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Penix EA, Whitmer DL, Thomas JL, Wilk JE, Adler AB. Behavioral health of US military veterinary personnel deployed to Afghanistan. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2019; 254:520-529. [PMID: 30714870 DOI: 10.2460/javma.254.4.520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare symptoms of compromised behavioral health (BH symptoms) and factors protecting against those symptoms (protective factors) in military veterinary and nonveterinary health-care personnel deployed to Afghanistan. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. SAMPLE 237 deployed military health-care personnel (21 veterinary and 216 nonveterinary). PROCEDURES Surveys were administered to participants during combat deployment in Afghanistan in 2013 to collect information on BH symptoms and protective factors. Data were compared between veterinary and nonveterinary health-care personnel by use of regression models controlling for demographic characteristics and deployment experiences. Partial correlations were computed to assess relationships between protective factors and BH symptoms, controlling for personnel type. RESULTS Less than 15% of veterinary and nonveterinary health-care personnel were at risk for suicidal ideation, major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. After adjusting for covariates, both personnel types had similar levels of depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and anxiety symptoms; however, veterinary personnel reported more distressing secondary traumatic stress symptoms and a greater number of anger reactions. Self-care, team support, and perceived supportive leadership were inversely associated with BH symptoms regardless of personnel type. Veterinary personnel engaged in less self-care, provided less team care, and rated leadership behaviors less positively than nonveterinary health-care personnel. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Compared with nonveterinary health-care personnel, deployed veterinary personnel were at greater risk of generalized anxiety disorder and reported more secondary traumatic stress and anger reactions, but were less likely to be engaged in and exposed to protective factors. Interventions designed to promote self-care and team support for veterinary personnel and their leaders may reduce the occupational risk of BH symptoms in deployment and perhaps other settings.
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Hoffman JM, Lourenço BN, Promislow DEL, Creevy KE. Canine hyperadrenocorticism associations with signalment, selected comorbidities and mortality within North American veterinary teaching hospitals. J Small Anim Pract 2018; 59:681-690. [PMID: 30039567 PMCID: PMC6559942 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe a large population of dogs with a diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism at the time of death in North American veterinary teaching hospitals, and to identify comorbid conditions associated with hyperadrenocorticism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective cohort study of 1519 dogs with hyperadrenocorticism from a population of 70,574 dogs reported to the Veterinary Medical Database. Signalment, presence or absence of hyperadrenocorticism, aetiology of hyperadrenocorticism (if described), frequency of select comorbidities and causes of death were evaluated in dogs with and without hyperadrenocorticism. RESULTS Hyperadrenocorticism was more frequent in females. Neutering was associated with a minor, but significant, increase in the odds of hyperadrenocorticism. Hyperadrenocorticism was the presumed cause of death of 393 (25∙9%) of affected dogs. When aetiology was specified (527 dogs, corresponding to 34∙7% of the cases), pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism [387 (73∙4%) out of 527 dogs] was more common than functional adrenocortical tumour [136 (25∙8%) out of 527 dogs). Hyperadrenocorticism was over-represented in certain expected (miniature poodle, dachshund) and unexpected (Irish setter, bassett hound) breeds compared with the population at large. Of the select comorbidities investigated, dogs with hyperadrenocorticism were at increased risk for concurrent diabetes mellitus, urinary tract infection, urolithiasis, hypertension, gall bladder mucocoele and thromboembolic disease compared with dogs without hyperadrenocorticism. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Hyperadrenocorticism is significantly associated with certain comorbid conditions but is not a major cause of mortality in affected dogs. Documented patterns now provide targets for prospective clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Hoffman
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - B. N. Lourenço
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - D. E. L. Promislow
- Department of Pathology & Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - K. E. Creevy
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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Enomoto M, Mantyh PW, Murrell J, Innes JF, Lascelles BDX. Anti-nerve growth factor monoclonal antibodies for the control of pain in dogs and cats. Vet Rec 2018; 184:23. [PMID: 30368458 PMCID: PMC6326241 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is essential for the survival of sensory and sympathetic neurons during development. However, in the adult, NGF and its interaction with tropomyosin receptor kinase A receptor (TrkA) has been found to play a critical role in nociception and nervous system plasticity in pain conditions. Thus, various monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapies targeting this pathway have been investigated in the development of new pharmacotherapies for chronic pain. Although none of the mAbs against NGF are yet approved for use in humans, they look very promising for the effective control of pain. Recently, species-specific anti-NGF mAbs for the management of osteoarthritis (OA)-associated pain in dogs and cats has been developed, and early clinical trials have been conducted. Anti-NGF therapy looks to be both very effective and very promising as a novel therapy against chronic pain in dogs and cats. This review outlines the mechanism of action of NGF, the role of NGF in osteoarthritis, research in rodent OA models and the current status of the development of anti-NGF mAbs in humans. Furthermore, we describe and discuss the recent development of species-specific anti-NGF mAbs for the treatment of OA-associated pain in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Enomoto
- Translational Research in Pain, Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Patrick W Mantyh
- Cancer Center's Cancer Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Joanna Murrell
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - B Duncan X Lascelles
- Translational Research in Pain, Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Center for Pain Research and Innovation, UNC School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Garden OA, Volk SW, Mason NJ, Perry JA. Companion animals in comparative oncology: One Medicine in action. Vet J 2018; 240:6-13. [PMID: 30268334 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Comparative oncology is poised to have a far-reaching impact on both animals and human beings with cancer. The field is gaining momentum and has repeatedly proven its utility in various aspects of oncology, including study of the genetics, development, progression, immunology and therapy of cancer. Companion animals provide many advantages over both traditional rodent models and human beings for studying cancer biology and accelerating the development of novel anti-cancer therapies. In this review, several examples of the ability of companion animals with spontaneous cancers to fill a unique niche in the field of oncology are discussed. In addition, potential caveats of the use of companion animals in research are reviewed, as well as ethical considerations and efforts to standardize veterinary clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Garden
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - S W Volk
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - N J Mason
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - J A Perry
