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Grijalva-Eternod CS, Kerac M, McGrath M, Wilkinson C, Hirsch JC, Delchevalerie P, Seal AJ. Admission profile and discharge outcomes for infants aged less than 6 months admitted to inpatient therapeutic care in 10 countries. A secondary data analysis. MATERNAL AND CHILD NUTRITION 2016; 13. [PMID: 27453170 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Evidence on the management of acute malnutrition in infants aged less than 6 months (infants <6mo) is scarce. To understand outcomes using current protocols, we analysed a sample of 24 045 children aged 0-60 months from 21 datasets of inpatient therapeutic care programmes in 10 countries. We compared the proportion of admissions, the anthropometric profile at admission and the discharge outcomes between infants <6mo and children aged 6-60 months (older children). Infants <6mo accounted for 12% of admissions. The quality of anthropometric data at admission was more problematic in infants <6mo than in older children with a greater proportion of missing data (a 6.9 percentage point difference for length values, 95% CI: 6.0; 7.9, P < 0.01), anthropometric measures that could not be converted to indices (a 15.6 percentage point difference for weight-for-length z-score values, 95% CI: 14.3; 16.9, P < 0.01) and anthropometric indices that were flagged as outliers (a 2.7 percentage point difference for any anthropometric index being flagged as an outlier, 95% CI: 1.7; 3.8, P < 0.01). A high proportion of both infants <6mo and older children were discharged as recovered. Infants <6mo showed a greater risk of death during treatment (risk ratio 1.30, 95% CI: 1.09; 1.56, P < 0.01). Infants <6mo represent an important proportion of admissions to therapeutic feeding programmes, and there are crucial challenges associated with their care. Systematic compilation and analysis of routine data for infants <6mo is necessary for monitoring programme performance and should be promoted as a tool to monitor the impact of new guidelines on care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marko Kerac
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.,Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, Leonard Cheshire Leonard Cheshire Disability and Inclusive Development Centre, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Caroline Wilkinson
- Action Contre la Faim (at the time of data submission), 14/16 Boulevard Douaumont, CS 80060 75854, Paris Cedex 17, France.,United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - June C Hirsch
- Action Contre la Faim, 14/16 Boulevard Douaumont, CS 80060 75854, Paris Cedex 17, France
| | - Pascale Delchevalerie
- Medical Department, Médecins Sans Frontières, 46, Rue de l'Arbre Bénit, 1050, Bruxelles, France
| | - Andrew J Seal
- UCL Institute for Global Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
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Pedersen SH, Wilkinson AL, Andreasen A, Warhurst DC, Kinung'hi SM, Urassa M, Mkwashapi DM, Todd J, Changalucha J, McDermid JM. Cryptosporidium prevalence and risk factors among mothers and infants 0 to 6 months in rural and semi-rural Northwest Tanzania: a prospective cohort study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3072. [PMID: 25275519 PMCID: PMC4183438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptosporidium epidemiology is poorly understood, but infection is suspected of contributing to childhood malnutrition and diarrhea-related mortality worldwide. Methods/Findings A prospective cohort of 108 women and their infants in rural/semi-rural Tanzania were followed from delivery through six months. Cryptosporidium infection was determined in feces using modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining. Breastfeeding/infant feeding practices were queried and anthropometry measured. Maternal Cryptosporidium infection remained high throughout the study (monthly proportion = 44 to 63%). Infection did not differ during lactation or by HIV-serostatus, except that a greater proportion of HIV-positive mothers were infected at Month 1. Infant Cryptosporidium infection remained undetected until Month 2 and uncommon through Month 3 however, by Month 6, 33% of infants were infected. There were no differences in infant infection by HIV-exposure. Overall, exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) was limited, but as the proportion of infants exclusively breastfed declined from 32% at Month 1 to 4% at Month 6, infant infection increased from 0% at Month 1 to 33% at Month 6. Maternal Cryptosporidium infection was associated with increased odds of infant infection (unadjusted OR = 3.18, 95% CI 1.01 to 9.99), while maternal hand washing prior to infant feeding was counterintuitively also associated with increased odds of infant infection (adjusted OR = 5.02, 95% CI = 1.11 to 22.78). Conclusions Both mothers and infants living in this setting suffer a high burden of Cryptosporidium infection, and the timing of first infant infection coincides with changes in breastfeeding practices. It is unknown whether this is due to breastfeeding practices reducing pathogen exposure through avoidance of contaminated food/water consumption; and/or breast milk providing important protective immune factors. Without a Cryptosporidium vaccine, and facing considerable diagnostic challenges and ineffective treatment in young infants, minimizing the overall environmental burden (e.g. contaminated water) and particularly, maternal Cryptosporidium infection burden as a means to protect against early infant infection needs prioritization. Early infancy and childhood Cryptosporidium infection is associated with poor nutritional status, stunted growth, and cognitive deficits, yet minimal research is available regarding the burden and risk factors worldwide. Since there is no vaccine available, and because diagnostic challenges exist and treatment for children younger than one year is ineffective, prevention of early infancy infection through a better understanding of basic epidemiology is critical. This study was designed to investigate symptomatic and clinically silent infection amongst HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative mothers and their infants in a longitudinal cohort, and to indentify potential risk factors. Findings indicate that infants are living in a Cryptosporidium environment as demonstrated by the chronically high level of maternal infection throughout the 6-month post-partum period. Despite this, infant infection prevalence remains low until six months of age when it dramatically rises. The increase in infant infection corresponds to a reduction in exclusive breastfeeding. As expected, maternal infection is associated with increased infant infection, but unexpectedly, so is maternal hand washing prior to infant feeding. Since prevention may indeed be the “best medicine” for infants, investigation of beneficial breastfeeding practices, protective correlates in breast milk, and ways to reduce the maternal and environmental Cryptosporidium burden are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H. Pedersen
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Amanda L. Wilkinson
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Aura Andreasen
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - David C. Warhurst
