. CCK‑8 assay was performed to assess cell viability of HUVECs. Apoptotic cell death was analyzed by Hoechst 33258 staining. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was obtained using JC‑1. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was tested by SOD assay kit. Interleukin (IL)‑1β, IL‑10, IL‑12 and TNF‑α levels in culture media were tested by ELISA. The findings demonstrated that exposure of HUVECs to HG for 24 h induced injury and inflammation. This injury and inflammation were significantly ameliorated by pre‑treatment of cells with either Ang‑(1‑7) or AG490, an inhibitor of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway, prior to exposure of the cells to HG. Exposure of the cells to HG also increased the phosphorylation of JAK2/STAT3 (p‑JAK2 and p‑STAT3). Increased activation of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway was attenuated by pre‑treatment with Ang‑(1‑7). To the best of our knowledge, the findings from the present study provided the first evidence that Ang‑(1‑7) protects against HG‑induced injury and inflammation by inhibiting activation of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway in HUVECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfang Chen
- Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Huangpu Division of The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, P.R. China
| | - Qing Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Huangpu Division of The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, P.R. China
| | - Jihua Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanxian Central Hospital of Shandong Province, Shanxian, Shangdong 274300, P.R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of Baoan Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518100, P.R. China
| | - Zhengrong Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of Baoan Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518100, P.R. China
| | - Chaosheng Li
- Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of Baoan Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518100, P.R. China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of Baoan Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518100, P.R. China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, P.R. China
| | - Yulan Zhen
- Department of Oncology, The Third People's Hospital of Dongguan City, Dongguan, Guangdong 523326, P.R. China
| | - Jianqiang Feng
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of Baoan Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518100, P.R. China
| | - Jingfu Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Dongguan Cardiovascular Institute, The Third People's Hospital of Dongguan City, Dongguan, Guangdong 523326, P.R. China
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Functional blocking of Ninjurin1 as a strategy for protecting endothelial cells in diabetes mellitus. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:213-229. [PMID: 29263137 DOI: 10.1042/cs20171273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing efforts to remove pathological inflammatory stimuli are crucial for the protection of endothelial cells in diabetes. Nerve injury-induced protein 1 (Ninj1) is an adhesion molecule that not only contributes to inflammation but also regulates the apoptosis of endothelial cells. In the present study, Ninj1 was found highly expressed in endothelial cells in Type 2 diabetic mice and increased in high-glucose (HG) cultured HUVECs. Furthermore, we found that Ninj1 levels are up-regulated in endothelial cells in clinical specimens of diabetic patients when compared with nondiabetic tissues, indicating a biological correlation between Ninj1 and endothelial pathophysiology in diabetic condition. Functional blocking of Ninj1 promoted endothelial tube formation and eNOS phosphorylation in the HG condition. Additionally, blocking Ninj1 inhibited the activation of caspase-3 and increased the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, thus inhibiting HUVECs apoptosis induced by HG. HG-induced ROS overproduction, p38 MAPK and NF-κB activation, and the overexpression of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, MCP-1, and IL-6 genes were ameliorated after Ninj1 was blocked. Using the signaling pathway inhibitor LY294002, we found that Bcl-2 expression and eNOS phosphorylation after Ninj1 blockade were regulated via PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. The in vivo endothelial contents, α-SMA+PECAM-1+ vascular numbers, and blood perfusion in the hindlimb were markedly up-regulated after Ninj1 was blocked. According to our findings, functional blocking of Ninj1 shows protective effects on diabetic endothelial cells both in vitro and in vivo Thus, we consider Ninj1 to be a potential therapeutic target for preventing endothelial dysfunction in diabetes mellitus.
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Li Y, Li X, He K, Li B, Liu K, Qi J, Wang H, Wang Y, Luo W. C-peptide prevents NF-κB from recruiting p300 and binding to the inos promoter in diabetic nephropathy. FASEB J 2018; 32:2269-2279. [PMID: 29229684 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700891r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
C-peptide (CP) has demonstrated unique beneficial effects in diabetic nephropathy (DN), but whether and how CP regulates NF-κB and its coactivator, p300, to suppress inducible iNOS and antagonize DN are unknown. iNOS expression, NF-κB nuclear translocation, colocalization and binding of NF-κB to p300, binding of NF-κB to the inos promoter, and the bound NF-κB, p300, and histone 3 lysine 9 acetylation (H3K9ac) at binding sites were measured in high glucose-stimulated mesangial cells. We evaluated pathologic changes, iNOS expression, NF-κB, and p300 contents in diabetic rats. We found that CP inhibited iNOS expression and notably prevented colocalization and binding of NF-κB and p300. CP prevented NF-κB from binding to the inos promoter, especially at the distal site, and reduced bound NF-κB, p300, and H3K9ac. N-terminal plus middle fragment could mostly mimic the antagonizing effects of CP against the pathologic changes of DN and equally suppresses renal iNOS expression as CP. In conclusion, CP prevented NF-κB from recruiting p300 and binding to the inos promoter, and decreased H3K9ac at the binding sites to suppress iNOS expression and antagonize DN, with the effect region identified as N-terminal plus middle fragment.-Li, Y., Li, X., He, K., Li, B., Liu, K., Qi, J., Wang, H., Wang, Y., Luo, W. C-peptide prevents NF-κB from recruiting p300 and binding to the inos promoter in diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanning Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Hebei Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaoping Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Kunyu He
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jinsheng Qi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Hebei Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Weigang Luo
- Department of Biochemistry, Hebei Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Chen W, Yang J, Chen S, Xiang H, Liu H, Lin D, Zhao S, Peng H, Chen P, Chen AF, Lu H. Importance of mitochondrial calcium uniporter in high glucose-induced endothelial cell dysfunction. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2017; 14:494-501. [PMID: 28777009 PMCID: PMC5652647 DOI: 10.1177/1479164117723270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mitochondrial Ca2+ overload is implicated in hyperglycaemia-induced endothelial cell dysfunction, but the key molecular events responsible remain unclear. We examined the involvement of mitochondrial calcium uniporter, which mediates mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake, in endothelial cell dysfunction resulting from high-glucose treatment. METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were exposed to various glucose concentrations and to high glucose (30 mM) following mitochondrial calcium uniporter inhibition or activation with ruthenium red and spermine, respectively. Subsequently, mitochondrial calcium uniporter and mitochondrial calcium uniporter regulator 1 messenger RNA and protein expression was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Ca2+ concentrations were analysed by laser confocal microscopy, and cytoplasmic and mitochondrial oxidative stress was detected using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate and MitoSOX Red, respectively. Apoptosis was assessed by annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide staining, and a wound-healing assay was performed using an in vitro model. RESULTS High glucose markedly upregulated mitochondrial calcium uniporter and mitochondrial calcium uniporter regulator 1 messenger RNA expression, as well as protein production, in a dose- and time-dependent manner with a maximum effect demonstrated at 72 h and 30 mM glucose concentration. Moreover, high-glucose treatment significantly raised both mitochondrial and cytoplasmic Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species levels, increased apoptosis and compromised wound healing (all p < 0.05). These effects were enhanced by spermine and completely negated by ruthenium red, which are known to activate and inhibit mitochondrial calcium uniporter, respectively. CONCLUSION Mitochondrial calcium uniporter plays an important role in hyperglycaemia-induced endothelial cell dysfunction and may constitute a therapeutic target to reduce vascular complications in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Center for Experimental Medical Research, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Shuhua Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Hong Xiang
- Center for Experimental Medical Research, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Hengdao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Dan Lin
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Shaoli Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Pan Chen
- Center for Experimental Medical Research, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Alex F Chen
- Center for Experimental Medical Research, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hongwei Lu
- Center for Experimental Medical Research, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
- Hongwei Lu, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, P.R. China.