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Wallis LJ, Szabó D, Erdélyi-Belle B, Kubinyi E. Demographic Change Across the Lifespan of Pet Dogs and Their Impact on Health Status. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:200. [PMID: 30191153 PMCID: PMC6115627 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although dogs' life expectancies are six to twelve times shorter than that of humans, the demographics (e. g., living conditions) of dogs can still change considerably with aging, similarly to humans. Despite the fact that the dog is a particularly good model for human healthspan, and the number of aged dogs in the population is growing in parallel with aged humans, there has been few previous attempts to describe demographic changes statistically. We utilized an on-line questionnaire to examine the link between the age and health of the dog, and owner and dog demographics in a cross-sectional Hungarian sample. Results from univariate analyses revealed that 20 of the 27 demographic variables measured differed significantly between six dog age groups. Our results revealed that pure breed dogs suffered from health problems at a younger age, and may die at an earlier age than mixed breeds. The oldest dog group (>12 years) consisted of fewer pure breeds than mixed breeds and the mixed breeds sample was on average older than the pure breed sample. Old dogs were classified more frequently as unhealthy, less often had a “normal” body condition score, and more often received medication and supplements. They were also more often male, neutered, suffered health problems (such as sensory, joint, and/or tooth problems), received less activity/interaction/training with the owner, and were more likely to have experienced one or more traumatic events. Surprisingly, the youngest age group contained more pure breeds, were more often fed raw meat, and had owners aged under 29 years, reflecting new trends among younger owners. The high prevalence of dogs that had experienced one or more traumatic events in their lifetime (over 40% of the sample), indicates that welfare and health could be improved by informing owners of the greatest risk factors of trauma, and providing interventions to reduce their impact. Experiencing multiple life events such as spending time in a shelter, changing owners, traumatic injury/prolonged disease/surgery, getting lost, and changes in family structure increased the likelihood that owners reported that their dogs currently show behavioral signs that they attribute to the previous trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J Wallis
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dóra Szabó
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Enikö Kubinyi
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Brady K, Cracknell N, Zulch H, Mills DS. A Systematic Review of the Reliability and Validity of Behavioural Tests Used to Assess Behavioural Characteristics Important in Working Dogs. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:103. [PMID: 29888234 PMCID: PMC5982092 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Working dogs are selected based on predictions from tests that they will be able to perform specific tasks in often challenging environments. However, withdrawal from service in working dogs is still a big problem, bringing into question the reliability of the selection tests used to make these predictions. Methods A systematic review was undertaken aimed at bringing together available information on the reliability and predictive validity of the assessment of behavioural characteristics used with working dogs to establish the quality of selection tests currently available for use to predict success in working dogs. Results The search procedures resulted in 16 papers meeting the criteria for inclusion. A large range of behaviour tests and parameters were used in the identified papers, and so behaviour tests and their underpinning constructs were grouped on the basis of their relationship with positive core affect (willingness to work, human-directed social behaviour, object-directed play tendencies) and negative core affect (human-directed aggression, approach withdrawal tendencies, sensitivity to aversives). We then examined the papers for reports of inter-rater reliability, within-session intra-rater reliability, test-retest validity and predictive validity. Conclusions The review revealed a widespread lack of information relating to the reliability and validity of measures to assess behaviour and inconsistencies in terminologies, study parameters and indices of success. There is a need to standardise the reporting of these aspects of behavioural tests in order to improve the knowledge base of what characteristics are predictive of optimal performance in working dog roles, improving selection processes and reducing working dog redundancy. We suggest the use of a framework based on explaining the direct or indirect relationship of the test with core affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Brady
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | - Nina Cracknell
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Zulch
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
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Togni M, Curtis A, Vargas DP, Kommers GD, Irigoyen LF, Fighera RA. Causas de morte e razões para eutanásia em gatos na Região Central do Rio Grande do Sul (1964-2013). PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
RESUMO: Este trabalho tem por objetivo determinar a prevalência das doenças que causam a morte ou levam à eutanásia de gatos da região central do Rio Grande do Sul. Para isto, foram revisados os arquivos do Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária (LPV) da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) entre 1964 a 2013, e foram encontrados um total de 1.247 protocolos de necropsias de gatos. Em 878 protocolos (70,4%) a causa da morte e/ou razão para eutanásia foi estabelecida e em 369 casos (29,6%) não foi possível estabelecer uma causa definitiva. Os diagnósticos encontrados foram avaliados e distribuídos em diferentes categorias. Os grupos responsáveis pelo maior número de causas de morte ou razão para eutanásia em gatos foram os distúrbios causados por agentes físicos (15,6%), seguidos das doenças infecciosas e parasitárias (13,2%) e dos tumores (10,50%). Intoxicações e toxi-infecções (5,3%), doenças degenerativas (4,8%), distúrbios iatrogênicos (3,8%), doenças metabólicas e endocrinológicas (2,7%) foram categorias comuns. Doenças imunomediadas (2,1%), doenças nutricionais (1,6%), eutanásia por conveniência (1,4%) e distúrbios congênitos (1%) foram categorias incomuns. Outros distúrbios perfizeram 8,34% dos casos, As doenças mais importantes também foram avaliadas com relação à idade e os resultados obtidos demonstram que os adultos são mais acometidos pelo distúrbio do trato urinário inferior dos felinos, por traumas e por distúrbios iatrogênicos. Os gatos idosos são mais afetados por tumores e por doenças degenerativas, como a insuficiência renal crônica. Nos filhotes a principal doença que causa a morte ou eutanásia é a peritonite infecciosa feline.
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Miller L, Pacheco GJ, Janak JC, Grimm RC, Dierschke NA, Baker J, Orman JA. Causes of Death in Military Working Dogs During Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom, 2001–2013. Mil Med 2018; 183:e467-e474. [DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usx235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Miller
- US Army Special Operations Command, Veterinary Service, 2929 Desert Storm Drive, Fort Bragg, NC
| | | | - Jud C Janak
- US Army Institute of Surgical Research, 3698 Chambers Pass, JBSA-Fort Sam Houston, TX
| | - Rose C Grimm
- US Army Institute of Surgical Research, 3698 Chambers Pass, JBSA-Fort Sam Houston, TX
| | | | - Janice Baker
- US Army Special Operations Command, Veterinary Service, 2929 Desert Storm Drive, Fort Bragg, NC
| | - Jean A Orman
- US Army Institute of Surgical Research, 3698 Chambers Pass, JBSA-Fort Sam Houston, TX
- UT Health San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD
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Lee E, Choi JH, Jeong HJ, Hwang SG, Lee S, Oh JW. Hematologic and serologic status of military working dogs given standard diet containing natural botanical supplements. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:343-347. [PMID: 29854603 PMCID: PMC5978014 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The experiments with military working dogs (MWDs) as a special case were carried out. Osteoarthritis is a common inflammatory disease in MWDs. We evaluated a mixture of natural botanicals as a dietary supplement. This supplementation had positive effects on hematological and serological values. Results provided support for the development of a feed supplement for MWDs.