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mark Urassa
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | | | - Jim Todd
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Joann M. McDermid
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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63
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Chen Y, Ge W, Parvez F, Bangalore S, Eunus M, Ahmed A, Islam T, Rakibuz-Zaman M, Hasan R, Argos M, Levy D, Sarwar G, Ahsan H. A prospective study of arm circumference and risk of death in Bangladesh. Int J Epidemiol 2014; 43:1187-96. [PMID: 24713183 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyu082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies have observed protective effects of mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) against all-cause mortality mostly in Western populations. However, evidence on cause-specific mortality is limited. METHODS The sample included 19 575 adults from a population-based cohort study in rural Bangladesh, who were followed up for an average of 7.9 years for mortality. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to evaluate the effect of MUAC, as well as the joint effect of body mass index (BMI) and MUAC, on the risk of death from any cause, cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD). RESULTS During 154 664 person-years of follow-up, 744 deaths including 312 deaths due to CVD and 125 deaths due to cancer were observed. There was a linear inverse relationship of MUAC with total and CVD mortality. Each 1-cm increase in MUAC was associated a reduced risk of death from any cause [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.85; 95% confidence interval (C), 0.81-0.89) and CVD (HR = 0.87; 95% CI, 0.80-0.94), after controlling for potential confounders. No apparent relationship between MUAC and the risk of death from cancer was observed. Among individuals with a low BMI (<18.5 kg/m(2)), a MUAC less than 24 cm was associated with increased risk for all-cause (HR = 1.81; 95% CI, 1.52-2.17) and CVD mortality (HR = 1.45; 95% CI, 1.11-1.91). CONCLUSIONS MUAC may play a critical role on all-cause and CVD mortality in lean Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, USA, Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA, Columbia University Arsenic Research Project, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Departments of Health Studies, Medicine and Human Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA and Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, USA
| | - Wenzhen Ge
- Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, USA, Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA, Columbia University Arsenic Research Project, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Departments of Health Studies, Medicine and Human Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA and Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, USA
| | - Faruque Parvez
- Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, USA, Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA, Columbia University Arsenic Research Project, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Departments of Health Studies, Medicine and Human Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA and Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, USA
| | - Sripal Bangalore
- Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, USA, Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA, Columbia University Arsenic Research Project, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Departments of Health Studies, Medicine and Human Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA and Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, USA
| | - Mahbub Eunus
- Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, USA, Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA, Columbia University Arsenic Research Project, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Departments of Health Studies, Medicine and Human Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA and Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, USA
| | - Alauddin Ahmed
- Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, USA, Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA, Columbia University Arsenic Research Project, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Departments of Health Studies, Medicine and Human Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA and Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, USA
| | - Tariqul Islam
- Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, USA, Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA, Columbia University Arsenic Research Project, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Departments of Health Studies, Medicine and Human Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA and Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, USA
| | - Muhammad Rakibuz-Zaman
- Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, USA, Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA, Columbia University Arsenic Research Project, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Departments of Health Studies, Medicine and Human Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA and Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, USA
| | - Rabiul Hasan
- Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, USA, Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA, Columbia University Arsenic Research Project, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Departments of Health Studies, Medicine and Human Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA and Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, USA
| | - Maria Argos
- Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, USA, Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA, Columbia University Arsenic Research Project, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Departments of Health Studies, Medicine and Human Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA and Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, USA
| | - Diane Levy
- Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, USA, Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA, Columbia University Arsenic Research Project, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Departments of Health Studies, Medicine and Human Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA and Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, USA
| | - Golam Sarwar
- Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, USA, Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA, Columbia University Arsenic Research Project, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Departments of Health Studies, Medicine and Human Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA and Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, USA
| | - Habibul Ahsan
- Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, USA, Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA, Columbia University Arsenic Research Project, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Departments of Health Studies, Medicine and Human Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA and Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, USA
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