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Lee YJ, Jung SH, Hwang J, Jeon S, Han ET, Park WS, Hong SH, Kim YM, Ha KS. Cysteamine prevents vascular leakage through inhibiting transglutaminase in diabetic retina. J Endocrinol 2017; 235:39-48. [PMID: 28751454 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cysteamine (an aminothiol), which is derived from coenzyme A degradation and metabolized into taurine, has beneficial effects against cystinosis and neurodegenerative diseases; however, its role in diabetic complications is unknown. Thus, we sought to determine the preventive effect of cysteamine against hyperglycemia-induced vascular leakage in the retinas of diabetic mice. Cysteamine and ethanolamine, the sulfhydryl group-free cysteamine analogue, inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced stress fiber formation and vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin disruption in endothelial cells, which play a critical role in modulating endothelial permeability. Intravitreal injection of the amine compounds prevented hyperglycemia-induced vascular leakage in the retinas of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. We then investigated the potential roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and transglutaminase (TGase) in the cysteamine prevention of VEGF-induced vascular leakage. Cysteamine, but not ethanolamine, inhibited VEGF-induced ROS generation in endothelial cells and diabetic retinas. In contrast, VEGF-induced TGase activation was prevented by both cysteamine and ethanolamine. Our findings suggest that cysteamine protects against vascular leakage through inhibiting VEGF-induced TGase activation rather than ROS generation in diabetic retinas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Ju Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiochemistryKangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Se-Hui Jung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiochemistryKangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - JongYun Hwang
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyKangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Sohee Jeon
- Department of OphthalmologySeoul St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical MedicineKangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Won Sun Park
- Department of PhysiologyKangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Hong
- Department of Internal MedicineKangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiochemistryKangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiochemistryKangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
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Ferro Y, Russo C, Russo D, Gazzaruso C, Coppola A, Gallotti P, Zambianchi V, Fodaro M, Romeo S, Galliera E, Marazzi MG, Romanelli MMC, Giannini S, Pujia A, Montalcini T. Association between low C-peptide and fragility fractures in postmenopausal women without diabetes. J Endocrinol Invest 2017; 40:1091-1098. [PMID: 28401528 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-017-0672-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE C-peptide has been shown to exert several, previously unknown, biological effects. A recent cross-sectional study demonstrated an association between low C-peptide serum levels and low lumbar bone density of postmenopausal women not affected by diabetes. To date, very little research attention has been directed toward the association between C-peptide and osteoporotic fractures. To contribute toward filling this gap, we investigated the association between C-peptide and fractures in postmenopausal women. METHODS A cohort of 133 non-diabetic postmenopausal women with and without a history of fractures was evaluated in this cross-sectional investigation. Standardized interviews were performed to gather information on the patients' fracture history. All of the participants underwent a bone mineral density assessment by DXA, radiographs, and a serum C-peptide measurement. RESULTS Thirty-four women presented fractures. Bivariate analysis revealed an inverse correlation between C-peptide and fractures (r = -0.27, p = 0.002). A significant difference in mean C-peptide levels was also found between women with vs. without fractures (p = 0.01, adjusted for age, BMI and glucose). Logistic regression analysis showed that C-peptide levels, femoral and vertebral BMD were all negatively associated with fracture status (B = -1.097, ES = 0.401, p = 0.006, 95% CI 0.15-0.73; B = -15.6, SE = 4.17, p < 0.001, CI 0.001-0.002; B = -24.8, SE = 5.23, p < 0.001, CI 0001-0.002; respectively). CONCLUSIONS This study confirms an inverse association between serum C-peptide levels and a history of fractures in postmenopausal women without diabetes. These results suggest that C-peptidemay exert an effect on bone mineral density. However, further large-scale studies are needed to corroborate this finding and investigate the potential underlying mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ferro
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy
| | - C Russo
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy
| | - D Russo
- Department of Health Science, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy
| | - C Gazzaruso
- Internal and Emergency Medicine and Centre for Applied Clinical Research (Ce.R.C.A.) Clinical Institute "Beato Matteo", Vigevano, 27029, Italy
| | - A Coppola
- Internal and Emergency Medicine and Centre for Applied Clinical Research (Ce.R.C.A.) Clinical Institute "Beato Matteo", Vigevano, 27029, Italy
| | - P Gallotti
- Internal and Emergency Medicine and Centre for Applied Clinical Research (Ce.R.C.A.) Clinical Institute "Beato Matteo", Vigevano, 27029, Italy
| | - V Zambianchi
- Internal and Emergency Medicine and Centre for Applied Clinical Research (Ce.R.C.A.) Clinical Institute "Beato Matteo", Vigevano, 27029, Italy
| | - M Fodaro
- Internal and Emergency Medicine and Centre for Applied Clinical Research (Ce.R.C.A.) Clinical Institute "Beato Matteo", Vigevano, 27029, Italy
| | - S Romeo
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascolar and Metabolic Research, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, 42246, Sweden
| | - E Galliera
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Science, University of Milan and Orthopaedic Institute IRCCS Galeazzi, 20161, Milan, Italy
| | - M G Marazzi
- Department of Health Biomedical Science, University of Milan and Unit of SMEL-1 Clinical Pathology Unit, San Donato Hospital IRCCS, San Donato Milanese, 20097, Milan, Italy
| | - M M C Romanelli
- Department of Health Biomedical Science, University of Milan and Unit of SMEL-1 Clinical Pathology Unit, San Donato Hospital IRCCS, San Donato Milanese, 20097, Milan, Italy
| | - S Giannini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, 35128, Padua, Italy
- National Research Council, Center for Aging Studies of Padova, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - A Pujia
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy
| | - T Montalcini
- Menopause Clinic, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Campus Universitario Germaneto, Viale S. Venuta, floor III, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy.