The health of military working dogs (MWDs) deployed with Korean troops is of prime importance. The aim of our study was to investigate the hematologic and serologic status of Korean MWDs given natural botanical supplements. To do this, 11 natural botanicals were selected based on relevant references and combined to supplement MWDs. Throughout the 16-week experimental periods, there was no significant difference in body weights of individual dogs. The Hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), and Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) values were slightly higher in the group given the supplement. On the other hand, the Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) values were slightly lower. Changes in platelet, lymphocyte, and basophil counts were observed in the supplemented group. The median serum IL-6 level did not differ significantly between the supplemented and control groups. However, the mean serum C-reactive protein (CRP) value increased significantly from the start of supplementation to 8 weeks, and then decreased at 16 weeks. Taken together, our result suggests that the health condition of most MWDs supplemented with natural botanicals was gradually improved. Thus, this study may provide support for the development of a feed supplement for MWDs using natural botanicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunchae Lee
- Department of Animal Bioscience and Technology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Ha Choi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Jeong Jeong
- Department of Companion Animal Science, Seojeong College, 1046-56, Hwahap-ro, Yangju-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Gu Hwang
- Korea Customs Service, Customs Border Control Training Institute 208, Yeongjonghaeanbuk-ro 1204, Incheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangrak Lee
- Department of Animal Bioscience and Technology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Wook Oh
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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Huang WH, Liao AT, Chu PY, Zhai SH, Yen IF, Liu CH. A 3-year surveillance on causes of death or reasons for euthanasia of domesticated dogs in Taiwan. Prev Vet Med 2017; 147:1-10. [PMID: 29254705 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 2 decades, there has been growing interest in research on the mortality of domesticated pets. These studies relied on an effective data-collecting system. During 2012-2014, a real-time reporting system was designed for mortality data in owned dogs and cats. The present retrospective study aimed to report on the causes of death (CODs) or reasons for euthanasia (RFEs) in domesticated dogs in Taiwan, and to investigate CODs/RFEs segregated by demographic variables. Data from 2306 domesticated dogs were acquired during the 3-year period in the present study. The median age at death of the study population was 10.2 years (median interquartile range 7.0-14.0; range 0.0-25.0). Crossbred, female, and neutered dogs showed greater ages at death than other groups. The most common COD/RFE was neoplasia, followed by multiple organ involvement (MOI) and cardiovascular diseases. Segregated by cut-off ages, the most common COD/RFE was infection among dogs younger than 3 years or 1year, and neoplasia among dogs at or older than 3 years or 1year of age; the most common COD/RFE was neoplasia among dogs younger than median age, and MOI among dogs at or older than median age. Segregated by geographic variables, the ranking and frequency of CODs/RFEs displayed different patterns between the capital city/non-capital areas, and among areas stratified by human population densities. The study provides various insights into age at death and CODs/RFEs in owned-dog population in Taiwan, and provides new directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsiang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 10617, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Albert Taiching Liao
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 10617, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Yi Chu
- Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, No. 542, Sec. 1, Chung-shan Rd., Changhua 50008, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shao-Hua Zhai
- Collage of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - I-Feng Yen
- Taipei City Animal Protection Office, No.109, Ln. 600, Wuxing St., Xinyi Dist., Taipei City 11048, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chen-Hsuan Liu
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 10617, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 10617, Taiwan, ROC; National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, No.153, Sec. 3, Keelung Rd., Da'an Dist., Taipei City 10672, Taiwan, ROC.
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Belanger JM, Bellumori TP, Bannasch DL, Famula TR, Oberbauer AM. Correlation of neuter status and expression of heritable disorders. Canine Genet Epidemiol 2017; 4:6. [PMID: 28560045 PMCID: PMC5445488 DOI: 10.1186/s40575-017-0044-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gonadectomy, or neutering, is a very common surgery for dogs having many positive effects on behavior, health, and longevity. There are also certain risks associated with neutering including the development of orthopedic conditions, cognitive decline, and a predisposition to some neoplasias. This study was designed specifically to identify if a correlation exists between neuter status and inherited conditions in a large aggregate cohort of dogs representing many different breeds. RESULTS Neutered dogs were at less risk for early and congenital conditions (aortic stenosis, early onset cataracts, mitral valve disease, patent ductus arteriosus, portosystemic shunt, and ventricular septal defect) than intact dogs. Neutering was also associated with reduced risk of dilated cardiomyopathy and gastric dilatation volvulus in males. Neutering was significantly associated with an increased risk for males and females for cancers (hemangiosarcoma, hyperadrenocorticism, lymphoma, mast cell tumor, and osteosarcoma), ruptured anterior cruciate ligament and epilepsy. Intervertebral disk disease was associated with increased risk in females only. For elbow dysplasia, hip dysplasia, lens luxation, and patellar luxation neutering had no significant effect on the risk for those conditions. Neutering was associated with a reduced risk of vehicular injury, a condition chosen as a control. CONCLUSIONS In this retrospective study, several conditions showed an increased risk associated with neutering whereas other conditions were less likely to be expressed in neutered dogs. The complexity of the interactions between neutering and inherited conditions underscores the need for reflective consultation between the client and the clinician when considering neutering. The convenience and advantages of neutering dogs that will not be included in a breeding program must be weighed against possible risk associated with neutering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle M. Belanger
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Thomas P. Bellumori
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Danika L. Bannasch
- Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Thomas R. Famula
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Anita M. Oberbauer
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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Houlihan KE. A literature review on the welfare implications of gonadectomy of dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017; 250:1155-1166. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.250.10.1155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA)-associated pain is a leading cause of disability. Central sensitization (CS), as a result of OA, is recognized as an important facet of human patients' chronic pain and has been measured in people using quantitative sensory testing (QST) testing. The spontaneous canine OA model has been suggested as a good translational model, but CS has not been explored in this model. In this study, QST was performed on dogs with and without spontaneous hip or stifle OA to determine whether OA is associated with CS in this model. Mechanical (von Frey and blunt pressure) and thermal (hot and cold) sensory thresholds obtained in dogs with chronic OA-associated pain (n = 31) were compared with those of normal dogs (n = 23). Dogs were phenotyped and joint-pain scored, and testing was performed at the OA-affected joint, cranial tibial muscle, and dorsal metatarsal region. QST summary data were evaluated using mixed-effect models to understand the influence of OA status and covariates, and dogs with OA and control dogs were compared. The presence of OA was strongly associated with hyperalgesia across all QST modalities at the index joint, cranial tibial muscle, and metatarsal site. Mechanical QST scores were significantly moderately negatively correlated with total joint-pain scores. The spontaneous canine OA model is associated with somatosensory sensitivity, likely indicative of CS. These data further validate the canine spontaneous OA model as an appropriate model of the human OA pain condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ellen Goldberg
- Academy of Laboratory Animal Veterinary Technicians and Nurses
- Organizing Committee Academy of Physical Rehabilitation Veterinary Technicians
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Zindl C, Tucker RL, Jovanovik J, Gomez Alvarez C, Price D, Fitzpatrick N. EFFECTS OF IMAGE PLANE, PATIENT POSITIONING, AND FORAMINAL ZONE ON MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING MEASUREMENTS OF CANINE LUMBOSACRAL INTERVERTEBRAL FORAMINA. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2016; 58:206-215. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Zindl
- Fitzpatrick Referrals Ltd.; Godalming Surrey GU7 2QQ UK
| | - Russell L. Tucker
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Washington State University; Pullman WA 99164 UK
| | | | | | - David Price
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Disease Dynamics Unit; University of Cambridge; Cambridge CB3 0ES UK
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Adams VJ, Watson P, Carmichael S, Gerry S, Penell J, Morgan DM. Exceptional longevity and potential determinants of successful ageing in a cohort of 39 Labrador retrievers: results of a prospective longitudinal study. Acta Vet Scand 2016; 58:29. [PMID: 27169845 PMCID: PMC4863359 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-016-0206-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to describe the longevity and causes of mortality in 39 (12 males, 27 females) pedigree adult neutered Labrador retrievers with a median age of 6.5 years at the start of the study and kept under similar housing and management conditions. Body condition score was maintained between two and four on a 5-point scale by varying food allowances quarterly. The impact of change in body weight (BW) and body composition on longevity was analysed using linear mixed models with random slopes and intercepts. RESULTS On 31 July 2014, 10 years after study start, dogs were classified into three lifespan groups: 13 (33 %) Expected (≥9 to ≤12.9 years), 15 (39 %) Long (≥13 to ≤15.5 years) and 11 (28 %) Exceptional (≥15.6 years) with five still alive. Gender and age at neutering were not associated with longevity (P ≥ 0.06). BW increased similarly for all lifespan groups up to age 9, thereafter, from 9 to 13 years, Exceptional dogs gained and Long-lifespan dogs lost weight (P = 0.007). Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometer scans revealed that absolute fat mass increase was slower to age 13 for Long compared with Expected lifespan dogs (P = 0.003) whilst all groups lost a similar amount of absolute lean mass (P > 0.05). Percent fat increase and percent lean loss were slower, whilst the change in fat:lean was smaller, in both the Exceptional and Long lifespan compared with Expected dogs to age 13 (P ≤ 0.02). Total bone mineral density was significantly lower for Expected compared to Exceptional and Long lifespan dogs (P < 0.04). CONCLUSIONS This study shows that life-long maintenance of lean body mass and attenuated accumulation of body fat were key factors in achieving a longer lifespan. The results suggest that a combination of a high quality plane of nutrition with appropriate husbandry and healthcare are important in obtaining a greater than expected proportion of Labrador retrievers living well beyond that of the expected breed lifespan: 89.7 % (95 % CI 74.8-96.7 %) dogs were alive at 12 years of age and 28.2 % (95 % CI 15.6-45.1 %) reaching an exceptional lifespan of ≥15.6 years.
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Henderson AL, Hecht S, Millis DL. Lumbar paraspinal muscle transverse area and symmetry in dogs with and without degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. J Small Anim Pract 2015; 56:618-22. [PMID: 26310387 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis have decreased lumbar paraspinal muscle transverse area and symmetry compared with control dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective cross-sectional study comparing muscles in transverse T2-weighted magnetic resonance images for nine dogs with and nine dogs without degenerative -lumbosacral stenosis. Mean transverse area was measured for the lumbar multifidus and sacrocaudalis dorsalis lateralis muscles bilaterally and the L7 vertebral body at the level of the caudal endplate. Transverse areas of both muscle groups relative to L7 and asymmetry indices were compared between study populations using independent t tests. RESULTS Mean muscle-to-L7 transverse area ratios were significantly smaller in the degenerative lumbosacral stenosis group compared with those in the control group in both lumbar multifidus (0·84 ±0·26 versus 1·09 ±0·25; P=0·027) and sacrocaudalis dorsalis lateralis (0·5 ±0·15 versus 0·68 ±0·12; P=0·005) muscles. Mean asymmetry indices were higher for both muscles in the group with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis than in the control group, but highly variable and the difference was not statistically significant. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE These findings suggest that dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis have decreased lumbar paraspinal muscle mass that may be a cause or consequence of the -syndrome. Understanding altered paraspinal muscle characteristics may improve understanding of the -pathophysiology and management options for degenerative lumbosacral stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Henderson
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - S Hecht
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - D L Millis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Blume LM, Worth AJ, Cohen EB, Bridges JP, Hartman AC. ACCURACY OF RADIOGRAPHIC DETECTION OF THE CRANIAL MARGIN OF THE DORSAL LAMINA OF THE CANINE SACRUM. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2015; 56:579-88. [PMID: 26304022 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An elongated sacral lamina has been described as one of the contributing factors for dogs with cauda equina syndrome due to degenerative lumbosacral stenosis (DLSS); however, published evidence is lacking on the accuracy of radiographic screening for the presence of this lesion. Objectives of this prospective, cross-sectional cadaver study were to describe the accuracy and repeatability of detection of the cranial sacral lamina margin on plain lateral radiographs of the lumbosacral junction in dogs. Twenty-five medium and large breed canine cadavers were radiographed before and after placement of a radiopaque hook in the cranial margin of the sacral lamina. Three independent evaluators placed digital markers at the perceived margin on preinterventional radiographs. The distance from perceived location to the true location on postinterventional radiographs was recorded for each dog and observer. A discordance threshold (distance between perceived and actual margin) of 1.5 mm was subjectively defined as clinically relevant. The three evaluators demonstrated good repeatability, although the accuracy for margin detection was only fair (mean discordance 1.7 mm). Evaluators demonstrated greater accuracy in identifying the landmark in juveniles (1.4 mm) vs. adults (1.8 mm; P < 0.01). Results of this study indicated that observer repeatability is good and accuracy is fair for correctly identifying the radiographic cranial margin of the sacral lamina in dogs. This should be taken into consideration when interpreting elongation of the sacral lamina in radiographs of dogs with suspected DLSS, especially adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Blume
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Andrew J Worth
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Eli B Cohen
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Janis P Bridges
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Angela C Hartman
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Komsta R, Łojszczyk-Szczepaniak A, Dębiak P. Lumbosacral Transitional Vertebrae, Canine Hip Dysplasia, and Sacroiliac Joint Degenerative Changes on Ventrodorsal Radiographs of the Pelvis in Police Working German Shepherd Dogs. Top Companion Anim Med 2015; 30:10-5. [DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
Lumbosacral transitional vertebra is a common congenital anomaly of the spine in dogs. It is a predisposing factor for degeneration of the lumbosacral spine and development of cauda equina syndrome or hip dysplasia in affected dogs. The aim of the study was to determine breed predisposition, types, and prevalence of lumbosacral transitional vertebrae in the canine population in the Czech Republic. The value of laterolateral radiographs of the lumbosacral junction in the diagnosis of LTV was also evaluated. Prevalence of lumbosacral transitional vertebrae was determined by reviewing ventrodorsal radiographs of pelvis with an extended hip of 1,878 dogs. Lumbosacral transitional vertebrae were detected in 188 dogs (10%). German Shepherd, Alaskan Malamute and Bohemian Shepherd were found to be highly predisposed breeds. The most common type of lumbosacral transitional vertebra was type II with separation of the first sacral vertebra from sacrum and presence of rudimentary intervertebral space between S1 and the sacral median crest (37.8% of the lumbosacral transitional vertebrae). Type I was detected in 29.2% and the asymmetric type of the lumbosacral transitional vertebra (type III) in 33%. Laterolateral radiograph of the lumbosacral spine was evaluated in 126 dogs from 188 with lumbosacral transitional vertebrae. Rudimentary intervertebral disc space between S1 and S2 in laterolateral radiographs was detected in 100% of lumbosacral transitional vertebrae with type II and III, and was not detected in type I. The findings on lumbosacral transitional vertebrae in the Czech Republic will extend knowledge about the disease. Both ventrodorsal hip-extended and laterolateral radiographs should be recommended for routine screening and reliable differentiation among the three different types of lumbosacral transitional vertebra.