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CO-releasing molecules-2 attenuates ox-LDL-induced injury in HUVECs by ameliorating mitochondrial function and inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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60
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Dludla PV, Joubert E, Muller CJF, Louw J, Johnson R. Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and heart disease-cardioprotective effects of rooibos flavonoids and phenylpyruvic acid-2- O-β-D-glucoside. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2017; 14:45. [PMID: 28702068 PMCID: PMC5504778 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-017-0200-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic patients are at an increased risk of developing heart failure when compared to their non-diabetic counter parts. Accumulative evidence suggests chronic hyperglycemia to be central in the development of myocardial infarction in these patients. At present, there are limited therapies aimed at specifically protecting the diabetic heart at risk from hyperglycemia-induced injury. Oxidative stress, through over production of free radical species, has been hypothesized to alter mitochondrial function and abnormally augment the activity of the NADPH oxidase enzyme system resulting in accelerated myocardial injury within a diabetic state. This has led to a dramatic increase in the exploration of plant-derived materials known to possess antioxidative properties. Several edible plants contain various natural constituents, including polyphenols that may counteract oxidative-induced tissue damage through their modulatory effects of intracellular signaling pathways. Rooibos, an indigenous South African plant, well-known for its use as herbal tea, is increasingly studied for its metabolic benefits. Prospective studies linking diet rich in polyphenols from rooibos to reduced diabetes associated cardiovascular complications have not been extensively assessed. Aspalathin, a flavonoid, and phenylpyruvic acid-2-O-β-D-glucoside, a phenolic precursor, are some of the major compounds found in rooibos that can ameliorate hyperglycemia-induced cardiomyocyte damage in vitro. While the latter has demonstrated potential to protect against cell apoptosis, the proposed mechanism of action of aspalathin is linked to its capacity to enhance the expression of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) expression, an intracellular antioxidant response element. Thus, here we review literature on the potential cardioprotective properties of flavonoids and a phenylpropenoic acid found in rooibos against diabetes-induced oxidative injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phiwayinkosi V Dludla
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505 South Africa.,Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth Joubert
- Plant Bioactives Group, Post-Harvest and Wine Technology Division, Agricultural Research Council (ARC) Infruitec- Nietvoorbij, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Christo J F Muller
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505 South Africa.,Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South Africa
| | - Johan Louw
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505 South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South Africa
| | - Rabia Johnson
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505 South Africa.,Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
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Shrestha R, Shrestha R, Qin XY, Kuo TF, Oshima Y, Iwatani S, Teraoka R, Fujii K, Hara M, Li M, Takahashi-Nakaguchi A, Chibana H, Lu J, Cai M, Kajiwara S, Kojima S. Fungus-derived hydroxyl radicals kill hepatic cells by enhancing nuclear transglutaminase. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4746. [PMID: 28684792 PMCID: PMC5500562 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04630-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported the importance of induced nuclear transglutaminase (TG) 2 activity, which results in hepatic cell death, in ethanol-induced liver injury. Here, we show that co-incubation of either human hepatic cells or mouse primary hepatocytes derived from wild-type but not TG2-/- mice with pathogenic fungi Candida albicans and C. glabrata, but not baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, induced cell death in host cells by enhancing cellular, particularly nuclear, TG activity. Further pharmacological and genetic approaches demonstrated that this phenomenon was mediated partly by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydroxyl radicals, as detected by a fluorescent probe and electron spin resonance. A ROS scavenger, N-acetyl cysteine, blocked enhanced TG activity primarily in the nuclei and inhibited cell death. In contrast, deletion of C. glabrata nox-1, which encodes a ROS-generating enzyme, resulted in a strain that failed to induce the same phenomena. A similar induction of hepatic ROS and TG activities was observed in C. albicans-infected mice. An antioxidant corn peptide fraction inhibited these phenomena in hepatic cells. These results address the impact of ROS-generating pathogens in inducing nuclear TG2-related liver injuries, which provides novel therapeutic targets for preventing and curing alcoholic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronak Shrestha
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Rajan Shrestha
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Xian-Yang Qin
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ting-Fang Kuo
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yugo Oshima
- Condensed Molecular Materials Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shun Iwatani
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Teraoka
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Keisuke Fujii
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Hara
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mengqian Li
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Hiroji Chibana
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jun Lu
- China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing, China
| | - Muyi Cai
- China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing, China
| | - Susumu Kajiwara
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Soichi Kojima
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
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62
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Abstract
C-peptide is a widely used measure of pancreatic beta cell function. It is produced in equimolar amounts to endogenous insulin but is excreted at a more constant rate over a longer time. Methods of estimation include urinary and unstimulated and stimulated serum sampling. Modern assays detect levels of c-peptide which can be used to guide diabetes diagnosis and management. We explore the evidence behind the various tests available. We recommend the glucagon stimulation c-peptide testing owing to its balance of sensitivity and practicality. C-peptide levels are associated with diabetes type and duration of disease. Specifically a c-peptide level of less than 0.2 nmol/l is associated with a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). C-peptide level may correlate with microvascular and macrovascular complications and future use of insulin therapy, as well as likely response to other individual therapies. We explore the potential uses of c-peptide measurement in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Leighton
- Diabetes Department, Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Gregory C Jones
- Diabetes Department, Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow, UK.
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63
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Evaluation of the hypoglycemic potential of a black bean hydrolyzed protein isolate and its pure peptides using in silico, in vitro and in vivo approaches. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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64
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Russo C, Lazzaro V, Gazzaruso C, Maurotti S, Ferro Y, Pingitore P, Fumo F, Coppola A, Gallotti P, Zambianchi V, Fodaro M, Galliera E, Marazzi MG, Corsi Romanelli MM, Giannini S, Romeo S, Pujia A, Montalcini T. Proinsulin C-peptide modulates the expression of ERK1/2, type I collagen and RANKL in human osteoblast-like cells (Saos-2). Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 442:134-141. [PMID: 28007656 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A lower bone mass accompanied by a higher bone fragility with increased risk of fracture are observed in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Low C-peptide levels are associated with low lumbar mineral density in postmenopausal woman. In this work, we investigated the role of C-peptide on the osteoblast cell biology in vitro. We examined intracellular pathways and we found that C peptide activates ERK1/2 in human osteoblast-like cells (Saos-2). We also observed that proinsulin C-peptide prevents a reduction of type I collagen expression and decreases, in combination with insulin, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANKL) levels. In this work we show for the first time that Cpeptide activates a specific intracellular pathway in osteoblasts and it modulates the expression of protein involved in bone remodeling. Our results suggest that both C-peptide may have a role in bone metabolism. Further studies are needing to fully clarify its role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Russo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Veronica Lazzaro
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carmine Gazzaruso
- Internal and Emergency Medicine, and Ce.R.C.A. Clinical Institute "Beato Matteo", Vigevano, Italy
| | - Samantha Maurotti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Yvelise Ferro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Piero Pingitore
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Francesca Fumo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Adriana Coppola
- Internal and Emergency Medicine, and Ce.R.C.A. Clinical Institute "Beato Matteo", Vigevano, Italy
| | - Pietro Gallotti
- Internal and Emergency Medicine, and Ce.R.C.A. Clinical Institute "Beato Matteo", Vigevano, Italy
| | - Valentina Zambianchi
- Internal and Emergency Medicine, and Ce.R.C.A. Clinical Institute "Beato Matteo", Vigevano, Italy
| | - Mariangela Fodaro
- Internal and Emergency Medicine, and Ce.R.C.A. Clinical Institute "Beato Matteo", Vigevano, Italy
| | - Emanuela Galliera
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Science, University of Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Sandro Giannini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Romeo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Arturo Pujia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Tiziana Montalcini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Italy.
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65
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Abstract
Kidney disease is a serious development in diabetes mellitus and poses an increasing clinical problem. Despite increasing incidence and prevalence of diabetic kidney disease, there have been no new therapies for this condition in the last 20 years. Mounting evidence supports a biological role for C-peptide, and findings from multiple studies now suggest that C-peptide may beneficially affect the disturbed metabolic and pathophysiological pathways leading to the development of diabetic nephropathy. Studies of C-peptide in animal models and in humans with type 1 diabetes all suggest a renoprotective effect for this peptide. In diabetic rodents, C-peptide reduces glomerular hyperfiltration and albuminuria. Cohort studies of diabetic patients with combined islet and kidney transplants suggest that maintained C-peptide secretion is protective of renal graft function. Further, in short-term studies of patients with type 1 diabetes, administration of C-peptide is also associated with a lowered hyperfiltration rate and reduced microalbuminuria. Thus, the available information suggests that type 1 diabetes should be regarded as a dual hormone deficiency disease and that clinical trials of C-peptide in diabetic nephropathy are both justified and urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Brunskill
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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66
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Gaetano Gatta N, Romano R, Fioretti E, Gentile V. Transglutaminase inhibition: possible therapeutic mechanisms to protect cells from death in neurological disorders. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2017.4.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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67
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Abstract
In this review, we present findings that support autocrine cell protection by C-peptide in the context of clinical studies of type 1 diabetes (T1D), which universally measure C-peptide serum levels as a surrogate for β cell functional mass. Over the last decade, evidence has accumulated that supports models in which C-peptide, cosecreted with insulin by pancreatic β cells, acts on peripheral targets including the vascular endothelium to reduce oxidative stress and apoptosis subsequent to exposure to diabetic insults. In parallel, as assays have become more sensitive, C-peptide has been detected in the circulation of most subjects with T1D where higher C-peptide levels are associated with fewer and slower development of diabetic microvascular complications, consistent with antioxidant protection by C-peptide. Clinical trials investigating C-peptide-replacement therapy effects have demonstrated amelioration of T1D nephropathy and neuropathy. Recently, the antioxidant action of C-peptide was extended to the β cells secreting it, that is an autocrine mechanism. Autocrine protection has major implications for the treatment of diabetes because the more C-peptide secreted, the more protection provided to the same β cells resulting in a slower decay in β cell functional mass over the time course of disease. Why β cells evolved to cosecrete an antioxidant C-peptide hormone together with the glycaemia-lowering insulin hormone is explored in the context of proposed evolutionary advantages of physiologically transient oxidative stress and insulin resistance as an adaptation for survival through times of fuel scarcity. The importance of recognizing autocrine C-peptide protection of functional β cell mass in observational clinical studies, and its therapeutic implications in interventional C-peptide-replacement studies, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Luppi
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - P Drain
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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68
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Wang J, Li Y, Xu M, Li D, Wang Y, Qi J, He K. C-peptide exhibits a late induction effect on matrix metallopeptidase-9 in high glucose-stimulated rat mesangial cells. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:4142-4146. [PMID: 28101192 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Insufficient matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and MMP-2 is considered to be a contributor of extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation in diabetic nephropathy (DN). C-peptide can reverse fibrosis, thus exerting a beneficial effect on DN. Whether C-peptide induces MMP-9 and MMP-2 to reverse ECM accumulation is not clear. In the present study, in order to determine ECM metabolism, rat mesangial cells were treated with high glucose (HG) and C-peptide intervention, then the early and late effects of C-peptide on HG-affected MMP-9 and MMP-2 were evaluated. Firstly, it was confirmed that HG mainly suppressed MMP-9 expression levels. Furthermore, C-peptide treatment induced MMP-9 expression at 6 h and suppressed it at 24 h, revealing the early dual effects of C-peptide on MMP-9 expression. Subsequently, significant increase in MMP-9 expression at 72, 96 and 120 h C-peptide treatment was observed. These changes in MMP-9 protein content confirmed its expression changes following late C-peptide treatment. Furthermore, at 96 and 120 h C-peptide treatment reversed the HG-inhibited MMP-9 secretion, further indicating the late induction effect of C-peptide on MMP-9. The present results demonstrated that C-peptide exerted a late induction effect on MMP-9 in HG-stimulated rat mesangial cells, which may be associated with the underlying mechanism of C-peptide's reversal effects on DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxia Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hebei Key Lab of Laboratory Animal Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, P.R. China
| | - Yanning Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hebei Key Lab of Laboratory Animal Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, P.R. China
| | - Mingzhi Xu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hebei Key Lab of Laboratory Animal Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, P.R. China
| | - Dandan Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Hebei Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, P.R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hebei Key Lab of Laboratory Animal Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, P.R. China
| | - Jinsheng Qi
- Department of Biochemistry, Hebei Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, P.R. China
| | - Kunyu He
- Department of Biochemistry, Hebei Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, P.R. China
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69
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Bhatt MP, Lee YJ, Jung SH, Kim YH, Hwang JY, Han ET, Park WS, Hong SH, Kim YM, Ha KS. C-peptide protects against hyperglycemic memory and vascular endothelial cell apoptosis. J Endocrinol 2016; 231:97-108. [PMID: 27554111 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
C-peptide exerts protective effects against diabetic complications; however, its role in inhibiting hyperglycemic memory (HGM) has not been elucidated. We investigated the beneficial effect of C-peptide on HGM-induced vascular damage in vitro and in vivo using human umbilical vein endothelial cells and diabetic mice. HGM induced apoptosis by persistent generation of intracellular ROS and sustained formation of ONOO(-) and nitrotyrosine. These HGM-induced intracellular events were normalized by treatment with C-peptide, but not insulin, in endothelial cells. C-peptide also inhibited persistent upregulation of p53 and activation of mitochondrial adaptor p66(shc) after glucose normalization. Further, C-peptide replacement therapy prevented persistent generation of ROS and ONOO(-) in the aorta of diabetic mice whose glucose levels were normalized by the administration of insulin. C-peptide, but not insulin, also prevented HGM-induced endothelial apoptosis in the murine diabetic aorta. This study highlights a promising role for C-peptide in preventing HGM-induced intracellular events and diabetic vascular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra Prasad Bhatt
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiochemistryKangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Yeon-Ju Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiochemistryKangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Se-Hui Jung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiochemistryKangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Yong Ho Kim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology and Department of ChemistrySungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Jong Yun Hwang
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyKangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical MedicineKangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Won Sun Park
- Department of PhysiologyKangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Hong
- Department of Internal MedicineKangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiochemistryKangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiochemistryKangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
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70
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Lee YJ, Jung SH, Kim SH, Kim MS, Lee S, Hwang J, Kim SY, Kim YM, Ha KS. Essential Role of Transglutaminase 2 in Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-Induced Vascular Leakage in the Retina of Diabetic Mice. Diabetes 2016; 65:2414-28. [PMID: 27207524 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is predominantly caused by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced vascular leakage; however, the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here we designed an in vivo transglutaminase (TGase) activity assay in mouse retina and demonstrated that hyperglycemia induced vascular leakage by activating TGase2 in diabetic retina. VEGF elevated TGase2 activity through sequential elevation of intracellular Ca(2+) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations in endothelial cells. The TGase inhibitors cystamine and monodansylcadaverin or TGase2 small interfering RNA (siRNA) prevented VEGF-induced stress fiber formation and vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin disruption, which play a critical role in modulating endothelial permeability. Intravitreal injection of two TGase inhibitors or TGase2 siRNA successfully inhibited hyperglycemia-induced TGase activation and microvascular leakage in the retinas of diabetic mice. C-peptide or ROS scavengers also inhibited TGase activation in diabetic mouse retinas. The role of TGase2 in VEGF-induced vascular leakage was further supported using diabetic TGase2(-/-) mice. Thus, our findings suggest that ROS-mediated activation of TGase2 plays a key role in VEGF-induced vascular leakage by stimulating stress fiber formation and VE-cadherin disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Ju Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Se-Hui Jung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Su-Hyeon Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Min-Soo Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea Department of Anesthesiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Sungeun Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - JongYun Hwang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Soo-Youl Kim
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
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71
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Kim JD, Kang SJ, Lee MK, Park SE, Rhee EJ, Park CY, Oh KW, Park SW, Lee WY. C-Peptide-Based Index Is More Related to Incident Type 2 Diabetes in Non-Diabetic Subjects than Insulin-Based Index. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2016; 31:320-7. [PMID: 27349701 PMCID: PMC4923417 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2016.31.2.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes can be efficiently prevented by life style modification and medical therapy. So, identification for high risk subjects for incident type 2 diabetes is important. The aim of this study is to identify the best β-cell function index to identify high risk subjects in non-diabetic Koreans. METHODS This is a retrospective longitudinal study. Total 140 non-diabetic subjects who underwent standard 2-hour 75 g oral glucose tolerance test from January 2007 to February 2007 at Kangbuk Samsung Hospital and followed up for more than 1 year were analyzed (mean follow-up, 54.9±16.4 months). The subjects were consist of subjects with normal glucose tolerance (n=44) and subjects with prediabetes (n=97) who were 20 years of age or older. Samples for insulin and C-peptide levels were obtained at 0 and 30 minutes at baseline. RESULTS Thirty subjects out of 140 subjects (21.4%) developed type 2 diabetes. When insulin-based index and C-peptide-based index are compared between progressor and non-progressor to diabetes, all C-peptide-based indices were statistically different between two groups, but only insulinogenic index and disposition index among insulin-based index were statistically different. C-peptide-based index had higher value of area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AROC) value than that of insulin-based index. "C-peptidogenic" index had highest AROC value among indices (AROC, 0.850; 95% confidence interval, 0.761 to 0.915). C-peptidogenic index had significantly higher AROC than insulinogenic index (0.850 vs. 0.731 respectively; P=0.014). CONCLUSION C-peptide-based index was more closely related to incident type 2 diabetes in non-diabetic subjects than insulin-based index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Dai Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Konyang University Hospital, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sung Ju Kang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Konyang University Hospital, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Min Kyung Lee
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Seonam University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Se Eun Park
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Jung Rhee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheol Young Park
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Won Oh
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Woo Park