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Takara MS, Harrell K. Noncombat-related injuries or illnesses incurred by military working dogs in a combat zone. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 245:1124-8. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.245.10.1124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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The advent of canine performance science: offering a sustainable future for working dogs. Behav Processes 2014; 110:96-104. [PMID: 25444772 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Working and sporting dogs provide an essential contribution to many industries worldwide. The common development, maintenance and disposal of working and sporting dogs can be considered in the same way as other animal production systems. The process of 'production' involves genetic selection, puppy rearing, recruitment and assessment, training, housing and handling, handler education, health and working life end-point management. At present, inefficiencies throughout the production process result in a high failure rate of dogs attaining operational status. This level of wastage would be condemned in other animal production industries for economic reasons and has significant implications for dog welfare, as well as public perceptions of dog-based industries. Standards of acceptable animal use are changing and some historically common uses of animals are no longer publicly acceptable, especially where harm is caused for purposes deemed trivial, or where alternatives exist. Public scrutiny of animal use appears likely to increase and extend to all roles of animals, including working and sporting dogs. Production system processes therefore need to be transparent, traceable and ethically acceptable for animal use to be sustainable into the future. Evidence-based approaches already inform best practice in fields as diverse as agriculture and human athletic performance. This article introduces the nascent discipline of canine performance science, which aims to facilitate optimal product quality and production efficiency, while also assuring evidence-based increments in dog welfare through a process of research and development. Our thesis is that the model of canine performance science offers an objective, transparent and traceable opportunity for industry development in line with community expectations and underpins a sustainable future for working dogs. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Canine Behavior.
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Holder AL, Price JA, Adams JP, Volk HA, Catchpole B. A retrospective study of the prevalence of the canine degenerative myelopathy associated superoxide dismutase 1 mutation (SOD1:c.118G > A) in a referral population of German Shepherd dogs from the UK. Canine Genet Epidemiol 2014; 1:10. [PMID: 26401327 PMCID: PMC4579386 DOI: 10.1186/2052-6687-1-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine degenerative myelopathy (CDM) is an adult onset, progressive neurodegenerative disease of the spinal cord. The disease was originally described in the German Shepherd dog (GSD), but it is now known to occur in many other dog breeds. A previous study has identified a mutation in the superoxide dismutase 1 gene (SOD1:c.118G > A) that is associated with susceptibility to CDM. In the present study, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was used to genotype GSD for SOD1:c.118G > A in order to estimate the prevalence of the mutation in a referral population of GSD in the UK. RESULTS This study demonstrated that the RFLP assay, based on use of PCR and subsequent digestion with the Eco571 enzyme, provided a simple genotyping test for the SOD1:c.118G > A mutation. In a young GSD population (i.e. dogs less than 6 years of age, before clinical signs of the disease usually become apparent), 8 of 50 dogs were found to be homozygous and a further 19 were heterozygous for the mutation. In dogs over 8 years of age, 21 of 50 dogs admitted to a tertiary referral hospital with pelvic limb ataxia as a major clinical sign were homozygous for the mutation, compared to none of 50 dogs of similar age, but where no neurological disease was reported on referral. CONCLUSIONS This data suggests that genotyping for the SOD1:c.118G > A mutation is clinically applicable and that the mutation has a high degree of penetrance. Genotyping might also be useful for screening the GSD population to avoid mating of two carriers, but since the allele frequency is relatively high in the UK population of GSD, care should be taken to avoid reduction in genetic diversity within the breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela L Holder
- />Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA UK
| | - James A Price
- />Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA UK
| | - Jamie P Adams
- />Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA UK
- />Boehringer Ingelheim Ltd, Ellesfield Avenue, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG12 8YS UK
| | - Holger A Volk
- />Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA UK
| | - Brian Catchpole
- />Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA UK
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75
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O'Neill DG, Church DB, McGreevy PD, Thomson PC, Brodbelt DC. Longevity and mortality of owned dogs in England. Vet J 2013; 198:638-43. [PMID: 24206631 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Improved understanding of longevity represents a significant welfare opportunity for the domestic dog, given its unparalleled morphological diversity. Epidemiological research using electronic patient records (EPRs) collected from primary veterinary practices overcomes many inherent limitations of referral clinic, owner questionnaire and pet insurance data. Clinical health data from 102,609 owned dogs attending first opinion veterinary practices (n=86) in central and southeast England were analysed, focusing on 5095 confirmed deaths. Of deceased dogs with information available, 3961 (77.9%) were purebred, 2386 (47.0%) were female, 2528 (49.8%) were neutered and 1105 (21.7%) were insured. The overall median longevity was 12.0 years (IQR 8.9-14.2). The longest-lived breeds were the Miniature poodle, Bearded collie, Border collie and Miniature dachshund, while the shortest-lived were the Dogue de Bordeaux and Great Dane. The most frequently attributed causes of death were neoplastic, musculoskeletal and neurological disorders. The results of multivariable modelling indicated that longevity in crossbred dogs exceeded purebred dogs by 1.2 years (95% confidence interval 0.9-1.4; P<0.001) and that increasing bodyweight was negatively correlated with longevity. The current findings highlight major breed differences for longevity and support the concept of hybrid vigour in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G O'Neill
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, UK.