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Young Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Jeon HY, Jung SH, Jung YM, Kim YM, Ghandehari H, Ha KS. Array-Based High-Throughput Analysis of Silk-Elastinlike Protein Polymer Degradation and C-Peptide Release by Proteases. Anal Chem 2016; 88:5398-405. [PMID: 27109435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to utilize an on-chip degradation assay to evaluate polymer depots and the predicted drug release from the depots. We conjugated four silk-elastinlike protein (SELP) polymers including SELP-815K, SELP-815K-RS1, SELP-815K-RS2, and SELP-815K-RS5 with a Cy5-NHS ester and fabricated SELP arrays by immobilizing the conjugated polymers onto well-type amine arrays. SELP polymer degradation rates were investigated by calculating the half-maximal effective concentration (EC50). Eight cleavage enzymes were applied, all of which exhibited distinctive EC50 values for SELP-815K and its three analogues. We successfully utilized this assay to study the in vitro release of the Cy5-conjugated C-peptide from SELP-815K hydrogel arrays. Additionally, cumulative C-peptide release from the SELP-815K depots was also demonstrated using repetitive elastase treatments. Therefore, this array-based on-chip degradation assay could potentially be used for evaluating depot degradation and controlled drug release from polymer depots at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Yoon Jeon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine , Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do 200-701, Korea
| | - Se-Hui Jung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine , Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do 200-701, Korea
| | - Young Mee Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University , Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do 200-701, Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine , Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do 200-701, Korea
| | - Hamidreza Ghandehari
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Korea.,Departments of Phamaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and Bioengineering, Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine , Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do 200-701, Korea
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Identification of transglutaminase 2 kinase substrates using a novel on-chip activity assay. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 82:40-8. [PMID: 27040940 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is an enzyme that plays a critical role in a wide variety of cellular processes through its multifunctional activities. TG2 kinase has emerged as an important regulator of apoptosis, as well as of chromatin structure and function. However, systematic investigation of TG2 kinase substrates is limited due to a lack of a suitable TG2 kinase activity assays. Thus, we developed a novel on-chip TG2 kinase activity assay for quantitative determination of TG2 kinase activity and for screening TG2 kinase substrate proteins in a high-throughput manner. Quantitative TG2 kinase activity was determined by selective detection of substrate protein phosphorylation on the surface of well-type amine arrays. The limit of detection (LOD) of this assay was 4.34μg/ml. We successfully applied this new activity assay to the kinetic analysis of 27 TG2-related proteins for TG2 kinase activity in a high-throughput manner and determined Michaelis-Menten constants (Km) of these proteins. We used the Km values and cellular locations of the TG2-related proteins to construct a substrate affinity map for TG2 kinase. Therefore, this on-chip TG2 kinase activity assay has a strong potential for the systematic investigation of substrate proteins and will be helpful for studying new physiological functions.
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Gaetano Gatta N, Cammarota G, Gentile V. Possible roles of transglutaminases in molecular mechanisms responsible for human neurodegenerative diseases. AIMS BIOPHYSICS 2016. [DOI: 10.3934/biophy.2016.4.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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75
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Janowska J, Chudek J, Olszanecka-Glinianowicz M, Semik-Grabarczyk E, Zahorska-Markiewicz B. Interdependencies among Selected Pro-Inflammatory Markers of Endothelial Dysfunction, C-Peptide, Anti-Inflammatory Interleukin-10 and Glucose Metabolism Disturbance in Obese Women. Int J Med Sci 2016; 13:490-9. [PMID: 27429585 PMCID: PMC4946119 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.14110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently increasing importance is attributed to the inflammatory process as a crucial factor responsible for the progressive damage to vascular walls and progression of atherosclerosis in obese people. We have studied the relationship between clinical and biochemical parameters and C-peptide and anti-inflammatory IL-10, as well as selected markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction such as: CCL2, CRP, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1 and E-selectin in obese women with various degree of glucose metabolism disturbance. MATERIAL AND METHODS The studied group consisted of 61 obese women, and 20 normal weight, healthy volunteers. Obese patients were spited in subgroups based on the degree of glucose metabolism disorder. Serum samples were analyzed using ELISA kits. RESULTS Increased concentrations of sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, E-selectin, CCL2 and CRP were found in all obese groups compared to the normal weight subjects. In patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) parameters characterizing the degree of obesity significantly positively correlated with levels of CRP and CCL2. Significant relationships were found between levels of glucose and sICAM-1and also E-selectin and HOMA-IR. C-peptide levels are positively associated with CCL2, E-selectin, triglycerides levels, and inversely with IL-10 levels in newly diagnosed T2DM group (p<0.05). Concentrations of IL-10 correlated negatively with E-selectin, CCL2, C-peptide levels, and HOMA-IR in T2DM group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Disturbed lipid and carbohydrate metabolism are manifested by enhanced inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in patients with simply obesity. These disturbances are associates with an increase of adhesion molecules. The results suggest the probable active participation of higher concentrations of C-peptide in the intensification of inflammatory and atherogenic processes in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. In patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes, altered serum concentrations of Il-10 seems to be dependent on the degree of insulin resistance and proinflammatory status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Janowska
- 1. Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Jerzy Chudek
- 1. Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Magdalena Olszanecka-Glinianowicz
- 2. Health Promotion and Obesity Management Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Semik-Grabarczyk
- 3. Department of Internal, Autoimmune and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Poland
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76
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Kim SH, Jung SH, Lee YJ, Han JY, Choi YE, Hong HD, Jeon HY, Hwang J, Na S, Kim YM, Ha KS. Dammarenediol-II Prevents VEGF-Mediated Microvascular Permeability in Diabetic Mice. Phytother Res 2015; 29:1910-6. [PMID: 26400610 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is a major diabetic complication predominantly caused by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced vascular permeability in the retina; however, treatments targeting glycemic control have not been successful. Here, we investigated the protective effect of dammarenediol-II, a precursor of triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis, on VEGF-induced vascular leakage using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and diabetic mice. We overproduced the compound in transgenic tobacco expressing Panax ginseng dammarenediol-II synthase gene and purified using column chromatography. Analysis of the purified compound using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry system revealed identical retention time and fragmentation pattern to those of authentic standard dammarenediol-II. Dammarenediol-II inhibited VEGF-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species generation, but it had no effect on the levels of intracellular Ca(2+) in HUVECs. We also found that dammarenediol-II inhibited VEGF-induced stress fiber formation and vascular endothelial-cadherin disruption, both of which play critical roles in modulating endothelial permeability. Notably, microvascular leakage in the retina of diabetic mice was successfully inhibited by intravitreal dammarenediol-II injection. Our results suggest that the natural drug dammarenediol-II may have the ability to prevent diabetic microvascular complications, including diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hyeon Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do, 200-701, Korea
| | - Se-Hui Jung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do, 200-701, Korea
| | - Yeon-Ju Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do, 200-701, Korea
| | - Jung Yeon Han
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do, 200-701, Korea
| | - Yong-Eui Choi
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do, 200-701, Korea
| | - Hae-Deun Hong
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do, 200-701, Korea
| | - Hye-Yoon Jeon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do, 200-701, Korea
| | - JongYun Hwang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - SungHun Na
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do, 200-701, Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do, 200-701, Korea
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Yosten GLC, Kolar GR. The Physiology of Proinsulin C-Peptide: Unanswered Questions and a Proposed Model. Physiology (Bethesda) 2015; 30:327-32. [DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00008.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
C-peptide is produced, processed, and secreted with insulin, and appears to exert separate but intimately related effects. In this review, we address the existence of the C-peptide receptor, the interaction between C-peptide and insulin, and the potential physiological significance of proinsulin C-peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina L. C. Yosten
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and
| | - Grant R. Kolar
- Department of Pathology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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C-Peptide Is Independently Associated with an Increased Risk of Coronary Artery Disease in T2DM Subjects: A Cross-Sectional Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127112. [PMID: 26098780 PMCID: PMC4476669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE C-peptide has been reported to be a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, whereas its role in coronary artery disease (CAD) has not been clarified, especially in diabetics with differing body mass indices (BMIs). DESIGN AND METHODS This cross-sectional study included 501 patients with T2DM. First, all subjects were divided into the following two groups: CAD and non-CAD. Then, binary logistic regression was used to determine the risk factors for CAD for all patients. To clarify the role of obesity, we re-divided all subjects into two additional groups (obese and non-obese) based on BMI. Finally, binary logistic regression was used to determine the risk factors for CAD for each weight group. RESULTS The patients with CAD showed a higher BMI and fasting C-peptide level in addition to an increased prevalence of traditional risk factors for CAD, such as hypertension, insulin resistance, higher cholesterol, cysteine-C (Cys-C) and lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Logistic regression analysis showed that fasting C-peptide (OR=1.513, p=0.005), insulin treatment (OR=1.832, p=0.027) hypertension (OR=1.987, p=0.016) and hyperlipidemia (OR=4.159, p<0.001) significantly increased the risk of clinical CAD in the T2DM patients independent of age, gender, diabetes duration, smoking and alcohol statuses, fasting insulin and glucose, hypoglycemic episodes, UA and eGFR. Additionally, in both of the obese (OR=1.488, p=0.049) and non-obese (OR=1.686, p=0.037) DM groups, C-peptide was associated with an increased risk of CAD after multiple adjustments. CONCLUSIONS C-peptide is associated with an increased CAD risk in T2DM patients, no matter whether they are obese or not.