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Parr JR, Otto CM. Emergency visits and occupational hazards in German Shepherd police dogs (2008-2010). J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2013; 23:591-7. [PMID: 24102911 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the most common reasons for emergency medical visits in working police dogs. DESIGN Retrospective case control study. ANIMALS Two hundred three German Shepherd dogs (GSDs); 138 police dog visits by 74 dogs and 138 pet (control) dog visits by 129 dogs. PROCEDURES Medical records of all GSDs seen in the emergency service (ES) at the University of Pennsylvania Veterinary Hospital from July 2008 to July 2010 were reviewed. The recorded diagnoses from police GSD ES visits (defined as a new problem or new episode of a recurrent problem) were compared to those of randomly chosen pet GSD ES visits. RESULTS There were significantly more intact male police GSDs than pet GSDs. Police GSDs were significantly younger than pet GSDs. The most common presenting complaint in both groups was gastrointestinal disease (eg, vomiting, diarrhea, gastric dilatation and volvulus). Pet GSDs were significantly more likely to present for geriatric conditions (eg, central nervous system disease, cardiovascular disease, and neoplastic conditions). Orthopedic issues were significantly more common in police GSDs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Police GSDs are more likely to present for orthopedic injuries and less likely to present for geriatric diseases. Gastrointestinal disease is not unique to the working GSD and was equally represented in both populations. Preventative measures for all GSDs should focus on minimizing gastrointestinal disease. Preventive strategies focusing on physical fitness and conditioning as well as selective breeding programs may help reduce orthopedic injuries in police GSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna R Parr
- Section of Critical Care, Department of Clinical Studies-Philadelphia & the Penn Vet Working Dog Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6010
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77
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Saunders FC, Cave NJ, Hartman KM, Gee EK, Worth AJ, Bridges JP, Hartman AC. Computed tomographic method for measurement of inclination angles and motion of the sacroiliac joints in German Shepherd Dogs and Greyhounds. Am J Vet Res 2013; 74:1172-82. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.9.1172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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78
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Der Epilepsiehund – Traumtänzerei, Tierquälerei oder sinnvoller Einsatz? ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR EPILEPTOLOGIE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10309-013-0313-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Andrade RL, Oliveira DM, Dantas AFM, Souza APD, Nóbrega Neto PID, Riet-Correa F. Tumores de cães e gatos diagnosticados no semiárido da Paraíba. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2012001000016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Objetivou-se com este estudo determinar a frequência dos tumores diagnosticados em cães e gatos no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Patos, Paraíba, Brasil, entre os anos de 2003 a 2010. Foram revisados todos os protocolos de necropsias e biópsias realizadas no Laboratório de Patologia Animal da referida instituição, e computados os dados referentes aos animais afetados. Os tumores mais frequentes em cães ocorreram na pele e anexos (46,7%), seguido da glândula mamária (24%), sistema genital (10,3%) e sistema digestório (6,5%). Os tumores malignos foram mais frequentes que os benignos (p=0,001), representando 78% e 22% respectivamente. Em gatos, as frequências de neoplasmas de pele e glândula mamária foram idênticas (39,4% cada), seguidas das do sistema digestório (8,5%) e fígado (5,7%). Os tumores malignos representaram 95,8% dos tumores diagnosticados nesta espécie. Cães sem raça definida tiveram menor frequência (16%) de tumores do que animais de diferentes raças (37,2%) (p<0,0001). A ampla variedade de neoplasmas que acomete cães e gatos dificulta ao veterinário o diagnóstico clínico e o tratamento das mesmas, sendo recomendável o diagnóstico histológico sistemático de todas as lesões suspeitas de serem neoplasias. Além disso, são necessários estudos que determinem os fatores epidemiológicos envolvidos no desenvolvimento dos tumores que acometem os cães e gatos, nas diferentes regiões, a fim de serem tomadas medidas para diminuir sua ocorrência e letalidade.
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Root Kustritz MV. Effects of Surgical Sterilization on Canine and Feline Health and on Society. Reprod Domest Anim 2012; 47 Suppl 4:214-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Krontveit RI, Trangerud C, Nødtvedt A, Dohoo I, Moe L, Sævik BK. The effect of radiological hip dysplasia and breed on survival in a prospective cohort study of four large dog breeds followed over a 10year period. Vet J 2012; 193:206-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Jones JC, Gonzalez LM, Larson MM, Freeman LE, Werre SR. Feasibility and accuracy of ultrasound-guided sacroiliac joint injection in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2012; 53:446-54. [PMID: 22548612 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2011.01920.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Frozen cadaver specimens from three dogs were used to create a sectional anatomic atlas of the sacroiliac region. Frozen/thawed cadaver specimens from 12 dogs were used to develop an ultrasound-guided sacroiliac joint injection technique. Accuracy of the technique was tested in 15 additional canine cadaver specimens, using injectate containing blue dye and iodinated contrast medium. Sonoanatomic landmarks for consistently identifying a caudodorsal window into the canine sacroiliac joint space included the L7-S1 articular process joints, ilial wing, sacral wing, sacral lamina, and median sacral crest. Accuracy of ultrasound-guided sacroiliac joint injection was not significantly affected by operator, but was affected by the tissue location targeted and the reference standard used for calculations. Accuracy of the technique was good for placing injectate into either the synchondrosis component, dorsal sacroiliac ligament or ventral sacroiliac ligament; fair to poor for placing injectate into the synovial component; and poor for placing injectate into all four sacroiliac soft tissue structures. Concurrent placement of injectate into extraarticular tissues occurred frequently. We conclude that ultrasound-guided sacroiliac joint injection is feasible for evaluation as a treatment method for lumbosacral region pain in dogs, but is not sufficiently accurate for localizing pain to the sacroiliac joint alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeryl C Jones
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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83
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Lappalainen AK, Salomaa R, Junnila J, Snellman M, Laitinen-Vapaavuori O. Alternative classification and screening protocol for transitional lumbosacral vertebra in German shepherd dogs. Acta Vet Scand 2012; 54:27. [PMID: 22549019 PMCID: PMC3403972 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-54-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lumbosacral transitional vertebra (LTV) is a common congenital and hereditary anomaly in many dog breeds. It predisposes to premature degeneration of the lumbosacral junction, and is a frequent cause of cauda equina syndrome, especially in German shepherd dogs. Ventrodorsal hip radiographs are most often used in diagnosis of LTV in screening programs. In this study, value of laterolateral lumbar spine radiographs as additions to ventrodorsal radiographs in diagnosis of LTV, and characteristics of LTV and the eighth lumbar vertebra (L8) in laterolateral radiographs were studied. Additionally, computed tomography (CT) features of different types of LTV were elucidated. Methods The ventrodorsal pelvic and laterolateral lumbar spine radiographs of 228 German shepherd dogs were evaluated for existence and type of LTV. Morphology of transverse processes was used in classification of LTV in ventrodorsal radiographs. The relative length of sixth (L6) and seventh (L7) vertebrae (L6/L7) was used in characterization of these vertebrae in laterolateral radiographs. CT studies were available for 16 dogs, and they were used for more detailed characterization of different types of LTV. Non-parametric χ2 statistics, generalized logit model for multinomial data, and one-way analysis of variance was used for statistical analyses. Results In all, 92 (40%) dogs had a LTV, the most common type being separation of first spinous process from the median crest of the sacrum in 62 dogs (67% of LTV). Eight dogs had eight lumbar vertebrae. Those dogs with LTV had longer L7 in relation to L6 than dogs with normal lumbosacral junctions. When L6/L7 decreased by 0.1 units, the proportion of dogs belonging to the group with L8 was 14-fold higher than in the group with normal lumbosacral junctions. L8 resembled first sacral vertebra (S1) in length and position and was therefore classified as one type of LTV. With CT it was shown that categorizing LTV, based on shape and visibility of transverse processes seen in ventrodorsal radiographs, could be misleading. Conclusions We suggest that L8 be included as a part of the LTV complex, and the laterolateral radiographs of the lumbar spine be considered as an addition to ventrodorsal projections in the screening protocols for LTV.