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Lehmann R, Graziano J, Brockmann J, Pfammatter T, Kron P, de Rougemont O, Mueller T, Zuellig RA, Spinas GA, Gerber PA. Glycemic Control in Simultaneous Islet-Kidney Versus Pancreas-Kidney Transplantation in Type 1 Diabetes: A Prospective 13-Year Follow-up. Diabetes Care 2015; 38:752-9. [PMID: 25665814 DOI: 10.2337/dc14-1686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In patients with type 1 diabetes and end-stage renal disease, combined transplantation of a kidney together with a pancreas or isolated pancreatic islets are options to improve glycemic control. The aim of this study was to compare their long-term outcome with regard to metabolic control and surgical complication rate, as well as function of the transplanted kidney. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted a prospective cohort study in consecutive patients receiving either a pancreas or islet transplant simultaneously with or after kidney transplantation (simultaneous pancreas-kidney [SPK]/pancreas-after-kidney [PAK] or simultaneous islet-kidney [SIK]/islet-after-kidney [IAK] transplantation). RESULTS Ninety-four patients who had undergone SPK/PAK transplantation were compared with 38 patients who had undergone SIK/IAK transplantation over a period of up to 13 years. HbA1c levels declined from 7.8 ± 1.3% (62 ± 14 mmol/mol) to 5.9 ± 1.1% (41 ± 12 mmol/mol), and from 8.0 ± 1.3% (64 ± 14 mmol/mol) to 6.5 ± 1.1% (48 ± 12 mmol/mol), respectively, in the SPK/PAK and SIK/IAK groups (P < 0.001 for both) and remained stable during follow-up, despite a reduction in the rate of severe hypoglycemia by >90%. The 5-year insulin independence rate was higher in the SPK/PAK group (73.6 vs. 9.3% in the SIK/IAK group), as was the rate of relaparotomy after transplantation (41.5 vs. 10.5% in the SIK/IAK group). There was no difference in the rate of kidney function decline. CONCLUSIONS During a long-term follow-up, SPK/PAK transplantation as well as SIK/IAK transplantation resulted in a sustained improvement of glycemic control with a slightly higher glycated hemoglobin level in the SIK/IAK group. While insulin independence is more common in whole-organ pancreas recipients, islet transplantation can be conducted with a much lower surgical complication rate and no difference in kidney function decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Lehmann
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Graziano
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jens Brockmann
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Pfammatter
- Division of Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Kron
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olivier de Rougemont
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Mueller
- Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Richard A Zuellig
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giatgen A Spinas
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp A Gerber
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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80
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C-peptide ameliorates renal injury in type 2 diabetic rats through protein kinase A-mediated inhibition of fibronectin synthesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 458:674-680. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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81
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Wahren J, Larsson C. C-peptide: new findings and therapeutic possibilities. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2015; 107:309-19. [PMID: 25648391 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Much new information on C-peptide physiology has appeared during the past 20 years. It has been shown that C-peptide binds specifically to cell membranes, elicits intracellular signaling via G-protein and Ca2+ -dependent pathways, resulting in activation and increased expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, Na+, K+ -ATPase and several transcription factors of importance for anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and cell protective mechanisms. Studies in animal models of diabetes and early clinical trials in patients with type 1 diabetes demonstrate that C-peptide in replacement doses elicits beneficial effects on early stages of diabetes-induced functional and structural abnormalities of the peripheral nerves, the kidneys and the retina. Much remains to be learned about C-peptide's mechanism of action and long-term clinical trials in type 1 diabetes subjects will be required to determine C-peptide's clinical utility. Nevertheless, even a cautious evaluation of the available evidence presents the picture of a bioactive endogenous peptide with therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Wahren
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Cebix AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
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82
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Kraemer RR, Castracane VD. Endocrine alterations from concentric vs. eccentric muscle actions: a brief review. Metabolism 2015; 64:190-201. [PMID: 25467839 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Resistance exercise has a positive effect on many tissues, including heart, bone, skeletal muscle, and nervous tissue. Eccentric muscle actions offer a unique and a potentially beneficial form of exercise for maintaining and improving health. During resistance exercise, the effects of gravity, and mechanical properties of the sarcomere and connective tissue in skeletal muscle allow a greater muscle load during an eccentric (lengthening) muscle contraction than a concentric (shortening) muscle contraction. Consequently, older patients, patients with muscle or limb movement limitations or injuries, as well as cancer patients may be able to benefit from isolated eccentric muscle actions. There are specific physiological responses to eccentric muscle contractions. This review will describe the effects of different eccentric muscle contraction protocols on endocrine responses that could have positive effects on different tissues and recommend direction for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R Kraemer
- Deparment of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, LA, 70402.