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Amort KH, Ondreka N, Rudorf H, Stock KF, Distl O, Tellhelm B, Kramer M, Wigger A. MR-imaging of lumbosacral intervertebral disc degeneration in clinically sound German shepherd dogs compared to other breeds. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2012; 53:289-95. [PMID: 22372662 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2011.01903.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
German shepherd dogs are overrepresented in the group of dogs with cauda equina compression syndrome due to degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. A congenital predisposition for early degeneration of the lumbosacral intervertebral disc has been suspected. Our aims were to assess the morphologic appearance of the lumbosacral intervertebral disc and the lumbosacral junction in healthy German shepherd dogs compared to other breeds and to evaluate for an early onset of degenerative changes. The lumbosacral spine of 110 clinically sound German shepherd dogs and 47 healthy dogs of other large breeds was examined using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. The degeneration of every intervertebral disc was graded using an established classification system. Signal intensity of the entire lumbosacral disc and the nucleus pulposus was determined independently. Lumbosacral malalignment was assessed according to a previously described method. The findings for the German shepherd dogs were compared to those of the other breeds. Although most dogs were younger than 18 months at the date of examination, significantly higher grades of degeneration were detected for the lumbosacral intervertebral disc of German shepherd dogs (P < 0.003). Degeneration of the lumbosacral intervertebral disc was independent from findings in the other lumbar discs. We conclude that the German shepherd dog has a predisposition for degenerative changes in the lumbosacral intervertebral disc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin H Amort
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Small Animal Clinic, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
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85
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Bartges J, Boynton B, Vogt AH, Krauter E, Lambrecht K, Svec R, Thompson S. AAHA canine life stage guidelines. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2012; 48:1-11. [PMID: 22234047 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-4009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Guidelines are offered to guide the veterinary practitioner in designing a comprehensive, individualized wellness plan for each stage of a dog's life. Life stages are defined by both age and breed characteristics for practical purposes. Each patient visit should use an individualized approach to patient handling, preventive care, and early disease detection. Environment, behavior, nutrition, parasite control, vaccinations, dental care, zoonotic disease control, safety, and reproductive health should be addressed.
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86
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Waters DJ, Kengeri SS, Maras AH, Chiang EC. Probing the perils of dichotomous binning: How categorizing female dogs as spayed or intact can misinform our assumptions about the lifelong health consequences of ovariohysterectomy. Theriogenology 2011; 76:1496-500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D J Waters
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
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87
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Post-mortem Findings in Irish Culled Hounds. J Comp Pathol 2011; 145:59-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2010.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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88
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89
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Nielsen L, Andreasen SN, Andersen SD, Kristensen AT. Malignant histiocytosis and other causes of death in Bernese mountain dogs in Denmark. Vet Rec 2010; 166:199-202. [PMID: 20154310 DOI: 10.1136/vr.b4756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
To determine the causes of death in Bernese mountain dogs, to assess the prevalence of malignant histiocytosis in the Danish Bernese mountain dog population, and to assess whether a hereditary pattern for this disease exists, 756 questionnaires were sent to members of the Danish Bernese Mountain Dog Club requesting information regarding the life span and causes of death of their dogs. A response rate of 57.7 per cent was achieved, giving information for 812 dogs, of which 290 had died. The average life span was 7.1 years. The most prevalent causes of death were neoplasia (42.1 per cent), old age (10.3 per cent), kidney disease (6.9 per cent), infection (5.9 per cent), skeletal problems (5.2 per cent), heart disease (3.8 per cent) and behavioural causes (3.5 per cent). Thirteen dogs were diagnosed with malignant histiocytosis, 11 of which were genealogically related.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Nielsen
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlaegevej 16, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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90
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Worth AJ, Thompson DJ, Hartman AC. Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in working dogs: Current concepts and review. N Z Vet J 2009; 57:319-30. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2009.64719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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91
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Ginja MMD, Silvestre AM, Gonzalo-Orden JM, Ferreira AJA. Diagnosis, genetic control and preventive management of canine hip dysplasia: a review. Vet J 2009; 184:269-76. [PMID: 19428274 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite expensive screening and breeding programmes, hip dysplasia (HD) continues to be one of the most common orthopaedic diseases in dogs. The vast majority of dogs afflicted with HD show minimal to no clinical signs, but it can also be a highly debilitating condition for both working and pet dogs. Hip joint laxity is considered a major risk factor for the development of degenerative joint disease and a definitive diagnosis is made if characteristic signs are evident on a ventrodorsal view of the pelvis. Early prediction of the condition can be made using stress radiographic techniques to evaluate the passive hip laxity. The diagnosis of HD may be used for the purpose of selecting breeding stock or to decide on the best treatment approach. Breeding programmes based on individual dog phenotypes have been ineffective and a selection procedure based on breeding value (BV) estimation is recommended. Traditional conservative and surgical treatment approaches are reserved for dogs with overt clinical signs of the disease but such treatments can be expensive and aggressive, and are often ineffective in eliminating clinical signs or subluxation and in preventing the development of degenerative joint disease. The implementation of breeding programmes based on BVs and further research into early prediction/diagnosis of HD and effective preventive treatment approaches are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M D Ginja
- Department of Veterinary Science - CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
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92
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Jones JC, Davies SE, Werre SR, Shackelford KL. Effects of body position and clinical signs on L7-S1 intervertebral foraminal area and lumbosacral angle in dogs with lumbosacral disease as measured via computed tomography. Am J Vet Res 2008; 69:1446-54. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.11.1446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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93
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94
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Hip dysplasia in Estrela mountain dogs: prevalence and genetic trends 1991-2005. Vet J 2008; 182:275-82. [PMID: 18722145 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Revised: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Three hundred and thirteen Estrela mountain dogs were examined for hip dysplasia (HD) using the standard ventrodorsal hip extended view, and graded into five categories (A, B, C, D and E) using the Fédération Cynologique Internationale's (FCI) scoring system. The Ortolani method was performed to evaluate hip joint laxity. Pedigree information was obtained from the Portuguese Kennel Club and the genetic trend was evaluated by calculating the mean breeding values (BVs) for the last 15 years, using the threshold model. HD was found in 66% of the dogs. There was low-moderate correlation between the results of the Ortolani test and FCI hip scores (r(s)=0.386; P<0.001). Grades of hip dysplasia were equal in both males and females (P=0.14) and in the animals' right and left sides (P=0.51). The mean BVs for HD were stable in dogs born between 1991 and 2003, and showed an improvement in 2004 and 2005. The data confirm the high prevalence and severity of HD in predisposed breeds that do not have breeding programmes in place. It also confirms an initial favourable change in BVs that is a likely consequence of the voluntary radiographic hip-screening programme.