| | - V Daniel Castracane
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 701 W. 5th St. Odessa, TX, 79763
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83
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Serretiello E, Iannaccone M, Titta F, G. Gatta N, Gentile V. Possible pathophysiological roles of transglutaminase-catalyzed reactions in the pathogenesis of human neurodegenerative diseases. AIMS BIOPHYSICS 2015. [DOI: 10.3934/biophy.2015.4.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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84
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Guo J, Fu X, Cui X, Fan M. Contributions of purinergic P2X3 receptors within the midbrain periaqueductal gray to diabetes-induced neuropathic pain. J Physiol Sci 2015; 65:99-104. [PMID: 25367719 PMCID: PMC10717477 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-014-0344-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hyperalgesia and allodynia are commonly observed in patients with diabetic neuropathy. The mechanisms responsible for neuropathic pain are not well understood. Thus, in this study, we examined the role played by purinergic P2X3 receptors of the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) in modulating diabetes-induced neuropathic pain because this brain region is an important component of the descending inhibitory system to control central pain transmission. Our results showed that mechanical withdrawal thresholds were significantly increased by stimulation of P2X3 receptors in the dorsolateral PAG of rats (n = 12, P < 0.05 vs. vehicle control) using α,β-methylene-ATP (α,β-meATP, a P2X3 receptor agonist). In addition, diabetes was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) in rats, and mechanical allodynia was observed 3 weeks after STZ administration. Notably, the excitatory effects of P2X3 stimulation on mechanical withdrawal thresholds were significantly blunted in STZ-induced diabetic rats (n = 12, P < 0.05 vs. control animals) as compared with control rats (n = 12). Furthermore, the protein expression of P2X3 receptors in the plasma membrane of the dorsolateral PAG of STZ-treated rats was significantly decreased (n = 10, P < 0.05 vs. control animals) compared to that in control rats (n = 8), whereas the total expression of P2X3 receptors was not significantly altered. Overall, data of our current study suggest that a decrease in the membrane expression of P2X3 receptors in the PAG of diabetic rats is likely to impair the descending inhibitory system in modulating pain transmission and thereby contributes to the development of mechanical allodynia in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, 67 West Dongchang Road, Liaocheng, 252000 Shandong China
| | - Xudong Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, 67 West Dongchang Road, Liaocheng, 252000 Shandong China
| | - Xia Cui
- Department of Endocrinology, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, 67 West Dongchang Road, Liaocheng, 252000 Shandong China
| | - Minhua Fan
- Department of Endocrinology, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, 67 West Dongchang Road, Liaocheng, 252000 Shandong China
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85
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Yang L, Di G, Qi X, Qu M, Wang Y, Duan H, Danielson P, Xie L, Zhou Q. Substance P promotes diabetic corneal epithelial wound healing through molecular mechanisms mediated via the neurokinin-1 receptor. Diabetes 2014; 63:4262-74. [PMID: 25008176 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide, predominantly released from sensory nerve fibers, with a potentially protective role in diabetic corneal epithelial wound healing. However, the molecular mechanism remains unclear. We investigated the protective mechanism of SP against hyperglycemia-induced corneal epithelial wound healing defects, using type 1 diabetic mice and high glucose-treated corneal epithelial cells. Hyperglycemia induced delayed corneal epithelial wound healing, accompanied by attenuated corneal sensation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impairments of Akt, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and Sirt1 activation, as well as decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging capacity. However, SP application promoted epithelial wound healing, recovery of corneal sensation, improvement of mitochondrial function, and reactivation of Akt, EGFR, and Sirt1, as well as increased ROS scavenging capacity, in both diabetic mouse corneal epithelium and high glucose-treated corneal epithelial cells. The promotion of SP on diabetic corneal epithelial healing was completely abolished by a neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor antagonist. Moreover, the subconjunctival injection of NK-1 receptor antagonist also caused diabetic corneal pathological changes in normal mice. In conclusion, the results suggest that SP-NK-1 receptor signaling plays a critical role in the maintenance of corneal epithelium homeostasis, and that SP signaling through the NK-1 receptor contributes to the promotion of diabetic corneal epithelial wound healing by rescued activation of Akt, EGFR, and Sirt1, improvement of mitochondrial function, and increased ROS scavenging capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Yang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Guohu Di
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xia Qi
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingli Qu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yao Wang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Haoyun Duan
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Patrik Danielson
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lixin Xie
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingjun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
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86
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Yosten GLC, Maric-Bilkan C, Luppi P, Wahren J. Physiological effects and therapeutic potential of proinsulin C-peptide. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 307:E955-68. [PMID: 25249503 PMCID: PMC4254984 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00130.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Connecting Peptide, or C-peptide, is a product of the insulin prohormone, and is released with and in amounts equimolar to those of insulin. While it was once thought that C-peptide was biologically inert and had little biological significance beyond its role in the proper folding of insulin, it is now known that C-peptide binds specifically to the cell membranes of a variety of tissues and initiates specific intracellular signaling cascades that are pertussis toxin sensitive. Although it is now clear that C-peptide is a biologically active molecule, controversy still remains as to the physiological significance of the peptide. Interestingly, C-peptide appears to reverse the deleterious effects of high glucose in some tissues, including the kidney, the peripheral nerves, and the vasculature. C-peptide is thus a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of diabetes-associated long-term complications. This review addresses the possible physiologically relevant roles of C-peptide in both normal and disease states and discusses the effects of the peptide on sensory nerve, renal, and vascular function. Furthermore, we highlight the intracellular effects of the peptide and present novel strategies for the determination of the C-peptide receptor(s). Finally, a hypothesis is offered concerning the relationship between C-peptide and the development of microvascular complications of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina L C Yosten
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri;
| | - Christine Maric-Bilkan
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Vascular Biology and Hypertension Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Patrizia Luppi
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - John Wahren
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and Cebix Inc., Karolinska Institutet Science Park, Solna, Sweden
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87
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McKillop AM, Ng MT, Abdel-Wahab YHA, Flatt PR. Evidence for inhibitory autocrine effects of proinsulin C-peptide on pancreatic β-cell function and insulin secretion. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014; 16:937-46. [PMID: 24702738 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Autocrine and paracrine regulatory mechanisms ensure integrated secretion of islet hormones that respond efficiently to changes in metabolic need. As proinsulin C-peptide exerts various biological effects and binds to cell membranes including insulin-secreting β cells, its physiological role in insulin release was examined. METHODS Insulin releasing activity of human and rat C-peptides were studied in the clonal pancreatic cell line, BRIN-BD11, with findings substantiated using isolated islets and in vivo studies employing SWISS TO mice. RESULTS Acute exposure of clonal β cells to human C-peptide resulted in concentration-dependent inhibitory effects on insulin secretion at 5.6 mM (p < 0.05-p < 0.001) and 16.7 mM (p < 0.01-p < 0.001) glucose. At physiologically relevant intra-islet concentrations (10(-9) -10(-6) M), C-peptide suppressed the insulin-secretory responses to a range of secretagogues acting at different points in the β cell stimulus-secretion coupling pathway including alanine (p < 0.05), Ca(2+) (p < 0.001), arginine (p < 0.05), tolbutamide (p < 0.001), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) (p < 0.001), isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) (p < 0.01) and KCl (p < 0.05). Similar results were obtained using isolated mouse pancreatic islets. Human C-peptide (3 × 10(-7) M, p < 0.001), somatostatin-14 (3 × 10(-7) M, p < 0.01) and diazoxide (300 µM, p < 0.001) reduced both alanine and glucose-stimulated insulin release by 43, 25 and 48%, respectively. The effects of human C-peptide were reproduced using rat C-peptide I and II. C-peptide also inhibited in vivo glucose-stimulated insulin release and impaired glucose tolerance in mice. CONCLUSIONS C-peptide is a biologically active endogenous peptide hormone that exerts inhibitory autocrine effects on pancreatic β-cell function. Mechanisms involving the activation of K(+) channels and a distal effect downstream of increased cytoplasmic Ca(2+) appear to be implicated in the inhibition of insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M McKillop
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy & Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK
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88
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Luppi P, Drain P. Autocrine C-peptide mechanism underlying INS1 beta cell adaptation to oxidative stress. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2014; 30:599-609. [PMID: 24459093 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) causing oxidative stress plays a major role in the pathogenesis of diabetes by inducing beta cell secretory dysfunction and apoptosis. Recent evidence has shown that C-peptide, produced by beta cells and co-secreted with insulin in the circulation of healthy individuals, decreases ROS and prevents apoptosis in dysfunctional vascular endothelial cells. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that an autocrine activity of C-peptide similarly decreases ROS when INS1 beta cells are exposed to stressful conditions of diabetes. METHODS Reactive oxygen species and apoptosis were induced in INS1 beta cells pretreated with C-peptide by either 22 mM glucose or 100 μM hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ). To test C-peptide's autocrine activity, endogenous C-peptide secretion was inhibited by the KATP channel opener diazoxide and H2 O2 -induced ROS assayed after addition of either exogenous C-peptide or the secretagogue glibenclamide. In similar experiments, extracellular potassium, which depolarizes the membrane otherwise hyperpolarized by diazoxide, was used to induce endogenous C-peptide secretion. ROS was measured using the cell-permeant dye chloromethyl-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (CM-H2 -DCFDA). Insulin secretion and apoptosis were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS C-peptide significantly decreased high glucose-induced and H2 O2 -induced ROS and prevented apoptosis of INS1 beta cells. Diazoxide significantly increased H2 O2 -induced ROS, which was reversed by exogenous C-peptide or glibenclamide or potassium chloride. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate an autocrine C-peptide mechanism in which C-peptide is bioactive on INS1 beta cells exposed to stressful conditions and might function as a natural antioxidant to limit beta cell dysfunction and loss contributing to diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Luppi