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95
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Ginja MMD, Gonzalo-Orden JM, Melo-Pinto P, Bulas-Cruz J, Orden MA, San Roman F, Llorens-Pena MP, Ferreira AJA. Early hip laxity examination in predicting moderate and severe hip dysplasia in Estrela mountain dog. J Small Anim Pract 2008; 49:641-6. [PMID: 18684138 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2008.00629.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the reliability of early passive hip laxity examination in predicting moderate and severe hip dysplasia. METHODS The passive hip laxity of 104 Estrela Mountain dogs was evaluated using the Ortolani method, conventional hip-extended radiography and the PennHIP method, when the animals were between four and 12 months of age. After the age of one, dogs were re-examined for hip dysplasia using the Fédération Cynologique Internationale scoring system. The passive hip laxity results were subsequently compared with the Fédération Cynologique Internationale scores for sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy. RESULTS The PennHIP method achieved the best results in specificity (93 per cent), positive predictive value (91 per cent) and accuracy (88 per cent), and the Ortolani method was the best in sensitivity (92 per cent) and negative predictive value (92 per cent). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The Fédération Cynologique Internationale grades D and E can be predicted with confidence even before animals are one year old.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M D Ginja
- Department of Veterinary Science-CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
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96
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Thomas TM, Marcellin-Little DJ, Roe SC, Lascelles BDX, Brosey BP. Comparison of measurements obtained by use of an electrogoniometer and a universal plastic goniometer for the assessment of joint motion in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2008; 67:1974-9. [PMID: 17144796 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.12.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare measurements obtained by use of a universal plastic goniometer (UG) and an electrogoniometer (EG) and from radiographs and to compare joint motion in German Shepherd Dogs and Labrador Retrievers. ANIMALS 12 healthy adult German Shepherd Dogs and data previously collected from 16 healthy adult Labrador Retrievers. PROCEDURES German Shepherd Dogs were sedated. One investigator then measured motion of the carpal, cubital (elbow), shoulder, tarsal, stifle, and hip joints of the sedated dogs. Measurements were made in triplicate with a UG and an EG. Radiographs were taken of all joints in maximal flexion and extension. Values were compared between the UG and EG and with values previously determined for joints of 16 Labrador Retrievers. RESULTS An EG had higher variability than a UG for all dogs. The EG variability appeared to result from the technique for the EG. German Shepherd Dogs had lower values in flexion and extension than did Labrador Retrievers for all joints, except the carpal joints. German Shepherd Dogs had less motion in the tarsal joints, compared with motion for the Labrador Retrievers, but had similar motion in all other joints. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE A UG is reliable for obtaining measurements in German Shepherd Dogs. There was higher variability for the EG than for the UG, and an EG cannot be recommended for use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd M Thomas
- Comparative Orthopedics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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Fighera RA, Souza TM, Silva MC, Brum JS, Graça DL, Kommers GD, Irigoyen LF, Barros CS. Causas de morte e razões para eutanásia de cães da Mesorregião do Centro Ocidental Rio-Grandense (1965-2004). PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2008000400005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Este estudo teve como objetivo principal determinar a prevalência das doenças que culminam em morte ou que fazem com que os cães da Mesorregião do Centro Ocidental Rio-Grandense sejam submetidos à eutanásia. Para isso, foram revisados todos os protocolos de necropsia de cães, arquivados no Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária (LPV) da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), realizadas entre janeiro de 1965 e dezembro de 2004. Nos arquivos do LPV-UFSM foram encontrados 4.844 protocolos de necropsia de cães. A distribuição dos casos em relação às categorias de doenças diagnosticadas foi a seguinte: doenças infecciosas e parasitárias (1.693 [35,0%]), neoplasmas (378 [7,8%]), distúrbios causados por agentes físicos (369 [7,6%]), doenças degenerativas (342 [7,1%]), intoxicações e toxiinfecções (112 [2,3%]), eutanásia por conveniência (101 [2,1%]), doenças metabólicas e endocrinológicas (97 [2,0%]), distúrbios iatrogênicos (83 [1,7%]), distúrbios do desenvolvimento (25 [0,5%]), doenças imunomediadas (10 [0,2%]) e doenças nutricionais (6 [0,1%]). Outros distúrbios, que incluem doenças multifatoriais ou idiopáticas, contribuíram com 80 (1,6%) casos. Dos 4.844 casos, em 1.548 (32,0%) não foi possível estabelecer a causa da morte ou a razão para a eutanásia. Doenças infecciosas e parasitárias (principalmente cinomose, parvovirose e verminose intestinal), neoplasmas (principalmente neoplasmas mamários e linfoma), distúrbios causados por agentes físicos (principalmente atropelamento por veículos automotivos) e doenças degenerativas (principalmente insuficiência renal crônica, cirrose e insuficiência cardíaca congestiva) foram as principais categorias de doenças relacionadas com morte ou eutanásia de cães dessa mesorregião. Entretanto, quando os cães são avaliados de acordo com suas idades, tais categorias possuem prevalências diferentes. As principais causas de morte em filhotes foram as doenças infecciosas e parasitárias, principalmente parvovirose, cinomose e verminose intestinal. Em adultos, as causas de morte mais importantes foram cinomose, neoplasmas e trauma. Em idosos, neoplasmas e doenças degenerativas foram responsáveis por aproximadamente a metade das mortes.
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98
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Kustritz MVR. Determining the optimal age for gonadectomy of dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007; 231:1665-75. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.231.11.1665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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99
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Steffen F, Hunold K, Scharf G, Roos M, Flückiger M. A follow-up study of neurologic and radiographic findings in working German Shepherd Dogs with and without degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007; 231:1529-33. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.231.10.1529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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100
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Evans RI, Herbold JR, Bradshaw BS, Moore GE. Causes for discharge of military working dogs from service: 268 cases (2000–2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007; 231:1215-20. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.231.8.1215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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