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
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89
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Bhatt MP, Lim YC, Ha KS. C-peptide replacement therapy as an emerging strategy for preventing diabetic vasculopathy. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 104:234-44. [PMID: 25239825 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lack of C-peptide, along with insulin, is the main feature of Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) and is also observed in progressive β-cell loss in later stage of Type 2 DM. Therapeutic approaches to hyperglycaemic control have been ineffective in preventing diabetic vasculopathy, and alternative therapeutic strategies are necessary to target both hyperglycaemia and diabetic complications. End-stage organ failure in DM seems to develop primarily due to vascular dysfunction and damage, leading to two types of organ-specific diseases, such as micro- and macrovascular complications. Numerous studies in diabetic patients and animals demonstrate that C-peptide treatment alone or in combination with insulin has physiological functions and might be beneficial in preventing diabetic complications. Current evidence suggests that C-peptide replacement therapy might prevent and ameliorate diabetic vasculopathy and organ-specific complications through conservation of vascular function, as well as prevention of endothelial cell death, microvascular permeability, vascular inflammation, and neointima formation. In this review, we describe recent advances on the beneficial role of C-peptide replacement therapy for preventing diabetic complications, such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, impaired wound healing, and inflammation, and further discuss potential beneficial effects of combined C-peptide and insulin supplement therapy to control hyperglycaemia and to prevent organ-specific complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra Prasad Bhatt
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Kangwondaehak-gil 1, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Cheol Lim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Kangwondaehak-gil 1, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Kangwondaehak-gil 1, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea
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90
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Lim YC, Bhatt MP, Kwon MH, Park D, Na S, Kim YM, Ha KS. Proinsulin C-peptide prevents impaired wound healing by activating angiogenesis in diabetes. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 135:269-278. [PMID: 25007043 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus disrupts wound repair and leads to the development of chronic wounds, likely due to impaired angiogenesis. We previously demonstrated that human proinsulin C-peptide can protect against vasculopathy in diabetes; however, its role in impaired wound healing in diabetes has not been studied. We investigated the potential roles of C-peptide in protecting against impaired wound healing by inducing angiogenesis using streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Diabetes delayed wound healing in mouse skin, and C-peptide supplement using osmotic pumps significantly increased the rate of skin wound closure in diabetic mice. Furthermore, C-peptide induced endothelial cell migration and tube formation in dose-dependent manners, with maximal effect at 0.5 nM. These effects were mediated through activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and Akt, as well as nitric oxide formation. C-peptide-enhanced angiogenesis in vivo was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and Matrigel plug assays. Our findings highlight an angiogenic role of C-peptide and its ability to protect against impaired wound healing, which may have significant implications in reparative and therapeutic angiogenesis in diabetes. Thus, C-peptide replacement is a promising therapy for impaired angiogenesis and delayed wound healing in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Cheol Lim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Institute of Medical Science, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Mahendra Prasad Bhatt
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Institute of Medical Science, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Mi-Hye Kwon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Institute of Medical Science, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Donghyun Park
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Institute of Medical Science, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - SungHun Na
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Institute of Medical Science, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Institute of Medical Science, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea.
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Bhatt MP, Lim YC, Kim YM, Ha KS. C-peptide activates AMPKα and prevents ROS-mediated mitochondrial fission and endothelial apoptosis in diabetes. Diabetes 2013; 62:3851-62. [PMID: 23884890 PMCID: PMC3806599 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Vasculopathy is a major complication of diabetes; however, molecular mechanisms mediating the development of vasculopathy and potential strategies for prevention have not been identified. We have previously reported that C-peptide prevents diabetic vasculopathy by inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated endothelial apoptosis. To gain further insight into ROS-dependent mechanism of diabetic vasculopathy and its prevention, we studied high glucose-induced cytosolic and mitochondrial ROS production and its effect on altered mitochondrial dynamics and apoptosis. For the therapeutic strategy, we investigated the vasoprotective mechanism of C-peptide against hyperglycemia-induced endothelial damage through the AMP-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα) pathway using human umbilical vein endothelial cells and aorta of diabetic mice. High glucose (33 mmol/L) increased intracellular ROS through a mechanism involving interregulation between cytosolic and mitochondrial ROS generation. C-peptide (1 nmol/L) activation of AMPKα inhibited high glucose-induced ROS generation, mitochondrial fission, mitochondrial membrane potential collapse, and endothelial cell apoptosis. Additionally, the AMPK activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide 1-β-d-ribofuranoside and the antihyperglycemic drug metformin mimicked protective effects of C-peptide. C-peptide replacement therapy normalized hyperglycemia-induced AMPKα dephosphorylation, ROS generation, and mitochondrial disorganization in aorta of diabetic mice. These findings highlight a novel mechanism by which C-peptide activates AMPKα and protects against hyperglycemia-induced vasculopathy.
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92
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Lim YC, Bhatt MP, Kwon MH, Park D, Lee S, Choe J, Hwang J, Kim YM, Ha KS. Prevention of VEGF-mediated microvascular permeability by C-peptide in diabetic mice. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 101:155-64. [PMID: 24142430 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Human C-peptide has a beneficial effect on the prevention of diabetic neuropathy, nephropathy, and vascular complications; however, its role in protection against increased vascular permeability in diabetes remains unclear. Our purpose was to explore the potential protective role of C-peptide against microvascular permeability mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in diabetes. METHODS AND RESULTS Generation of intracellular ROS, real-time changes in intracellular Ca(2+), ROS-dependent stress fibre formation, and the disassembly of the adherens junctions were studied by a confocal microscopy in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). VEGF-induced vascular leakage was investigated in the skin of diabetic mice using a Miles vascular permeability assay. Microvascular leakage in the retina of streptozotocin diabetic mice was investigated using a confocal microscopy after left ventricle injection of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran. C-peptide inhibited the VEGF-induced ROS generation, stress fibre formation, disassembly of vascular endothelial cadherin, and endothelial permeability in HUVECs. Intradermal injection of C-peptide prevented VEGF-induced vascular leakage. Consistent with this, intravitreal injection of C-peptide prevented the extravasation of FITC-dextran in the retinas of diabetic mice, which was also prevented by anti-VEGF antibody and ROS scavengers in diabetic mice. Conclusions/interpretation C-peptide prevents VEGF-induced microvascular permeability by inhibiting ROS-mediated intracellular events in diabetic mice, suggesting that C-peptide replacement is a promising therapeutic strategy to prevent diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Cheol Lim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Scicence, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Kangwon-do 200-701, Korea
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Luppi P, Kallas Å, Wahren J. Can C-peptide mediated anti-inflammatory effects retard the development of microvascular complications of type 1 diabetes? Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2013; 29:357-62. [PMID: 23463541 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia is considered to be the major cause of microvascular complications of diabetes. Growing evidence highlights the importance of hyperglycemia-mediated inflammation in the initiation and progression of microvascular complications in type 1 diabetes. We hypothesize that lack of proinsulin C-peptide and lack of its anti-inflammatory properties contribute to the development of microvascular complications. Evidence gathered over the past 20 years shows that C-peptide is a biologically active peptide in its own right. It has been shown to reduce formation of reactive oxygen species and nuclear factor-κB activation induced by hyperglycemia, resulting in inhibition of cytokine, chemokine and cell adhesion molecule formation as well as reduced apoptotic activity. In addition, C-peptide stimulates and induces the expression of both Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase and endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Animal studies and small-scale clinical trials in type 1 diabetes patients suggest that C-peptide replacement combined with regular insulin therapy exerts beneficial effects on kidney and nerve dysfunction. Further clinical trials in patients with microvascular complications including measurements of inflammatory markers are warranted to explore the clinical significance of the aforementioned, previously unrecognized, C-peptide effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Luppi
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Rangos Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA
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C-Peptide and Its Career from Innocent Bystander to Active Player in Diabetic Atherogenesis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2013; 15:339. [DOI: 10.1007/s11883-013-0339-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Waldhäusl
- Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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